1
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Reinauer A, Kondrat S, Holm C. Electrolytes in conducting nanopores: Revisiting constant charge and constant potential simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:104101. [PMID: 39248380 DOI: 10.1063/5.0226959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulating electrolyte-electrode systems poses challenges due to the need to account for the electrode's response to ion movements in order to maintain a constant electrode potential, which slows down the simulations. To circumvent this, computationally more efficient constant charge (CC) simulations are sometimes employed. However, the accuracy of CC simulations in capturing the behavior of electrolyte-electrode systems remains unclear, especially for microporous electrodes. Herein, we consider electrolyte-filled slit nanopores and systematically analyze the in-pore ion structure and diffusivity using CC and constant potential simulations. Our results indicate that CC simulations provide comparable pore occupancies at high bulk ion densities and for highly charged pores, but they fail to accurately describe the ion structure and dynamics, particularly in quasi-2D (single-layer) pores and at low ion densities. We attribute these results to the superionic state emerging in conducting nanoconfinement and its interplay with excluded volume interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reinauer
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Bi S, Knijff L, Lian X, van Hees A, Zhang C, Salanne M. Modeling of Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors: Beyond Carbon Electrodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:19931-19949. [PMID: 39053903 PMCID: PMC11308780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive storage devices allow for fast charge and discharge cycles, making them the perfect complements to batteries for high power applications. Many materials display interesting capacitive properties when they are put in contact with ionic solutions despite their very different structures and (surface) reactivity. Among them, nanocarbons are the most important for practical applications, but many nanomaterials have recently emerged, such as conductive metal-organic frameworks, 2D materials, and a wide variety of metal oxides. These heterogeneous and complex electrode materials are difficult to model with conventional approaches. However, the development of computational methods, the incorporation of machine learning techniques, and the increasing power in high performance computing now allow us to tackle these types of systems. In this Review, we summarize the current efforts in this direction. We show that depending on the nature of the materials and of the charging mechanisms, different methods, or combinations of them, can provide desirable atomic-scale insight on the interactions at play. We mainly focus on two important aspects: (i) the study of ion adsorption in complex nanoporous materials, which require the extension of constant potential molecular dynamics to multicomponent systems, and (ii) the characterization of Faradaic processes in pseudocapacitors, that involves the use of electronic structure-based methods. We also discuss how recently developed simulation methods will allow bridges to be made between double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors for future high power electricity storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Lisanne Knijff
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Xiliang Lian
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alicia van Hees
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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3
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Nickel O, Ahrens-Iwers LJV, Meißner RH, Janssen M. Water, Not Salt, Causes Most of the Seebeck Effect of Nonisothermal Aqueous Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186201. [PMID: 38759182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A temperature difference between two electrolyte-immersed electrodes often yields a voltage Δψ between them. This electrolyte Seebeck effect is usually explained by cations and anions flowing differently in thermal gradients. However, using molecular simulations, we found almost the same Δψ for cells filled with pure water as with aqueous alkali halides. Water layering and orientation near polarizable electrodes cause a large temperature-dependent potential drop χ there. The difference in χ of hot and cold electrodes captures most of the thermovoltage, Δψ≈χ_{hot}-χ_{cold}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Nickel
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert H Meißner
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ås, Norway
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4
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Tu YJ, Peng ST. Influence of surface nanostructure-induced innermost ion structuring on capacitance of carbon/ionic liquid double layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5932-5946. [PMID: 38299635 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have drawn great interest as electrolytes for energy storage applications in which they form characteristic electrical double layers at electrode interfaces. For ionic liquids at carbon electrode interfaces, their double layers are subject to nanoscale structuring of the electrode surface, involving altered ion structure and interactions that significantly influence the double layer capacitance. In this regard, we investigate the modulation of ionic liquid double layers by electrode surface roughness and the resulting effects on the ion structure, interaction, and capacitance. We performed fixed voltage molecular dynamics simulations to compute the differential capacitance profiles for the ionic liquids [BMIm+][TFSI-] and [BMIm+][FSI-] at model carbon electrode interfaces with the surface channel width at subnanometer and nanometer scales. We find that both [BMIm+][TFSI-] and [BMIm+][FSI-] exhibit enhanced differential capacitance for the electrode surface with a subnanometer channel width relative to the flat graphene surface, but the most pronounced enhancements for these two ionic liquids unexpectedly appear at different applied potential regimes. For [BMIm+][TFSI-], the nanostructured electrode shows significant enhancement of capacitance at high positive potential. For [BMIm+][FSI-], on the other hand, this enhancement is small at positive polarization but noticeable at low negative potential. We demonstrate that differences in these capacitance trends is due to differences in ion correlation that arise from a steric constraint of nanostructured electrode surface on the voltage-mediated restructuring of ions closest to the electrode interface. For example, the TFSI- and FSI- anions tend to structure with their charged and nonpolar groups in contact with the positive electrode surface when the constraint on these close-contact anions is relaxed. This anion structuring largely retains the cation association near the nanostructured electrode, resulting in only a slight increase in capacitance at positive polarization. Our simulations highlight the sensitive dependence of the innermost ion structure on the electrode surface nanostructure and applied voltage and the resulting influence on ion correlation and capacitance of ionic liquid double layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Tu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Ting Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan.
