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Zhao Y, Yang H, Yan Q, Zhu Z, Wang B, Song Z, Hou S, Zhou Y. n-Alkane 13C/12C indicates differential metabolic controls of fatty lipid chain extension in C3 and C4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1299-1303. [PMID: 37988573 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental differences in metabolic control of fatty acids chain extension are reflected in the contrasting carbon isotopic composition profiles of C3 and C4 grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hubiao Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qiulin Yan
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | | | - Shengwei Hou
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Youping Zhou
- Department of Ocean Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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2
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State-of-the-Art of Analytical Techniques to Determine Food Fraud in Olive Oils. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030484. [PMID: 33668346 PMCID: PMC7996354 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of the food industry compared to other sectors are much lower, which is why producers are tempted to commit fraud. Although it is a bad practice committed with a wide variety of foods, it is worth noting the case of olive oil because it is a product of great value and with a high percentage of fraud. It is for all these reasons that the authenticity of olive oil has become a major problem for producers, consumers, and legislators. To avoid such fraud, it is necessary to develop analytical techniques to detect them. In this review, we performed a complete analysis about the available instrumentation used in olive fraud which comprised spectroscopic and spectrometric methodology and analyte separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Additionally, other methodology including protein-based biomolecular techniques and analytical approaches like metabolomic, hhyperspectral imaging and chemometrics are discussed.
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3
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de Moura RL, de Oliveira ME, de Carvalho WF, Rodrigues MM, Dos Santos MS, Edvan RL, Abdalla AL, Moreira MZ, da Silva EM. Goat performance on pure Andropogon gayanus pastures or associated with legumes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:21. [PMID: 33216229 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the grazing of goats in a grass monoculture system and in intercropping systems of grass + legumes. A randomized block design was adopted, with the treatments arranged in a split-plots scheme. The plots consisted of three cropping systems: monoculture-Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina; mixture I-A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande; and mixture II-A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Calopogonium mucunoides. The subplots consisted of two grazing cycles. The highest (P = 0.04) total forage mass (TFM) was recorded in the mixture I (A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Stylosanthes. cv. Campo Grande), which was 2.6 ± 0.1 tons DM/ha. The crude protein (CP) was lower in the monoculture which also showed the highest content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The grazing time in the monoculture was the longest (8.23 ± 1.14 h). The goats used a longer time for rumination (P < 0.01) in the mixture I. The lowest (P < 0.01) bite rate was found in mixture II in comparison to the other cropping systems. The bite rate was higher (P < 0.01) in grazing cycle II than in all the other cropping systems. In mixture I, the Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, and in mixture II, the C. mucunoides presented the lowest (P < 0.01) δ13C value in the forage. The highest forage intake occurred in the mixture systems (P < 0.01) in comparison to the monoculture. The mixture pastures presented better results for forage mass, nutritive value, and intake in comparison to the monoculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniel Lustosa de Moura
- Animal Science, Multiple Higher Education Institute, IESM, São Francisco, Timón, Maranhão, 65631-430, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Loiola Edvan
- Agriculture Science Center, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla
- Animal Science, State University of São Paulo, USP, Centenário, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zacharias Moreira
- Animal Science, State University of São Paulo, USP, Centenário, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Edson Mendes da Silva
- Animal Science, Multiple Higher Education Institute, IESM, São Francisco, Timón, Maranhão, 65631-430, Brazil
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4
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Intramolecular 13C analysis of tree rings provides multiple plant ecophysiology signals covering decades. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5048. [PMID: 29567963 PMCID: PMC5864875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of carbon isotope contents of plant organic matter provide important information in diverse fields such as plant breeding, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry and paleoclimatology. They are currently based on 13C/12C ratios of specific, whole metabolites, but we show here that intramolecular ratios provide higher resolution information. In the glucose units of tree-ring cellulose of 12 tree species, we detected large differences in 13C/12C ratios (>10‰) among carbon atoms, which provide isotopically distinct inputs to major global C pools, including wood and soil organic matter. Thus, considering position-specific differences can improve characterisation of soil-to-atmosphere carbon fluxes and soil metabolism. In a Pinus nigra tree-ring archive formed from 1961 to 1995, we found novel 13C signals, and show that intramolecular analysis enables more comprehensive and precise signal extraction from tree rings, and thus higher resolution reconstruction of plants’ responses to climate change. Moreover, we propose an ecophysiological mechanism for the introduction of a 13C signal, which links an environmental shift to the triggered metabolic shift and its intramolecular 13C signature. In conclusion, intramolecular 13C analyses can provide valuable new information about long-term metabolic dynamics for numerous applications.
