1
|
Chen MS, Sun R, Wang R, Zuo Y, Zhou K, Kim J, Stevens MM. Fillable Magnetic Microrobots for Drug Delivery to Cardiac Tissues In Vitro. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400419. [PMID: 38748937 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Many cardiac diseases, such as arrhythmia or cardiogenic shock, cause irregular beating patterns that must be regulated to prevent disease progression toward heart failure. Treatments can include invasive surgery or high systemic drug dosages, which lack precision, localization, and control. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) that can deliver cargo to the cardiac injury site could address these unmet clinical challenges. Here, a microrobotic DDS that can be mobilized to specific sites via magnetic control is presented. This DDS incorporates an internal chamber that can protect drug cargo. Furthermore, the DDS contains a tunable thermosensitive sealing layer that gradually degrades upon exposure to body temperature, enabling prolonged drug release. Once loaded with the small molecule drug norepinephrine, this microrobotic DDS modulated beating frequency in induced pluripotent stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in a dose-dependent manner, thus simulating drug delivery to cardiac cells in vitro. The DDS also navigates several maze-like structures seeded with cardiomyocytes to demonstrate precise locomotion under a rotating low-intensity magnetic field and on-site drug delivery. This work demonstrates the utility of a magnetically actuating DDS for precise, localized, and controlled drug delivery which is of interest for a myriad of future opportunities such as in treating cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Chen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rujie Sun
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuyang Zuo
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, & Genetics, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clark JA, Robinson S, Espinoza EM, Bao D, Derr JB, Croft L, O'Mari O, Grover WH, Vullev VI. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a room-temperature solid solvent for photophysics and photochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8062-8076. [PMID: 38372740 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Medium viscosity strongly affects the dynamics of solvated species and can drastically alter the deactivation pathways of their excited states. This study demonstrates the utility of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as a room-temperature solid-state medium for optical spectroscopy. As a thermoset elastic polymer, PDMS is transparent in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectral regions. It is easy to mould into any shape, forming surfaces with a pronounced smoothness. While PDMS is broadly used for the fabrication of microfluidic devices, it swells in organic solvents, presenting severe limitations for the utility of such devices for applications employing non-aqueous fluids. Nevertheless, this swelling is reversible, which proves immensely beneficial for loading samples into the PDMS solid matrix. Transferring molecular-rotor dyes (used for staining prokaryotic cells and amyloid proteins) from non-viscous solvents into PDMS induces orders-of-magnitude enhancement of their fluorescence quantum yield and excited-state lifetimes, providing mechanistic insights about their deactivation pathways. These findings demonstrate the unexplored potential of PDMS as a solid solvent for optical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Samantha Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Luca Croft
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - William H Grover
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McCue C, Atari A, Parks S, Tseng YY, Varanasi KK. Reducing Cancer Cell Adhesion using Microtextured Surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302401. [PMID: 37559167 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past century, trypsin has been the primary method of cell dissociation, largely without any major changes to the process. Enzymatic cell detachment strategies for large-scale cell culturing processes are popular but can be labor-intensive, potentially lead to the accumulation of genetic mutations, and produce large quantities of liquid waste. Therefore, engineering surfaces to lower cell adhesion strength could enable the next generation of cell culture surfaces for delicate primary cells and automated, high-throughput workflows. In this study, a process for creating microtextured polystyrene (PS) surfaces to measure the impact of microposts on the adhesion strength of cells is developed. Cell viability and proliferation assays show comparable results in two cancer cell lines between micropost surfaces and standard cell culture vessels. However, cell image analysis on microposts reveals that cell area decreases by half, and leads to an average twofold increase in cell length per area. Using a microfluidic-based method up to a seven times greater percentage of cells are removed from micropost surfaces than the flat control surfaces. These results show that micropost surfaces enable decreased cell adhesion strength while maintaining similar cell viabilities and proliferation as compared to flat PS surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline McCue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adel Atari
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sean Parks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuen-Yi Tseng
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kripa K Varanasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Callens SJP, Fan D, van Hengel IAJ, Minneboo M, Díaz-Payno PJ, Stevens MM, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Emergent collective organization of bone cells in complex curvature fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:855. [PMID: 36869036 PMCID: PMC9984480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual cells and multicellular systems respond to cell-scale curvatures in their environments, guiding migration, orientation, and tissue formation. However, it remains largely unclear how cells collectively explore and pattern complex landscapes with curvature gradients across the Euclidean and non-Euclidean spectra. Here, we show that mathematically designed substrates with controlled curvature variations induce multicellular spatiotemporal organization of preosteoblasts. We quantify curvature-induced patterning and find that cells generally prefer regions with at least one negative principal curvature. However, we also show that the developing tissue can eventually cover unfavorably curved territories, can bridge large portions of the substrates, and is often characterized by collectively aligned stress fibers. We demonstrate that this is partly regulated by cellular contractility and extracellular matrix development, underscoring the mechanical nature of curvature guidance. Our findings offer a geometric perspective on cell-environment interactions that could be harnessed in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands. .,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Fan
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar A J van Hengel
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Minneboo
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang D, Ma Z, Tian X. Effectiveness of organic solvents for recovering collapsed PDMS micropillar arrays. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4874-4879. [PMID: 36762086 PMCID: PMC9901194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillar arrays are widely used in research labs and engineering fields as analytical tools for various purposes. When the micropillar length or density surpasses a critical value, micropillars tend to collapse with each other and become unusable. Restoring collapsed PDMS micropillars typically involves the use of low surface tension solvents and ultrasound sonication, but such approach has received little success to date. In this work, we examined the effectiveness of different types of solvents for restoring collapsed PDMS micropillar arrays and show that the swelling ratio of PDMS in selected solvents constitutes an important factor in the effectiveness of restoring collapsed PDMS micropillars. Our results could be a promoter in recycling PDMS micropillar arrays and achieving economic and social benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China .,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Material under Shock and Impact Beijing 100081 China.,Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology Tangshan 063000 China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China .,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Material under Shock and Impact Beijing 100081 China.,Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology Tangshan 063000 China.,Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Xinchun Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China .,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Material under Shock and Impact Beijing 100081 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karthik V, Karuna B, Kumar PS, Saravanan A, Hemavathy RV. Development of lab-on-chip biosensor for the detection of toxic heavy metals: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134427. [PMID: 35358561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a decrease in water availability and quality has been raised due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural activities and anthropogenic activities. Heavy metals are considered significant pollutants in the water environment, cause environmental hazards and health effects to humans. For monitoring water contaminants utilized different conventional techniques. Still, they have some drawbacks, such as cost expensive, ecological issues, and processing time, requiring technicians and researchers to operate them effectively. Biosensors have become reasonable devices for screening and identifying environmental contaminants because of their different benefits contrasted with other detecting techniques. This review summarizes the toxic effect of heavy metal and their source, occurrence. A detailed discussion is provided on the heavy metal recognition materials for detecting heavy metals in wastewater. Lab on chip (LOC) is an emerging micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS) device that intakes liquid and makes it move through the micro-channels, to accomplish fast, cost-effective and profoundly sensitive analysis with significant yield. LOC also provided a discussion on numerous laboratory functions on a single platform. This article attempts to discuss the detection of heavy metals using lab on a chip by suitable recognition materials. Further, the design and fabrication mechanism and their recognition abilities of LOC were also reviewed. The review mainly focuses on the application of LOC biosensors, pros, and cons, and suggests a roadmap towards future development to enhance the practical use in pollutant monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Karthik
