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Ciocarlan RG, Blommaerts N, Lenaerts S, Cool P, Verbruggen SW. Recent Trends in Plasmon-Assisted Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201647. [PMID: 36626298 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic reduction of CO2 has become an highly active field of research. It is thus of utmost importance to maintain an overview of the various materials used to sustain this process, find common trends, and, in this way, eventually improve the current conversions and selectivities. In particular, CO2 photoreduction using plasmonic photocatalysts under solar light has gained tremendous attention, and a wide variety of materials has been developed to reduce CO2 towards more practical gases or liquid fuels (CH4 , CO, CH3 OH/CH3 CH2 OH) in this manner. This Review therefore aims at providing insights in current developments of photocatalysts consisting of only plasmonic nanoparticles and semiconductor materials. By classifying recent studies based on product selectivity, this Review aims to unravel common trends that can provide effective information on ways to improve the photoreduction yield or possible means to shift the selectivity towards desired products, thus generating new ideas for the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-George Ciocarlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natan Blommaerts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pegie Cool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sammy W Verbruggen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Xie M, Gao M, Yun Y, Malmsten M, Rotello VM, Zboril R, Akhavan O, Kraskouski A, Amalraj J, Cai X, Lu J, Zheng H, Li R. Antibacterial Nanomaterials: Mechanisms, Impacts on Antimicrobial Resistance and Design Principles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217345. [PMID: 36718001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to the environment and health. AMR rapidly invalidates conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial nanomaterials have been increasingly explored as alternatives. Interestingly, several antimicrobial nanomaterials show AMR-independent antimicrobial effects without detectable new resistance and have therefore been suggested to prevent AMR evolution. In contrast, some are found to trigger the evolution of AMR. Given these seemingly conflicting findings, a timely discussion of the two faces of antimicrobial nanomaterials is urgently needed. This review systematically compares the killing mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of antibiotics and antimicrobial nanomaterials. We then focus on nano-microbe interactions to elucidate the impacts of molecular initiating events on AMR evolution. Finally, we provide an outlook on future antimicrobial nanomaterials and propose design principles for the prevention of AMR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical Chemistry 1, University of Lund, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic.,Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Condensed Matter National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1956838861, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliaksandr Kraskouski
- Department of Physicochemistry of Thin Film Materials, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of NAS of Belarus, 36 F. Skaryna Str., 220084, Minsk, Belarus
| | - John Amalraj
- Laboratory of Materials Science, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, National Center for International Research on Intelligent Nano-Materials and Detection Technology in Environmental Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
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Kumaranchira Ramankutty K, Buergi T. Analytical separation techniques: toward achieving atomic precision in nanomaterials science. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16415-16426. [PMID: 36326280 PMCID: PMC9671142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The size- and shape-dependence of the properties are the most characteristic features of nanoscale matter. In many types of nanomaterials, there is a size regime wherein every atom counts. In order to fully realize the idea of 'maneuvering things atom by atom' envisioned by Richard Feynman, synthesis and separation of nanoscale matter with atomic precision are essential. It is therefore not surprising that analytical separation techniques have contributed tremendously toward understanding the size- as well as shape-dependent properties of nanomaterials. Fascinating properties of nanomaterials would not have been explored without the use of these techniques. Here we discuss the pivotal role of analytical separation techniques in the progress of nanomaterials science. We begin with a brief overview of some of the key analytical separation techniques that are of tremendous importance in nanomaterials research. Then we describe how each of these techniques has contributed to the advancements in nanomaterials science taking some of the nanosystems as examples. We discuss the limitations and challenges of these techniques and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Buergi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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4
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Qu J, Mukerabigwi JF, Yang N, Huang X, Sun Y, Cai X, Cao Y. Rapid separation of nanodiamond particles by viscosity gradient centrifugation. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Hossain MM, Gurudatt NG, Seo KD, Park DS, Hong H, Yeom E, Shim JH, Shim YB. Electrodynamic Force Derived in-Channel Separation and Detection of Au Nanoparticles Using an Electrochemical AC Microfluidic Channel. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14109-14116. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozammal Md. Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - N. G. Gurudatt
