1
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Li P, Zhu D. Clinical investigation of glucokinase activators for the restoration of glucose homeostasis in diabetes. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13544. [PMID: 38664885 PMCID: PMC11045918 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As a sensor, glucokinase (GK) controls glucose homeostasis, which progressively declines in patients with diabetes. GK maintains the equilibrium of glucose levels and regulates the homeostatic system set points. Endocrine and hepatic cells can both respond to glucose cooperatively when GK is activated. GK has been under study as a therapeutic target for decades due to the possibility that cellular GK expression and function can be recovered, hence restoring glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Five therapeutic compounds targeting GK are being investigated globally at the moment. They all have distinctive molecular structures and have been clinically shown to have strong antihyperglycemia effects. The mechanics, classification, and clinical development of GK activators are illustrated in this review. With the recent approval and marketing of the first GK activator (GKA), dorzagliatin, GKA's critical role in treating glucose homeostasis disorder and its long-term benefits in diabetes will eventually become clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of EndocrinologyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of EndocrinologyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
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2
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Song L, Cao F, Niu S, Xu M, Liang R, Ding K, Lin Z, Yao X, Liu D. Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Glucokinase Activator PB201 in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Facilitating the Clinical Development of PB201 in China. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:93-108. [PMID: 37985591 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PB201 is an orally active, partial glucokinase activator targeting both pancreatic and hepatic glucokinase. As the second glucokinase activator studied beyond phase I, PB201 has demonstrated promising glycemic effects as well as favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to develop a population PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for PB201 using the pooled data from nine phase I/II clinical trials conducted in non-Chinese healthy volunteers and a T2DM population and to predict the PK/PD profile of PB201 in a Chinese T2DM population. We developed the PK/PD model using the non-linear mixed-effects modeling approach. All runs were performed using the first-order conditional estimation method with interaction. The pharmacokinetics of PB201 were well fitted by a one-compartment model with saturable absorption and linear elimination. The PD effects of PB201 on reducing the fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the T2DM population were described by indirect response models as stimulating the elimination of fasting plasma glucose, where the production of glycosylated hemoglobin was assumed to be stimulated by fasting plasma glucose. Covariate analyses revealed enhanced absorption of PB201 by food and decreased systemic clearance with ketoconazole co-administration, while no significant covariate was identified for the pharmacodynamics. The population PK model established for non-Chinese populations was shown to be applicable to the Chinese T2DM population as verified by the PK data from the Chinese phase I study. The final population PK/PD model predicted persistent and dose-dependent reductions in fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the Chinese T2DM population receiving 50/50 mg, 100/50 mg, and 100/100 mg PB201 twice daily for 24 weeks independent of co-administration of metformin. Overall, the proposed population PK/PD model quantitatively characterized the PK/PD properties of PB201 and the impact of covariates on its target populations, which allows the leveraging of extensive data in non-Chinese populations with the limited data in the Chinese T2DM population to successfully supported the waiver of the clinical phase II trial and facilitate the optimal dose regimen design of a pivotal phase III study of PB201 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Song
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fangrui Cao
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shu Niu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Michael Xu
- PegBio Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Ke Ding
- PegBio Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Xueting Yao
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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3
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Zhang M, Lei Z, Yu Z, Yao X, Li H, Xu M, Liu D. Development of a PBPK model to quantitatively understand absorption and disposition mechanism and support future clinical trials for PB-201. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:941-952. [PMID: 37078371 PMCID: PMC10349193 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PB-201 is the second glucokinase activator in the world to enter the phase III clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Combined with the efficacy advantages and the friendly absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics, the indication population of PB-201 will be broad. Because the liver is the primary organ for PB-201 elimination, and the elderly account for 20% of patients with T2DM, it is essential to estimate PB-201 exposure in specific populations to understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics and avoid hypoglycemia. Despite the limited contribution of CYP3A4 to PB-201 metabolism in vivo, the dual effects of nonspecific inhibitors/inducers on PB-201 (substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isoenzymes) exposure under fasted and fed states also need to be evaluated to understand potential risks of combination therapy. To grasp the unknown information, the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was first developed and the influence of internal and external factors on PB-201 exposure was evaluated. Results are shown that the predictive performance of the mechanistic PBPK model meets the predefined criteria, and can accurately capture the absorption and disposition characteristics. Impaired liver function and age-induced changes in physiological factors may significantly increase the exposure under fasted state by 36%-158% and 48%-82%, respectively. The nonspecific inhibitor (fluconazole) and inducer (rifampicin) may separately increase/decrease PB-201 systemic exposure by 44% and 58% under fasted state, and by 78% and 47% under fed state. Therefore, the influence of internal and external factors on PB-201 exposure deserves attention, and the precision dose can be informed in future clinical studies based on the predicted results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Zihan Lei
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ziheng Yu
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xueting Yao
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Haiyan Li
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular MedicinePeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Min Xu
- PegBio Co., Ltd.SuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
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4
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Kazi A, Chatpalliwar V. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and In vitro Biological Evaluation of
Benzamide Derivatives as Novel Glucokinase Activators. CURRENT ENZYME INHIBITION 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573408018666220218093451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glucokinase (GK) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that metabolises glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and supports adjusting blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a leading role in governing the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin, and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Objectives:
The present work has been designed to discover some novel substituted benzamide derivatives
Method:
This work involved designing novel benzamide derivatives and their screening by docking studies to determine the binding interactions for the best-fit conformations in the binding site of the GK enzyme. Based on the results of docking studies, the selected molecules were synthesized and tested for in vitro GK enzyme assay. The structures of newly synthesized products were confirmed by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Results:
Amongst the designed derivatives, compounds 4c, 4d, 4e, 5h, 5j, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5p, and 5r have shown better binding energy than the native ligand present in the enzyme structure. The synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro GK enzyme assay. Out of all, compounds 4c, 4d, 5h, 5l, and 5n showed more GK activation than control.