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - B Karuna
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - A Saravanan
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - R V Hemavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Review of Polylactic Acid as a Replacement Material for Single-Use Laboratory Components. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092989. [PMID: 35591324 PMCID: PMC9100125 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the EU emits 13.4 Mt of CO2 solely from plastic production, with 99% of all plastics being produced from fossil fuel sources, while those that are produced from renewable sources use food products as feedstocks. In 2019, 29 Mt of plastic waste was collected in Europe. It is estimated that 32% was recycled, 43% was incinerated and 25% was sent to landfill. It has been estimated that life-sciences (biology, medicine, etc.) alone create plastic waste of approximately 5.5 Mt/yr, the majority being disposed of by incineration. The vast majority of this plastic waste is made from fossil fuel sources, though there is a growing interest in the possible use of bioplastics as a viable alternative for single-use lab consumables, such as petri dishes, pipette tips, etc. However, to-date only limited bioplastic replacement examples exist. In this review, common polymers used for labware are discussed, along with examining the possibility of replacing these materials with bioplastics, specifically polylactic acid (PLA). The material properties of PLA are described, along with possible functional improvements dure to additives. Finally, the standards and benchmarks needed for assessing bioplastics produced for labware components are reviewed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Amadeo F, Mukherjee P, Gao H, Zhou J, Papautsky I. Polycarbonate Masters for Soft Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1392. [PMID: 34832803 PMCID: PMC8622653 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of microfluidic devices by soft lithography is by far the most popular approach due to its simplicity and low cost. The approach relies on casting of elastomers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), on masters fabricated from photoresists on silicon substrates. These masters, however, can be expensive, complicated to fabricate, and fragile. Here we describe an optimized replica molding approach to preserve the original masters by heat molding of polycarbonate (PC) sheets on PDMS molds. The process is faster and simpler than previously reported methods and does not result in a loss of resolution or aspect ratio for the features. The generated PC masters were used to successfully replicate a wide range of microfluidic devices, including rectangular channels with aspect ratios from 0.025 to 7.3, large area spiral channels, and micropost arrays with 5 µm spacing. Moreover, fabrication of rounded features, such as semi-spherical microwells, was possible and easy. Quantitative analysis of the replicated features showed variability of <2%. The approach is low cost, does not require cleanroom setting or hazardous chemicals, and is rapid and simple. The fabricated masters are rigid and survive numerous replication cycles. Moreover, damaged or missing masters can be easily replaced by reproduction from previously cast PDMS replicas. All of these advantages make the PC masters highly desirable for long-term preservation of soft lithography masters for microfluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (F.A.); (P.M.); (H.G.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aladese AD, Jeong HH. Recent Developments in 3D Printing of Droplet-Based Microfluidics. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
Vermeulen S, Honig F, Vasilevich A, Roumans N, Romero M, Dede Eren A, Tuvshindorj U, Alexander M, Carlier A, Williams P, Uquillas J, de Boer J. Expanding Biomaterial Surface Topographical Design Space through Natural Surface Reproduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102084. [PMID: 34165820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface topography is a tool to endow biomaterials with bioactive properties. However, the large number of possible designs makes it challenging to find the optimal surface structure to induce a specific cell response. The TopoChip platform is currently the largest collection of topographies with 2176 in silico designed microtopographies. Still, it is exploring only a small part of the design space due to design algorithm limitations and the surface engineering strategy. Inspired by the diversity of natural surfaces, it is assessed as to what extent the topographical design space and consequently the resulting cellular responses can be expanded using natural surfaces. To this end, 26 plant and insect surfaces are replicated in polystyrene and their surface properties are quantified using white light interferometry. Through machine-learning algorithms, it is demonstrated that natural surfaces extend the design space of the TopoChip, which coincides with distinct morphological and focal adhesion profiles in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Furthermore, differentiation experiments reveal the strong potential of the holy lotus to improve osteogenesis in MSCs. In the future, the design algorithms will be trained with the results obtained by natural surface imprint experiments to explore the bioactive properties of novel surface topographies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vermeulen
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Honig
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Aliaksei Vasilevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Romero
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Urnaa Tuvshindorj
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Morgan Alexander
- Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, The School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jorge Uquillas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singhal S, Rasane P, Kaur S, Garba U, Bankar A, Singh J, Gupta N. 3D food printing: paving way towards novel foods. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180737. [PMID: 33053099 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3D food printing, a part of additive manufacturing technique is used to modify the process of the food manufacturing in terms of color, shape, flavor, texture and nutrition. It liberates the user to identify and modify their meal according to one's desire, matching to the very minute details. Currently, it is used in decorating and fabricating, food products such as chocolate, cookies and cakes. The process of printing foods depends on several factors such as the physical state of food (whether powder, liquid or semi-solid), size and shape of the syringes to be used and the composition of the ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Apart from the use of 3D food printing for fabrication, it can also play an important role in solving malnutrition by enhancing the nutritional profile of the meal. The objective of this review is to highlight the different methods used in 3D food printing, 3D food printers, benefits of 3D food printing and challenges faced while food printing. Moreover, the paper discusses the applications of 3D food printing and its scope in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somya Singhal
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Prasad Rasane
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.,Centre of Food Science and Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Umar Garba
- Department of Agro-Industry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Akshay Bankar
- Optiva Inc (Former Redknee Inc), Pune, Maharashtra, 411009, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Lalit Mohan Sharma Government Post-Graduation College, HNB Gharwal University, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249201, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim SY, Choo Y, Bilodeau RA, Yuen MC, Kaufman G, Shah DS, Osuji CO, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Sustainable manufacturing of sensors onto soft systems using self-coagulating conductive Pickering emulsions. Sci Robot 2020; 5:5/39/eaay3604. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aay3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yup Kim
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - R. Adam Bilodeau
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michelle C. Yuen
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gilad Kaufman
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dylan S. Shah
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chinedum O. Osuji
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen SY, Bardall A, Shearer M, Daniels KE. Distinguishing deformation mechanisms in elastocapillary experiments. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9426-9436. [PMID: 31737889 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials are known to deform due to a variety of mechanisms, including capillarity, buoyancy, and swelling. In this paper, we present experiments on polyvinylsiloxane gel threads partially-immersed in three liquids with different solubility, wettability, and swellability. Our results demonstrate that deformations due to capillarity, buoyancy, and swelling can be of similar magnitude as such threads come to static equilibrium. To account for all three effects being present in a single system, we derive a model capable of explaining the observed data and use it to determine the force law at the three-phase contact line. The results show that the measured forces are consistent with the expected Young-Dupré equation, and do not require the inclusion of a tangential contact line force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Aaron Bardall
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Shearer
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Karen E Daniels
