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Jurica EA, Wu X, Williams KN, Haque LE, Rampulla RA, Mathur A, Zhou M, Cao G, Cai H, Wang T, Liu H, Xu C, Kunselman LK, Antrilli TM, Hicks MB, Sun Q, Dierks EA, Apedo A, Moore DB, Foster KA, Cvijic ME, Panemangalore R, Khandelwal P, Wilkes JJ, Zinker BA, Robertson DG, Janovitz EB, Galella M, Li YX, Li J, Ramar T, Jalagam PR, Jayaram R, Whaley JM, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Ewing WR, Ellsworth BA. Optimization of Physicochemical Properties of Pyrrolidine GPR40 AgoPAMs Results in a Differentiated Profile with Improved Pharmacokinetics and Reduced Off-Target Activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 85:117273. [PMID: 37030194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
GPR40 AgoPAMs are highly effective antidiabetic agents that have a dual mechanism of action, stimulating both glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion. The early lipophilic, aromatic pyrrolidine and dihydropyrazole GPR40 AgoPAMs from our laboratory were highly efficacious in lowering plasma glucose levels in rodents but possessed off-target activities and triggered rebound hyperglycemia in rats at high doses. A focus on increasing molecular complexity through saturation and chirality in combination with reducing polarity for the pyrrolidine AgoPAM chemotype resulted in the discovery of compound 46, which shows significantly reduced off-target activities as well as improved aqueous solubility, rapid absorption, and linear PK. In vivo, compound 46 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in rats during an oral glucose challenge yet does not demonstrate the reactive hyperglycemia effect at high doses that was observed with earlier GPR40 AgoPAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jurica
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Ximao Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lauren E Haque
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard A Rampulla
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gary Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lori K Kunselman
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Thomas M Antrilli
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Douglas B Moore
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kimberly A Foster
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jason J Wilkes
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Donald G Robertson
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Evan B Janovitz
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael Galella
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Julia Li
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Thangeswaran Ramar
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Prasada Rao Jalagam
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ramya Jayaram
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Meng W, Brigance RP, Ryono DE, Bolton S, Zhang H, Chen S, Smirk R, Tao S, Tino JA, Williams KN, Sulsky R, Nielsen L, Ellsworth B, Wong MKY, Sun JH, Leith LW, Sun D, Wu DR, Gupta A, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Chen BC, Wang A, Fuentes-Catanio HG, Kunselman L, Cap M, Zalaznick J, Ma X, Liu H, Taylor JR, Zebo R, Jones B, Kalinowski S, Swartz J, Staal A, O'Malley K, Kopcho L, Muckelbauer JK, Krystek SR, Spronk SA, Marcinkeviciene J, Everlof G, Chen XQ, Xu C, Li YX, Langish RA, Yang Y, Wang Q, Behnia K, Fura A, Janovitz EB, Pannacciulli N, Griffen S, Zinker BA, Krupinski J, Kirby M, Whaley J, Zahler R, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Cheng PTW. Discovery of a Partial Glucokinase Activator Clinical Candidate: Diethyl ((3-(3-((5-(Azetidine-1-carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)oxy)-5-isopropoxybenzamido)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate (BMS-820132). J Med Chem 2022; 65:4291-4317. [PMID: 35179904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and its small-molecule activators represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several GK activators have been advanced into clinical trials and have demonstrated promising efficacy; however, hypoglycemia represents a key risk for this mechanism. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the efficacy of the GK mechanism, we have investigated a series of amino heteroaryl phosphonate benzamides as ''partial" GK activators. The structure-activity relationship studies starting from a "full GK activator" 11, which culminated in the discovery of the "partial GK activator" 31 (BMS-820132), are discussed. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology profiles of 31 and its pharmacokinetics (PK) are described. Based on its promising in vivo efficacy and preclinical ADME and safety profiles, 31 was advanced into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Wei Meng
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert P Brigance
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Denis E Ryono
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Scott Bolton
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sean Chen
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rebecca Smirk
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Shiwei Tao
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph A Tino
- Cancer Resistance and Neuroscience Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard Sulsky
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Laura Nielsen
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bruce Ellsworth
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael K Y Wong
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Leslie W Leith
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aiying Wang
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Helen G Fuentes-Catanio
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lori Kunselman
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael Cap
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jacob Zalaznick
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph R Taylor
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rachel Zebo
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Beverly Jones
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stephen Kalinowski
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joann Swartz
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ada Staal
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jodi K Muckelbauer
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven A Spronk
- Molecular Structure & Design, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jovita Marcinkeviciene
- Lead Evaluation, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gerry Everlof
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert A Langish
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yanou Yang
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kamelia Behnia
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Pharmaceutics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Evan B Janovitz
- Drug Development and Preclinical Studies, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicola Pannacciulli
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven Griffen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John Krupinski
