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Nisa K, Lone IA, Arif W, Singh P, Rehmen SU, Kumar R. Applications of supramolecular assemblies in drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2438-2458. [PMID: 38107171 PMCID: PMC10718592 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00396e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the world's serious health challenges is cancer. Anti-cancer agents delivered to normal cells and tissues pose several problems and challenges. In this connection, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic technique used for selectively destroying malignant cells while sparing the normal tissues. Development in photosensitisers (PSs) and light sources have to be made for PDT as a first option treatment for patients. In the pursuit of developing new attractive molecules and their formulations for PDT, researchers are working on developing such type of PSs that perform better than those being currently used. For the widespread clinical utilization of PDT, effective PSs are of particular importance. Host-guest interactions based on nanographene assemblies such as functionalized hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronenes, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes and coronene have attracted increasing attention owing to less complicated synthetic steps and purification processes (gel permeation chromatography) during fabrication. Noncovalent interactions provide easy and facile approaches for building supramolecular PSs and enable them to have sensitive and controllable photoactivities, which are important for maximizing photodynamic effects and minimizing side effects. Various versatile supramolecular assemblies based on cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, calixarenes, porphyrins and pillararenes have been designed in order to make PDT an effective therapeutic technique for curing cancer and tumours. The supramolecular assemblies of porphyrins display efficient electron transfer and fluorescence for use in bioimaging and PDT. The multifunctionalization of supramolecular assemblies is used for designing biomedically active PSs, which are helpful in PDT. It is anticipated that the development of these functionalized supramolecular assemblies will provide more fascinating advances in PDT and will dramatically expand the potential and possibilities in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, Material Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Lone
- Department of Chemistry, Material Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Waseem Arif
- Department of Chemistry, Material Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University Meerut-250005 India
| | - Sajad Ur Rehmen
- Department of Chemistry, Material Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Material Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Srinagar 190006 India
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2
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Liu Z, Tian M, Zhang H, Liu Y. Reversible dynamic optical sensing based on coumarin modified β-cyclodextrin for glutathione in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:896-899. [PMID: 36594783 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin acting as an optical probe was modified on ethylenediamine β-cyclodextrin, which not only enhanced its molecular binding affinity to glutathione (GSH) by a reversible Michael addition, showing 113 times more affinity than that of coumarin itself, but also achieved dynamic real-time sensing of glutathione in living HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Mengdi Tian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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3
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Singh DK. CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:349-379. [PMID: 36998309 PMCID: PMC10043743 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all the available approaches in organic synthesis, the "click chemistry" protocol is very common nowadays to covalently connect two diverse moieties in a single framework. Therefore, this review focuses on the synthesis and photophysical studies of β- and meso-substituted and 1,2,3-triazole-fused porphyrin conjugates. All of the porphyrin conjugates discussed here are synthesized via a copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between an azide and a terminal alkyne, also popular as "click reaction" or CuAAC reaction. Moreover, the 1,2,3-triazole ring also serves as a spacer and an electron transfer bridge between the porphyrin and the attached chromophores. In order to provide a critical overview of the synthesis and properties of various porphyrin-triazole hybrids, this review will discuss some of the key reactions involved in the preparation of triazole-linked porphyrin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bipin Bihari College, Affiliated to Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284001, India
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4
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Bhattarai N, Wang J, Nguyen D, Yang X, Helmers L, Paruch J, Li L, Zhang Y, Meng K, Wang A, Jayawickramarajah J, Wang B, Zeng S, Lu H. Nanoparticle encapsulation of non-genotoxic p53 activator Inauhzin-C for improved therapeutic efficacy. Theranostics 2021; 11:7005-7017. [PMID: 34093867 PMCID: PMC8171090 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 remains in a wild type but inactive form in ~50% of all human cancers. Thus, activating it becomes an attractive approach for targeted cancer therapies. In this regard, our lab has previously discovered a small molecule, Inauhzin (INZ), as a potent p53 activator with no genotoxicity. Method: To improve its efficacy and bioavailability, here we employed nanoparticle encapsulation, making INZ-C, an analog of INZ, to nanoparticle-encapsulated INZ-C (n-INZ-C). Results: This approach significantly improved p53 activation and inhibition of lung and colorectal cancer cell growth by n-INZ-C in vitro and in vivo while it displayed a minimal effect on normal human Wi38 and mouse MEF cells. The improved activity was further corroborated with the enhanced cellular uptake observed in cancer cells and minimal cellular uptake observed in normal cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of these nanoparticles showed that the nanoparticle encapsulation prolongates the half-life of INZ-C from 2.5 h to 5 h in mice. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that we have established a nanoparticle system that could enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of INZ-C as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Bhattarai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linh Helmers
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Jennifer Paruch
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelya Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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5
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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:1942. [PMID: 33808335 PMCID: PMC8037866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin-macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.G.); (J.F.)