Conclusion::
From the present results, we have concluded that the synthesized derivatives can activate the human GK enzyme effectively, which can be helpful in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.N.J.B’s S.S.D.J. College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik,
Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - V.A. Chatpalliwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.N.J.B’s S.S.D.J. College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik,
Maharashtra, 423101, India
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5
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Meng W, Brigance RP, Ryono DE, Bolton S, Zhang H, Chen S, Smirk R, Tao S, Tino JA, Williams KN, Sulsky R, Nielsen L, Ellsworth B, Wong MKY, Sun JH, Leith LW, Sun D, Wu DR, Gupta A, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Chen BC, Wang A, Fuentes-Catanio HG, Kunselman L, Cap M, Zalaznick J, Ma X, Liu H, Taylor JR, Zebo R, Jones B, Kalinowski S, Swartz J, Staal A, O'Malley K, Kopcho L, Muckelbauer JK, Krystek SR, Spronk SA, Marcinkeviciene J, Everlof G, Chen XQ, Xu C, Li YX, Langish RA, Yang Y, Wang Q, Behnia K, Fura A, Janovitz EB, Pannacciulli N, Griffen S, Zinker BA, Krupinski J, Kirby M, Whaley J, Zahler R, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Cheng PTW. Discovery of a Partial Glucokinase Activator Clinical Candidate: Diethyl ((3-(3-((5-(Azetidine-1-carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)oxy)-5-isopropoxybenzamido)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate (BMS-820132). J Med Chem 2022; 65:4291-4317. [PMID: 35179904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and its small-molecule activators represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several GK activators have been advanced into clinical trials and have demonstrated promising efficacy; however, hypoglycemia represents a key risk for this mechanism. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the efficacy of the GK mechanism, we have investigated a series of amino heteroaryl phosphonate benzamides as ''partial" GK activators. The structure-activity relationship studies starting from a "full GK activator" 11, which culminated in the discovery of the "partial GK activator" 31 (BMS-820132), are discussed. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology profiles of 31 and its pharmacokinetics (PK) are described. Based on its promising in vivo efficacy and preclinical ADME and safety profiles, 31 was advanced into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Wei Meng
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert P Brigance
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Denis E Ryono
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Scott Bolton
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sean Chen
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rebecca Smirk
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Shiwei Tao
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph A Tino
- Cancer Resistance and Neuroscience Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard Sulsky
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Laura Nielsen
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bruce Ellsworth
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael K Y Wong
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Leslie W Leith
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aiying Wang
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Helen G Fuentes-Catanio
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lori Kunselman
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael Cap
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jacob Zalaznick
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph R Taylor
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rachel Zebo
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Beverly Jones
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stephen Kalinowski
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joann Swartz
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ada Staal
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jodi K Muckelbauer
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven A Spronk
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jovita Marcinkeviciene
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gerry Everlof
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert A Langish
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yanou Yang
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kamelia Behnia
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Evan B Janovitz
- Drug Development and Preclinical Studies, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicola Pannacciulli
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven Griffen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John Krupinski
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mark Kirby
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jean Whaley
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert Zahler
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peter T W Cheng
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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6
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Ali A. Development of antidiabetic drugs from benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator: A computational approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3313-3325. [PMID: 35844378 PMCID: PMC9280248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a condition known for the impairment of insulin secretion and is responsible for diabetes mellitus. Various small molecule inhibitors have been discovered as glucokinase activators. Recent studies on benzamide derivatives showed their importance in the treatment of diabetes as glucokinase activator. The present manuscript showed a computation study on benzamide derivatives to help in the production of potent glucokinase activators. In the present study, pharmacophore development, 3D-QSAR, and docking studies were performed on benzamide derivatives to find out the important features required for the development of a potential glucokinase activator. The generated pharmacophore hypothesis ADRR_1 consisted of essential features required for the activity. The resultant statistical data showed high significant values with R2 > 0.99; 0.98 for the training set and Q2 > 0.52; 0.71 for test set based on atom-based and field-based models, respectively. The potent compound 15b of the series showed a good docking score via binding with different amino acid residues such as (NH…ARG63), (SO2…ARG250, THR65), and π-π staking with (phenyl……TYR214). The virtual screening study used 3563 compounds from ZINC database and screened hit compound ZINC08974524, binds with similar amino acids as shown by compound 15b and crystal ligand with docking scores SP (-11.17 kcal/mol) and XP (-8.43 kcal/mol). Compounds were further evaluated by ADME and MMGBSA parameters. Ligands and ZINC hits showed no violation of Lipinski rules. All the screened compounds showed good synthetic accessibility. The present study may be used by researchers for the development of novel benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator.
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7
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Investigation of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale as potential glucokinase activators through molecular docking for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 34926125 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme involved in synthesising glucose into glucose-6 phosphate and serves a crucial function in glucose sensing. Therefore, agents that induce GK activation could be used to treat T2DM. The present work has been carried out to investigate the GK activation potential of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale through molecular docking. All the phytoconstituents have been screened through the Lipinski rule of 5, Veber's rule, and ADMET properties. From these initial screening, only Apigenin, Ferulic acid, Genkwanin, p-coumaric acid, Protocatechuic acid, Syringic acid, and Vanillic acid have been selected to perform molecular docking studies. The binding free energy and binding mode of the native ligand in the allosteric site of the enzyme have been considered the reference for the other molecules' validation. The native ligand has exhibited - 7.2 kcal/mol binding free energy, whereas; it has formed four hydrogen bonds with THR-228, LYS-169, ASP-78, and GLY-81. Based on these findings, the interactions of phytoconstituents have been justified. Apigenin, genkwanin, and swertiamarin exhibited - 8.7, - 7.5, and - 8.3 kcal/mol binding free energy, respectively, which indicates better enzyme activation than the native ligand. Swertiamarin has formed 08 hydrogen bonds with allosteric amino acid residues, which confirms the excellent enzyme activation by these phytoconstituents. We concluded that if we can isolate and consume the exact active phytoconstituents (GK activators) from this plant, we can use them effectively to treat T2DM. More GK activators can be developed by considering them as a natural lead moiety.