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salerno A, Cesarelli G, Pedram P, Netti PA. Modular Strategies to Build Cell-Free and Cell-Laden Scaffolds towards Bioengineered Tissues and Organs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1816. [PMID: 31683796 PMCID: PMC6912533 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for functional tissue and organ regeneration is a major challenge of the tissue engineering (TE) community. Great progress has been made in developing scaffolds to support cells in 3D, and to date, several implantable scaffolds are available for treating damaged and dysfunctional tissues, such as bone, osteochondral, cardiac and nerve. However, recapitulating the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) functions of native tissues is far from being achieved in synthetic scaffolds. Modular TE is an intriguing approach that aims to design and fabricate ECM-mimicking scaffolds by the bottom-up assembly of building blocks with specific composition, morphology and structural properties. This review provides an overview of the main strategies to build synthetic TE scaffolds through bioactive modules assembly and classifies them into two distinct schemes based on microparticles (µPs) or patterned layers. The µPs-based processes section starts describing novel techniques for creating polymeric µPs with desired composition, morphology, size and shape. Later, the discussion focuses on µPs-based scaffolds design principles and processes. In particular, starting from random µPs assembly, we will move to advanced µPs structuring processes, focusing our attention on technological and engineering aspects related to cell-free and cell-laden strategies. The second part of this review article illustrates layer-by-layer modular scaffolds fabrication based on discontinuous, where layers' fabrication and assembly are split, and continuous processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Salerno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cesarelli
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Parisa Pedram
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zijl S, Vasilevich AS, Viswanathan P, Helling AL, Beijer NRM, Walko G, Chiappini C, de Boer J, Watt FM. Micro-scaled topographies direct differentiation of human epidermal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:133-145. [PMID: 30528608 PMCID: PMC6336537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal stem cells initiate terminal differentiation when spreading is restricted on ECM-coated micropatterned islands, soft hydrogels or hydrogel-nanoparticle composites with high nanoparticle spacing. The effect of substrate topography, however, is incompletely understood. To explore this, primary human keratinocytes enriched for stem cells were seeded on a topographical library with over 2000 different topographies in the micrometre range. Twenty-four hours later the proportion of cells expressing the differentiation marker transglutaminase-1 was determined by high content imaging. As predicted, topographies that prevented spreading promoted differentiation. However, we also identified topographies that supported differentiation of highly spread cells. Topographies supporting differentiation of spread cells were more irregular than those supporting differentiation of round cells. Low topography coverage promoted differentiation of spread cells, whereas high coverage promoted differentiation of round cells. Based on these observations we fabricated a topography in 6-well plate format that supported differentiation of spread cells, enabling us to examine cell responses at higher resolution. We found that differentiated spread cells did not assemble significant numbers of hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions, adherens junctions, desmosomes or tight junctions. They did, however, organise the actin cytoskeleton in response to the topographies. Rho kinase inhibition and blebbistatin treatment blocked the differentiation of spread cells, whereas SRF inhibition did not. These observations suggest a potential role for actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction in the topography-induced differentiation of spread cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The epidermis is the outer covering of the skin. It is formed by layers of cells called keratinocytes. The basal cell layer contains stem cells, which divide to replace cells in the outermost layers that are lost through a process known as differentiation. In this manuscript we have developed surfaces that promote the differentiation of epidermal stem cells in order to understand the signals that control differentiation. The experimental tools we have developed have the potential to help us to devise new treatments that control diseases such as psoriasis and eczema in which epidermal stem cell proliferation and differentiation are disturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Zijl
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Aliaksei S Vasilevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ayelen Luna Helling
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nick R M Beijer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot Walko
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, 27th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Materiomics bv, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin DSY, Guo F, Zhang B. Modeling organ-specific vasculature with organ-on-a-chip devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:024002. [PMID: 30395536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae7de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices, also known as microphysiological systems, have gained significant attention in recent years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have enabled these devices to provide more precise control over cellular microenvironments to mimic the tissue-level or organ-level function of the human body. These more complex tissue models can provide either an improvement in the functional expression and maturation of cells or an avenue to probe biological events and function that would otherwise be difficult to visualize and mechanistically study. This high-value information, when complimented with the existing gold-standards of cell-based assays and animal models, could potentially lead to more informed decision-making in drug development. A prevalent biological component in many organ-on-a-chip devices is an engineered vascular interface that is present in almost all organs of the human body. The vasculature and the vascular interface are particularly susceptible to biomechanical forces, they function as the conduits for inter-cellular and inter-organ interactions, and regulate drug transport. In this review, we examine the various approaches taken to model the human vasculature with an emphasis on the engineering of organ-specific vasculatures, and discuss various challenges and opportunities ahead as the field advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Y Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guevara-Pantoja PE, Jiménez-Valdés RJ, García-Cordero JL, Caballero-Robledo GA. Pressure-actuated monolithic acrylic microfluidic valves and pumps. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:662-669. [PMID: 29367991 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a microfluidic device with embedded valves and pumps made exclusively of layers of acrylic glass. Flat acrylic sheets are carved out with a micromilling machine and bonded together by solvent bonding. The working principle of the valves is based on a thin flexible membrane (≈100 μm) machined on one acrylic sheet and actuated with pneumatic pressure. A completely closed valve resists a pressure difference of ≈17 kPa (≈2.5 psi), and when open, it can sustain flow rates of up to 100 μL s-1. Pumping is achieved by combining two valves and a pumping chamber in series, which is also based on the bending of a thin acrylic membrane. The maximum flow rate obtained with this pumping mechanism is 20 μL min-1. Acrylic is a popular rigid thermoplastic because it is inexpensive, making it ideal for mass production of disposable devices, and also because it has demonstrated compatibility with different biochemical assays. The physical and optical properties it shares with other thermoplastics could lead to this material being implemented for similar valves and pumps. As a proof-of-concept of our technology, we implemented a controlled cell-staining assay in two parallel incubation chambers integrating four valves and one pump into one device. Our monolithic acrylic valves can enable the mass production of disposable microfluidic devices that require fluid control with pressure-actuated valves and aid in the automation of biochemical assays.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee UN, Su X, Guckenberger DJ, Dostie AM, Zhang T, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Fundamentals of rapid injection molding for microfluidic cell-based assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:496-504. [PMID: 29309079 PMCID: PMC5790604 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microscale cell-based assays have demonstrated unique capabilities in reproducing important cellular behaviors for diagnostics and basic biological research. As these assays move beyond the prototyping stage and into biological and clinical research environments, there is a need to produce microscale culture platforms more rapidly, cost-effectively, and reproducibly. 