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Nautiyal P, Alam F, Balani K, Agarwal A. The Role of Nanomechanics in Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193838 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanics has played a vital role in pushing our capability to detect, probe, and manipulate the biological species, such as proteins, cells, and tissues, paving way to a deeper knowledge and superior strategies for healthcare. Nanomechanical characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation, nanotribology, optical tweezers, and other hybrid techniques have been utilized to understand the mechanics and kinetics of biospecies. Investigation of the mechanics of cells and tissues has provided critical information about mechanical characteristics of host body environments. This information has been utilized for developing biomimetic materials and structures for tissue engineering and artificial implants. This review summarizes nanomechanical characterization techniques and their potential applications in healthcare research. The principles and examples of label-free detection of cancers and myocardial infarction by nanomechanical cantilevers are discussed. The vital importance of nanomechanics in regenerative medicine is highlighted from the perspective of material selection and design for developing biocompatible scaffolds. This review interconnects the advancements made in fundamental materials science research and biomedical technology, and therefore provides scientific insight that is of common interest to the researchers working in different disciplines of healthcare science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Nautiyal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Kantesh Balani
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
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McConnell JC, O'Connell OV, Brennan K, Weiping L, Howe M, Joseph L, Knight D, O'Cualain R, Lim Y, Leek A, Waddington R, Rogan J, Astley SM, Gandhi A, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ, Streuli CH. Increased peri-ductal collagen micro-organization may contribute to raised mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:5. [PMID: 26747277 PMCID: PMC4706673 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mammographic density is a therapeutically modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Although mammographic density is correlated with the relative abundance of collagen-rich fibroglandular tissue, the causative mechanisms, associated structural remodelling and mechanical consequences remain poorly defined. In this study we have developed a new collaborative bedside-to-bench workflow to determine the relationship between mammographic density, collagen abundance and alignment, tissue stiffness and the expression of extracellular matrix organising proteins. METHODS Mammographic density was assessed in 22 post-menopausal women (aged 54-66 y). A radiologist and a pathologist identified and excised regions of elevated non-cancerous X-ray density prior to laboratory characterization. Collagen abundance was determined by both Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining (which enhances collagen birefringence when viewed under polarised light). The structural specificity of these collagen visualisation methods was determined by comparing the relative birefringence and ultrastructure (visualised by atomic force microscopy) of unaligned collagen I fibrils in reconstituted gels with the highly aligned collagen fibrils in rat tail tendon. Localised collagen fibril organisation and stiffness was also evaluated in tissue sections by atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy and the abundance of key extracellular proteins was assessed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mammographic density was positively correlated with the abundance of aligned periductal fibrils rather than with the abundance of amorphous collagen. Compared with matched tissue resected from the breasts of low mammographic density patients, the highly birefringent tissue in mammographically dense breasts was both significantly stiffer and characterised by large (>80 μm long) fibrillar collagen bundles. Subsequent proteomic analyses not only confirmed the absence of collagen fibrosis in high mammographic density tissue, but additionally identified the up-regulation of periostin and collagen XVI (regulators of collagen fibril structure and architecture) as potential mediators of localised mechanical stiffness. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that remodelling, and hence stiffening, of the existing stromal collagen microarchitecture promotes high mammographic density within the breast. In turn, this aberrant mechanical environment may trigger neoplasia-associated mechanotransduction pathways within the epithelial cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McConnell
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver V O'Connell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Keith Brennan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Lisa Weiping
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Miles Howe
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Leena Joseph
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ronan O'Cualain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. ronan.o'
| | - Yit Lim
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Angela Leek
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachael Waddington
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jane Rogan
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Susan M Astley
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ashu Gandhi
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Li R, Ye H, Zhang W, Ma G, Su Y. An analytic model for accurate spring constant calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15828. [PMID: 26510769 PMCID: PMC4625185 DOI: 10.1038/srep15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spring constant calibration of the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever is of fundamental importance for quantifying the force between the AFM cantilever tip and the sample. The calibration within the framework of thin plate theory undoubtedly has a higher accuracy and broader scope than that within the well-established beam theory. However, thin plate theory-based accurate analytic determination of the constant has been perceived as an extremely difficult issue. In this paper, we implement the thin plate theory-based analytic modeling for the static behavior of rectangular AFM cantilevers, which reveals that the three-dimensional effect and Poisson effect play important roles in accurate determination of the spring constants. A quantitative scaling law is found that the normalized spring constant depends only on the Poisson's ratio, normalized dimension and normalized load coordinate. Both the literature and our refined finite element model validate the present results. The developed model is expected to serve as the benchmark for accurate calibration of rectangular AFM cantilevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment &Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongfei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yewang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Liu S, Zhang H, Remy RA, Deng F, Mackay ME, Fox JM, Jia X. Meter-long multiblock copolymer microfibers via interfacial bioorthogonal polymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2783-90. [PMID: 25824805 PMCID: PMC4423755 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight multiblock copolymers are synthesized as robust polymer fibers via interfacial bioorthogonal polymerization employing the rapid cycloaddition of s-tetrazines with strained trans-cyclooctenes. When cell-adhesive peptide is incorporated in the tetrazine monomer, the resulting protein-mimetic polymer fibers provide guidance cues for cell attachment and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Roddel A. Remy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael E. Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Cassani DAD, Altomare L, De Nardo L, Variola F. Physicochemical and nanomechanical investigation of electrodeposited chitosan:PEO blends. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2641-2650. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathodic electrodeposition is a bottom up process that is emerging as a simple yet efficient strategy to engineer thin polymeric films with well-defined physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide A. D. Cassani