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mark Kirby
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jean Whaley
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert Zahler
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peter T W Cheng
- Fibrosis Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Keirstead ND, Janovitz EB, Meehan JT, LeRoy BE, Megill JR, Peterson RA, Masson RG, Marxfeld HA. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider*: Review of Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Review of Current Practices for Ultrastructural Pathology Evaluations in Support of Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:461-468. [PMID: 31018785 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319835170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anatomic pathology and clinical pathology end points are standard components of almost every nonclinical general toxicity study conducted during the risk assessment of novel pharmaceuticals and chemicals. On occasion, an ultrastructural pathology evaluation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be included in nonclinical toxicity studies. Transmission electron microscopy is most commonly used when a light microscopic finding may require further characterization that could inform on the pathogenesis and/or mechanism of action. Regulatory guidance do not address the use of TEM in general study designs nor whether these assessments should be performed in laboratories conducted in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices. The Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) formed a Working Group to assess the current practices on the use of TEM in nonclinical toxicity studies. The Working Group constructed a survey sent to members of societies of toxicologic pathology in the United States, Europe, Britain, and Japan, and responses were collected through the STP for evaluation by the Working Group. The survey results and regulatory context are discussed, as are "points to consider" from the collective experience of the Working Group. This survey indicates that TEM remains an essential diagnostic option for complementing toxicologic pathology evaluations. *This Points to Consider article is a product of a Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) Working Group commissioned by the Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee (SRPC) of the STP. It has been reviewed and approved by the SRPC and Executive Committee of the STP but it does not represent a formal Best Practice recommendation of the Society; rather, it is intended to provide key "points to consider" in designing nonclinical studies or interpreting data from toxicity and safety studies intended to support regulatory submissions. The points expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not reflect views or policies of the employing institutions. Readers of Toxicologic Pathology are encouraged to send their thoughts on these articles or ideas for new topics to the Editor.
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Berman-Booty LD, Eraslan R, Hanumegowda U, Cantor GH, Bounous DI, Janovitz EB, Jones BK, Buiakova O, Hayward M, Wee S. Systemic Loss of C-terminal Src Kinase Expression Elicits Spontaneous Suppurative Inflammation in Conditional Knockout Mice. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:331-340. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817747330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is one of the critical negative regulators of the Src family of kinases. The Src family of kinases are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that regulate inflammation, cell proliferation, motility, and adhesion. To investigate potential histologic lesions associated with systemic loss of Csk gene activity in adult mice, conditional Csk-knockout mice were examined. Cre-mediated systemic excision of Csk induced by tamoxifen treatment resulted in multiorgan inflammation. Specifically, induction of Csk gene excision with three days of tamoxifen treatment resulted in greater than 90% gene excision. Strikingly, these mice developed enteritis that ranged from minimal and suppurative to severe, fibrinonecrosuppurative and hemorrhagic. Other inflammatory lesions included suppurative pneumonia, gastritis, and myocarditis, and increased numbers of inflammatory cells within the hepatic parenchyma. When tamoxifen treatment was reduced from three days to one day in an effort to lower the level of Csk gene excision and limit lesion development, the mice developed severe suppurative to pyogranulomatous pneumonia and minimal to mild suppurative enteritis. Lesions observed secondary to Csk gene excision suggest important roles for Csk in downregulating the proinflammatory activity of the Src family of kinases and limiting neutrophil-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rukiye Eraslan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Invivotek, Hamilton, NJ, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
- ViiV Healthcare, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Wee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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5
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Ahmad S, Washburn WN, Hernandez AS, Bisaha S, Ngu K, Wang W, Pelleymounter MA, Longhi D, Flynn N, Azzara AV, Rohrbach K, Devenny J, Rooney S, Thomas M, Glick S, Godonis H, Harvey S, Zhang H, Gemzik B, Janovitz EB, Huang C, Zhang L, Robl JA, Murphy BJ. Synthesis and Antiobesity Properties of 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((3,3-difluoro-1-hydroxycyclobutyl)methoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (BMS-814580): A Highly Efficacious Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 (MCHR1) Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8848-8858. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - William N. Washburn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andres S. Hernandez
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sharon Bisaha
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Khehyong Ngu
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary Ann Pelleymounter
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Longhi
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Neil Flynn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Anthony V. Azzara
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kenneth Rohrbach
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Devenny
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Suzanne Rooney
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael Thomas
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susan Glick
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Helen Godonis
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susan Harvey
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian Gemzik
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Evan B. Janovitz
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian J. Murphy
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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6