'Rapid' injection molding is poised to meet this need as it enables some of the benefits of traditional high volume injection molding at a fraction of the cost. However, rapid injection molding has limitations due to the material and methods used for mold fabrication. Here, we characterize advantages and limitations of rapid injection molding for microfluidic device fabrication through measurement of key features for cell culture applications including channel geometry, feature consistency, floor thickness, and surface polishing. We demonstrate phase contrast and fluorescence imaging of cells grown in rapid injection molded devices and provide design recommendations to successfully utilize rapid injection molding methods for microscale cell-based assay development in academic laboratory settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulri N Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang X, Bjork M, Ratchford DC, Yeom J. Pitch Control of Hexagonal Non-Close-Packed Nanosphere Arrays Using Isotropic Deformation of an Elastomer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12218-12226. [PMID: 28962534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of colloidal nanospheres combined with various nanofabrication techniques produces an ever-increasing range of two-dimensional (2D) ordered nanostructures, although the pattern periodicity is typically bound to the original interparticle spacing. Deformable soft lithography using controlled deformation of elastomeric substrates and subsequent contact printing transfer offer a versatile method to systematically control the lattice spacing and arrangements of the 2D nanosphere array. However, the anisotropic nature of uniaxial and biaxial stretching as well as the strain limit of solvent swelling makes it difficult to create well-separated, ordered 2D nanosphere arrays with large-area hexagonal arrangements. In this paper, we report a simple, facile approach to fabricate such arrays of polystyrene nanospheres using a custom-made radial stretching apparatus. The maximum stretchability and spatial uniformity of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomeric substrate is systematically investigated. A pitch increase as large as 213% is demonstrated using a single stretching-and-transfer process, which is at least 3 times larger than the maximum pitch increase achievable using a single swelling-and-transfer process. Unlike the colloidal arrays generated by the uniaxial and biaxial stretching, the isotropic expansion of radial stretching allows the hexagonal array to retain its original structure across the entire substrate. Upon radial strain applied to the PDMS sheet, the nanosphere array with modified pitch is transferred to a variety of target substrates, exhibiting different optical behaviors and serving as an etch mask or a template for molding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matthew Bjork
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel C Ratchford
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Junghoon Yeom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enhanced Cell Adhesion on a Nano-Embossed, Sticky Surface Prepared by the Printing of a DOPA-Bolaamphiphile Assembly Ink. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13797. [PMID: 29062140 PMCID: PMC5653752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by adhesive mussel proteins, nanospherical self-assemblies were prepared from bolaamphiphiles containing 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) moieties, and a suspension of the bolaamphiphile assemblies was used for the preparation of a patterned surface that enhanced cell adhesion and viability. The abundant surface-exposed catechol groups on the robust bolaamphiphile self-assemblies were responsible for their outstanding adhesivity to various surfaces and showed purely elastic mechanical behaviour in response to tensile stress. Compared to other polydopamine coatings, the spherical DOPA-bolaamphiphile assemblies were coated uniformly and densely on the surface, yielding a nano-embossed surface. Cell culture tests on the surface modified by DOPA-bolaamphiphiles also showed enhanced cellular adhesivity and increased viability compared to surfaces decorated with other catecholic compounds. Furthermore, the guided growth of a cell line was demonstrated on the patterned surface, which was prepared by inkjet printing using a suspension of the self-assembled particles as an ink. The self-assembly of DOPA-bolaamphiphiles shows that they are a promising adhesive, biocompatible material with the potential to modify various substances.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lachaux J, Alcaine C, Gómez-Escoda B, Perrault CM, Duplan DO, Wu PYJ, Ochoa I, Fernandez L, Mercier O, Coudreuse D, Roy E. Thermoplastic elastomer with advanced hydrophilization and bonding performances for rapid (30 s) and easy molding of microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2581-2594. [PMID: 28656191 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important areas of research on microfluidic technologies focuses on the identification and characterisation of novel materials with enhanced properties and versatility. Here we present a fast, easy and inexpensive microstructuration method for the fabrication of novel, flexible, transparent and biocompatible microfluidic devices. Using a simple hot press, we demonstrate the rapid (30 s) production of various microfluidic prototypes embossed in a commercially available soft thermoplastic elastomer (sTPE). This styrenic block copolymer (BCP) material is as flexible as PDMS and as thermoformable as classical thermoplastics. It exhibits high fidelity of replication using SU-8 and epoxy master molds in a highly convenient low-isobar (0.4 bar) and iso-thermal process. Microfluidic devices can then be easily sealed using either a simple hot plate or even a room-temperature assembly, allowing them to sustain liquid pressures of 2 and 0.6 bar, respectively. The excellent sorption and biocompatibility properties of the microchips were validated via a standard rhodamine dye assay as well as a sensitive yeast cell-based assay. The morphology and composition of the surface area after plasma treatment for hydrophilization purposes are stable and show constant and homogenous distribution of block nanodomains (∼22° after 4 days). These domains, which are evenly distributed on the nanoscale, therefore account for the uniform and convenient surface of a "microfluidic scale device". To our knowledge, this is the first thermoplastic elastomer material that can be used for fast and reliable fabrication and assembly of microdevices while maintaining a high and stable hydrophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lachaux
- Centre Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR9001, Paris-Saclay University, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhan H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Lau W, Bao C, Li M, Lu Y, Mei J, Hui D. Precision-Trimming 2D Inverse-Opal Lattice on Elastomer to Ordered Nanostructures with Variable Size and Morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4881-4889. [PMID: 28459580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost and scalable method is developed for producing large-area elastomer surfaces having ordered nanostructures with a variety of lattice features controllable to nanometer precision. The method adopts the known technique of molding a PDMS precursor film with a close-packed monolayer of monodisperse submicron polystyrene beads on water to form an inverse-opal dimple lattice with the dimple size controlled by the bead selection and the dimple depth by the molding condition. The subsequent novel precision engineering of the inverse-opal lattice comprises trimming the PDMS precursor by a combination of polymer curing temperature/time and polymer dissolution parameters. The resultant ordered surface nanostructures, fabricated with an increasing degree of trimming, include (a) submicron hemispherical dimples with nanothin interdimple rims and walls; (b) nanocones with variable degrees of tip-sharpness by trimming off the top part of the nanothin interdimple walls; and (c) soup-plate-like submicron shallow dimples with interdimple rims and walls by anisotropically trimming off the nanocones and forming close-packed shallow dimples. As exemplars of industrial relevance of these lattice features, tunable Young's modulus and wettability are demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhan
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center , Chengdu, 610207, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center , Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Woonming Lau
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science & Technology Beijing , Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Bao
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center , Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Minggan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center , Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Jun Mei
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center , Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - David Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of New Orleans , New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nemati SH, Liyu DA, Canul AJ, Vasdekis AE. Solvent immersion imprint lithography: A high-performance, semi-automated procedure. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024111. [PMID: 28798847 PMCID: PMC5533493 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We expand upon our recent, fundamental report on solvent immersion imprint lithography (SIIL) and describe a semi-automated and high-performance procedure for prototyping polymer microfluidics and optofluidics. The SIIL procedure minimizes manual intervention through a cost-effective (∼$200) and easy-to-assemble apparatus. We analyze the procedure's performance specifically for Poly (methyl methacrylate) microsystems and report repeatable polymer imprinting, bonding, and 3D functionalization in less than 5 min, down to 8 μm resolutions and 1:1 aspect ratios. In comparison to commercial approaches, the modified SIIL procedure enables substantial cost reductions, a 100-fold reduction in imprinting force requirements, as well as a more than 10-fold increase in bonding strength. We attribute these advantages to the directed polymer dissolution that strictly localizes at the polymer-solvent interface, as uniquely offered by SIIL. The described procedure opens new desktop prototyping opportunities, particularly for non-expert users performing live-cell imaging, flow-through catalysis, and on-chip gas detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Nemati
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - D A Liyu
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A J Canul
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A E Vasdekis
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hasan N, Banerjee A, Kim H, Mastrangelo CH. Tunable-focus lens for adaptive eyeglasses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:1221-1233. [PMID: 28158006 PMCID: PMC5772464 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the implementation of a compact tunable-focus liquid lens suitable for adaptive eyeglass application. The lens has an aperture diameter of 32 mm, optical power range of 5.6 diopter, and electrical power consumption less than 20 mW. The lens inclusive of its piezoelectric actuation mechanism is 8.4 mm thick and weighs 14.4 gm. The measured lens RMS wavefront aberration error was between 0.73 µm and 0.956 µm.