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, and Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Deok Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hyeonji Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Eunseop Yeom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio-Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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Loughney JW, Minsker K, Ha S, Rustandi RR. Development of an imaged capillary isoelectric focusing method for characterizing the surface charge of mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2602-2609. [PMID: 31218707 PMCID: PMC6771570 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been employed for drug delivery in small molecules, siRNA, mRNA, and pDNA for both therapeutics and vaccines. Characterization of LNPs is challenging because they are heterogeneous mixtures of large complex particles. Many tools for particle size characterization, such as dynamic and static light scattering, have been applied as well as morphology analysis using electron microscopy. CE has been applied for the characterization of many different large particles such as liposomes, polymer, and viruses. However, there have been limited efforts to characterize the surface charge of LNPs and CIEF has not been explored for this type of particle. Typically, LNPs for delivery of oligonucleotides contain at least four different lipids, with at least one being an ionizable cationic lipid. Here, we describe the development of an imaged capillary isoelectric focusing method used to measure the surface charge (i.e., pI) of an LNP-based mRNA vaccine. This method is capable of distinguishing the pI of LNPs manufactured with one or more different ionizable lipids for the purpose of confirming LNP identity in a manufacturing setting. Additionally, the method is quantitative and stability-indicating making it suitable for both process and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Loughney
- Vaccine Analytical Research & DevelopmentMerck and Co. Inc.West PointPAUSA
| | - Kevin Minsker
- Vaccine Analytical Research & DevelopmentMerck and Co. Inc.West PointPAUSA
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccine Analytical Research & DevelopmentMerck and Co. Inc.West PointPAUSA
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7
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Yadav R, Amoli V, Singh J, Tripathi MK, Bhanja P, Bhaumik A, Sinha AK. Plasmonic gold deposited on mesoporous Ti Si1−O2 with isolated silica in lattice: An excellent photocatalyst for photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Li P, Kumar A, Ma J, Kuang Y, Luo L, Sun X. Density gradient ultracentrifugation for colloidal nanostructures separation and investigation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:645-662. [PMID: 36658885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the advancement in nanoseparation and concomitant purification of nanoparticles (NPs) by using density gradient ultracentrifugation technique (DGUC) and demonstrated by taking several typical examples. Study emphasizes the conceptual advances in classification, mechanism of DGUC and synthesis-structure-property relationships of NPs to provide the significant clue for the further synthesis optimization. Separation, concentration, and purification of NPs by DGUC can be achieved at the same time by introducing the water/oil interfaces into the separation chamber. We can develop an efficient method "lab in a tube" by introducing a reaction zone or an assembly zone in the gradient to find the surface reaction and assembly mechanism of NPs since the reaction time can be precisely controlled and the chemical environment change can be extremely fast. Finally, to achieve the best separation parameters for the colloidal systems, we gave the mathematical descriptions and computational optimized models as a new direction for making practicable and predictable DGUC separation method. Thus, it can be helpful for an efficient separation as well as for the synthesis optimization, assembly and surface reactions as a potential cornerstone for the future development in the nanotechnology and this review can be served as a plethora of advanced notes on the DGUC separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anuj Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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9
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Shen Y, Gee MY, Greytak AB. Purification technologies for colloidal nanocrystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:827-841. [PMID: 27942615 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost all applications of colloidal nanocrystals require some type of purification or surface modification process following nanocrystal growth. Nanocrystal purification - the separation of nanocrystals from undesired solution components - can perturb the surface chemistry and thereby the physical properties of colloidal nanocrystals due to changes in solvent, solute concentrations, and exposure of the nanocrystal surface to oxidation or hydrolysis. For example, nanocrystal quantum dots frequently exhibit decreased photoluminescence brightness after precipitation from the growth solvent and subsequent redissolution. Consequently, purification is an integral part of the synthetic chemistry of colloidal nanocrystals, and the effect of purification methods must be considered in order to accurately compare and predict the behavior of otherwise similar nanocrystal samples. In this Feature Article we examine established and emerging approaches to the purification of colloidal nanoparticles from a nanocrystal surface chemistry viewpoint. Purification is generally achieved by exploiting differences in properties between the impurities and the nanoparticles. Three distinct properties are typically manipulated: polarity (relative solubility), electrophoretic mobility, and size. We discuss precipitation, extraction, electrophoretic methods, and size-based methods including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, and size-exclusion chromatography. The susceptibility of quantum dots to changes in surface chemistry, with changes in photoluminescence decay associated with surface chemical changes, extends even into the case of core/shell structures. Accordingly, the goal of a more complete description of quantum dot surface chemistry has been a driver of innovation in colloidal nanocrystal purification methods. We specifically examine the effect of purification on surface chemistry and photoluminescence in quantum dots as an example of the challenges associated with nanocrystal purification and how improved understanding can result from increasingly precise techniques, and associated surface-sensitive analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Megan Y Gee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - A B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. and USC Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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10