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5
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Dick L, Kirchner B. CONAN─Novel Tool to Create and Analyze Liquids in Confined Space. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6706-6716. [PMID: 37907068 PMCID: PMC10649805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of complex liquids at solid surfaces and in confinement is gaining attention due to an increase in computer power and advancement of simulation techniques. Therefore, tools to set up structures and for analysis are needed. In this paper, we present CONAN─a Python code designed to facilitate the study of liquids interacting with solid structures, such as walls or pores. Among other things, the program provides the option to generate a variety of different structures, including carbon walls and nanotubes and their boron nitride analogs, as well as the ability to analyze various structural properties of confined and interfacial liquids. In the case of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in carbon nanotubes of different sizes, we demonstrate the abilities of our tool. The average density within the confinement highly depends on the carbon nanotube size, and it is generally lower than the density of the bulk liquid. The arrangement of the individual species within the tube also depends on size, with radial layers forming within the tubular confinement. The density is largely increased in the respective layers, while it is drastically reduced between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dick
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Leung K. Finding Infinities in Nanoconfined Geothermal Electrolyte Static Dielectric Properties and Implications on Ion Adsorption/Pairing. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8868-8874. [PMID: 37531607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Infinities should naturally occur in the dielectric responses of ionic solutions relevant to many geochemical, energy storage, and electrochemical applications at a strictly zero frequency. Using molecular dynamics simulations cross-referenced with coarse-grained Monte Carlo models, using nanoslit pore models at hydrothermal conditions, and treating confined mobile charges as polarization, we demonstrate the far reaching consequences. The dielectric permittivity profile perpendicular to the slit (ϵ⊥(z)) increases, not decreases, with ionic concentration, unlike in the more widely studied megahertz-to-gigahertz frequency range. In confined electrolytes, the divergences in ϵ⊥(z) correctly describe crossovers between bulk- and surface-dominated dielectric behavior. Nanoconfinement at low ionic concentrations changes monovalent ion energetics by 1-2 kJ/mol, but no dielectric property studied so far is universally correlated to ion adsorption or ion-ion interactions. We caution that infinities signal violation of the "electrical insulator" dielectric assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leung
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 0750, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States of America
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7
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Emrani A, Woodward CE, Forsman J. Phase transitions of ionic fluids in nanoporous electrodes. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:91. [PMID: 37792072 PMCID: PMC10550857 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we utilise grand canonical Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations, to establish pore-induced freezing of restricted primitive model fluids. A planar pore model is utilised, with walls that are initially neutral, and either non-conducting or perfectly conducting. The phase of the confined electrolyte (solid/fluid) displays an oscillatory dependence on surface separation, in narrow pores. Conditions are chosen so that the bulk is composed of a stable fluid electrolyte. The tendency for the electrolyte to freeze in narrow pores is somewhat stronger in systems with non-conducting walls. We also demonstrate that an applied potential will, above a threshold value, melt a frozen electrolyte. In these cases, the capacitance, as measured by the average surface charge density divided by the applied potential, will be almost vanishing if the applied potential is below this threshold value. We do not see any evidence for a "superionic fluid", which has been hypothesised to generate a strong capacitance in narrow pores, due to an efficient screening of like-charge repulsions by image charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeh Emrani
- Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clifford E Woodward
- University College, University of New South Wales (ADFA), Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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8
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Kottaichamy AR, Deebansok S, Deng J, Nazrulla MA, Zhu Y, Bhat ZM, Devendrachari MC, Vinod CP, Nimbegondi Kotresh HM, Fontaine O, Thotiyl MO. Unprecedented energy storage in metal-organic complexes via constitutional isomerism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6383-6392. [PMID: 37325136 PMCID: PMC10266471 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The essence of any electrochemical system is engraved in its electrical double layer (EDL), and we report its unprecedented reorganization by the structural isomerism of molecules, with a direct consequence on their energy storage capability. Electrochemical and spectroscopic analyses in combination with computational and modelling studies demonstrate that an attractive field-effect due to the molecule's structural-isomerism, in contrast to a repulsive field-effect, spatially screens the ion-ion coulombic repulsions in the EDL and reconfigures the local density of anions. In a laboratory-level prototype supercapacitor, those with β-structural isomerism exhibit nearly 6-times elevated energy storage compared to the state-of-the-art electrodes, by delivering ∼535 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 while maintaining high performance metrics even at a rate as high as 50 A g-1. The elucidation of the decisive role of structural isomerism in reconfiguring the electrified interface represents a major step forward in understanding the electrodics of molecular platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagar Raja Kottaichamy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | | | - Jie Deng
- Institute for Advanced Study, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | | | - Yachao Zhu
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Zahid Manzoor Bhat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Fontaine
- Molecular Electrochemistry for Energy Laboratory, VISTEC Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Institut Universitaire de France 75005 Paris France
| | - Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune 411008 India
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9
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Kondrat S, Feng G, Bresme F, Urbakh M, Kornyshev AA. Theory and Simulations of Ionic Liquids in Nanoconfinement. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6668-6715. [PMID: 37163447 PMCID: PMC10214387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have exciting properties such as nonvolatility, large electrochemical windows, and remarkable variety, drawing much interest in energy storage, gating, electrocatalysis, tunable lubrication, and other applications. Confined RTILs appear in various situations, for instance, in pores of nanostructured electrodes of supercapacitors and batteries, as such electrodes increase the contact area with RTILs and enhance the total capacitance and stored energy, between crossed cylinders in surface force balance experiments, between a tip and a sample in atomic force microscopy, and between sliding surfaces in tribology experiments, where RTILs act as lubricants. The properties and functioning of RTILs in confinement, especially nanoconfinement, result in fascinating structural and dynamic phenomena, including layering, overscreening and crowding, nanoscale capillary freezing, quantized and electrotunable friction, and superionic state. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental physical phenomena controlling the properties of such systems and the current state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches developed for their description. We discuss these approaches sequentially by increasing atomistic complexity, paying particular attention to new physical phenomena emerging in nanoscale confinement. This review covers theoretical models, most of which are based on mapping the problems on pertinent statistical mechanics models with exact analytical solutions, allowing systematic analysis and new physical insights to develop more easily. We also describe a classical density functional theory, which offers a reliable and computationally inexpensive tool to account for some microscopic details and correlations that simplified models often fail to consider. Molecular simulations play a vital role in studying confined ionic liquids, enabling deep microscopic insights otherwise unavailable to researchers. We describe the basics of various simulation approaches and discuss their challenges and applicability to specific problems, focusing on RTIL structure in cylindrical and slit confinement and how it relates to friction and capacitive and dynamic properties of confined ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