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sarah Y. Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Dana M. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu C, Lin S, Li W, Sun H, Chen Y, Chan CW, Leung CH, Ma DL, Wu H, Ren K. A one-step strategy for ultra-fast and low-cost mass production of plastic membrane microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3909-3918. [PMID: 27722382 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00957c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-fast, extremely cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method was developed for fabricating flexible microfluidic chips with plastic membranes. With this method, we could fabricate plastic microfluidic chips rapidly (within 12 seconds per piece) at an extremely low cost (less than $0.02 per piece). We used a heated perfluoropolymer perfluoroalkoxy (often called Teflon PFA) solid stamp to press a pile of two pieces of plastic membranes, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). During the short period of contact with the heated PFA stamp, the pressed area of the membranes permanently bonded, while the LDPE membrane spontaneously rose up at the area not pressed, forming microchannels automatically. These two regions were clearly distinguishable even at the micrometer scale so we were able to fabricate microchannels with widths down to 50 microns. This method combines the two steps in the conventional strategy for microchannel fabrication, generating microchannels and sealing channels, into a single step. The production is a green process without using any solvent or generating any waste. Also, the chips showed good resistance against the absorption of Rhodamine 6G, oligonucleotides, and green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrated some typical microfluidic manipulations with the flexible plastic membrane chips, including droplet formation, on-chip capillary electrophoresis, and peristaltic pumping for quantitative injection of samples and reagents. In addition, we demonstrated convenient on-chip detection of lead ions in water samples by a peristaltic-pumping design, as an example of the application of the plastic membrane chips in a resource-limited environment. Due to the high speed and low cost of the fabrication process, this single-step method will facilitate the mass production of microfluidic chips and commercialization of microfluidic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yangfan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chiu-Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kangning Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liyu D, Nemati SH, Vasdekis AE. Solvent-assisted prototyping of microfluidic and optofluidic microsystems in polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Liyu
- Department of Physics; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gross BC, Anderson KB, Meisel JE, McNitt MI, Spence DM. Polymer Coatings in 3D-Printed Fluidic Device Channels for Improved Cellular Adherence Prior to Electrical Lysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6335-41. [PMID: 25973637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and fabrication of a polyjet-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed fluidic device where poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or polystyrene (PS) were used to coat the sides of a fluidic channel within the device to promote adhesion of an immobilized cell layer. The device was designed using computer-aided design software and converted into an .STL file prior to printing. The rigid, transparent material used in the printing process provides an optically transparent path to visualize endothelial cell adherence and supports integration of removable electrodes for electrical cell lysis in a specified portion of the channel (1 mm width × 0.8 mm height × 2 mm length). Through manipulation of channel geometry, a low-voltage power source (500 V max) was used to selectively lyse adhered endothelial cells in a tapered region of the channel. Cell viability was maintained on the device over a 5 day period (98% viable), though cell coverage decreased after day 4 with static media delivery. Optimal lysis potentials were obtained for the two fabricated device geometries, and selective cell clearance was achieved with cell lysis efficiencies of 94 and 96%. The bottleneck of unknown surface properties from proprietary resin use in fabricating 3D-printed materials is overcome through techniques to incorporate PDMS and PS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Kari B Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Jayda E Meisel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Megan I McNitt
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Dana M Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hohmann S, Kögel S, Brunner Y, Schmieg B, Ewald C, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiß G, Länge K. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Resonators for Monitoring Conditioning Film Formation. SENSORS 2015; 15:11873-88. [PMID: 26007735 PMCID: PMC4481949 DOI: 10.3390/s150511873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators as a complementary tool for conditioning film monitoring. Conditioning films are formed by adsorption of inorganic and organic substances on a substrate the moment this substrate comes into contact with a liquid phase. In the case of implant insertion, for instance, initial protein adsorption is required to start wound healing, but it will also trigger immune reactions leading to inflammatory responses. The control of the initial protein adsorption would allow to promote the healing process and to suppress adverse immune reactions. Methods to investigate these adsorption processes are available, but it remains difficult to translate measurement results into actual protein binding events. Biosensor transducers allow user-friendly investigation of protein adsorption on different surfaces. The combination of several transduction principles leads to complementary results, allowing a more comprehensive characterization of the adsorbing layer. We introduce SAW resonators as a novel complementary tool for time-resolved conditioning film monitoring. SAW resonators were coated with polymers. The adsorption of the plasma proteins human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen onto the polymer-coated surfaces were monitored. Frequency results were compared with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor measurements, which confirmed the suitability of the SAW resonators for this application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Hohmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Svea Kögel
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Brunner
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schmieg
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Christina Ewald
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Länge
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mutreja I, Woodfield TBF, Sperling S, Nock V, Evans JJ, Alkaisi MM. Positive and negative bioimprinted polymeric substrates: new platforms for cell culture. Biofabrication 2015; 7:025002. [PMID: 25850524 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioimprinting, which involves capturing cell morphological details into a polymer matrix, provides a new class of patterned surfaces which opens an opportunity to investigate how cells respond to their own signatures and may introduce possibilities for regulating their behaviour. In this study, phenotypic details of human nasal chondrocytes (HNCs) were replicated in soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mould resulting in inverse replicas of cells, which have been termed here as 'negative bioimprint'. For the first time, the information from this negative bioimprint was then transferred into another PDMS layer resulting in surfaces which resemble cell morphology and were called 'positive bioimprints'. Soft lithography was used to transfer these details from PDMS into different polymers like polystyrene, tissue culture polystyrene and clinically used block co-polymer poly (ethylene glycol) terephthalate-poly (butylene terephthalate) (PEGT-PBT). Results obtained from surface characterization confirmed that fine details of cells were successfully replicated from cells to different polymer matrices without any significant loss of information during the different steps of pattern transfer. HNCs seeded on different polymer surfaces with positive and negative bioimprints exhibited distinct behaviour. Cells cultured on positive bioimprints were more spread out and displayed high levels of proliferation compared to those on negative bioimprints, where cells were more compact with lower proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Mutreja
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Monošík R, Angnes L. Utilisation of micro- and nanoscaled materials in microfluidic analytical devices. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
32
|