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8
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Liu D, Du Y, Yao X, Wei Y, Zhu J, Cui C, Zhou H, Xu M, Li H, Ji L. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the glucokinase activator PB-201 and its effects on the glucose excursion profile in drug-naïve Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled, crossover, single-centre phase 1 trial. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 42:101185. [PMID: 34805810 PMCID: PMC8585621 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PB-201, a partial, pancreas/liver-dual glucokinase activator, showed good tolerance and glycaemic effects in multinational studies. This study determined its optimal dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomised, four-period, crossover, phase 1 trial in China, conducted at the Peking University Third Hospital, adult patients with drug-naive type 2 diabetes were randomised (1:1:1:1) to four sequence groups using a computer-generated randomisation table. In each period, they received oral placebo or PB-201 (50+50, 100+50, or 100+100 mg split doses) for 7 days. Investigators and patients were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoints were safety and pharmacokinetics. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to delineate the glucose excursion profile. Trial registration number: NCT03973515. FINDINGS Between August 27, 2019 and December 19, 2019, 16 patients were randomised. PB-201 showed a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile without apparent accumulation in the body and induced dose-dependent lowering of blood glucose. PB-201 at 50+50, 100+50, and 100+100 mg increased mean time in range (49·210% [standard deviation 27], 56·130% [25], and 63·330% [20] with three doses, respectively) versus placebo (49·380% [27]) and reduced estimated glycated haemoglobin from baseline (-0·5445% [1·654], -1·063% [1·236], and -1·888% [1·381] vs -0·581% [1·200]). Fifteen patients (93·8%) had treatment-emergent adverse events, which were mild. No patients had hypoglycaemia with venous/capillary glucose <3·9 mmol/L or nocturnal hypoglycaemia. INTERPRETATION PB-201 100 mg twice daily is identified as the optimal dose, which shows promising glucose-lowering effects and low risks of hypoglycaemia and other side effects. Further investigation of PB-201 100 mg twice daily in confirmatory trials is warranted. FUNDING PegBio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Du
- PegBio Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueting Yao
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Wei
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jixiang Zhu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Min Xu
- PegBio Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Prof Haiyan Li, Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Prof Linong Ji, Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Nakamura A, Omori K, Terauchi Y. Glucokinase activation or inactivation: Which will lead to the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:2199-2206. [PMID: 34105236 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase, which phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, plays a critical role in regulating blood glucose levels. On the basis of data of glucokinase-knockout and transgenic mice and humans with glucokinase mutations, glucokinase was targeted for drug development aiming to augment its activity, and thereby reduce hyperglycaemia in patients with diabetes. In fact, various small molecule compounds have been developed and clinically tested as glucokinase activators. However, some have been discontinued because of efficacy and safety issues. One of these issues is loss of the drug's efficacy over time. This unsustained glycaemic efficacy may be associated with the excess glycolysis by glucokinase activation in pancreatic beta cells, resulting in beta-cell failure. Recently, we have shown that glucokinase haploinsufficiency ameliorated glucose intolerance by increasing beta-cell function and mass in a mouse model of diabetes. Given that a similar phenotype has been observed in glucokinase-activated beta cells and diabetic beta cells, glucokinase inactivation may be a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Omori
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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10
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Hetero-substituted sulfonamido-benzamide hybrids as glucokinase activators: Design, synthesis, molecular docking and in-silico ADME evaluation. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Chen T, Xiong H, Yang JF, Zhu XL, Qu RY, Yang GF. Diaryl Ether: A Privileged Scaffold for Drug and Agrochemical Discovery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9839-9877. [PMID: 32786826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diaryl ether (DE) is a functional scaffold existing widely both in natural products (NPs) and synthetic organic compounds. Statistically, DE is the second most popular and enduring scaffold within the numerous medicinal chemistry and agrochemical reports. Given its unique physicochemical properties and potential biological activities, DE nucleus is recognized as a fundamental element of medicinal and agrochemical agents aimed at different biological targets. Its drug-like derivatives have been extensively synthesized with interesting biological features including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial, herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and so on. In this review, we highlight the medicinal and agrochemical versatility of the DE motif according to the published information in the past decade and comprehensively give a summary of the target recognition, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and mechanism of action of its analogues. It is expected that this profile may provide valuable guidance for the discovery of new active ingredients both in drug and pesticide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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12
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Cerny MA, Kalgutkar AS, Obach RS, Sharma R, Spracklin DK, Walker GS. Effective Application of Metabolite Profiling in Drug Design and Discovery. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6387-6406. [PMID: 32097005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At one time, biotransformation was a descriptive activity in pharmaceutical development, viewed simply as structural elucidation of drug metabolites, completed only once compounds entered clinical development. Herein, we present our strategic approach using structural elucidation to enable chemistry design/SAR development. The approach considers four questions that often present themselves to medicinal chemists optimizing their compounds for candidate selection: (1) What are the important clearance mechanisms that mediate the disposition of my molecule? (2) Can metabolic liabilities be modulated in a favorable way? (3) Does my compound undergo bioactivation to a reactive metabolite? (4) Do any of the metabolites possess activity, either on- or off-target? An additional question necessary to support compound development relates to metabolites in safety testing (MIST) and our approach also addresses this question. The value in structural elucidation is derived from its application to better design molecules, guide their clinical development, and underwrite patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cerny
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Khadse SC, Amnerkar ND, Dave MU, Lokwani DK, Patil RR, Ugale VG, Charbe NB, Chatpalliwar VA. Quinazolin-4-one derivatives lacking toxicity-producing attributes as glucokinase activators: design, synthesis, molecular docking, and in-silico ADMET prediction. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A small library of quinazolin-4-one clubbed thiazole acetates/acetamides lacking toxicity-producing functionalities was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antidiabetic potential as glucokinase activators (GKA). Molecular docking studies were done in the allosteric site of the human glucokinase (PDB ID: 1V4S) enzyme to assess the binding mode and interactions of synthesized hits for best-fit conformations. All the compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzymatic assay for GK activation.
Results
Data showed that compounds 3 (EC50 = 632 nM) and 4 (EC50 = 516 nM) showed maximum GK activation compared to the standards RO-281675 and piragliatin. Based on the results of the in vitro enzyme assay, docking studies, and substitution pattern, selected compounds were tested for their glucose-lowering effect in vivo by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal rats. Compounds 3 (133 mg/dL) and 4 (135 mg/dL) exhibited prominent activity by lowering the glucose level to almost normal, eliciting the results in parallel to enzyme assay and docking studies. Binding free energy, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions of most active quinazolin-4-one derivatives 3 and 4 with key amino acid residues of the 1V4S enzyme were studied precisely. Preliminary in-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction was carried out using SwissADME and PreADMET online software which revealed that all the compounds have the potential to become orally active antidiabetic agents as they obeyed Lipinski's rule of five.
Conclusion
The results revealed that the designed lead could be significant for the strategic design of safe, effective, and orally bioavailable quinazolinone derivatives as glucokinase activators.