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5
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Zhou Y, Zhang B, Stuart-Williams H, Grice K, Hocart CH, Gessler A, Kayler ZE, Farquhar GD. On the contributions of photorespiration and compartmentation to the contrasting intramolecular 2H profiles of C 3 and C 4 plant sugars. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 145:197-206. [PMID: 29175728 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentation of C4 photosynthetic biochemistry into bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells, and photorespiration in C3 plants is predicted to have hydrogen isotopic consequences for metabolites at both molecular and site-specific levels. Molecular-level evidence was recently reported (Zhou et al., 2016), but evidence at the site-specific level is still lacking. We propose that such evidence exists in the contrasting 2H distribution profiles of glucose samples from naturally grown C3, C4 and CAM plants: photorespiration contributes to the relative 2H enrichment in H5 and relative 2H depletion in H1 & H6 (the average of the two pro-chiral Hs and in particular H6,pro-R) in C3 glucose, while 2H-enriched C3 mesophyll cellular (chloroplastic) water most likely contributes to the enrichment at H4; export of (transferable hydrogen atoms of) NADPH from C4 mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells (via the malate shuttle) and incorporation of 2H-relatively unenriched BS cellular water contribute to the relative depletion of H4 & H5 respectively; shuttling of triose-phosphates (PGA: phosphoglycerate dand DHAP: dihydroacetone phosphate) between C4 bundle sheath and mesophyll cells contributes to the relative enrichment in H1 & H6 (in particular H6,pro-R) in C4 glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China; Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Germany.
| | - Benli Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Kliti Grice
- WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Zachary E Kayler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany; USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
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6
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Eiler JM, Clog M, Lawson M, Lloyd M, Piasecki A, Ponton C, Xie H. The isotopic structures of geological organic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1144/sp468.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic compounds are ubiquitous in the Earth's surface, sediments and many rocks, and preserve records of geological, geochemical and biological history; they are also critical natural resources and major environmental pollutants. The naturally occurring stable isotopes of volatile elements (D, 13C, 15N, 17,18O, 33,34,36S) provide one way of studying the origin, evolution and migration of geological organic compounds. The study of bulk stable isotope compositions (i.e. averaged across all possible molecular isotopic forms) is well established and widely practised, but frequently results in non-unique interpretations. Increasingly, researchers are reading the organic isotopic record with greater depth and specificity by characterizing stable isotope ‘structures’ – the proportions of site-specific and multiply substituted isotopologues that contribute to the total rare-isotope inventory of each compound. Most of the technologies for measuring stable isotope structures of organic molecules have been only recently developed and to date have been applied only in an exploratory way. Nevertheless, recent advances have demonstrated that molecular isotopic structures provide distinctive records of biosynthetic origins, conditions and mechanisms of chemical transformation during burial, and forensic fingerprints of exceptional specificity. This paper provides a review of this young field, which is organized to follow the evolution of molecular isotopic structure from biosynthesis, through diagenesis, catagenesis and metamorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Matthieu Clog
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Max Lloyd
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Alison Piasecki
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilo Ponton
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Hao Xie
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Tea I, Tcherkez G. Natural Isotope Abundance in Metabolites: Techniques and Kinetic Isotope Effect Measurement in Plant, Animal, and Human Tissues. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:113-147. [PMID: 28911768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural isotope abundance in bulk organic matter or tissues is not a sufficient base to investigate physiological properties, biosynthetic mechanisms, and nutrition sources of biological systems. In fact, isotope effects in metabolism lead to a heterogeneous distribution of 2H, 18O, 13C, and 15N isotopes in metabolites. Therefore, compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) is crucial to biological and medical applications of stable isotopes. Here, we review methods to implement CSIA for 15N and 13C from plant, animal, and human samples and discuss technical solutions that have been used for the conversion to CO2 and N2 for IRMS analysis, derivatization and isotope effect measurements. It appears that despite the flexibility of instruments used for CSIA, there is no universal method simply because the chemical nature of metabolites of interest varies considerably. Also, CSIA methods are often limited by isotope effects in sample preparation or the addition of atoms from the derivatizing reagents, and this implies that corrections must be made to calculate a proper δ-value. Therefore, CSIA has an enormous potential for biomedical applications, but its utilization requires precautions for its successful application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illa Tea
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Cancer Metabolism and Genetics Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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8