Ruhhammer J, Zens M, Goldschmidtboeing F, Seifert A, Woias P. Highly elastic conductive polymeric MEMS. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:015003. [PMID: 27877753 PMCID: PMC5036488 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/1/015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric structures with integrated, functional microelectrical mechanical systems (MEMS) elements are increasingly important in various applications such as biomedical systems or wearable smart devices. These applications require highly flexible and elastic polymers with good conductivity, which can be embedded into a matrix that undergoes large deformations. Conductive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a suitable candidate but is still challenging to fabricate. Conductivity is achieved by filling a nonconductive PDMS matrix with conductive particles. In this work, we present an approach that uses new mixing techniques to fabricate conductive PDMS with different fillers such as carbon black, silver particles, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Additionally, the electrical properties of all three composites are examined under continuous mechanical stress. Furthermore, we present a novel, low-cost, simple three-step molding process that transfers a micro patterned silicon master into a polystyrene (PS) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) replica with improved release features. This PS/PTFE mold is used for subsequent structuring of conductive PDMS with high accuracy. The non sticking characteristics enable the fabrication of delicate structures using a very soft PDMS, which is usually hard to release from conventional molds. Moreover, the process can also be applied to polyurethanes and various other material combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ruhhammer
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Zens
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Goldschmidtboeing
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Seifert
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Woias
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lim HS, Kim JYH, Kwak HS, Sim SJ. Integrated Microfluidic Platform for Multiple Processes from Microalgal Culture to Lipid Extraction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8585-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Lim
- Department
of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaoon Y. H. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seok Kwak
- Department
of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department
of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nargang TM, Brockmann L, Nikolov PM, Schild D, Helmer D, Keller N, Sachsenheimer K, Wilhelm E, Pires L, Dirschka M, Kolew A, Schneider M, Worgull M, Giselbrecht S, Neumann C, Rapp BE. Liquid polystyrene: a room-temperature photocurable soft lithography compatible pour-and-cure-type polystyrene. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2698-708. [PMID: 24887072 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Materials matter in microfluidics. Since the introduction of soft lithography as a prototyping technique and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as material of choice the microfluidics community has settled with using this material almost exclusively. However, for many applications PDMS is not an ideal material given its limited solvent resistance and hydrophobicity which makes it especially disadvantageous for certain cell-based assays. For these applications polystyrene (PS) would be a better choice. PS has been used in biology research and analytics for decades and numerous protocols have been developed and optimized for it. However, PS has not found widespread use in microfluidics mainly because, being a thermoplastic material, it is typically structured using industrial polymer replication techniques. This makes PS unsuitable for prototyping. In this paper, we introduce a new structuring method for PS which is compatible with soft lithography prototyping. We develop a liquid PS prepolymer which we term as "Liquid Polystyrene" (liqPS). liqPS is a viscous free-flowing liquid which can be cured by visible light exposure using soft replication templates, e.g., made from PDMS. Using liqPS prototyping microfluidic systems in PS is as easy as prototyping microfluidic systems in PDMS. We demonstrate that cured liqPS is (chemically and physically) identical to commercial PS. Comparative studies on mouse fibroblasts L929 showed that liqPS cannot be distinguished from commercial PS in such experiments. Researchers can develop and optimize microfluidic structures using liqPS and soft lithography. Once the device is to be commercialized it can be manufactured using scalable industrial polymer replication techniques in PS--the material is the same in both cases. Therefore, liqPS effectively closes the gap between "microfluidic prototyping" and "industrial microfluidics" by providing a common material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Nargang
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guckenberger D, Berthier E, Young EWK, Beebe DJ. Fluorescence-based assessment of plasma-induced hydrophilicity in microfluidic devices via Nile Red adsorption and depletion. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7258-63. [PMID: 25032783 PMCID: PMC4144722 DOI: 10.1021/ac501259n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple method, called fluorescence-based assessment of plasma-induced hydrophilicity (FAPH), that enables spatial mapping of the local hydrophilicity of surfaces normally inaccessible by traditional contact angle measurement techniques. The method leverages the change in fluorescence of a dye, Nile Red, which is adsorbed on an oxygen plasma-treated surface, and its correlation with the contact angle of water. Using FAPH, we explored the effect of microchannel geometries on the penetration distance of oxygen plasma into a microchannel and found that entrance effects prevent uniform treatment. We showed that these variations have a significant impact on cell culture, and thus the design of cell-based microfluidic assays must consider this phenomenon to obtain repeatable and homogeneous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David
J. Guckenberger
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Edmond W. K. Young
- Department
of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, 5 King’s
College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tran R, Ahn B, Myers DR, Qiu Y, Sakurai Y, Moot R, Mihevc E, Trent Spencer H, Doering C, A Lam W. Simplified prototyping of perfusable polystyrene microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:046501. [PMID: 25379106 PMCID: PMC4189295 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture in microfluidic systems has primarily been conducted in devices comprised of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other elastomers. As polystyrene (PS) is the most characterized and commonly used substrate material for cell culture, microfluidic cell culture would ideally be conducted in PS-based microsystems that also enable tight control of perfusion and hydrodynamic conditions, which are especially important for culture of vascular cell types. Here, we report a simple method to prototype perfusable PS microfluidics for endothelial cell culture under flow that can be fabricated using standard lithography and wet laboratory equipment to enable stable perfusion at shear stresses up to 300 dyn/cm(2) and pumping pressures up to 26 kPa for at least 100 h. This technique can also be extended to fabricate perfusable hybrid PS-PDMS microfluidics of which one application is for increased efficiency of viral transduction in non-adherent suspension cells by leveraging the high surface area to volume ratio of microfluidics and adhesion molecules that are optimized for PS substrates. These biologically compatible microfluidic devices can be made more accessible to biological-based laboratories through the outsourcing of lithography to various available microfluidic foundries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Moot
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta , Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Emma Mihevc
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vasdekis AE, Wilkins MJ, Grate JW, Kelly RT, Konopka AE, Xantheas SS, Chang TM. Solvent immersion imprint lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2072-2080. [PMID: 24789571 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present Solvent Immersion Imprint Lithography (SIIL), a technique for polymer functionalization and microsystem prototyping. SIIL is based on polymer immersion in commonly available solvents. This was experimentally and computationally analyzed, uniquely enabling two practical aspects. The first is imprinting and bonding deep features that span the 1 to 100 μm range, which are unattainable with existing solvent-based methods. The second is a functionalization scheme characterized by a well-controlled, 3D distribution of chemical moieties. SIIL is validated by developing microfluidics with embedded 3D oxygen sensors and microbioreactors for quantitative metabolic studies of a thermophile anaerobe microbial culture. Polystyrene (PS) was employed in the aforementioned applications; however all soluble polymers - including inorganic ones - can be employed with SIIL under no instrumentation requirements and typical processing times of less than two minutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Proctor A, Herrera-Loeza SG, Wang Q, Lawrence DS, Yeh JJ, Allbritton NL. Measurement of protein kinase B activity in single primary human pancreatic cancer cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4573-80. [PMID: 24716819 PMCID: PMC4018172 DOI: 10.1021/ac500616q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An optimized peptide substrate was used to measure protein kinase B (PKB) activity in single cells. The peptide substrate was introduced into single cells, and capillary electrophoresis was used to separate and quantify nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated peptide. The system was validated in three model pancreatic cancer cell lines before being applied to primary cells from human pancreatic adenocarcinomas propagated in nude mice. As measured by phosphorylation of peptide substrate, each tumor cell line exhibited statistically different median levels of PKB activity (65%, 21%, and 4% phosphorylation in PANC-1 (human pancreatic carcinoma), CFPAC-1 (human metastatic ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma), and HPAF-II cells (human pancreatic adenocarcinoma), respectively) with CFPAC-1 cells demonstrating two populations of cells or bimodal behavior in PKB activation levels. The primary cells exhibited highly variable PKB activity at the single cell level, with some cells displaying little to no activity and others possessing very high levels of activity. This system also enabled simultaneous characterization of peptidase action in single cells by measuring the amount of cleaved peptide substrate in each cell. The tumor cell lines displayed degradation rates statistically similar to one another (0.02, 0.06, and 0.1 zmol pg(-1) s(-1), for PANC-1, CFPAC-1, and HPAF-II cells, respectively) while the degradation rate in primary cells was 10-fold slower. The peptide cleavage sites also varied between tissue-cultured and primary cells, with 5- and 8-residue fragments formed in tumor cell lines and only the 8-residue fragment formed in primary cells. These results demonstrate the ability of chemical cytometry to identify important differences in enzymatic behavior between primary cells and tissue-cultured cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Proctor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - S. Gabriela Herrera-Loeza