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Kamimura H, Uehara S, Suemizu H. A novel Css-MRTpo approach to simulate oral plasma concentration-time profiles of the partial glucokinase activator PF-04937319 and its disproportionate N-demethylated metabolite in humans using chimeric mice with humanized livers. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:761-768. [PMID: 31721621 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1693082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A Css-MRTpo superposition method was devised to predict (retrospectively) oral plasma concentration-time profiles of PF-04937319 and its MIST-related metabolite, M1, in humans using chimeric mice with humanized liver.Original PK data were taken from a published report in which PF-04937319 and M1 were given to chimeric mice orally and/or intravenously. Human CL and Vss were predicted by single-species allometry and MRTiv,pred were calculated as Vss,pred/CL,pred. MRTpo,human were assumed to be MRTiv,pred plus MAT or mean metabolite formation time (MFT). Human Css was calculated by dividing the corrected oral dose by Vss,pred.Chronological sampling time and measured plasma concentrations were corrected by MRTpo,human and Css,human, respectively, and transformed to the corresponding values in humans.The obtained concentration-time profile of PF-04937319 was superimposed well with the observed data after single and repeated oral administration to humans. The transformed plasma concentration of M1 was somewhat lower than the observed value, but a slow increase of the simulated metabolite reflected gradual increase of observed M1 on Day 1. Transformed M1 gave an almost-flat concentration-time profile on Day 14, which was consistent with the curve observed in humans. Application of this novel method to other MIST-related compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kamimura
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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15
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Zhou L, Shi Y, Zhu X, Zhang P. Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Heck reaction for the synthesis of 2-methylbenzofurans. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Seckinger KM, Rao VP, Snell NE, Mancini AE, Markwardt ML, Rizzo MA. Nitric Oxide Activates β-Cell Glucokinase by Promoting Formation of the "Glucose-Activated" State. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5136-5144. [PMID: 30053375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The release of insulin from the pancreas is tightly controlled by glucokinase (GCK) activity that couples β-cell metabolism to changes in blood sugar. Despite having only a single glucose-binding site, GCK displays positive glucose cooperativity. Ex vivo structural studies have identified several potential protein conformations with varying levels of enzymatic activity, yet it is unclear how living cells regulate GCK cooperativity. To better understand the cellular regulation of GCK activation, we developed a homotransfer Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) GCK biosensor and used polarization microscopy to eliminate fluorescence crosstalk from FRET quantification and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. This approach enhanced sensor contrast compared to that seen with the heterotransfer FRET GCK reporter and allowed observation of individual GCK states using an automated method to analyze FRET data at the pixel level. Mutations known to activate and inhibit GCK activity produced distinct anisotropy distributions, suggesting that at least two conformational states exist in living cells. A high glucose level activated the biosensor in a manner consistent with GCK's enzymology. Interestingly, glucose-free conditions did not affect GCK biosensor FRET, indicating that there is a single low-activity state, which is counter to proposed structural models of GCK cooperativity. Under low-glucose conditions, application of chemical NO donors efficiently shifted GCK to the more active conformation. Notably, GCK activation by mutation, a high glucose level, a pharmacological GCK activator, or S-nitrosylation all shared the same FRET distribution. These data suggest a simplified model for GCK activation in living cells, where post-translational modification of GCK by S-nitrosylation facilitates a single conformational transition that enhances GCK enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Seckinger
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Vishnu P Rao
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Nicole E Snell
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Allison E Mancini
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Michele L Markwardt
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - M A Rizzo
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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17
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Li Q, Gakhar L, Ashley Spies M. Determinants of human glucokinase activation and implications for small molecule allosteric control. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1902-1912. [PMID: 29885360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, and it is a tightly regulated checkpoint in glucose homeostasis. GK is known to undergo substantial conformational changes upon glucose binding. The monomeric enzyme possesses a highly exotic kinetic activity profile with an unusual sigmoidal dependence on glucose concentration. In this interdisciplinary study, which draws on small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) integrated with 250 ns of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental glucose binding thermodynamics, we reveal that the critical regulation of this glucose sensor is due to a solvent controlled "switch". We demonstrate that the "solvent switch" is driven by specific protein structural dynamics, which leads to an enzyme structure that has a much more favorable solvation energy than most of the protein ensemble. These findings uncover the physical workings of an agile and flexible protein scaffold, which derives its long-range allosteric control through specific regions with favorable solvation energy. The physiological framework presented herein provides insights that have direct implications for the design of small molecule GK activators as anti-diabetes therapeutics as well as for understanding how proteins can be designed to have built-in regulatory functions via solvation energy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Protein Crystallography Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - M Ashley Spies
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Medicinal Natural Products Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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18
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Fu R, Li Z. Direct Synthesis of 2-Methylbenzofurans from Calcium Carbide and Salicylaldehyde p-Tosylhydrazones. Org Lett 2018; 20:2342-2345. [PMID: 29633847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for the construction of methyl-substituted benzofuran rings from the reactions of calcium carbide with salicylaldehyde p-tosylhydrazones/2-hydroxyacetophenone p-tosylhydrazones is described. Various 2-methylbenzofurans and 2,3-dimethylbenzofurans could be obtained in satisfactory yield by using a cuprous chloride catalyst. The advantages of this protocol include the use of a readily available and easy-to-handle acetylene source and simple workup procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
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Pisco JP, de Chiara C, Pacholarz KJ, Garza-Garcia A, Ogrodowicz RW, Walker PA, Barran PE, Smerdon SJ, de Carvalho LPS. Uncoupling conformational states from activity in an allosteric enzyme. Nat Commun 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 28781362 PMCID: PMC5545217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT) is a hexameric enzyme in conformational equilibrium between an open and seemingly active state and a closed and presumably inhibited form. The structure-function relationship of allosteric regulation in this system is still not fully understood. Here, we develop a screening strategy for modulators of ATP-PRT and identify 3-(2-thienyl)-l-alanine (TIH) as an allosteric activator of this enzyme. Kinetic analysis reveals co-occupancy of the allosteric sites by TIH and l-histidine. Crystallographic and native ion-mobility mass spectrometry data show that the TIH-bound activated form of the enzyme closely resembles the inhibited l-histidine-bound closed conformation, revealing the uncoupling between ATP-PRT open and closed conformations and its functional state. These findings suggest that dynamic processes are responsible for ATP-PRT allosteric regulation and that similar mechanisms might also be found in other enzymes bearing a ferredoxin-like allosteric domain. Active and inactive state ATP-phosphoribosyltransferases (ATP-PRTs) are believed to have different conformations. Here the authors show that in both states, ATP-PRT has a similar structural arrangement, suggesting that dynamic alterations are involved in ATP-PRT regulation by allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Pisco
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Cesira de Chiara
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kamila J Pacholarz
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Roksana W Ogrodowicz
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Philip A Walker
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Stephen J Smerdon
- Structural Biology of DNA-damage Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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20