for Computational Physics, University of
Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Guang Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
- Nano
Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young
Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Urbakh
- School
of Chemistry and the Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and
Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Alexei A. Kornyshev
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young
Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Verkholyak T, Kuzmak A, Kornyshev AA, Kondrat S. Less Is More: Can Low Quantum Capacitance Boost Capacitive Energy Storage? J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10976-10980. [PMID: 36399790 PMCID: PMC9720744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of charge storage in electrochemical capacitors with electrodes based on carbon nanotubes. Using exact analytical solutions supported by Monte Carlo simulations, we show how the limitations of the electron density of states in such low-dimensional electrode materials may help boost the energy stored at increased voltages. While these counterintuitive predictions await experimental verification, they suggest exciting opportunities for enhancing energy storage by rational engineering of the electronic properties of low-dimensional electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Verkholyak
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Svientsitskii Street 1, 79011Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrij Kuzmak
- Department
for Theoretical Physics, I. Franko National
University of Lviv, 79000Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Alexei A. Kornyshev
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
for Computational Physics, University of
Stuttgart, 70049Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Vos JE, Inder Maur D, Rodenburg HP, van den Hoven L, Schoemaker SE, de Jongh PE, Erné BH. Electric Potential of Ions in Electrode Micropores Deduced from Calorimetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:186001. [PMID: 36374685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy of capacitive porous carbon electrodes was determined experimentally as a function of applied potential in aqueous salt solutions. Both the electrical work and produced heat were measured. The potential dependence of the internal energy is explained in terms of two contributions, namely the field energy of a dielectric layer of water molecules at the surface and the potential energy of ions in the pores. The average electric potential of the ions is deduced, and its dependence on the type of salt suggests that the hydration strength limits how closely ions can approach the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren E Vos
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danny Inder Maur
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P Rodenburg
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lennart van den Hoven
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan E Schoemaker
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben H Erné
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Zhang J, Liu W, Dai J, Xiao K. Nanoionics from Biological to Artificial Systems: An Alternative Beyond Nanoelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200534. [PMID: 35723422 PMCID: PMC9376752 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport under nanoconfined spaces is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and plays an important role in the energy conversion and signal transduction processes of both biological and artificial systems. Unlike the free diffusion in continuum media, anomalous behaviors of ions are often observed in nanostructured systems, which is governed by the complex interplay between various interfacial interactions. Conventionally, nanoionics mainly refers to the study of ion transport in solid-state nanosystems. In this review, to extent this concept is proposed and a new framework to understand the phenomena, mechanism, methodology, and application associated with ion transport at the nanoscale is put forward. Specifically, here nanoionics is summarized into three categories, i.e., biological, artificial, and hybrid, and discussed the characteristics of each system. Compared with nanoelectronics, nanoionics is an emerging research field with many theoretical and practical challenges. With this forward-looking perspective, it is hoped that nanoionics can attract increasing attention and find wide range of applications as nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)Shenzhen518055P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)Shenzhen518055P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Jiqing Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)Shenzhen518055P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)Shenzhen518055P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
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13
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Jeanmairet G, Rotenberg B, Salanne M. Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10860-10898. [PMID: 35389636 PMCID: PMC9227719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing the storage or production of electricity. They function through the adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review, we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination. We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l’Énergie
(RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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14
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Wu J. Understanding the Electric Double-Layer Structure, Capacitance, and Charging Dynamics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10821-10859. [PMID: 35594506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in theoretical modeling of the electric double layer (EDL), a key concept in electrochemistry important for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and multitudes of other technological applications. However, major challenges remain in understanding the microscopic details of the electrochemical interface and charging mechanisms under realistic conditions. This review delves into theoretical methods to describe the equilibrium and dynamic responses of the EDL structure and capacitance for electrochemical systems commonly deployed for capacitive energy storage. Special emphasis is given to recent advances that intend to capture the nonclassical EDL behavior such as oscillatory ion distributions, polarization of nonmetallic electrodes, charge transfer, and various forms of phase transitions in the micropores of electrodes interfacing with an organic electrolyte or ionic liquid. This comprehensive analysis highlights theoretical insights into predictable relationships between materials characteristics and electrochemical performance and offers a perspective on opportunities for further development toward rational design and optimization of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Groda Y, Dudka M, Oshanin G, Kornyshev AA, Kondrat S. Ionic liquids in conducting nanoslits: how important is the range of the screened electrostatic interactions? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:26LT01. [PMID: 35358962 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analytical models for capacitive energy storage in nanopores attract growing interest as they can provide in-depth analytical insights into charging mechanisms. So far, such approaches have been limited to models with nearest-neighbor interactions. This assumption is seemingly justified due to a strong screening of inter-ionic interactions in narrow conducting pores. However, how important is the extent of these interactions? Does it affect the energy storage and phase behavior of confined ionic liquids? Herein, we address these questions using a two-dimensional lattice model with next-nearest and further neighbor interactions developed to describe ionic liquids in conducting slit confinements. With simulations and analytical calculations, we find that next-nearest interactions enhance capacitance and stored energy densities and may considerably affect the phase behavior. In particular, in some range of voltages, we reveal the emergence of large-scale mesophases that have not been reported before but may play an important role in energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Groda