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6
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Gaeta M, Rodolico E, Fragalà ME, Pappalardo A, Pisagatti I, Gattuso G, Notti A, Parisi MF, Purrello R, D’Urso A. Self-Assembly of Discrete Porphyrin/Calix[4]tube Complexes Promoted by Potassium Ion Encapsulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030704. [PMID: 33572895 PMCID: PMC7866244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role played by potassium ions in the noncovalent synthesis of discrete porphyrin-calixarene nanostructures has been examined. The flattened-cone conformation adopted by the two cavities of octa-cationic calix[4]tube C4T was found to prevent the formation of complexes with well-defined stoichiometry between this novel water-soluble calixarene and the tetra-anionic phenylsulfonate porphyrin CuTPPS. Conversely, preorganization of C4T into a C4v-symmetrical scaffold, triggered by potassium ion encapsulation (C4T@K+), allowed us to carry out an efficient hierarchical self-assembly process leading to 2D and 3D nanostructures. The stepwise formation of discrete CuTPPS/C4T@K+ noncovalent assemblies, containing up to 33 molecular elements, was conveniently monitored by UV/vis spectroscopy by following the absorbance of the porphyrin Soret band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Rodolico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Fragalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilenia Pisagatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Notti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.F.P.); (R.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Melchiorre F. Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.F.P.); (R.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.F.P.); (R.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandro D’Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.R.); (M.E.F.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.F.P.); (R.P.); (A.D.)
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7
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Bruekers JPJ, Hellinghuizen MA, Vanthuyne N, Tinnemans P, Gilissen PJ, Buma WJ, Naubron J, Crassous J, Elemans JAAW, Nolte RJM. Allosteric Guest Binding in Chiral Zirconium(IV) Double Decker Porphyrin Cages. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:607-617. [PMID: 33679232 PMCID: PMC7898692 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral zirconium(IV) double cage sandwich complex Zr(1)2 has been synthesized in one step from porphyrin cage H21. Zr(1)2 was obtained as a racemate, which was resolved by HPLC and the enantiomers were isolated in >99.5 % ee. Their absolute configurations were assigned on the basis of X-ray crystallography and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) experiments on the enantiomers of Zr(1)2 revealed that the chirality around the zirconium center is propagated throughout the whole cage structure. The axial conformational chirality of the double cage complex displayed a VCD fingerprint similar to the one observed previously for a related chiral cage compound with planar and point chirality. Zr(1)2 shows fluorescence, which is quenched when viologen guests bind in its cavities. The binding of viologen and dihydroxybenzene derivatives in the two cavities of Zr(1)2 occurs with negative allostery, the cooperativity factors α (=4 K2/K1) being as low as 0.0076 for the binding of N,N'-dimethylviologen. These allosteric effects are attributed to a pinching of the second cavity as a result of guest binding in the first cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P. J. Bruekers
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs A. Hellinghuizen
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Gilissen
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- University of AmsterdamVan ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryToernooiveld 7c6525EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ RennesCNRSInstitut des Sciences Chimiques de RennesISCR-UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Johannes A. A. W. Elemans
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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8
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Sowa A, Voskuhl J. Host-guest complexes - Boosting the performance of photosensitizers. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119595. [PMID: 32629069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will show the diversity of supramolecular host-guest complexes of cyclodextrins, cucurbit[n]urils, calix[n]- and pillar[n]arenes with photosensitizers, like porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Host-guest complexes are one of the main building blocks in supramolecular chemistry. For example, they have been widely used to encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules to enhance the bioavailability in the human body. In these days of multiresistant bacteria and difficulties in cancer therapy, supramolecular host-guest systems with photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy(PDT) gain more and more interest. In general, photosensitizers with a (large) conjugated aromatic π-system are used, which tend to π-πstacking in aqueous media suppressing the cell toxicity by singletoxygen production quenching. This can be overcome by the formation of host-guest complexes. Besides that, encapsulation of the photosensitizers in host molecules can enhance the solubility, increase cellular uptake, lead to hydrogels, rotaxanes, and switchable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sowa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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9
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Gross Z, Sharma VK, Saltsman I, Chen QC, Fridman N. Self-Assembly of Simple Corroles, via Hydrogen Bonding and Coordination. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; 32000 Haifa Israel
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; 32000 Haifa Israel
| | - Irena Saltsman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; 32000 Haifa Israel
| | - Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; 32000 Haifa Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion- Israel Institute of Technology; 32000 Haifa Israel
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10
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Gao B, Wang G, Li B, Wu L. Self-Inclusion and Dissociation of a Bridging β-Cyclodextrin Triplet. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8127-8136. [PMID: 32309722 PMCID: PMC7161068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the self-inclusion and the dissociation in a branched β-cyclodextrin (CD) system, we designed and synthesized a β-CD trimer in which each CD group is connected to one of bridging arms of a planar triphenylbenzene core through a CuAAC click reaction. Only one rather than two or all of the three host CDs was demonstrated to be in a self-including state in water, while no self-inclusion was observed to occur in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) via the characterization of 1H and NOESY NMR spectra. The configuration structures of the CD groups in the self-included state were evaluated, and the dissociation to free state in water was investigated under various conditions like heating, increased acidity, and discharging versus the addition of competitive guests. While raised temperature and increased acidity did not break the self-inclusion, two adamantane guest molecules were found to show capability in driving the equilibrium to get back to free state against the self-inclusion. The inclusion process of the added guests was believed to involve in the dissociation of the self-inclusion and the occupation of the guests in CD cavity. The results of host-guest interaction study indicated that the stable combination of guests was favorable for blocking the structural overturning of glucose toward trapping the bridging group into the cavity.