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Wang Z, Shi X, Zhang H, Yu L, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhou J, Chen J, Shen X, Duan W. Discovery of cycloalkyl-fused N-thiazol-2-yl-benzamides as tissue non-specific glucokinase activators: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:128-152. [PMID: 28800453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators are being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, existing GK activators have risks of hypoglycemia caused by over-activation of GK in islet cells and dyslipidemia caused by over-activation of intrahepatic GK. In the effort to mitigate risks of hypoglycemia and dyslipidemia while maintaining the promising efficacy of GK activator, we investigated a series of cycloalkyl-fused N-thiazol-2-yl-benzamides as tissue non-specific partial GK activators, which led to the identification of compound 72 that showed a good balance between in vitro potency and enzyme kinetic parameters, and protected β-cells from streptozotocin-induced apoptosis. Chronic treatment of compound 72 demonstrated its potent activity in regulation of glucose homeostasis and low risk of dyslipidemia with diabetic db/db mice in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Moreover, acute treatment of compound 72 did not induce hypoglycemia in C57BL/6J mice even at 200 mg/kg via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Liang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xu Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Xu J, Lin S, Myers RW, Trujillo ME, Pachanski MJ, Malkani S, Chen HS, Chen Z, Campbell B, Eiermann GJ, Elowe N, Farrer BT, Feng W, Fu Q, Kats-Kagan R, Kavana M, McMasters DR, Mitra K, Tong X, Xu L, Zhang F, Zhang R, Addona GH, Berger JP, Zhang B, Parmee ER. Discovery of orally active hepatoselective glucokinase activators for treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2063-2068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Identification of mangiferin as a potential Glucokinase activator by structure-based virtual ligand screening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44681. [PMID: 28317897 PMCID: PMC5357792 DOI: 10.1038/srep44681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product mangiferin (compound 7) has been identified as a potential glucokinase activator by structure-based virtual ligand screening. It was proved by enzyme activation experiment and cell-based assays in vitro, with potency in micromolar range. Meanwhile, this compound showed good antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mice without obvious side effects such as excessive hypoglycaemia.
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23
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Strain analysis of protein structures and low dimensionality of mechanical allosteric couplings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5847-E5855. [PMID: 27655887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609462113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many proteins, especially allosteric proteins that communicate regulatory states from allosteric to active sites, structural deformations are functionally important. To understand these deformations, dynamical experiments are ideal but challenging. Using static structural information, although more limited than dynamical analysis, is much more accessible. Underused for protein analysis, strain is the natural quantity for studying local deformations. We calculate strain tensor fields for proteins deformed by ligands or thermal fluctuations using crystal and NMR structure ensembles. Strains-primarily shears-show deformations around binding sites. These deformations can be induced solely by ligand binding at distant allosteric sites. Shears reveal quasi-2D paths of mechanical coupling between allosteric and active sites that may constitute a widespread mechanism of allostery. We argue that strain-particularly shear-is the most appropriate quantity for analysis of local protein deformations. This analysis can reveal mechanical and biological properties of many proteins.
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Structural insight into the glucokinase-ligands interactions. Molecular docking study. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:281-296. [PMID: 27522106 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Inactivation of GK is associated with diabetes, and an increase of its activity is linked to hypoglycemia. Possibility to regulate the GK activity using small chemical compounds as allosteric activators induces the scientific interest to the study of the activation mechanism and to the development of new allosteric glucokinase activators. Interaction of glucokinase with ligands is the first step of the complicated mechanism of regulation of the GK functioning. In this paper, we study the interaction of GK with native (glucose) and synthetic (allosteric activators) ligands using molecular docking method. Calculations demonstrate the ability of molecular docking programs to accurately reproduce crystallized ligand poses and conformations and to calculate a free energy of binding with satisfactory accuracy. Correlation between the free energy of binding and the bioactivity of activators is discussed. These results provide a new insight into protein-ligand interactions and can be used for the engineering of new activators.
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Dransfield PJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Kohn TJ, Du X, Cheng A, Xiong Y, Komorowski R, Jin L, Conn M, Tien E, DeWolf WE, Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Kraser CF, Boyd SA, Voegtli WC, Condroski KR, Veniant-Ellison M, Medina JC, Houze J, Coward P. Novel Series of Potent Glucokinase Activators Leading to the Discovery of AM-2394. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:714-8. [PMID: 27437083 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. We present the structure-activity relationships leading to the discovery of AM-2394, a structurally distinct GKA. AM-2394 activates GK with an EC50 of 60 nM, increases the affinity of GK for glucose by approximately 10-fold, exhibits moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability in multiple animal models, and lowers glucose excursion following an oral glucose tolerance test in an ob/ob mouse model of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Dransfield
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sujen Lai
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan Cheng
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter C. Voegtli
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Murielle Veniant-Ellison
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Houze
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Kamimura H, Ito S, Chijiwa H, Okuzono T, Ishiguro T, Yamamoto Y, Nishinoaki S, Ninomiya SI, Mitsui M, Kalgutkar AS, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. Simulation of human plasma concentration-time profiles of the partial glucokinase activator PF-04937319 and its disproportionate N-demethylated metabolite using humanized chimeric mice and semi-physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:382-393. [PMID: 27389028 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1199063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The partial glucokinase activator N,N-dimethyl-5-((2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yl)oxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide (PF-04937319) is biotransformed in humans to N-methyl-5-((2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yl)oxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide (M1), accounting for ∼65% of total exposure at steady state. 2. As the disproportionately abundant nature of M1 could not be reliably predicted from in vitro metabolism studies, we evaluated a chimeric mouse model with humanized liver on TK-NOG background for its ability to retrospectively predict human disposition of PF-04937319. Since livers of chimeric mice were enlarged by hyperplasia and contained remnant mouse hepatocytes, hepatic intrinsic clearances normalized for liver weight, metabolite formation and liver to plasma concentration ratios were plotted against the replacement index by human hepatocytes and extrapolated to those in the virtual chimeric mouse with 100% humanized liver. 3. Semi-physiological pharmacokinetic analyses using the above parameters revealed that simulated concentration curves of PF-04937319 and M1 were approximately superimposed with the observed clinical data in humans. 4. Finally, qualitative profiling of circulating metabolites in humanized chimeric mice dosed with PF-04937319 or M1 also revealed the presence of a carbinolamide metabolite, identified in the clinical study as a human-specific metabolite. The case study demonstrates that humanized chimeric mice may be potentially useful in preclinical discovery towards studying disproportionate or human-specific metabolism of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kamimura
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan.,b Laboratory Animal Research Department , Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chijiwa
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Takeshi Okuzono
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishiguro
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamamoto
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Sho Nishinoaki
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ninomiya
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Marina Mitsui
- d Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- d Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- b Laboratory Animal Research Department , Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki , Kanagawa , Japan