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Munson L, Harris RK, Stromberg PC, Davis H, Miller MA, Janovitz EB, Cullen JM, Hall RL, Cork LC. The American College of Veterinary Pathologists' Position on Use of Animals in Research. Vet Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-5-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Munson
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Califonia Davis, CA
| | | | - Paul C. Stromberg
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Ohio State University Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Evan B. Janovitz
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Pennington, NJ
| | - John M. Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Linda C. Cork
- Department of Comparative Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA
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7
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Washburn WN, Manfredi M, Devasthale P, Zhao G, Ahmad S, Hernandez A, Robl JA, Wang W, Mignone J, Wang Z, Ngu K, Pelleymounter MA, Longhi D, Zhao R, Wang B, Huang N, Flynn N, Azzara AV, Barrish JC, Rohrbach K, Devenny JJ, Rooney S, Thomas M, Glick S, Godonis HE, Harvey SJ, Cullen MJ, Zhang H, Caporuscio C, Stetsko P, Grubb M, Maxwell BD, Yang H, Apedo A, Gemzik B, Janovitz EB, Huang C, Zhang L, Freeden C, Murphy BJ. Identification of a Nonbasic Melanin Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonist as an Antiobesity Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7509-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500026w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William N. Washburn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Mark Manfredi
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Pratik Devasthale
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Andres Hernandez
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Wei Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - James Mignone
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Khehyong Ngu
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Mary Ann Pelleymounter
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Daniel Longhi
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Bei Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Ning Huang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Neil Flynn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Anthony V. Azzara
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Kenneth Rohrbach
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - James J. Devenny
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Suzanne Rooney
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Michael Thomas
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Susan Glick
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Helen E. Godonis
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Susan J. Harvey
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Mary Jane Cullen
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Christian Caporuscio
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Paul Stetsko
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Mary Grubb
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Brad D. Maxwell
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Hong Yang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Brian Gemzik
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Evan B. Janovitz
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Christine Huang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Chris Freeden
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
| | - Brian J. Murphy
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §Preclinical Candidate
Optimization
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, ⊥Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Discovery Toxicology, #Preclinical Candidate Optimization Discovery Bioanalytical
Research, ∞Preclinical Candidate Optimization Biotransformation, ×Preclinical Candidate
Optimization Pharmaceutics, and ○Preclinical Candidate Optimization DAS SPS, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New
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8
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Reilly TP, Graziano MJ, Janovitz EB, Dorr TE, Fairchild C, Lee F, Chen J, Wong T, Whaley JM, Tirmenstein M. Carcinogenicity risk assessment supports the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5:73-96. [PMID: 24474422 PMCID: PMC4065287 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-014-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dapagliflozin is a selective inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) that increases urinary glucose excretion to reduce hyperglycemia in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A robust carcinogenicity risk assessment was undertaken to assess the chronic safety of dapagliflozin and SGLT2 inhibition. METHODS Genotoxicity potential of dapagliflozin and its metabolites was assessed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. Dapagliflozin was administered daily by oral gavage to mice, rats, and dogs to evaluate carcinogenicity risks, including the potential for tumor promotion. SGLT2(-/-) mice were observed to evaluate the effects of chronic glucosuria. The effects of dapagliflozin and increased glucose levels on a panel of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines were also evaluated in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft model. RESULTS Dapagliflozin and its metabolites were not genotoxic. In CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats treated for up to 2 years at ≥100× human clinical exposures, dapagliflozin showed no differences versus controls for tumor incidence, time to onset for background tumors, or urinary bladder proliferative/preneoplastic lesions. No tumors or preneoplastic lesions were observed in dogs over 1 year at >3,000× the clinical exposure of dapagliflozin or in SGLT2(-/-) mice observed over 15 months. Transcription profiling in Zucker diabetic fatty rats showed that 5-week dapagliflozin treatment did not induce tumor promoter-associated or cell proliferation genes. Increasing concentrations of glucose, dapagliflozin, or its primary metabolite, dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, did not affect in vitro TCC proliferation rates and dapagliflozin did not enhance tumor growth in nude mice heterotopically implanted with human bladder TCC cell lines. CONCLUSION A multitude of assessments of tumorigenicity risk consistently showed no effects, suggesting that selective SGLT2 inhibition and, specifically, dapagliflozin are predicted to not be associated with increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Reilly
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA,
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9