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Jézéquel T, Joubert V, Giraudeau P, Remaud GS, Akoka S. The new face of isotopic NMR at natural abundance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:77-90. [PMID: 27921330 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method for isotope analysis at natural abundance is isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS) which provides bulk isotopic composition in 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O or 34 S. However, in the 1980s, the direct access to Site-specific Natural Isotope Fractionation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNIF-NMRTM ) was immediately recognized as a powerful technique to authenticate the origin of natural or synthetic products. The initial - and still most popular - application consisted in detecting the chaptalization of wines by irm-2 H NMR. The approach has been extended to a wide range of methodologies over the last decade, paving the way to a wide range of applications, not only in the field of authentication but also to study metabolism. In particular, the emerging irm-13 C NMR approach delivers direct access to position-specific 13 C isotope content at natural abundance. After highlighting the application scope of irm-NMR (2 H and 13 C), this article describes the major improvements which made possible to reach the required accuracy of 1‰ (0.1%) in irm-13 C NMR. The last part of the manuscript summarizes the different steps to perform isotope analysis as a function of the sample properties (concentration, peak overlap) and the kind of targeted isotopic information (authentication, affiliation). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangi Jézéquel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
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9
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Isotope Ratio Monitoring 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for the Analysis of Position-Specific Isotope Ratios. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:369-401. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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10
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Remaud GS, Akoka S. A review of flavors authentication by position-specific isotope analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: the example of vanillin. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald S. Remaud
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
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11
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Lynch AH, Kruger NJ, Hedges REM, McCullagh JSO. Variability in the carbon isotope composition of individual amino acids in plant proteins from different sources: 1 Leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 125:27-34. [PMID: 26948983 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The natural carbon isotope composition of individual amino acids from plant leaf proteins has been measured to establish potential sources of variability. The plant leaves studied, taken from a range of plant groups (forbs, trees, grasses, and freshwater aquatic plants), showed no significant influence of either season or environment (water and light availability) on their Δδ(13)C values. Plant groups did, however, differ in carbon isotope composition, although no consistent differences were identified at the species level. A discriminant analysis model was constructed which allowed leaves from (1) nettles, (2) Pooideae, (3) other Poales, (4) trees and (5) freshwater higher plants to be distinguished from each other on the basis of their natural abundance (13)C/(12)C ratios of individual amino acids. Differences in carbon isotope composition are known to be retained, to some extent, in the tissues of their consumers, and hence an understanding of compound-specific variation in (13)C/(12)C fractional abundance in plants has the potential to provide dietary insights of value in archaeological and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Lynch
- Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Kruger
- Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Robert E M Hedges
- Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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12
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Nimmanwudipong T, Gilbert A, Yamada K, Yoshida N. Analytical method for simultaneous determination of bulk and intramolecular (13) C-isotope compositions of acetic acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2337-2340. [PMID: 26563704 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography/pyrolysis-gas chromatography/combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/Py-GC/C-IRMS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of the intramolecular and molecular carbon-isotopic composition (δ(13) C value) of acetic acid. METHODS The δ(13) C values of carboxyl and methyl carbon were standardized using calibration curves constructed from the regression between the measured δ(13) C values and the δ(13) C values of working standards determined in a previous study. We applied this developed HS-SPME-GC/Py-GC/C-IRMS technique to commercial vinegars. RESULTS In one injection analysis, the bulk and intramolecular δ(13) C values of pure acetic acid standards can be obtained. The repeatability (1σ) of the bulk δ(13) C values is within ±0.4‰, and that of the δ(13) Ccarboxyl and δ(13) Cmethyl values is within ±0.6‰. The intramolecular δ(13) C values of acetic acid in vinegars exhibit a similar pattern. The average Δδ value (δ(13) CCOOH - δ(13) CCH3 ) is 4.3 ± 2.0‰. CONCLUSIONS The approach presented herein for the molecular and intramolecular δ(13) C determination of acetic acid avoids switching between configuration systems and thereby reduces systematic errors. It is expected to be useful for examining isotope fractionation associated with processes related to organic acid (bio)transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin Nimmanwudipong
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Alexis Gilbert
- Earth-Life Science Institute (WPI-ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (WPI-ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
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Bayle K, Akoka S, Remaud GS, Robins RJ. Nonstatistical 13C distribution during carbon transfer from glucose to ethanol during fermentation is determined by the catabolic pathway exploited. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4118-28. [PMID: 25538251 PMCID: PMC4326821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the anaerobic fermentation of glucose to ethanol, the three micro-organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides exploit, respectively, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, the Entner-Doudoroff, and the reductive pentose phosphate pathways. Thus, the atoms incorporated into ethanol do not have the same affiliation to the atomic positions in glucose. The isotopic fractionation occurring in each pathway at both the methylene and methyl positions of ethanol has been investigated by isotopic quantitative (13)C NMR spectrometry with the aim of observing whether an isotope redistribution characteristic of the enzymes active in each pathway can be measured. First, it is found that each pathway has a unique isotope redistribution signature. Second, for the methylene group, a significant apparent kinetic isotope effect is only found in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. Third, the apparent kinetic isotope effects related to the methyl group are more pronounced than for the methylene group. These findings can (i) be related to known kinetic isotope effects of some of the enzymes concerned and (ii) give indicators as to which steps in the pathways are likely to be influencing the final isotopic composition in the ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bayle