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27
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Denney WS, Denham DS, Riggs MR, Amin NB. Glycemic Effect and Safety of a Systemic, Partial Glucokinase Activator, PF-04937319, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin-A Randomized, Crossover, Active-Controlled Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5:517-527. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neeta B. Amin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; Cambridge MA USA
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29
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Paczal A, Bálint B, Wéber C, Szabó ZB, Ondi L, Theret I, De Ceuninck F, Bernard C, Ktorza A, Perron-Sierra F, Kotschy A. Structure–Activity Relationship of Azaindole-Based Glucokinase Activators. J Med Chem 2016; 59:687-706. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Paczal
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bálint
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Wéber
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán B. Szabó
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Ondi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Alain Ktorza
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | | | - András Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Amin NB, Aggarwal N, Pall D, Paragh G, Denney WS, Le V, Riggs M, Calle RA. Two dose-ranging studies with PF-04937319, a systemic partial activator of glucokinase, as add-on therapy to metformin in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:751-9. [PMID: 25885172 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of a range of doses of a systemic, partial, glucokinase activator, PF-04937319, as add-on therapy to metformin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Patients were randomized to once-daily PF-04937319 doses of 10, 50, 100 mg, or matching placebo (Study B1621002); or PF-04937319 doses of 3, 20, 50, 100 mg, or matching placebo (Study B1621007). Titrated glimepiride (Study B1621002) or sitagliptin (Study B1621007) were included in a double-dummy manner. The primary measure was change from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at week 12. Key secondary measures included other glycaemic variables and safety and tolerability. RESULTS In the 639 patients randomized, the minimally efficacious PF-04937319 dose was identified as 50 mg once daily. At the highest PF-04937319 dose tested (100 mg), on average, a clinically significant reduction in HbA1c [-4.94 or -5.11 mmol/mol (-0.45 or -0.47%), placebo-adjusted], which was similar to that achieved with sitagliptin [-4.69 mmol/mol (-0.43%)] but lower than that achieved with titrated glimepiride [-9.07 mmol/mol (-0.83%)], was observed. At this dose, the effect on fasting plasma glucose was not consistent between the two studies (Study B1621002 vs Study B1621007: placebo-adjusted mean change of -0.83 vs +0.50 mmol/l). PF-04937319 was well tolerated at doses up to 100 mg. Hypoglycaemia was reported in 2.5% of patients (on placebo), 5.1% of patients (on PF-04937319 100 mg), 1.8% of patients (on sitagliptin) and 34.4% of patients (on titrated glimepiride). CONCLUSIONS In patients on metformin monotherapy, the addition of a 100-mg dose of PF-04937319 improved glycaemic control and was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Amin
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - N Aggarwal
- Aggarwal & Associates Ltd, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Pall
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt, Hungary
| | - G Paragh
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt, Hungary
| | - W S Denney
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Le
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Riggs
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R A Calle
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Bioactive benzofuran derivatives: An insight on lead developments, radioligands and advances of the last decade. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:356-76. [PMID: 25703339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzofuran core is a highly versatile, presents in many important natural products and natural drugs. Many benzofuran containing synthetic drugs and clinical candidates have been derived from natural products. The present review will provide an insight on lead design-developments of the decade, clinical candidates and PET tracer radio-ligands containing benzofuran core along with brief target biology. Brief of the all approved drugs containing benzofuran core also have been enclosed. Main therapeutic areas covered are Cancer, Neurological disorders including anti-psychotic agent and diabetes.
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32
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Du X, Hinklin RJ, Xiong Y, Dransfield P, Park J, Kohn TJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Jiao X, Chow D, Jin L, Davda J, Veniant MM, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Bencsik JR, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MJ, Mohr PJ, Wang B, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Conn M, Tran T, Yang J, Aicher TD, Medina JC, Coward P, Houze JB. C5-Alkyl-2-methylurea-Substituted Pyridines as a New Class of Glucokinase Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1284-9. [PMID: 25516785 DOI: 10.1021/ml500341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators represent a class of type 2 diabetes therapeutics actively pursued due to the central role that GK plays in regulating glucose homeostasis. Herein we report a novel C5-alkyl-2-methylurea-substituted pyridine series of GK activators derived from our previously reported thiazolylamino pyridine series. Our efforts in optimizing potency, enzyme kinetic properties, and metabolic stability led to the identification of compound 26 (AM-9514). This analogue showed a favorable combination of in vitro potency, enzyme kinetic properties, acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles in preclinical species, and robust efficacy in a rodent PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Dransfield
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jaehyeon Park
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - SuJen Lai
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chow
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jasmine Davda
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Murielle M. Veniant
- Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Brian R. Baer
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Josef R. Bencsik
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Mohr
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thanhvien Tran
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerry Yang
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Houze
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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33
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Nakamura A, Terauchi Y. Present status of clinical deployment of glucokinase activators. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:124-32. [PMID: 25802718 PMCID: PMC4364845 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase is one of four members of the hexokinase family of enzymes. Its expression is limited to the major organs (such as the pancreas, liver, brain and the gastrointestinal tract) that are thought to have an integrated role in glucose sensing. In the liver, phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase promotes glycogen synthesis, whereas in the β-cells, it results in insulin release. Studies of glucokinase-linked genetically-modified mice and mutations in humans have illustrated the important roles played by glucokinase in whole-body glucose homeostasis, and suggest that the use of pharmacological agents that augment glucokinase activity could represent a viable treatment strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Since 2003, many glucokinase activators (GKAs) have been developed, and their ability to lower the blood glucose has been shown in several animal models of type 2 diabetes. Also, we and others have shown in mouse models that GKAs also have the effect of stimulating the proliferation of β-cells. However, the results of recent phase II trials have shown that GKAs lose their efficacy within several months of use, and that their use is associated with a high incidence of hypoglycemia; furthermore, patients treated with GKAs frequently developed dyslipidemia. A better understanding of the role of glucokinase in metabolic effects is required to resolve several issues identified in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Division of Immunology and Metabolism, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Nevagi RJ, Dighe SN, Dighe SN. Biological and medicinal significance of benzofuran. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:561-81. [PMID: 26015069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article emphasizes on the importance of benzofuran as a biologically relevant heterocycle. It covers most of the physiologically as well as medicinally important compounds containing benzofuran rings. This article also covers clinically approved drugs containing benzofuran scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma J Nevagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SMBT College of Pharmacy, Nandi Hills, Dhamangaon, Igatpuri, Nashik 422403, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh N Dighe