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Tirmenstein M, Dorr TE, Janovitz EB, Hagan D, Abell LM, Onorato JM, Whaley JM, Graziano MJ, Reilly TP. Nonclinical Toxicology Assessments Support the Chronic Safety of Dapagliflozin, a First-in-Class Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:336-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813505331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dapagliflozin, a first-in-class, selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), promotes urinary glucose excretion to reduce hyperglycemia for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A series of nonclinical studies were undertaken to evaluate dapagliflozin in species where it was shown to have pharmacologic activity comparable with that in humans at doses that resulted in supratherapeutic exposures. In vitro screening (>300 targets; 10 μmol/L) indicated no significant off-target activities for dapagliflozin or its primary human metabolite. Once daily, orally administered dapagliflozin was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats (≤6 months) and in beagle dogs (≤1 year) at exposures >5000-fold those observed at the maximum recommended human clinical dose (MRHD; 10 mg). Anticipated, pharmacologically mediated effects of glucosuria, osmotic diuresis, and mild electrolyte loss were observed, but there were no adverse effects at clinically relevant exposures, including in the kidneys or urogenital tract. The SGLT2−/− mice, which show chronic glucosuria, and dapagliflozin-treated, wild-type mice exhibited similar safety profiles. In rats but not dogs, dapagliflozin at >2000-fold MRHD exposures resulted in tissue mineralization and trabecular bone accretion. Investigative studies suggested that the effect was not relevant to human safety, since it was partially related to off-target inhibition of SGLT1, which was observed only at high doses of dapagliflozin and resulted in intestinal glucose malabsorption and increased intestinal calcium absorption. The rigorous assessment of supra- and off-target dapagliflozin pharmacology in nonclinical species allowed for a thorough evaluation of potential toxicity, providing us with confidence in its safety in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tirmenstein
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, Research and Development, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas E. Dorr
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, Research and Development, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Evan B. Janovitz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Discovery Toxicology, Research and Development, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Deborah Hagan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Metabolic Disease Discovery Biology, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Lynn M. Abell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lead Evaluation and Mechanistic Biochemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Research and Development, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Joelle M. Onorato
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Jean M. Whaley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Metabolic Disease Discovery Biology, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J. Graziano
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy P. Reilly
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Tomlinson L, Tirmenstein MA, Janovitz EB, Aranibar N, Ott KH, Kozlosky JC, Patrone LM, Achanzar WE, Augustine KA, Brannen KC, Carlson KE, Charlap JH, Dubrow KM, Kang L, Rosini LT, Panzica-Kelly JM, Flint OP, Moulin FJ, Megill JR, Zhang H, Bennett MJ, Horvath JJ. Cannabinoid receptor antagonist-induced striated muscle toxicity and ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria in beagle dogs. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:268-79. [PMID: 22821849 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibipinabant (IBI), a potent cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, previously in development for the treatment of obesity, causes skeletal and cardiac myopathy in beagle dogs. This toxicity was characterized by increases in muscle-derived enzyme activity in serum and microscopic striated muscle degeneration and accumulation of lipid droplets in myofibers. Additional changes in serum chemistry included decreases in glucose and increases in non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol, and metabolic acidosis, consistent with disturbances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. No evidence of CB1R expression was detected in dog striated muscle as assessed by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and competitive radioligand binding. Investigative studies utilized metabonomic technology and demonstrated changes in several intermediates and metabolites of fatty acid metabolism including plasma acylcarnitines and urinary ethylmalonate, methylsuccinate, adipate, suberate, hexanoylglycine, sarcosine, dimethylglycine, isovalerylglycine, and 2-hydroxyglutarate. These results indicated that the toxic effect of IBI on striated muscle in beagle dogs is consistent with an inhibition of the mitochondrial flavin-containing enzymes including dimethyl glycine, sarcosine, isovaleryl-CoA, 2-hydroxyglutarate, and multiple acyl-CoA (short, medium, long, and very long chain) dehydrogenases. All of these enzymes converge at the level of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and ETF oxidoreductase. Urinary ethylmalonate was shown to be a biomarker of IBI-induced striated muscle toxicity in dogs and could provide the ability to monitor potential IBI-induced toxic myopathy in humans. We propose that IBI-induced toxic myopathy in beagle dogs is not caused by direct antagonism of CB1R and could represent a model of ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Tomlinson
- Drug Safety Evaluation and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research Division, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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11
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Aranibar N, Vassallo JD, Rathmacher J, Stryker S, Zhang Y, Dai J, Janovitz EB, Robertson D, Reily M, Lowe-Krentz L, Lehman-McKeeman L. Identification of 1- and 3-methylhistidine as biomarkers of skeletal muscle toxicity by nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic profiling. Anal Biochem 2010; 410:84-91. [PMID: 21094120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic profiling identified urinary 1- and 3-methylhistidine (1- and 3-MH) as potential biomarkers of skeletal muscle toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats following 7 and 14 daily doses of 0.5 or 1mg/kg cerivastatin. These metabolites were highly correlated to sex-, dose- and time-dependent development of cerivastatin-induced myotoxicity. Subsequently, the distribution and concentration of 1- and 3-MH were quantified in 18 tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The methylhistidine isomers were most abundant in skeletal muscle with no fiber or sex differences observed; however, 3-MH was also present in cardiac and smooth muscle. In a second study, rats receiving 14 daily doses of 1mg/kg cerivastatin (a myotoxic dose) had 6- and 2-fold elevations in 1- and 3-MH in urine and had 11- and 3-fold increases in 1- and 3-MH in serum, respectively. Selectivity of these potential biomarkers was tested by dosing rats with the cardiotoxicant isoproterenol (0.5mg/kg), and a 2-fold decrease in urinary 1- and 3-MH was observed and attributed to the anabolic effect on skeletal muscle. These findings indicate that 1- and 3-MH may be useful urine and serum biomarkers of drug-induced skeletal muscle toxicity and hypertrophy in the rat, and further investigation into their use and limitations is warranted.