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering
- “G. Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
| | | | - Luigi De Nardo
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering
- “G. Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
- Department of Physics
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Lamour G, Yip CK, Li H, Gsponer J. High intrinsic mechanical flexibility of mouse prion nanofibrils revealed by measurements of axial and radial Young's moduli. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3851-61. [PMID: 24588725 DOI: 10.1021/nn5007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-templated protein aggregation and intracerebral deposition of aggregates, sometimes in the form of amyloid fibrils, is a hallmark of mammalian prion diseases. What distinguishes amyloid fibrils formed by prions from those formed by other proteins is not clear. On the basis of previous studies on yeast prions that correlated high intrinsic fragmentation rates of fibrils with prion propagation efficiency, it has been hypothesized that the nanomechanical properties of prion amyloid such as strength and elastic modulus may be the distinguishing feature. Here, we reveal that fibrils formed by mammalian prions are relatively soft and clearly in a different class of rigidities when compared to nanofibrils formed by nonprions. We found that amyloid fibrils made of both wild-type and mutant mouse recombinant PrP(23-231) have remarkably low axial elastic moduli of 0.1-1.4 GPa. We demonstrate that even the proteinase K resistant core of these fibrils has similarly low intrinsic rigidities. Using a new mode of atomic force microscopy called AM-FM mode, we estimated the radial modulus of PrP fibrils at ∼0.6 GPa, consistent with the axial moduli derived by using an ensemble method. Our results have far-reaching implications for the understanding of protein-based infectivity and the design of amyloid biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lamour
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Colombia , Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Landoulsi J, Dupres V. Direct AFM force mapping of surface nanoscale organization and protein adsorption on an aluminum substrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8429-40. [PMID: 23628858 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp00137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nanoscale organization of a superficially hydroxylated Al substrate and its effect on subsequent protein adsorption using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For this purpose we used a mode which allows a direct mapping of a variety of surface properties (adhesion, elasticity, dissipation, etc.) to be probed simultaneously with topographical images. The hydroxylation treatment leads to a drastic modification of the surface morphology, owing to the formation of AlOOH compounds. In air, AFM images revealed the formation of regular nanorod-like structures randomly distributed, inducing the appearance of nanoporous domains on the surface. In buffer solution, prior to the adsorption of proteins, the surface nanoscale organization is preserved, mainly due to the chemical stability of AlOOH compounds under these conditions. The adsorption of proteins on the obtained nanostructured surface was performed using either a globular (β-lactoglobulin) or a fibrillar (collagen) protein and by modulating the adsorbed amount through the incubation time or the concentration of proteins in solution. At low amounts, collagen adsorbs on the whole surface without preferential localization. The surface topography remains similar to the bare surface, while significant changes were evidenced on adhesion and elasticity maps. This is due to the fact that the surface became adhesive and less stiff, owing to the presence of a soft and hydrated protein layer. By contrast, β-lactoglobulin tends to diffuse into the nanoporous domains, leading to their filling up, and the surface is blurred with a thick and dense protein layer upon increasing the amount of adsorbed molecules. Our findings demonstrate the interest in using AFM for surface mapping to investigate the mechanism of protein adsorption at the nanoscale on materials with high surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Landoulsi
- Laboratory of Surface Reactivity, CNRS UMR 7197, University of Pierre & Marie Curie - Paris VI, 4 Place Jussieu, case 178, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Saar-Dover R, Bitler A, Nezer R, Shmuel-Galia L, Firon A, Shimoni E, Trieu-Cuot P, Shai Y. D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acids confers resistance to cationic peptides in group B streptococcus by increasing the cell wall density. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002891. [PMID: 22969424 PMCID: PMC3435245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) serve as the first line of defense of the innate immune system against invading microbial pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria can resist CAMPs by modifying their anionic teichoic acids (TAs) with D-alanine, but the exact mechanism of resistance is not fully understood. Here, we utilized various functional and biophysical approaches to investigate the interactions of the human pathogen Group B Streptococcus (GBS) with a series of CAMPs having different properties. The data reveal that: (i) D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) enhance GBS resistance only to a subset of CAMPs and there is a direct correlation between resistance and CAMPs length and charge density; (ii) resistance due to reduced anionic charge of LTAs is not attributed to decreased amounts of bound peptides to the bacteria; and (iii) D-alanylation most probably alters the conformation of LTAs which results in increasing the cell wall density, as seen by Transmission Electron Microscopy, and reduces the penetration of CAMPs through the cell wall. Furthermore, Atomic Force Microscopy reveals increased surface rigidity of the cell wall of the wild-type GBS strain to more than 20-fold that of the dltA mutant. We propose that D-alanylation of LTAs confers protection against linear CAMPs mainly by decreasing the flexibility and permeability of the cell wall, rather than by reducing the electrostatic interactions of the peptide with the cell surface. Overall, our findings uncover an important protective role of the cell wall against CAMPs and extend our understanding of mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Saar-Dover
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arkadi Bitler
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ravit Nezer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arnaud Firon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-Positif, CNRS-ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Electron Microscopy Unit, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-Positif, CNRS-ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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