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Liu X, He M, Tian H, Liu B, Yang J. Separation of Au Nanoplates and Nanoparticles through Density Gradient Centrifugation. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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11
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Zheng Y, Feng G, Shang T, Wu W, Huang J, Sun D, Wang Y, Li Q. Separation of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles by density gradient centrifugation. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1273951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangjing Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianyu Shang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiale Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Daohua Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
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12
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Li P, Huang J, Luo L, Kuang Y, Sun X. Universal Parameter Optimization of Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Using CdSe Nanoparticles as Tracing Agents. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8495-501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengsong Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinyang Huang
- State Key Lab of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liang Luo
- State Key Lab of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Kuang
- State Key Lab of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Lab of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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13
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Elshafey R, Siaj M, Tavares AC. Au nanoparticle decorated graphene nanosheets for electrochemical immunosensing of p53 antibodies for cancer prognosis. Analyst 2016; 141:2733-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thiolated self-assembled reduced graphene oxide films were decorated with gold nanoparticles for development of a label-free p53-antibody immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Elshafey
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique – Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Varennes
- Canada J3X 1S2
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie
- NanoQAM
- CQMF
- Université du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
| | - Ana C. Tavares
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique – Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Varennes
- Canada J3X 1S2
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14
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Separation of different shape biosynthesized gold nanoparticles via agarose gel electrophoresis. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Separation of colloidal two dimensional materials by density gradient ultracentrifugation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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López-Lorente ÁI, Soriano ML, Valcárcel M. Analysis of citrate-capped gold and silver nanoparticles by thiol ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Sucrose density gradient centrifugation separation of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using Magnolia kobus plant leaf extracts. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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López-Lorente ÁI, Valcárcel M. Determination of Gold Nanoparticles in Biological, Environmental, and Agrifood Samples. GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63285-2.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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López-Lorente ÁI, Valcárcel M. Separation Techniques of Gold Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63285-2.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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21
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Tian A, Qi J, Liu Y, Wang F, Ito Y, Wei Y. Chiral magnetic microspheres purified by centrifugal field flow fractionation and microspheres magnetic chiral chromatography for benzoin racemate separation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:333-7. [PMID: 23891368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation of enantiomers still remains a challenge due to their identical physical and chemical properties in a chiral environment, and the research on specific chiral selector along with separation techniques continues to be conducted to resolve individual enantiomers. In our laboratory the promising magnetic chiral microspheres Fe3O4@SiO2@cellulose-2, 3-bis (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) have been developed to facilitate the resolution using both its magnetic property and chiral recognition ability. In our present studies this magnetic chiral selector was first purified by centrifuge field flow fractionation, and then used to separate benzoin racemate by a chromatographic method. Uniform-sized and masking-impurity-removed magnetic chiral selector was first obtained by field flow fractionation with ethanol through a spiral column mounted on the type-J planetary centrifuge, and using the purified magnetic chiral selector, the final chromatographic separation of benzoin racemate was successfully performed by eluting with ethanol through a coiled tube (wound around the cylindrical magnet to retain the magnetic chiral selector as a stationary phase) submerged in dry ice. In addition, an external magnetic field facilitates the recycling of the magnetic chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