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12
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Kiupel M, Webster JD, Bailey KL, Best S, DeLay J, Detrisac CJ, Fitzgerald SD, Gamble D, Ginn PE, Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ, Howerth EW, Janovitz EB, Langohr I, Lenz SD, Lipscomb TP, Miller MA, Misdorp W, Moroff S, Mullaney TP, Neyens I, O'Toole D, Ramos-Vara J, Scase TJ, Schulman FY, Sledge D, Smedley RC, Smith K, W Snyder P, Southorn E, Stedman NL, Steficek BA, Stromberg PC, Valli VE, Weisbrode SE, Yager J, Heller J, Miller R. Proposal of a 2-tier histologic grading system for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors to more accurately predict biological behavior. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:147-55. [PMID: 21062911 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810386469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, prognostic and therapeutic determinations for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are primarily based on histologic grade. However, the use of different grading systems by veterinary pathologists and institutional modifications make the prognostic value of histologic grading highly questionable. To evaluate the consistency of microscopic grading among veterinary pathologists and the prognostic significance of the Patnaik grading system, 95 cutaneous MCTs from 95 dogs were graded in a blinded study by 28 veterinary pathologists from 16 institutions. Concordance among veterinary pathologists was 75% for the diagnosis of grade 3 MCTs and less than 64% for the diagnosis of grade 1 and 2 MCTs. To improve concordance among pathologists and to provide better prognostic significance, a 2-tier histologic grading system was devised. The diagnosis of high-grade MCTs is based on the presence of any one of the following criteria: at least 7 mitotic figures in 10 high-power fields (hpf); at least 3 multinucleated (3 or more nuclei) cells in 10 hpf; at least 3 bizarre nuclei in 10 hpf; karyomegaly (ie, nuclear diameters of at least 10% of neoplastic cells vary by at least two-fold). Fields with the highest mitotic activity or with the highest degree of anisokaryosis were selected to assess the different parameters. According to the novel grading system, high-grade MCTs were significantly associated with shorter time to metastasis or new tumor development, and with shorter survival time. The median survival time was less than 4 months for high-grade MCTs but more than 2 years for low-grade MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiupel
- Michigan State University, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
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13
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Vassallo JD, Janovitz EB, Wescott DM, Chadwick C, Lowe-Krentz LJ, Lehman-McKeeman LD. Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in the Rat: Troponin I and Myoglobin. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:402-12. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Meng W, Ellsworth BA, Nirschl AA, McCann PJ, Patel M, Girotra RN, Wu G, Sher PM, Morrison EP, Biller SA, Zahler R, Deshpande PP, Pullockaran A, Hagan DL, Morgan N, Taylor JR, Obermeier MT, Humphreys WG, Khanna A, Discenza L, Robertson JG, Wang A, Han S, Wetterau JR, Janovitz EB, Flint OP, Whaley JM, Washburn WN. Discovery of dapagliflozin: a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1145-9. [PMID: 18260618 DOI: 10.1021/jm701272q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The C-aryl glucoside 6 (dapagliflozin) was identified as a potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor which reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner by as much as 55% in hyperglycemic streptozotocin (STZ) rats. These findings, combined with a favorable ADME profile, have prompted clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Drug Safety Evaluation and Development, Bristol -Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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15
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Janovitz EB, Richman LK, Murphy DA, Butler TC, Kiupel M. Fatal herpesvirus encephalitis in a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). Vet Pathol 2006; 43:769-72. [PMID: 16966458 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatal meningoencephalitis caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) was diagnosed in a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulate). The giraffe died following a history of stumbling, incoordination, and abdominal pain. Gross examination of the brain revealed asymmetric edema and red-brown discoloration, predominantly within the telencephalon. Microscopically, there was perivascular lymphohistiocytic cuffing, multifocal gliosis, and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum. Necrotic neurons contained acidophilic intranuclear inclusions. EHV-1 was isolated from the brain of the giraffe, and polymerase chain reaction was positive on sections of the brain. Immunohistochemistry using an EHV-1-specific antibody identified positive staining in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. The giraffe had been housed with a group of zebras that were serologically positive for EHV-1 and suspected as the source of infection. This raises concerns for cross-species transmission of EHV-1 when housing equids together with other species in zoologic collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hoenerhoff
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 49170, USA
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Abstract
ANIMAL STUDIED A 6-year-old, pregnant female llama experienced a 6-month history of epiphora, buphthalmos, and acute loss of vision in the left eye. The condition was unresponsive to topical antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy and progressed to corneal rupture. PROCEDURES Transpalpebral enucleation was performed and an intraorbital silicone prosthesis was implanted. The eye was fixed in formalin and processed according to routine paraffin technique. Sections of a mass were immunohistochemically prepared routinely and stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-antigen, and rhodopsin. RESULTS Gross, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed a retinal tumor consistent with a retinoblastoma. The neoplastic tissue formed Flexner-Wintersteiner and Homer-Wright rosettes, originated from the retina, and demonstrated photoreceptor differentiation with S-antigen and rhodopsin expression. Neoplastic cells were negative for GFAP. Four years after enucleation, the llama showed no signs of recurrent neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS This report describes the diagnosis and successful treatment of the first known retinoblastoma in a llama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Fugaro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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17