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Departments
of Surgery and Pharmacology, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Microstamped Petri dishes for scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis of arrays of microtissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93618. [PMID: 24690887 PMCID: PMC3972177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful technique for non-invasive analysis of cells, SECM-based assays remain scarce and have been mainly limited so far to single cells, which is mostly due to the absence of suitable platform for experimentation on 3D cellular aggregates or microtissues. Here, we report stamping of a Petri dish with a microwell array for large-scale production of microtissues followed by their in situ analysis using SECM. The platform is realized by hot embossing arrays of microwells (200 μm depth; 400 μm diameter) in commercially available Petri dishes, using a PDMS stamp. Microtissues form spontaneously in the microwells, which is demonstrated here using various cell lines (e.g., HeLa, C2C12, HepG2 and MCF-7). Next, the respiratory activity of live HeLa microtissues is assessed by monitoring the oxygen reduction current in constant height mode and at various distances above the platform surface. Typically, at a 40 μm distance from the microtissue, a 30% decrease in the oxygen reduction current is measured, while above 250 μm, no influence of the presence of the microtissues is detected. After exposure to a model drug (50% ethanol), no such changes in oxygen concentration are found at any height in solution, which reflects that microtissues are not viable anymore. This is furthermore confirmed using conventional live/dead fluorescent stains. This live/dead assay demonstrates the capability of the proposed approach combining SECM and microtissue arrays formed in a stamped Petri dish for conducting cellular assays in a non-invasive way on 3D cellular models.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature 2014; 507:181-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
41
|
The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13118 order by 1--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
42
|
Ren W, Perumal J, Wang J, Wang H, Sharma S, Kim DP. Whole ceramic-like microreactors from inorganic polymers for high temperature or/and high pressure chemical syntheses. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:779-786. [PMID: 24356091 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two types of whole ceramic-like microreactors were fabricated from inorganic polymers, polysilsesquioxane (POSS) and polyvinylsilazane (PVSZ), that were embedded with either perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tube or polystyrene (PS) film templates, and subsequently the templates were removed by physical removal (PFA tube) or thermal decomposition (PS). A POSS derived ceramic-like microreactor with a 10 cm long serpentine channel was obtained by an additional "selective blocking of microchannel" step and subsequent annealing at 300 °C for 1 h, while a PVSZ derived ceramic-like microreactor with a 14 cm long channel was yielded by a co-firing process of the PVSZ-PS composite at 500 °C for 2 h that led to complete decomposition of the film template leaving a microchannel behind. The obtained whole ceramic-like microfluidic devices revealed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities in various solvents, and they were able to demonstrate unique chemical performance at high temperature or/and high pressure conditions such as Michaelis-Arbuzov rearrangement at 150-170 °C, Wolff-Kishner reduction at 200 °C, synthesis of super-paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 320 °C and isomerisation of allyloxybenzene to 2-allylphenol (250 °C and 400 psi). These economic ceramic-like microreactors fabricated by a facile non-lithographic method displayed excellent utility under challenging conditions that is superior to any plastic microreactors and comparable to glass and metal microreactors with high cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wurong Ren
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3240-53. [PMID: 24432804 DOI: 10.1021/ac403397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Borysiak MD, Bielawski KS, Sniadecki NJ, Jenkel CF, Vogt BD, Posner JD. Simple replica micromolding of biocompatible styrenic elastomers. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2773-84. [PMID: 23670166 PMCID: PMC3799950 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a simple solvent-assisted micromolding technique for the fabrication of high-fidelity styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) microfluidic devices with high polystyrene (PS) content (42 wt% PS, SEBS42). SEBS triblock copolymers are styrenic thermoplastic elastomers that exhibit both glassy thermoplastic and elastomeric properties resulting from their respective hard PS and rubbery ethylene/butylene segments. The PS fraction gives SEBS microdevices many of the appealing properties of pure PS devices, while the elastomeric properties simplify fabrication of the devices, similar to PDMS. SEBS42 devices have wettable, stable surfaces (both contact angle and zeta potential) that support cell attachment and proliferation consistent with tissue culture dish substrates, do not adsorb hydrophobic molecules, and have high bond strength to wide range of substrates (glass, PS, SEBS). Furthermore, SEBS42 devices are mechanically robust, thermally stable, as well as exhibit low auto-fluorescence and high transmissivity. We characterize SEBS42 surface properties by contact angle measurements, cell culture studies, zeta potential measurements, and the adsorption of hydrophobic molecules. The PS surface composition of SEBS microdevices cast on different substrates is determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The attractive SEBS42 material properties, coupled with the simple fabrication method, make SEBS42 a quality substrate for microfluidic applications where the properties of PS are desired but the ease of PDMS micromolding is favoured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Borysiak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kevin S. Bielawski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathan J. Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colin F. Jenkel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang Y, Phillips CN, Herrera GS, Sims CE, Yeh JJ, Allbritton NL. Array of Biodegradable Microraftsfor Isolation and Implantation of Living, Adherent Cells. RSC Adv 2013; 3:9264-9272. [PMID: 23930219 PMCID: PMC3733277 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for efficient sorting and implantation of viable adherent cells into animals is described. An array of biodegradable micro-structures (microrafts) was fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane substrate for micromolding poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Screening various forms of PLGA determined that the suitability of PLGA for microraft manufacture, biocompatibility and in vitro degradation was dependent on molecular weight and lactic/glycolic ratio. Cells plated on the array selectively attached to the microrafts and could be identified by their fluorescence, morphology or other criteria. The cells were efficiently dislodged and collected from the array using a microneedle device. The platform was used to isolate specific cells from a mixed population establishing the ability to sort target cells for direct implantation. As a proof of concept, fluorescently conjugated microrafts carrying tumor cells stably expressing luciferase were isolated from an array and implanted subcutaneously into mice. In vivo bio-luminescence imaging confirmed the growth of a tumor in the recipient animals. Imaging of tissue sections from the tumors demonstrated in vivo degradation of the implanted microrafts. The process is a new strategy for isolating and delivering a small number of adherent cells for animal implantation with potential applications in tissue repair, tumor induction, in vivo differentiation of stem cells and other biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Colleen N. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gabriela S. Herrera
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Anderson KB, Lockwood SY, Martin RS, Spence DM. A 3D Printed Fluidic Device that Enables Integrated Features. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5622-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4009594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari B. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Sarah Y. Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - R. Scott Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St.