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22
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Hart AE, Akers DB, Gorosh S, Kitchens CL. Reverse micelle synthesis of silver nanoparticles in gas expanded liquids. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Analysis of Nanoparticles Based on Electrophoretic Separations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-56328-6.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yang H, Heng X, Wang W, Hu J, Xu W. Salt-induced size-selective separation, concentration, and preservation of zwitterion-modified gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Xiong B, Cheng J, Qiao Y, Zhou R, He Y, Yeung ES. Separation of nanorods by density gradient centrifugation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3823-9. [PMID: 21571285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The experimental conditions necessary for the synthesis of well-defined nanoparticles are often difficult to control. There is thus a compelling need for post-synthesis separation of nanoparticles polydispersed in size and shape. We demonstrate here both theoretically and experimentally that gold nanorods with diverse aspect ratios can be separated using density gradient centrifugation. By analysing the force balance of a Brownian rod falling in a Stokes flow, we derive a rigorous and predictive model that reveals the quantitative dependency of the nanorod sedimentation rates on their mass and shape. The calculations show that while mass dependency is still the dominating factor during centrifugation, the shape factor is not insignificant. Relatively heavier but long and thin rods could sediment slower than certain size of lighter spheres, and some rods and spheres with different masses and shapes may never be separated. This mass and shape dependency is exploited to separate as-prepared gold nanorod colloids by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Two layers of nanorods with narrow aspect-ratio distributions are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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26
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Kowalczyk B, Lagzi I, Grzybowski BA. Nanoseparations: Strategies for size and/or shape-selective purification of nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Krieg E, Weissman H, Shirman E, Shimoni E, Rybtchinski B. A recyclable supramolecular membrane for size-selective separation of nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:141-6. [PMID: 21258332 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Most practical materials are held together by covalent bonds, which are irreversible. Materials based on noncovalent interactions can undergo reversible self-assembly, which offers advantages in terms of fabrication, processing and recyclability, but the majority of noncovalent systems are too fragile to be competitive with covalent materials for practical applications, despite significant attempts to develop robust noncovalent arrays. Here, we report nanostructured supramolecular membranes prepared from fibrous assemblies in water. The membranes are robust due to strong hydrophobic interactions, allowing their application in the size-selective separation of both metal and semiconductor nanoparticles. A thin (12 µm) membrane is used for filtration (∼5 nm cutoff), and a thicker (45 µm) membrane allows for size-selective chromatography in the sub-5 nm domain. Unlike conventional membranes, our supramolecular membranes can be disassembled using organic solvent, cleaned, reassembled and reused multiple times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Krieg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Fractionation and characterization of nano- and microparticles in liquid media. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1787-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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López-Lorente A, Simonet B, Valcárcel M. Electrophoretic methods for the analysis of nanoparticles. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Zhao W, Lin L, Hsing IM. Nucleotide-mediated size fractionation of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7405-7409. [PMID: 20180584 DOI: 10.1021/la9044489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the applications of nanoparticles are highly dependent on their size-related physical and chemical properties. Size fractionation, therefore, is important for the successful application of nanoparticles. In this study, we present a method for the size fractionation of gold nanoparticles (Au-nps) in aqueous solution, which combines the nucleotide-mediated stabilization and the size-dependent salt-induced aggregation of nanoparticles. With a coating layer of nucleotide, Au-nps undergo reversible salt-induced aggregation in aqueous solutions where the critical salt concentration (CSC) for the transition of monodispersed Au-nps to aggregated form is dependent on the size of nanoparticles; i.e., the smaller the particle, the higher is the CSC. Successful fractionations of a solution containing Au-nps of different sizes (10, 20, and 40 nm) were demonstrated with final purity of each fraction higher than 90%. Taking advantages of the rapidness of the nucleotide-mediated stabilization of Au-nps, the whole fractionation process can be completed within 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhao
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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31