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Lee N, Chen J, Sun L, Wu S, Gray KR, Rich A, Huang M, Lin JH, Feder JN, Janovitz EB, Levesque PC, Blanar MA. Expression and characterization of human transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (hTRPM3). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20890-7. [PMID: 12672827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211232200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation-selective channels are an emerging class of proteins that are involved in a variety of important biological functions including pain transduction, thermosensation, mechanoregulation, and vasorelaxation. Utilizing a bioinformatics approach, we have identified the full-length human TRPM3 (hTRPM3) as a member of the TRP family. The hTRPM3 gene is comprised of 24 exons and maps to human chromosome 9q-21.12. hTRPM3 is composed of 1555 amino acids and possesses the characteristic six-transmembrane domain of the TRP family. hTRPM3 is expressed primarily in kidney and, at lesser levels, in brain, testis, and spinal cord as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blotting. In situ hybridization in human kidney demonstrated that hTRPM3 mRNA expression is predominantly found in the collecting tubular epithelium. Heterologous expression of hTRPM3 in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) showed that hTRPM3 is localized to the cell membrane. hTRPM3-expressing cells exhibited Ca2+ concentration-dependent Ca2+ entry. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by lowering extracellular Ca2+ concentration and treatment with the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin or the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol further augmented hTRPM3-mediated Ca2+ entry. The nonselective Ca2+ channel blocker, lanthanide gadolinium (Gd3+), partially inhibited hTRPM3-mediated Ca2+ entry. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hTRPM3 mediates a Ca2+ entry pathway that apparently is distinct from the endogenous Ca2+ entry pathways present in HEK 293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lee
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Brady
- Michigan Veterinary Specialists, Southfield, MI 48076, USA
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19
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Abstract
Asian pox was diagnosed in three sanderlings (Calidris alba) on Sanibel Island, Florida (USA) in February 1997. All three cases had large tumor-like lesions which contributed significantly to their mortality. Poxvirus infection was confirmed by cytology, histopathology, and electron microscopy. This is the first report of poxvirus infection in sanderlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kreuder
- Care and Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Inc., Sanibel, Florida 33957, USA.
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20
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Raymond JT, Butler TC, Janovitz EB. Unilateral cerebral necrosis resembling feline ischemic encephalopathy in an African lion (Panthera leo). J Zoo Wildl Med 1998; 29:328-30. [PMID: 9809608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In November 1996, a 14-yr-old captive male African lion (Panthera leo) had sudden onset of left-sided hemiparesis and mydriasis of the left eye. After 24 hr of supportive care, the lion showed no improvement and was euthanized. At necropsy, the right cerebral hemisphere was diffusely and irregularly swollen and malacic. Histopathology revealed extensive acute necrosis and edema of the portion of the right cerebral hemisphere that received blood from the right middle cerebral artery. Gross and histopathologic cerebral findings resembled those of feline ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Raymond
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1175, USA
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21
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Schafer KA, Kelly G, Schrader R, Griffith WC, Muggenburg BA, Tierney LA, Lechner JF, Janovitz EB, Hahn FF. A canine model of familial mammary gland neoplasia. Vet Pathol 1998; 35:168-77. [PMID: 9598580 DOI: 10.1177/030098589803500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intact female Beagles from life-span studies in the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute colony were examined for mammary tumor incidence. The breeding colony, founded in 1963, produced five generations from 28 founder females. After proportional hazards analysis, two maternal families were shown to have markedly different phenotypes, one susceptible and one resistant to mammary neoplasia, as compared with the entire colony. When tumors were subdivided into benign and malignant based on local invasiveness, familial differences in tumor incidence were preserved for each tumor type. Fifty-seven females in the susceptible family developed 149 benign and 39 malignant tumors, and 95 females in the resistant family developed 70 benign and 20 malignant tumors. The ratio of benign to malignant tumors of about 4:1 for both families was higher than expected. Using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses, the susceptible family had a 50% malignant tumor incidence by age 13.6 years, whereas the resistant family did not have a 50% incidence until 17.0 years (P = 0.0065). Because of marked censoring, Kaplan-Meier analyses could not provide an estimate of the 50% benign tumor incidence; mean incidence age was calculated instead. These estimates for benign tumors for susceptible and resistant families were 10.8 and 13.8 years (P = 0.0001), respectively. Using chi(2) tests, families had no differences in the occurrence of the types of benign (P = 0.098) or malignant (P = 0.194) tumors or in the ratio of benign to malignant tumors (P = 0.778). Immunohistochemical analysis of malignant tumors from both families did not demonstrate differences in p53 mutation rate or p185erbB-2 expression. These results suggest that 1) genetic factors produce familial differences in the age of onset of both benign and malignant mammary tumors; histologic types do not segregate by family; 2) the ratio of benign to malignant tumors is greater than formerly reported; and 3) neither p53 nor p185erbB-2 alterations are the basis for the familial predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Schafer
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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Abstract
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) was diagnosed in three adult captive coyotes (Canis latrans) from southern Indiana (USA). The coyotes died in their outdoor enclosure within a 48 hr period. Histopathology revealed multifocal, nonsuppurative meningioencephalitis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within neurons. Samples of brain were positive for pseudorabies virus by fluorescent antibody testing and virus isolation. Source of infection was the probable consumption of pseudorabies virus-infected pig carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Raymond