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering, Belarusian State Technological University, Sverdlova str., 13a, 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maxym Dudka
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Svientsitskii st., 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
- L4 Collaboration and Doctoral College for the Statistical Physics of Complex Systems, Leipzig-Lorraine-Lviv-Coventry, Europe
| | - Gleb Oshanin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, LPTMC (UMR CNRS 7600), 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polsih Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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16
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Uralcan B, Uralcan IB. Origin of Enhanced Performance in Nanoporous Electrical Double Layer Capacitors: Insights on Micropore Structure and Electrolyte Composition from Molecular Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16800-16808. [PMID: 35377144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of solvation and micropore structure on the energy storage performance of electrical double layer capacitors using constant potential molecular dynamics simulations of realistically modeled nanoporous carbon electrodes and ionic liquid/organic solvent mixtures. We show that the time-dependent charging profiles of electrodes with larger pores reach the plateau regime faster, while the charging time has a nonmonotonic dependence on ion concentration, mirroring the composition dependence of bulk electrolyte conductivity. When the average pore size of the electrode is similar to or slightly larger than the size of a solvated ion, the solvation enhances ion electrosorption into nanopores by disrupting anion-cation coordination and decreasing the barrier to counterion penetration while blocking the co-ions. In these systems, areal capacitance exhibits a significant nonmonotonic dependence on ion concentration, in which capacitance increases with the introduction of solvent in the concentrated regime followed by a decrease with further dilution. This gives rise to a maximum in capacitance at intermediate dilution levels. When pores are significantly larger than solvated ions, capacitance maximum weakens and eventually disappears. These findings provide novel insights on the combined effect of electrolyte composition and electrode pore size on the charging kinetics and equilibrium behavior of realistically modeled electrical double layer capacitors. Generalization of the approach developed here can facilitate the rational optimization of material properties for electrical double layer capacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Uralcan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Beyza Uralcan
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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de Souza JP, Pivnic K, Bazant MZ, Urbakh M, Kornyshev AA. Structural Forces in Ionic Liquids: The Role of Ionic Size Asymmetry. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1242-1253. [PMID: 35134297 PMCID: PMC9007453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are charged fluids composed of anions and cations of different size and shape. The ordering of charge and density in ILs confined between charged interfaces underlies numerous applications of IL electrolytes. Here, we analyze the screening behavior and the resulting structural forces of a representative IL confined between two charge-varied plates. Using both molecular dynamics simulations and a continuum theory, we contrast the screening features of a more-realistic asymmetric system and a less-realistic symmetric one. The ionic size asymmetry plays a nontrivial role in charge screening, affecting both the ionic density profiles and the disjoining pressure distance dependence. Ionic systems with size asymmetry are stronger coupled systems, and this manifests itself both in their response to the electrode polarization and spontaneous structure formation at the interface. Analytical expressions for decay lengths of the disjoining pressure are obtained in agreement with the pressure profiles computed from molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karina Pivnic
- School
of Chemistry, The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials
Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Urbakh
- School
of Chemistry, The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials
Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Alexei A. Kornyshev
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Gäding J, Tocci G, Busch M, Huber P, Meißner RH. Impact of confinement and polarizability on dynamics of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:064703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gäding
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Tocci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Busch
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Centre for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures CHyN, Hamburg University, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Centre for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures CHyN, Hamburg University, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert H. Meißner
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Surface Science, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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19
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Yoo S, Qiao B, Douglas T, Bu W, Olvera de la Cruz M, Dutta P. Specific Ion Effects in Lanthanide-Amphiphile Structures at the Air-Water Interface and Their Implications for Selective Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7504-7512. [PMID: 35099919 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of surfactants to attract dissolved ions to water surfaces and interfaces is an essential step in both solvent-based and solvent-free separation processes. We have studied the interactions of lanthanide ions in the aqueous subphase with monolayers of dihexadecyl phosphate at air-water interfaces. With heavier lanthanides (atomic number Z ≥ 65) in the subphase, the floating layer can be compressed to an area/molecule of about half the molecular cross section, indicating bilayer formation. X-ray fluorescence and reflectivity data support this conclusion. In the presence of lighter lanthanides (Z < 65), only monolayers are observed. Subphase-concentration-dependent studies using Er3+ (heavier) and Nd3+ (lighter) lanthanides show a stepwise progression, with ions attaching to the monolayer only when the solution concentration is >3 × 10-7 M. Above ∼10-5 M, bilayers form but only in the presence of the heavier lanthanide. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction shows evidence of lateral ion-ion correlations in the bilayer structure but not in monolayers. Explicit solvent all-atom molecular dynamics simulations confirm the elevated ion-ion correlation in the bilayer system. This bilayer structure isolates heavier lanthanides but not lighter lanthanides from an aqueous solution and is therefore a potential mechanism for the selective separation of heavier lanthanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Yoo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Travis Douglas
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pulak Dutta
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Zhu T, Song Z, Lin J, Fan L, Lin JY, Wu J. Ion-pore size match effects and high-performance cucurbit[8]uril-carbon-based supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Eyvazi N, Biagooi M, Nedaaee Oskoee S. Molecular dynamics investigation of charging process in polyelectrolyte-based supercapacitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1098. [PMID: 35058494 PMCID: PMC8776737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercapacitors are one of the technologically impressive types of energy storage devices that are supposed to fill the gap between chemical batteries and dielectric capacitors in terms of power and energy density. Many kinds of materials have been investigated to be used as supercapacitors' electrolytes to overcome the known limitations of them. The properties of polymer-based electrolytes show a promising way to defeat some of these limitations. In this paper, a simplified model of polymer-based electrolytes between two electrodes is numerically investigated using the Molecular Dynamics simulation. The simulations are conducted for three different Bjerrum lengths and a typical range of applied voltages. The results showed a higher differential capacitance compared to the cases using ionic-liquid electrolytes. Our investigations indicate a rich domain in molecular behaviors of polymer-based electrolytes that should be considered in future supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Eyvazi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Morad Biagooi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - SeyedEhsan Nedaaee Oskoee
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.
- Research Center for Basic Sciences & Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.