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parshurambhau College, Pune 30, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish N Dighe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (BK), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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35
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Sharma R, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Eng H, Amin NB, Denney WS, Pettersen JC, Goosen TC, Di L, Lee E, Pfefferkorn JA, Dalvie DK, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolites in Safety Testing Assessment in Early Clinical Development: A Case Study with a Glucokinase Activator. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1926-39. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
In this review we highlight recently disclosed progress in the field of small-molecule activators of the human glucokinase enzyme. Several of the reported chemotypes possess structural features that diverge from known leads; some of these modifications appear to be specifically designed to modulate tissue selectivity or discrete parameters of enzyme function (e.g., S0.5 v Vmax). This review will inform the reader of the extent of continued effort being directed toward discovery of a first-in-class drug for Type II diabetes mellitus that functions through this target. Patents were selected from those published in December 2009 up to November 2011; foreign filings were translated where possible to understand the claims and biological techniques utilized to characterize the reported glucokinase activators. Overall, there appears to be a recent trend leading to reduced patent filings for small-molecule glucokinase activators. There are many possible explanations for this trend; however, it is likely that the field has reached maturity and that the downturn of new disclosures represents the transition of many of these programs to the clinic.
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Filipski KJ, Pfefferkorn JA. A patent review of glucokinase activators and disruptors of the glucokinase--glucokinase regulatory protein interaction: 2011-2014. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:875-91. [PMID: 24821087 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.918957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and development of small molecule activators of this enzyme represents a promising new approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews small molecule patent disclosures between late 2011 and February 2014 for both GK activators (GKAs) and GK-glucokinase regulatory protein (GK-GKRP) disruptors. The review is organized by company and structural class. EXPERT OPINION The field of GKA research continues to progress, driven by research across many organizations. To date, > 20 candidates have entered clinical development with the most advanced in Phase II trials. Despite promising efficacy, a significant number of early candidates have been discontinued for various reasons including increased risk of hypoglycemia and lack of durability. Recent work in the field has focused on liver-selective activators, which have shown lower hypoglycemia risk, including the development of novel GK-GKRP disruptors that act to indirectly increase hepatic GK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Filipski
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA +1 617 551 3267 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
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Pettersen JC, Litchfield J, Neef N, Schmidt SP, Shirai N, Walters KM, Enerson BE, Chatman LA, Pfefferkorn JA. The Relationship of Glucokinase Activator–induced Hypoglycemia with Arteriopathy, Neuronal Necrosis, and Peripheral Neuropathy in Nonclinical Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:696-708. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The toxicity of 4 GKAs (PF-04279405, PF-04651887, piragliatin, and PF-04937319) was assessed in mice, rats, dogs, and/or monkeys. GKAs were administered for 2 to 8 weeks. Standard endpoints, glucose, and insulin were assessed. All compounds produced varying degrees of hypoglycemia in all species. Brain neuronal necrosis and/or peripheral neuropathy were observed with most compounds. These findings are consistent with literature reports linking hypoglycemia with nervous system effects. Arteriopathy, mainly of cardiac vessels, was observed at a low frequency in monkey and/or dog. Arteriopathy occurred only at doses that produced severe and prolonged periods of repeated hypoglycemia. Since this lesion occurred in multiple studies with structurally distinct GKAs, these results suggested arteriopathy was related to GKA pharmacology. The morphological characteristics of the arteriopathy were consistent with that produced by experimental catecholamine administration. We hypothesize that the prolonged periods of hypoglycemia resulted in increased local and/or systemic concentrations of catecholamines via a counterregulatory and/or stress-related mechanism. Alternatively, prolonged hypoglycemia may have resulted in endothelial dysfunction leading to arteriopathy. This risk can be managed in human patients in clinical studies by careful glucose monitoring and intervention to avoid prolonged episodes of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Neef
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Department of Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen M. Walters
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Linda A. Chatman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Chen K, Michelsen K, Kurzeja RJM, Han J, Vazir M, St Jean DJ, Hale C, Wahl RC. Discovery of Small-Molecule Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Modulators That Restore Glucokinase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1014-23. [PMID: 24717911 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114530468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the nuclei of hepatocytes, glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) modulates the activity of glucokinase (GK), a key regulator of glucose homeostasis. Currently, direct activators of GK (GKAs) are in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, this approach is generally associated with a risk of hypoglycemia. To mitigate such risk, we target the GKRP regulation, which indirectly restores GK activity. Here we describe a screening strategy to look specifically for GKRP modulators, in addition to traditional GKAs. Two high-throughput screening campaigns were performed with our compound libraries using a luminescence assay format, one with GK alone and the other with a GK/GKRP complex in the presence of sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P). By a subtraction method in the hit triage process of these campaigns, we discovered two close analogs that bind GKRP specifically with sub-µM potency to a site distinct from where fructose-1-phosphate binds. These small molecules are first-in-class allosteric modulators of the GK/GKRP interaction and are fully active even in the presence of S6P. Activation of GK by this particular mechanism, without altering the enzymatic profile, represents a novel pharmacologic modality of intervention in the GK/GKRP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- Amgen, Inc, Molecular Structure and Characterization, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Michelsen
- Amgen, Inc, Molecular Structure and Characterization, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joon Han
- Amgen, Inc, Biologic Discovery, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Mukta Vazir
- Amgen, Inc, Protein Technologies, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Clarence Hale
- Amgen, Inc, Metabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Wahl
- Amgen, Inc, Molecular Structure and Characterization, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Park K, Lee BM, Hyun KH, Lee DH, Choi HH, Kim H, Chong W, Kim KB, Nam SY. Discovery of 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenoxy)-N-[1-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-5-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-benzamide as a novel glucokinase activator (GKA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2280-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Borzilleri KA, Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A, Liu S, Qiu X, Chrunyk BA, Song X, Tu M, Filipski KJ, Aiello R, Derksen DR, Bourbonais FJ, Landro J, Bourassa P, D'Aquila T, Baker L, Barrucci N, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Rolph TP, Withka JM. Optimizing glucokinase activator binding kinetics to lower in vivo hypoglycemia risk. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GK activators represent a promising strategy for treatment of T2DM; however, drug candidates have failed in clinical trials due to narrow TI between efficacy and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | | | - Xi Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | - Meihua Tu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Cambridge, USA
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Building structure-activity insights through patent mining. Pharm Pat Anal 2013; 1:545-54. [PMID: 24236924 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One gap in current patent-mining practice is the lack of tools to build SAR knowledge. Here, we report a novel technique that enabled us to derive useful SAR information from the exemplified structures of a series of patents. In our approach, exemplified chemical structures were extracted from patent documents. They were grouped into structural series based on similarity and binding mode, after which the R-group table was generated. By analyzing R-group usages over time, we were able to build insights into SAR of a structural series, even though the biological activities were not available.