Louis, Missouri 63103,
United States
| | - Dana M. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Novak R, Ranu N, Mathies RA. Rapid fabrication of nickel molds for prototyping embossed plastic microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1468-71. [PMID: 23450308 PMCID: PMC3620694 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41362d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of hot embossed plastic microfluidic devices is demonstrated in 1-2 h by exploiting vinyl adhesive stickers as masks for electroplating nickel molds. The sticker masks are cut directly from a CAD design using a cutting plotter and transferred to steel wafers for nickel electroplating. The resulting nickel molds are used to hot emboss a variety of plastic substrates, including cyclo-olefin copolymer and THV fluorinated thermoplastic elastomer. Completed devices are formed by bonding a blank sheet to the embossed layer using a solvent-assisted lamination method. For example, a microfluidic valve array or automaton and a droplet generator were fabricated with less than 100 μm x-y plane feature resolution, to within 9% of the target height, and with 90 ± 11% height uniformity over 5 cm. This approach for mold fabrication, embossing, and bonding reduces fabrication time and cost for research applications by avoiding photoresists, lithography masks, and the cleanroom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Novak
- Program in Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Navpreet Ranu
- Department of Bioengineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA;
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Program in Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Tel.: (510) 642-4192,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pawell RS, Inglis DW, Barber TJ, Taylor RA. Manufacturing and wetting low-cost microfluidic cell separation devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:56501. [PMID: 24404077 PMCID: PMC3785532 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a microfluidic size-based particle separation or filter technology with applications in cell separation and enrichment. Currently, there are no cost-effective manufacturing methods for this promising microfluidic technology. In this fabrication paper, however, we develop a simple, yet robust protocol for thermoplastic DLD devices using regulatory-approved materials and biocompatible methods. The final standalone device allowed for volumetric flow rates of 660 μl min(-1) while reducing the manufacturing time to <1 h. Optical profilometry and image analysis were employed to assess manufacturing accuracy and precision; the average replicated post height was 0.48% less than the average post height on the master mold and the average replicated array pitch was 1.1% less than the original design with replicated posts heights of 62.1 ± 5.1 μm (mean ± 6 standard deviations) and replicated array pitches of 35.6 ± 0.31 μm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Pawell
- Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Tracie J Barber
- Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert A Taylor
- Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Young EWK, Berthier E, Beebe DJ. Assessment of enhanced autofluorescence and impact on cell microscopy for microfabricated thermoplastic devices. Anal Chem 2012; 85:44-9. [PMID: 23249264 DOI: 10.1021/ac3034773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastics such as polystyrene (PS) and cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) have become common materials for fabrication of microfluidic cell-based systems because of a number of attractive properties. However, thermoplastics are also known to exhibit autofluorescence levels that may hinder their utility for cell-based and imaging applications. Here, we identify and characterize a phenomenon causing an increase in the autofluorescence of polystyrene after thermal treatment. This effect is of particular importance for plastic microfluidic device fabrication because the ranges of pressures and temperatures causing this effect match the same range as those used for polystyrene bonding. Further, we find that the enhanced autofluorescence has significant impact on the image quality, accuracy, and ability to identify and quantify fluorescently labeled cells. We tested two alternative strategies, solvent bonding of PS or thermal bonding of COP, to alleviate the adverse effects of heterogeneous and enhanced autofluorescence on cell image analysis, and demonstrate that both strategies are viable options to thermal bonding of PS for specific applications where cellular imaging is of primary interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmond W K Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53705, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Johnson AS, Anderson KB, Halpin ST, Kirkpatrick DC, Spence DM, Martin RS. Integration of multiple components in polystyrene-based microfluidic devices part I: fabrication and characterization. Analyst 2012; 138:129-36. [PMID: 23120747 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36168j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In Part I of a two-part series, we describe a simple and inexpensive approach to fabricate polystyrene devices that is based upon melting polystyrene (from either a Petri dish or powder form) against PDMS molds or around electrode materials. The ability to incorporate microchannels in polystyrene and integrate the resulting device with standard laboratory equipment such as an optical plate reader for analyte readout and pipets for fluid propulsion is first described. A simple approach for sample and reagent delivery to the device channels using a standard, multi-channel micropipette and a PDMS-based injection block is detailed. Integration of the microfluidic device with these off-chip functions (sample delivery and readout) enables high-throughput screens and analyses. An approach to fabricate polystyrene-based devices with embedded electrodes is also demonstrated, thereby enabling the integration of microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection through the use of a palladium electrode (for a decoupler) and carbon-fiber bundle (for detection). The device was sealed against a PDMS-based microchannel and used for the electrophoretic separation and amperometric detection of dopamine, epinephrine, catechol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Finally, these devices were compared against PDMS-based microchips in terms of their optical transparency and absorption of an anti-platelet drug, clopidogrel. Part I of this series lays the foundation for Part II, where these devices were utilized for various on-chip cellular analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|