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22
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Wei J, Zhong L, Xia H, Lv Z, Diao C, Zhang W, Li X, Du Y, Xi S, Salanne M, Chen X, Li S. Metal-Ion Oligomerization Inside Electrified Carbon Micropores and its Effect on Capacitive Charge Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107439. [PMID: 34699650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion adsorption inside electrified carbon micropores is pivotal for the operation of supercapacitors. Depending on the electrolyte, two main mechanisms have been identified so far, the desolvation of ions in solvents and the formation of superionic states in ionic liquids. Here, it is shown that upon confinement inside negatively charged micropores, transition-metal cations dissolved in water associate to form oligomer species. They are identified using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The cations associate one with each other via hydroxo bridging, forming ionic oligomers under the synergic effect of spatial confinement and Coulombic screening. The oligomers display sluggish dissociation kinetics and accumulate upon cycling, which leads to supercapacitor capacitance fading. They may be dissolved by applying a positive potential, so an intermittent reverse cycling strategy is proposed to periodically evacuate micropores and revivify the capacitance. These results reveal new insights into ion adsorption and structural evolution with their effects on the electrochemical performance, providing guidelines for designing advanced supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wei
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Lixiang Zhong
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Huarong Xia
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yonghua Du
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Paris, F-75005, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Cedex 05, Paris, 75231, France
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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23
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Verkholyak T, Kuzmak A, Kondrat S. Capacitive energy storage in single-file pores: Exactly solvable models and simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174112. [PMID: 34742202 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding charge storage in low-dimensional electrodes is crucial for developing novel ecologically friendly devices for capacitive energy storage and conversion and water desalination. Exactly solvable models allow in-depth analyses and essential physical insights into the charging mechanisms. So far, however, such analytical approaches have been mainly limited to lattice models. Herein, we develop a versatile, exactly solvable, one-dimensional off-lattice model for charging single-file pores. Unlike the lattice model, this model shows an excellent quantitative agreement with three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. With analytical calculations and simulations, we show that the differential capacitance can be bell-shaped (one peak), camel-shaped (two peaks), or have four peaks. Transformations between these capacitance shapes can be induced by changing pore ionophilicity, by changing cation-anion size asymmetry, or by adding solvent. We find that the camel-shaped capacitance, characteristic of dilute electrolytes, appears for strongly ionophilic pores with high ion densities, which we relate to charging mechanisms specific to narrow pores. We also derive a large-voltage asymptotic expression for the capacitance, showing that the capacitance decays to zero as the inverse square of the voltage, C ∼ u-2. This dependence follows from hard-core interactions and is not captured by the lattice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Verkholyak
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Svientsitskii Street 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrij Kuzmak
- Department for Theoretical Physics, I. Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Qing L, Long T, Yu H, Li Y, Tang W, Bao B, Zhao S. Quantifying ion desolvation effects on capacitances of nanoporous electrodes with liquid electrolytes. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Yang X, Zhuang Y, Zhu J, Le J, Cheng J. Recent progress on multiscale modeling of electrochemistry. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yong‐Bin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jia‐Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jia‐Bo Le
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
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26
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Aslyamov T, Sinkov K, Akhatov I. Electrolyte structure near electrodes with molecular-size roughness. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L060102. [PMID: 34271616 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding electrodes' surface morphology influence on ions' distribution is essential for designing supercapacitors with enhanced energy density characteristics. We develop a model for the structure of electrolytes near the rough surface of electrodes. The model describes an effective electrostatic field's increase and associated intensification of ions' spatial separation at the electrode-electrolyte interface. These adsorption-induced local electric and structure properties result in notably increased values and a sharpened form of the differential capacitance dependence on the applied potential. Such capacitance behavior is observed in many published simulations, and its description is beyond the capabilities of the established flat-electrodes theories. The proposed approach could extend the quantitatively verified models providing a new instrument of the electrode surface-parameter optimization for specific electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Aslyamov
- Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Konstantin Sinkov
- Schlumberger Moscow Research, Leningradskoe shosse 16A/3, Moscow, 125171 Russia
| | - Iskander Akhatov
- Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30 bld. 1, Moscow, 121205 Russia
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27
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Lu H, Stenberg S, Woodward CE, Forsman J. Structural transitions at electrodes, immersed in simple ionic liquid models. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3876-3885. [PMID: 33660732 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We used a recently developed classical Density Functional Theory (DFT) method to study the structures, phase transitions, and electrochemical behaviours of two coarse-grained ionic fluid models, in the presence of a perfectly conducting model electrode. Common to both is that the charge of the cationic component is able to approach the electrode interface more closely than the anion charge. This means that the cations are specifically attracted to the electrode, due to surface polarization effects. Hence, for a positively charged electrode, there is competition at the surface between cations and anions, where the latter are attracted by the positive electrode charge. This generates demixing, for a range of positive voltages, where the two phases are structurally quite different. The surface charge density is also different between the two phases, even at the same potential. The DFT formulation contains an approximate treatment of ion correlations, and surface polarization, where the latter is modelled via screened image interactions. Using a mean-field DFT, where ion correlations are neglected, causes the phase transition to vanish for both models, but there is still a dramatic drop in the differential capacitance as proximal cations are replaced by anions, for increasing surface potentials. While these findings were obtained for relatively crude coarse-grained models, we argue that the findings can also be relevant in "real" systems, where we note that many ionic liquids are composed of a spherically symmetric anion, and a cation that is asymmetric both from a steric and a charge distribution point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongduo Lu
- Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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28
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29