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Raymond
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1175, USA
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Abstract
In November 1995, a malignant mast cell tumor (mastocytoma) was diagnosed in an adult African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) from a zoological park (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA). The primary mast cell tumor presented as a firm subcutaneous mass along the ventrum of the neck. Metastasis to the right submandibular lymph node occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Raymond
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
Sarcomas at vaccination sites in cats were first reported in 1992. Recent retrospective studies have confirmed an association between these vaccination-site sarcomas (VSS) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/ or rabies vaccines. In most cases, VSS are locally invasive fibrosarcomas that tend to recur but rarely metastasize. We report the mediastinal and pulmonary metastases of a VSS in a FeLV-and feline immunodeficiency virus-negative, 8-year-old, domestic short-haired cat. The primary sarcoma was removed from an interscapular vaccination site and diagnosed as a VSS 3 months prior to radiographic lesions suggestive of pulmonary and mediastinal metastases. At necropsy, there were multiple pulmonary and mediastinal nodules that histologically and ultrastructurally were fibrosarcomas, cytomorphologically similar to the VSS. In addition, immunohistochemical staining patterns of the VSS and metastatic sites were consistent with that described for VSS. Recent reports of pulmonary and mediastinal metastases of interscapular VSS emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rudmann
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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26
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Abstract
A retrospective study of 195 feline sarcomas diagnosed histologically between July 1988 and June 1994 showed that 170 (87.2%) were fibrosarcomas. Cats with vaccination site (VS) fibrosarcomas were younger (8.6 +/- 3.9 years; median = 8 years) than cats with non-vaccination site (NVS) fibrosarcomas (10.2 +/- 4.7 years; median = 11 years) (P = 0.03), but there was no such association with breed, sex, or "neuter status". Microscopical features more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas were (1) subcutaneous location (P < 0.001), (2) necrosis (P < 0.001), (3) inflammatory cell infiltration (P < 0.001), (4) increased mitotic activity (P < 0.02), (5) pleomorphism (P < 0.001), and (6) variability in the density of the extracellular matrix (P < 0.001). When these data were fitted to a logistic regression model, younger age (P = 0.003), subcutaneous location of the fibrosarcoma (P = 0.0002), and the presence of inflammation (P = 0.017) were more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas. The study showed that in the absence of any vaccination history, the age of a cat, coupled with certain histological characteristics (e.g., tumour location in skin, and inflammation), may help in distinguishing VS fibrosarcomas from NVS fibrosarcomas. The characteristic histological features of VS fibrosarcomas, such as necrosis, increased mitotic activity and pleomorphism, are those of aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Doddy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Rudmann DG, Kazacos KR, Storandt ST, Harris DL, Janovitz EB. Baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in a puppy: a case report and update for the veterinarian. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996; 32:73-6. [PMID: 8963740 DOI: 10.5326/15473317-32-1-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Baylisascaris larva migrans (LM) has been recognized as a cause of central nervous system (CNS) disease in puppies. A presumptive antemortem diagnosis is based on a history of raccoon exposure, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilic pleocytosis, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Early diagnosis is critical for treatment or prevention of disease in other dogs, animals, or humans exposed to the suspected contaminated area. In the present case, an antemortem diagnosis was not made, emphasizing the importance of postmortem examination in cases of CNS disease in puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rudmann
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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28
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Guptill L, Scott-Moncrieff CR, Janovitz EB, Blevins WE, Yohn SE, DeNicola DB. Response to high-dose radioactive iodine administration in cats with thyroid carcinoma that had previously undergone surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207:1055-8. [PMID: 7559045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seven cats with thyroid carcinomas that had previously undergone surgical removal of neoplastic tissue were treated with 30 mCi of radioactive iodine (131I). Six of the cats had clinical signs of hyperthyroidism; 1 did not. There were no complications associated with 131I treatment, and clinical signs resolved in all cats. Technetium scans of 4 cats made after treatment did not have evidence of isotope uptake. In the remaining 3 cats, small areas of isotope uptake, the intensity of which was equal to or less than the intensity of uptake in the salivary glands, were seen. All 7 cats became hypothyroid after treatment; 4 required L-thyroxine supplementation. One cat was alive 33 months after treatment. The other 6 cats were euthanatized because of unrelated diseases 10 to 41 months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guptill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 49707, USA
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Suckow MA, Bowersock TL, Nielsen K, Chrisp CE, Frandsen PL, Janovitz EB. Protective immunity to Pasteurella multocida heat-labile toxin by intranasal immunization in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1995; 45:526-32. [PMID: 8569151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat-labile Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is an important virulence factor of some isolates from rabbits. To determine whether protective immunity to PMT could be induced in rabbits by intranasal immunization with heat-inactivated PMT, we immunized groups of rabbits intranasally at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 with inactivated PMT, with or without cholera toxin, an adjuvant for the mucosal immune system. Significant increases in anti-PMT IgA in nasal lavage samples and anti-PMT serum IgG, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, developed within 2 weeks after initial immunization. Coadministration of cholera toxin with inactivated PMT enhanced anti-PMT activity in the samples. Rabbits similarly immunized on days 0, 7, and 14 were challenged with PMT, and tissues were graded histologically on a numeric scale of lesion severity. Immunization conferred partial protection against development of pneumonia, pleuritis, hepatic necrosis, and testicular atrophy in rabbits challenged 16 days after initial immunization. Thus, immunization with inactivated PMT stimulates a protective response to PMT challenge in rabbits that is enhanced by coadministration of cholera toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Suckow