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Pyell U. Characterization of nanoparticles by capillary electromigration separation techniques. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:814-31. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Howard AG. On the challenge of quantifying man-made nanoparticles in the aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:135-42. [DOI: 10.1039/b913681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Zheng Y, Lalander CH, Bach U. Nanoscale force induced size-selective separation and self-assembly of metal nanoparticles: sharp colloidal stability thresholds and hcp ordering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7963-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Saunders SR, Roberts CB. Size-selective fractionation of nanoparticles at an application scale using CO2 gas-expanded liquids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:475605. [PMID: 19875872 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/47/475605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-based fractionation of nanoparticles remains a non-trivial task for the preparation of well-defined nanomaterials for certain applications and fundamental studies. Typical fractionation techniques prove to be inefficient for large nanoparticle quantities due to several factors including the expense of equipment, throughput constraints, and the amount of organic solvent waste produced. Through the use of the pressure-tunable physico-chemical properties of CO2-expanded liquids, a rapid, precise, and environmentally sustainable size-selective fractionation of ligand-stabilized nanoparticles is possible through simple variations in applied CO2 pressure. An apparatus capable of fractionating large quantities of nanoparticles into distinct fractions with the ability to control mean diameters and size distributions has been developed. This apparatus consists of three vertically mounted pressure vessels connected in series with needle valves. This process, at current design scales, operated at room temperature, and CO2 pressures between 0 and 50 bar, results in a batch size-selective fractionation of a concentrated nanoparticle dispersion. This paper presents this new apparatus and the separation results of various single pass fractionations as well as recursive fractionations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Saunders
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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35
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Zhong W. Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:47-59. [PMID: 19221721 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based detection is the most common method utilized in biosensing because of its high sensitivity, simplicity, and diversity. In the era of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are starting to replace traditional organic dyes as detection labels because they offer superior optical properties, such as brighter fluorescence, wider selections of excitation and emission wavelengths, higher photostability, etc. Their size- or shape-controllable optical characteristics also facilitate the selection of diverse probes for higher assay throughput. Furthermore, the nanostructure can provide a solid support for sensing assays with multiple probe molecules attached to each nanostructure, simplifying assay design and increasing the labeling ratio for higher sensitivity. The current review summarizes the applications of nanomaterials--including quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles--in biosensing using detection techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime measurement, and multiphoton microscopy. The advantages nanomaterials bring to the field of biosensing are discussed. The review also points out the importance of analytical separations in the preparation of nanomaterials with fine optical and physical properties for biosensing. In conclusion, nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to analytical chemists to develop better sensing strategies, but also relies on modern analytical techniques to pave its way to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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36
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Sun X, Tabakman S, Seo WS, Zhang L, Zhang G, Sherlock S, Bai L, Dai H. Separation of Nanoparticles in a Density Gradient: FeCo@C and Gold Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Sun X, Tabakman SM, Seo WS, Zhang L, Zhang G, Sherlock S, Bai L, Dai H. Separation of nanoparticles in a density gradient: FeCo@C and gold nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:939-42. [PMID: 19107884 PMCID: PMC2656675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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38
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Ho S, Critchley K, Lilly GD, Shim B, Kotov NA. Free flow electrophoresis for the separation of CdTe nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b820703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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40
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Yang Y, Kimura K. Highly Ordered Superlattices from Polydisperse Ag Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study of Fractionation and Self-Correction. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24442-9. [PMID: 17134199 DOI: 10.1021/jp064876p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined two different routes to construct highly ordered two- or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) superlattice structures from hydrophilic polydisperse mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA)-modified Ag nanoparticles of the average size of 2.5 nm. First, polydisperse particles were fractionized by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) method. Due to the size-dependent migration under the electric field, the particles were isolated into a series of gel bands and each band contained particles with significantly narrow size distribution. Subsequent to phase transfer into chloroform by cationic surfactant, long-range 2D superlattices were simultaneously formed on the substrate upon evaporation of chloroform. Second, 3D superlattices were directly grown at an air-water interface from the polydisperse bulk dispersion by diffusion of HCl vapor without any pretreatment for the size narrowing. The influence of diffusion rate of HCl was also studied. The achievement of 3D superlattices via this route was ascribed as a long-time self-correction process. Furthermore, it was revealed that the superlattice structures obtained by the above two procedures exhibited distinct features though the starting material was the same MSA-Ag nanoparticles. The surface distance of core between component particles, the orientation of particles inside the superlattice, and the process of superlattice formation were comprehensively studied. We confirmed that each growth process depended on a corresponding self-assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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41
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Song X, Li L, Qian H, Fang N, Ren J. Highly efficient size separation of CdTe quantum dots by capillary gel electrophoresis using polymer solution as sieving medium. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1341-6. [PMID: 16502461 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new method for highly efficient size separation of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots (QDs) based on CGE using polymer solution as sieving medium. CdTe QDs were synthesized in aqueous phase by a chemical route with mercaptopropionic acid as a ligand. In the alkaline solution, CdTe QDs possess negative charges and migrate to the anode in the electric field. In linear polyacrylamide sieving medium, the migration time of CdTe QDs was increased with the size of CdTe QDs. The effects of some factors, such as types, concentrations, and pH of sieving media, on the separation of CdTe QDs were investigated systematically. Highly efficient separation of CdTe QDs was obtained in linear polyacrylamide sieving medium, and collection of fractions was automatically accomplished by CGE technique. Our preliminary results show that CGE technique is an efficient tool for characterization and size-dependent separation of water-soluble nanoparticles. In addition, the fraction collection in CGE may be useful in certain special applications such as fabrication of nanodevices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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42
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Ah CS, Kim SJ, Jang DJ. Laser-Induced Mutual Transposition of the Core and the Shell of a Au@Pt Nanosphere. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5486-9. [PMID: 16539487 DOI: 10.1021/jp0568125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mutual transposition of the core and the shell of a Au@Pt core-shell nanosphere has been obtained by employing picosecond laser pulses to excite the surface-plasmon resonances of platinum. The thermalized energy of the plasmon resonances makes the core metal of the gold melt earlier than the shell metal of platinum because of melting temperature differences and causes the gold to soak out of the core to the surface of the nanosphere. A new reversed core/shell Pt@Au core-shell nanosphere is formed with further irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chil Seong Ah
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, NS60, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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43
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Anand M, McLeod MC, Bell PW, Roberts CB. Tunable Solvation Effects on the Size-Selective Fractionation of Metal Nanoparticles in CO2 Gas-Expanded Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22852-9. [PMID: 16853977 DOI: 10.1021/jp0547008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, rapid, and efficient process for size-selective fractionation of polydisperse metal nanoparticle dispersions into multiple narrow size populations. The dispersibility of ligand-stabilized silver and gold nanoparticles is controlled by altering the ligand tails-solvent interaction (solvation) by the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas as an antisolvent, thereby tailoring the bulk solvent strength. This is accomplished by adjusting the CO2 pressure over the liquid, resulting in a simple means to tune the nanoparticle precipitation by size. This study also details the influence of various factors on the size-separation process, such as the types of metal, ligand, and solvent, as well as the use of recursive fractionation and the time allowed for settling during each fractionation step. The pressure range required for the precipitation process is the same for both the silver and gold particles capped with dodecanethiol ligands. A change in ligand or solvent length has an effect on the interaction between the solvent and the ligand tails and therefore the pressure range required for precipitation. Stronger interactions between solvent and ligand tails require greater CO2 pressure to precipitate the particles. Temperature is another variable that impacts the dispersibility of the nanoparticles through changes in the density and the mole fraction of CO2 in the gas-expanded liquids. Recursive fractionation for a given system within a particular pressure range (solvent strength) further reduces the polydispersity of the fraction obtained within that pressure range. Specifically, this work utilizes the highly tunable solvent properties of organic/CO2 solvent mixtures to selectively size-separate dispersions of polydisperse nanoparticles (2 to 12 nm) into more monodisperse fractions (+/-2 nm). In addition to providing efficient separation of the particles, this process also allows all of the solvent and antisolvent to be recovered, thereby rendering it a green solvent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Anand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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