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Gandla D, Wu X, Zhang F, Wu C, Tan DQ. High-Performance and High-Voltage Supercapacitors Based on N-Doped Mesoporous Activated Carbon Derived from Dragon Fruit Peels. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7615-7625. [PMID: 33778272 PMCID: PMC7992145 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Designing the mesopore-dominated activated carbon electrodes has witnessed a significant breakthrough in enhancing the electrolyte breakdown voltage and energy density of supercapacitors. Herein, we designed N-doped mesoporous-dominated hierarchical activated carbon (N-dfAC) from the dragon fruit peel, an abundant biomass precursor, under the synergetic effect of KOH as the activating agent and melamine as the dopant. The electrode with the optimum N-doping content (3.4 at. %) exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 427 F g-1 at 5 mA cm-2 and cyclic stability of 123% capacitance retention until 50000 charge-discharge cycles at 500 mA cm-2 in aqueous 6 M KOH electrolytes. We designed a 4 V symmetric coin cell supercapacitor cell, which exhibits a remarkable specific energy and specific power of 112 W h kg-1 and 3214 W kg-1, respectively, in organic electrolytes. The cell also exhibits a significantly higher cycle life (109% capacitance retention) after 5000 GCD cycles at the working voltage of ≥3.5 V than commercial YP-50 AC (∼60% capacitance retention). The larger Debye length of the diffuse ion layer permitted by the mesopores can explain the higher voltage window, and the polar N-doped species in the dfAC enhance capacitance and ion transport. The results endow a new path to design high-capacity and high-working voltage EDLCs from eco-friendly and sustainable biomass materials by properly tuning their pore structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar Gandla
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute
of Technology, 241 Daxue
Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute
of Technology, 241 Daxue
Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute
of Technology, 241 Daxue
Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Chongrui Wu
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute
of Technology, 241 Daxue
Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Daniel Q. Tan
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute
of Technology, 241 Daxue
Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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30
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Groda Y, Dudka M, Kornyshev AA, Oshanin G, Kondrat S. Superionic Liquids in Conducting Nanoslits: Insights from Theory and Simulations. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:4968-4976. [PMID: 33841607 PMCID: PMC8029497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the theory of charging supercapacitors with nanostructured electrodes on known lattice models of statistical physics is an interesting task, aimed at revealing generic features of capacitive energy storage in such systems. The main advantage of this approach is the possibility to obtain analytical solutions that allow new physical insights to be more easily developed. But how general the predictions of such theories could be? How sensitive are they to the choice of the lattice? Herein, we address these questions in relation to our previous description of such systems using the Bethe-lattice approach and Monte Carlo simulations. Remarkably, we find a surprisingly good agreement between the analytical theory and simulations. In addition, we reveal a striking correlation between the ability to store energy and ion ordering inside a pore, suggesting that such ordering can be beneficial for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Groda
- Department
of Mechanics and Engineering, Belarusian
State Technological University, Sverdlova str., 13a, 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maxym Dudka
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, 1 Svientsitskii st., 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
- L Collaboration
& Doctoral College for the Statistical
Physics of Complex Systems, Leipzig-Lorraine-Lviv-Coventry, D-04009 Leipzig, Europe
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexei A. Kornyshev
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young
Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Gleb Oshanin
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique
de la Matière Condensée, LPTMC (UMR CNRS 7600), 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- IV.
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- ,
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Yang J, Gallegos A, Lian C, Deng S, Liu H, Wu J. Curvature effects on electric-double-layer capacitance. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Kłos J, Lamperski S. Influence of electrical images and electrolyte concentration on capacitance of the electrode - molten salt interface. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Qing L, Zhao S, Wang ZG. Surface Charge Density in Electrical Double Layer Capacitors with Nanoscale Cathode-Anode Separation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:625-636. [PMID: 33405923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using a dynamic density functional theory, we study the charging dynamics, the final equilibrium structure, and the energy storage in an electrical double layer capacitor with nanoscale cathode-anode separation in a slit geometry. We derive a simple expression for the surface charge density that naturally separates the effects of the charge polarization due to the ions from those due to the polarization of the dielectric medium and allows a more intuitive understanding of how the ion distribution within the cell affects the surface charge density. We find that charge neutrality in the half-cell does not hold during the dynamic charging process for any cathode-anode separation, and also does not hold at the final equilibrium state for small separations. Therefore, the charge accumulation in the half-cell in general does not equal the surface charge density. The relationships between the surface charge density and the charge accumulation within the half-cell are systematically investigated by tuning the electrolyte concentration, cathode-anode separation, and applied voltage. For high electrolyte concentrations, we observe charge inversion at which the charge accumulation exceeds the surface charge at special values of the separation. In addition, we find that the energy density has a maximum at intermediate electrolyte concentrations for a high applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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34
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Yang J, Lian C, Liu H. Chain length matters: Structural transition and capacitance of room temperature ionic liquids in nanoporous electrodes. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Electrolyte-filled subnanometre pores exhibit exciting physics and play an increasingly important role in science and technology. In supercapacitors, for instance, ultranarrow pores provide excellent capacitive characteristics. However, ions experience difficulties in entering and leaving such pores, which slows down charging and discharging processes. In an earlier work we showed for a simple model that a slow voltage sweep charges ultranarrow pores quicker than an abrupt voltage step. A slowly applied voltage avoids ionic clogging and co-ion trapping—a problem known to occur when the applied potential is varied too quickly—causing sluggish dynamics. Herein, we verify this finding experimentally. Guided by theoretical considerations, we also develop a non-linear voltage sweep and demonstrate, with molecular dynamics simulations, that it can charge a nanopore even faster than the corresponding optimized linear sweep. For discharging we find, with simulations and in experiments, that if we reverse the applied potential and then sweep it to zero, the pores lose their charge much quicker than they do for a short-circuited discharge over their internal resistance. Our findings open up opportunities to greatly accelerate charging and discharging of subnanometre pores without compromising the capacitive characteristics, improving their importance for energy storage, capacitive deionization, and electrochemical heat harvesting. Narrowing pores filled with an electrolyte usually slows down their charge-discharge dynamics. Here the authors demonstrate through molecular dynamics simulations and experiments with novolac-derived carbon electrodes how non-linear voltage sweeps can accelerate charging and discharging of subnanometer pores.