- Laboratory Animal Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Heath SE, Peter AT, Janovitz EB, Selvakumar R, Sandusky GE. Ependymoma of the neurohypophysis and hypernatremia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207:738-41. [PMID: 7657573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Standardbred gelding was examined because of prolapse of the third eyelid; myoclonus of the muscles of the head, neck, and forelimbs; and persistent tail swishing. The horse had a high plasma sodium concentration but was not drinking water. The hypernatremia could not be corrected by means of IV administration of fluids, and the horse became worse and, 6 days later, died. At necropsy, a tumor was found to be compressing the neurohypophysis and the area in the brain in which the thirst centers are believed to be located. It is believed that hypernatremia in this horse was a result of altered thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Heath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
The ability of subcutaneous, prostatic, and nonprostatic intraabdominal organ microenvironments to influence local tumor growth and metastasis of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells in athymic mice was determined. Tumorigenesis and metastasis of PC-3 were evaluated 60 days after subcutaneous and intraprostatic (orthotopic) implantation of 5 x 10(5) PC-3 cells in 6-week-old, male athymic mice. Intraprostatic implantation of PC-3 cells resulted in paraaortic lymph node metastases in 10 of 10 (100%) mice with prostatic tumors, whereas metastases were present in only 2 of 9 (22%) mice after subcutaneous implantation. Next, we determined whether the urinary bladder (nonprostatic, urogenital microenvironment) or stomach (nonurogenital, intraabdominal microenvironment) would facilitate the metastasis of PC-3 cells in athymic mice. Tumorigenesis and metastasis were 100% after subserosal implantation of PC-3 cells within the wall of the urinary bladder (n = 6 mice). Subserosal implantation of PC-3 cells into the stomach wall (n = 7 mice) also resulted in tumor formation and metastasis to regional lymph nodes in 100% of mice. In all experiments, regional lymph nodes were the most frequent site of metastasis, regardless of implantation site. We conclude that tumor microenvironment factors responsible for the metastasis of PC-3 cells in athymic mice may not be organ-specific, since nonprostatic visceral microenvironments are sufficient for predictable metastasis. Use of these models may further our understanding of how tumor microenvironment modulates expression of the metastatic phenotype by human prostate carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Waters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Reams RY, Janovitz EB, Robinson FR, Sullivan JM, Rivera Casanova C, Más E. Cycad (Zamia puertoriquensis) toxicosis in a group of dairy heifers in Puerto Rico. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993; 5:488-94. [PMID: 8373871 DOI: 10.1177/104063879300500337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Y Reams
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Fitzgerald
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Burkhardt
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Abstract
Most reports of neosporosis associated with abortion in cattle are in dairy cattle and infected calves do not survive beyond 7 days of age. This paper reports neosporosis in a 4-week-old Hereford calf. The calf was full term and appeared clinically normal at birth. At 2 weeks of age, the calf had weakened and was unable to nurse unassisted. The calf was killed at 4 weeks because of paralysis. The primary lesions were in the brain and were associated with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-Neospora rabbit serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, ARS USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
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Abstract
Oronasal squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in an adult African hedgehog (Erinaceidae albiventris). Clinically, the carcinoma presented as a firm right maxillary swelling with deviation of the nose to the left. The carcinoma was attached to the hard palate and protruded into the oral cavity. At necropsy, the carcinoma appeared centered in the right maxillary sinus, and had replaced the maxilla and extended into the nasal cavity. Metastatic foci were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Rivera
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Lenz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
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Abstract
Copper toxicosis was diagnosed in 7 veal calves, 10-16 weeks old, from 5 separate farms. All calves died without specific clinical signs, although 4 of the calves were icteric. The calves' dietary rations had been supplemented with various copper-containing hematinics. Peritoneal hemorrhage was reported at post-mortem in 2 calves. Microscopic evidence of hepatopathy consisted of hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage, and fibrosis. Concentrations of copper in livers from intoxicated calves ranged from 277 to 684 ppm and in kidneys from 1.1 to 82.0 ppm. The extent and severity of lesions in livers appeared to correlate with concentrations of copper. Nephrosis was minimal, without evidence of hemoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sullivan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Rogers KS, Janovitz EB, Fooshee SK, Steyn PF, Frankum KE. Lymphosarcoma with disseminated skeletal involvement in a pup. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195:1242-4. [PMID: 2584123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma with disseminated skeletal involvement was diagnosed in a 15-week-old Golden Retriever. The skeletal disease was characterized by diffuse, irregular areas of radiolucency most evident in the diaphyseal portion of long bones and was associated with gait abnormalities and signs of pain. Necropsy also revealed involvement of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and mesenteric lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rogers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474
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Janovitz EB, Long GG. Dermatomycosis in ranch foxes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185:1393-4. [PMID: 6511596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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