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Discovery of an intravenous hepatoselective glucokinase activator for the treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6588-92. [PMID: 24239482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (hexokinase IV) continues to be a compelling target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes given the wealth of supporting human genetics data and numerous reports of robust clinical glucose lowering in patients treated with small molecule allosteric activators. Recent work has demonstrated the ability of hepatoselective activators to deliver glucose lowering efficacy with minimal risk of hypoglycemia. While orally administered agents require a considerable degree of passive permeability to promote suitable exposures, there is no such restriction on intravenously delivered drugs. Therefore, minimization of membrane diffusion in the context of an intravenously agent should ensure optimal hepatic targeting and therapeutic index. This work details the identification a hepatoselective GKA exhibiting the aforementioned properties.
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Hinklin RJ, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MJ, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Lee PA, Lee W, Singh A, Thomas L, Voegtli WC, Williams L, Aicher TD. Identification of a New Class of Glucokinase Activators through Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7669-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Mark J. Chicarelli
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Patrice A. Lee
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Waiman Lee
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Ajay Singh
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Laurie Thomas
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter C. Voegtli
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Lance Williams
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Perreault C, Aspnes GE, Didiuk MT, Dow RL, Hank RF, Jones CS, Maguire RJ, Tu M, Zeng D, Liu S, Knafels JD, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Derksen DR, Bourbonais F, Gajiwala KS, Hickey M, Johnson TO, Humphries PS, Pfefferkorn JA. Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor–acceptor motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4571-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Molecular basis for the role of glucokinase regulatory protein as the allosteric switch for glucokinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10171-6. [PMID: 23733961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300457110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a monomeric allosteric enzyme and plays a pivotal role in blood glucose homeostasis. GK is regulated by GK regulatory protein (GKRP), and indirectly by allosteric effectors of GKRP. Despite the critical roles of GK and GKRP, the molecular basis for the allosteric regulation mechanism of GK by GKRP remains unclear. We determined the crystal structure of Xenopus GK and GKRP complex in the presence of fructose-6-phosphate at 2.9 Å. GKRP binds to a super-open conformation of GK mainly through hydrophobic interaction, inhibiting the GK activity by locking a small domain of GK. We demonstrate the molecular mechanism for the modulation of GK activity by allosteric effectors of GKRP. Importantly, GKRP releases GK in a sigmoidal manner in response to glucose concentration by restricting a structural rearrangement of the GK small domain via a single ion pair. We find that GKRP acts as an allosteric switch for GK in blood glucose control by the liver.
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Matschinsky FM. GKAs for diabetes therapy: why no clinically useful drug after two decades of trying? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:90-9. [PMID: 23305809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Results of basic biochemical and physiological research, strongly endorsed by findings in human pathophysiology and genetics, had characterized the glucose phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase as a critical player in normal glucose homeostasis, diabetes mellitus, and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, and identified the enzyme as a promising new drug target. R&D initiated in the early 1990s and directed at this target discovered glucokinase activators (GKAs) as a new class of potentially antidiabetic drugs. GKAs were characterized as nonessential allosteric activators that increase glucose affinity and V(max) of the enzyme, thus stimulating glucose metabolism in glucokinase expressing tissue, of foremost functional significance in the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells and the liver. The results of preclinical testing of GKAs by many pharmaceutical companies demonstrated uniformly high hypoglycemic efficacy in normal and diabetic animals. GKAs were also highly effective in Phase I trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, results of a recent Phase II trial were less encouraging because patients developed hyperlipidemia and vascular hypertension, and the drug lost efficacy within several months. This outcome is prompting a reappraisal of the GKA strategy. In this opinion article, the 'pros and cons' of the strategy to use these compounds in diabetes management are critically reexamined and suggestions are made that might facilitate progress of GKA R&D that could still result in a novel antidiabetic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5160, USA.
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Pfefferkorn JA. Strategies for the design of hepatoselective glucokinase activators to treat type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:319-30. [PMID: 23289965 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.748744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a rapidly expanding healthcare challenge. There is a significant need for novel therapies to help patients achieve and maintain glycemic control in order to avoid the long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with the disease. Small molecule allosteric activators of the glucokinase enzyme, an important regulator of glucose homeostasis, have emerged as a potential new class of therapeutics. Glucokinase activators have been shown to effectively lower fasting and postprandial glucose in T2DM patients; however, hypoglycemia emerged as a potential risk limiting their therapeutic potential. To mitigate this risk, recent efforts have focused on the design of liver-specific activators that seek to normalize hepatic glucose uptake and production without potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. AREAS COVERED The article reviews the various drug discovery strategies that have emerged for the development of candidates that selectively activate glucokinase in the liver. Literature from 2000 to 2012 is surveyed including scientific publications, patent applications, conferences and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Liver selective agents have proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the hypoglycemia risk that has been historically associated with this mechanism. The ultimate therapeutic potential of this approach will depend on the results of longer patient studies which are currently being conducted with several clinical candidates. The discovery of these liver-specific activators has highlighted several challenges in the design of tissue-selective therapeutics, which will need to be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Stepan AF, Mascitti V, Beaumont K, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolism-guided drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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