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36
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Kiyohara K, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y. Selective adsorption of monovalent cations in porous electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25184-25194. [PMID: 33125016 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms involved in the electrochemical adsorption of ions of aqueous electrolytes in porous electrodes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of systems composed of porous carbon electrodes with various pore sizes and aqueous solutions containing a Li+, Na+, K+, or Cs+ cation and a Cl- anion. The free energy barrier preventing the cation from entering the pore in the electrode and the hydration structure around the cation were calculated for each cation species and each pore size of the electrode. As the cation moved toward the porous electrode from the bulk electrolyte, rearrangement of the hydration network occurred. The energetic cost of this rearrangement of the hydration network was identified as the cause of the free energy barrier. We estimated the likelihood of cations becoming adsorbed by the porous electrode for different pore sizes and applied voltages and found that the specificity of the magnitude of the free energy barrier for different ions is determined by two factors: ion size (Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+) and the strength of hydration (Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Cs+). With no or a low applied voltage, the ion size dominates the selectivity, and with a high applied voltage, the strength of hydration dominates, although there were some exceptions. The ion specificity of the free energy barrier could be utilized in the selective adsorption of ions from multi-component electrolytes by controlling the pore size of the electrode and the applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kiyohara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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37
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Lamperski S. Structural and thermodynamic properties of the electrical double layer in slit nanopores: A Monte Carlo study. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134703. [PMID: 33032423 DOI: 10.1063/5.0020905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation techniques at a constant electrode-electrolyte potential drop are employed to study the differential capacitance of a planar electric double layer in slit nanopores. According to the technique, a single randomly selected ion is exchanged between a simulation box and a reservoir. The probability of this step is given by the GCMC algorithm. To preserve the electroneutrality of the system after the ion exchange, the electrode charge is adequately modified, which produces electrode charge fluctuations. The charge fluctuations are used to calculate the differential capacitance of the double layer. Results for the ion distributions, electrode surface charge density, and differential capacitance in slit nanopores are reported for a symmetric system of +1:-1 ionic valences with a common ionic diameter of 0.4 nm at electrolyte concentrations of 0.2M, 1.0M, and 2.5M, pore widths of 0.6 nm, 0.8 nm, and 1.2 nm, a potential drop of 0.05 V, a relative permittivity of 78.5, and a temperature of 298.15 K. These results are compared with the corresponding data for a +1:-2 valence asymmetric system and a size asymmetric system with ionic diameters of 0.4 nm and 0.3 nm. The results show that with increasing electrolyte concentration, the range of confinement effects decreases. For divalent anions, the width dependence of electrode charge and differential capacitance reveals a maximum. The differential capacitance curves show a camel shape to bell shape transition as the electrolyte concentration increases. Asymmetry in both ionic valences and diameters leads to asymmetric capacitance curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Lamperski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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39
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Stenberg S, Stenqvist B, Woodward C, Forsman J. Grand canonical simulations of ions between charged conducting surfaces using exact 3D Ewald summations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13659-13665. [PMID: 32520057 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01640c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a useful methodology to simulate ionic fluids confined by two charged and perfectly conducting surfaces. Electrostatic interactions are treated using a modified 3D Ewald sum, which accounts for all image charges across the conductors, as well as the 2D periodicity, parallel to the surfaces. The energy expression is exact, and the method is trivial to implement in existing Ewald codes. We furthermore invoke a grand canonical scheme that utilizes a bias potential, that regulates the surface charge density. The applied bias potential also enables us to calculate individual chemical potentials of the ions. Finally, we argue that our approach leads to a pedagogically appealing description of the Donnan potential, and what it measures in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stenberg
- Theoretical Chemistry, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Cliff Woodward
- University College, University of New South Wales (ADFA), Canberra ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
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40
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Zaboronsky AO, Kornyshev AA. Ising models of charge storage in multifile metallic nanopores. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:275201. [PMID: 32254047 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab76e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ising type models of charging of conductive nanopores with ions have already been proposed and investigated for single file cylindrical or single layer slit nanopores. In such pores, the state of ions, the coulombic interactions of which are exponentially screened by their images in pore walls, was named superionic. In the present work we extend the analysis of the superionic state to nanopores that can accommodate multiple rows of ions. By grouping multiple charges in the same row into 'supercharges', we map the arrangement of ions in polarised electrodes on a multi-row Ising model in an external field. We investigate one-, two- and three-row cases, which we solve exactly, using a purpose-built semi-numerical transfer matrix method. For pores of different radii, which can accommodate the corresponding number of ion rows, we calculate the dependence of the electrical capacitance and stored energy density on electrode potential. As in charging the single file pores, we find that in narrower pores higher energy densities can be achieved at low applied potentials, while wider pores perform better as the voltage is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Zaboronsky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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41
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42
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Yang J, Ding Y, Lian C, Ying S, Liu H. Theoretical Insights into the Structures and Capacitive Performances of Confined Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030722. [PMID: 32213943 PMCID: PMC7183059 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) together with nano-porous electrodes are the most promising materials for supercapacitors and batteries. Many theoretical works have addressed the structures and performances of RTILs inside nanopores. However, only limited attention has been given to how the dispersion forces of RTILs influence the behavior of ions inside the slit pores. Toward this aim, we investigate the effects of various dispersion forces between ions on the macroscopic structures in nanoconfinement and the capacitance performance of supercapacitors by the classical density functional theory (CDFT). The results show that the dispersion force can significantly change the mechanism of the charging process and even the shape of differential capacitance curves. In addition, the voltage-dependent structures of RTILs with appropriate dispersion force appears in a given silt pore, which leads to extremely high capacitance and enhances the energy storage density. We hope that this work could further offer guidance for the optimizing of electrolytes for electrical double layer capacitors, like tuning the dispersion force between ions by adding/removing certain chemical groups on the cations and anions of RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yajun Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Sanjiu Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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43
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Faraezi S, Khan MS, Ohba T. Dehydration of Cations Inducing Fast Ion Transfer and High Electrical Capacitance Performance on Graphene Electrode in Aqueous Electrolytes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Faraezi
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Md Sharif Khan
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ohba
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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44