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
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14
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Schmidt HL, Robins RJ, Werner RA. Multi-factorial in vivo stable isotope fractionation: causes, correlations, consequences and applications. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:155-199. [PMID: 25894429 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1014355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many physical and chemical processes in living systems are accompanied by isotope fractionation on H, C, N, O and S. Although kinetic or thermodynamic isotope effects are always the basis, their in vivo manifestation is often modulated by secondary influences. These include metabolic branching events or metabolite channeling, metabolite pool sizes, reaction mechanisms, anatomical properties and compartmentation of plants and animals, and climatological or environmental conditions. In the present contribution, the fundamentals of isotope effects and their manifestation under in vivo conditions are outlined. The knowledge about and the understanding of these interferences provide a potent tool for the reconstruction of physiological events in plants and animals, their geographical origin, the history of bulk biomass and the biosynthesis of defined representatives. It allows the use of isotope characteristics of biomass for the elucidation of biochemical pathways and reaction mechanisms and for the reconstruction of climatic, physiological, ecological and environmental conditions during biosynthesis. Thus, it can be used for the origin and authenticity control of food, the study of ecosystems and animal physiology, the reconstruction of present and prehistoric nutrition chains and paleaoclimatological conditions. This is demonstrated by the outline of fundamental and application-orientated examples for all bio-elements. The aim of the review is to inform (advanced) students from various disciplines about the whole potential and the scope of stable isotope characteristics and fractionations and to provide them with a comprehensive introduction to the literature on fundamental aspects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Ludwig Schmidt
- a Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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15
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Remaud GS, Bussy U, Lees M, Thomas F, Desmurs JR, Jamin E, Silvestre V, Akoka S. NMR spectrometry isotopic fingerprinting: A tool for the manufacturer for tracking Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients from starting materials to final medicines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Gilbert A, Robins RJ, Remaud GS, Tcherkez GGB. Intramolecular 13C pattern in hexoses from autotrophic and heterotrophic C3 plant tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18204-9. [PMID: 23074255 PMCID: PMC3497804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211149109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable carbon isotope (13)C is used as a universal tracer in plant eco-physiology and studies of carbon exchange between vegetation and atmosphere. Photosynthesis fractionates against (13)CO(2) so that source sugars (photosynthates) are on average (13)C depleted by 20‰ compared with atmospheric CO(2). The carbon isotope distribution within sugars has been shown to be heterogeneous, with relatively (13)C-enriched and (13)C-depleted C-atom positions. The (13)C pattern within sugars is the cornerstone of (13)C distribution in plants, because all metabolites inherit the (13)C abundance in their specific precursor C-atom positions. However, the intramolecular isotope pattern in source leaf glucose and the isotope fractionation associated with key enzymes involved in sugar interconversions are currently unknown. To gain insight into these, we have analyzed the intramolecular isotope composition in source leaf transient starch, grain storage starch, and root storage sucrose and measured the site-specific isotope fractionation associated with the invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and glucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) reactions. When these data are integrated into a simple steady-state model of plant isotopic fluxes, the enzyme-dependent fractionations satisfactorily predict the observed intramolecular patterns. These results demonstrate that glucose and sucrose metabolism is the primary determinant of the (13)C abundance in source and sink tissue and is, therefore, of fundamental importance to the interpretation of plant isotopic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gilbert
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique- University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France.
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Gilbert A, Hattori R, Silvestre V, Wasano N, Akoka S, Hirano S, Yamada K, Yoshida N, Remaud GS. Comparison of IRMS and NMR spectrometry for the determination of intramolecular 13C isotope composition: application to ethanol. Talanta 2012; 99:1035-9. [PMID: 22967659 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isotopic (13)C NMR is a relatively recent technique which allows the determination of intramolecular (13)C isotope composition at natural abundance. It has been used in various scientific fields such as authentication, counterfeiting or plant metabolism. Although its precision has already been evaluated, the determination of its trueness remains still challenging. To deal with that issue, a comparison with another normalized technique must be achieved. In this work, we compare the intramolecular (13)C isotope distribution of ethanol from different origins obtained using both Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry techniques. The IRMS approach consists of the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid followed by the degradation of the latter for the analysis of each fragments formed. We show here that the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid does not bring any significant error on the determination of the site-specific δ(13)C (δ(13)C(i)) of ethanol using the IRMS approach. The difference between the data obtained for 16 samples from different origins using IRMS and NMR approaches is not statistically significant and remains below 0.3‰. These results are encouraging for the future studies using isotopic NMR, especially in combination with the IRMS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
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