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Mo T, Bi S, Zhang Y, Presser V, Wang X, Gogotsi Y, Feng G. Ion Structure Transition Enhances Charging Dynamics in Subnanometer Pores. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2395-2403. [PMID: 31999427 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using electrodes with subnanometer pores and ionic liquid electrolytes can improve the charge storage capacity at the expense of the charging rate. The fundamental understanding of the charging dynamics of nanoporous electrodes can help to avoid compromising the power density. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the charging mechanism of subnanometer pores in ionic liquids. Different from the traditional view that a smaller pore results in slower charging, a non-monotonic relation is found between the charging rate and pore size, in which the charging process is accelerated in some subnanometer pores. Our analysis uncovers that the mechanism of the charging enhancement can be attributed to the transition of in-pore ion structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Xuehang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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45
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Park S, McDaniel JG. Interference of electrical double layers: Confinement effects on structure, dynamics, and screening of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:074709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5144260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suehyun Park
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | - Jesse G. McDaniel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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46
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Teng Z, Han K, Li J, Gao Y, Li M, Ji T. Ultrasonic-assisted preparation and characterization of hierarchical porous carbon derived from garlic peel for high-performance supercapacitors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 60:104756. [PMID: 31514110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted impregnation is used to synthesize physically modified garlic peel-based 3D hierarchical porous carbons (PCs), and the effect on PCs is investigated by changing ultrasonic time. The results show that ultrasonic waves can effectively peel off surface attachments of the carbonized product, so that activator has a better mass transfer process and create more active sites. The connectivity of 3D pore network is enhanced as well, so the structure and electrochemical properties of garlic peel-based porous carbon (GBPC) are improved. The ultrasonic disperser is used as an ultrasonic generator, specific conditions are as follows: ultrasonic frequency is 40 kHz, ultrasonic power is 500 W, and ultrasonic time is 0, 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively. With the increase of ultrasonic time, impurities again block the pore structure during dynamic movement, resulting in a decrease in electrochemical performance. Specifically, the performance of GBPC-6 is the most excellent, the specific surface area (SSA) increases from 2548 m2 g-1 to 3887 m2 g-1, the specific capacitance increases from 304 F g-1 to 426 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 in a two-electrode test system. Energy density and cycle performance are also improved at the same time, which are attributed to rational structure. In addition, the effectiveness of the strategy of ultrasonic-assisted synthesis has been confirmed on another precursor material-scallion, meaning that this work proposes a new and simple modification method for improving the performance of biomass-based PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocai Teng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Kuihua Han
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Jinxiao Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Tongtong Ji
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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47
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Shao H, Wu YC, Lin Z, Taberna PL, Simon P. Nanoporous carbon for electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3005-3039. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances of nanoporous carbon materials in the application of EDLCs, including a better understanding of the charge storage mechanisms by combining the advanced techniques and simulations methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Yih-Chyng Wu
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Zifeng Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Pierre-Louis Taberna
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
| | - Patrice Simon
- Université Paul Sabatier
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)
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48
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Tian X, Wang Q, Li H, Jin L, Cao Q. Synthesis of a Novel Petal‐Shaped Biomass‐Derived Carbon Material with Controlled Pore Structure and Nitrogen Content for Use in Supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
- Material science and Engineering SchoolTaiyuan University of Science and Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Li'e Jin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
| | - Qing Cao
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 P.R. China
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49
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Niemann T, Li H, Warr GG, Ludwig R, Atkin R. Influence of Hydrogen Bonding between Ions of Like Charge on the Ionic Liquid Interfacial Structure at a Mica Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7368-7373. [PMID: 31713427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted increasing interest in science and technology because of their remarkable properties, which can be tuned via varying ion structures to control the relative strengths of Coulomb interactions, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding), and dispersion forces. Here we use atomic force microscopy to probe the interfacial nanostructures of hydroxy functionalized ILs at negatively charged mica surfaces. H-bonding between hydroxy functionalized cations (c-c) produces cation clusters and a stronger interfacial nanostructure. H-bond stabilized cation clusters form despite opposing electrostatic repulsions between charge groups, cation-anion (c-a) electrostatic attractions, and (c-a) H-bonds. Comparison of ILs with and without OH functionalized cations shows directional H-bonding enhances interfacial structure more strongly than the dispersion forces between alkyl groups. These findings reveal a new means of controlling IL interfacial nanostructure via H-bonding between like-charged ions, which impact diverse areas including electrochemical charge storage (batteries and catalysis), electrodeposition, lubrication, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niemann
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie , Universität Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Department LL&M , University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie , Universität Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Department LL&M , University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
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Liu Y, Merlet C, Smit B. Carbons with Regular Pore Geometry Yield Fundamental Insights into Supercapacitor Charge Storage. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1813-1823. [PMID: 31807683 PMCID: PMC6891853 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) using a library of ordered, porous carbon electrode materials called zeolite templated carbons (ZTCs). The well-defined pore shapes of the ZTCs enable us to determine the influence of pore geometry on both charging dynamics and charge storage mechanisms in EDLCs, also referred to as supercapacitors. We show that charging dynamics are negatively correlated with the pore-limiting diameter of the electrode material and display signatures of both progressive charging and ion trapping. However, the equilibrium capacitance, unlike charging dynamics, is not strongly correlated to commonly used, purely geometric descriptors such as pore size. Instead, we find a strong correlation of capacitance to the charge compensation per carbon (CCpC), a descriptor we define in this work as the average charge of the electrode atoms within the coordination shell of a counterion. A high CCpC indicates efficient charge storage, as the strong partial charges of the electrode are able to screen counterion charge, enabling higher ion loading and thus more charge storage within the electrode at a fixed applied voltage. We determine that adsorption sites with a high CCpC tend to be found within pockets with a smaller radius of curvature, where the counterions are able to minimize their distance with multiple points on the electrode surface, and therefore induce stronger local partial charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei
Michelle Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Laboratory
of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École polytechnique fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue
de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merlet
- CIRIMAT, Université
de Toulouse, CNRS, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l’Énergie
(RS2E), Fédération de Recherche CNRS 3459, HUB de l’Énergie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Berend Smit
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Laboratory
of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École polytechnique fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue
de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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