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11
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Mavridis IM, Yannakopoulou K. Porphyrinoid-Cyclodextrin Assemblies in Biomedical Research: An Update. J Med Chem 2019; 63:3391-3424. [PMID: 31808344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinoids, well-known cofactors in fundamental processes of life, have stimulated interest as synthetic models of natural systems and integral components of photodynamic therapy, but their utilization is compromised by self-aggregation in aqueous media. The capacity of cyclodextrins to include hydrophobic molecules in their cavity provides porphyrinoids with a protective environment against oxidation and the ability to disperse efficiently in biological fluids. Moreover, engineered cyclodextrin-porphyrinoid assemblies enhance the photodynamic abilities of porphyrinoids, can carry chemotherapeutics for synergistic modalities, and can be enriched with functions including cell recognition, tissue penetration, and imaging. This Perspective includes synthetic porphyrinoid-cyclodextrin models of proteins participating in fundamental processes, such as enzymatic catalysis, respiration, and electron transfer. In addition, since porphyrinoid-cyclodextrin systems comprise third generation photosensitizers, recent developments for their utilization in photomedicine, that is, multimodal therapy for cancer (e.g., PDT, PTT) and antimicrobial treatment, and eventually in biocompatible therapeutic or diagnostic platforms for next-generation nanomedicine and theranostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Mavridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Gregoriou & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, Attiki 15341, Greece
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Gregoriou & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, Attiki 15341, Greece
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12
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Pathak P, Yao W, Hook KD, Vik R, Winnerdy FR, Brown JQ, Gibb BC, Pursell ZF, Phan AT, Jayawickramarajah J. Bright G-Quadruplex Nanostructures Functionalized with Porphyrin Lanterns. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12582-12591. [PMID: 31322869 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intricate arrangement of numerous and closely placed chromophores on nanoscale scaffolds can lead to key photonic applications ranging from optical waveguides and antennas to signal-enhanced fluorescent sensors. In this regard, the self-assembly of dye-appended DNA sequences into programmed photonic architectures is promising. However, the dense packing of dyes can result in not only compromised DNA assembly (leading to ill-defined structures and precipitates) but also to essentially nonfluorescent systems (due to π-π aggregation). Here, we introduce a two-step "tether and mask" strategy wherein large porphyrin dyes are first attached to short G-quadruplex-forming sequences and then reacted with per-O-methylated β-cyclodextrin (PMβCD) caps, to form supramolecular synthons featuring the porphyrin fluor fixed into a masked porphyrin lantern (PL) state, due to intramolecular host-guest interactions in water. The PL-DNA sequences can then be self-assembled into cyclic architectures or unprecedented G-wires tethered with hundreds of porphyrin dyes. Importantly, despite the closely arrayed PL units (∼2 nm), the dyes behave as bright chromophores (up to 180-fold brighter than the analogues lacking the PMβCD masks). Since other self-assembling scaffolds, dyes, and host molecules can be used in this modular approach, this work lays out a general strategy for the bottom-up aqueous self-assembly of bright nanomaterials containing densely packed dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pathak
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , 2015 Percival Stern Hall , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , 2015 Percival Stern Hall , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Katherine Delaney Hook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Ryan Vik
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , 2015 Percival Stern Hall , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Fernaldo Richtia Winnerdy
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Jonathon Quincy Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Bruce C Gibb
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , 2015 Percival Stern Hall , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Zachary F Pursell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , 2015 Percival Stern Hall , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
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13
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van Gils T, Tiesinga PHE, Englitz B, Martens MB. Sensitivity to Stimulus Irregularity Is Inherent in Neural Networks. Neural Comput 2019; 31:1789-1824. [PMID: 31335294 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is controlled by complex neural networks in which neurons process thousands of inputs. However, even short spike trains evoked in a single cortical neuron were demonstrated to be sufficient to influence behavior in vivo. Specifically, irregular sequences of interspike intervals (ISIs) had a more reliable influence on behavior despite their resemblance to stochastic activity. Similarly, irregular tactile stimulation led to higher rates of behavioral responses. In this study, we identify the mechanisms enabling this sensitivity to stimulus irregularity (SSI) on the neuronal and network levels using simulated spiking neural networks. Matching in vivo experiments, we find that irregular stimulation elicits more detectable network events (bursts) than regular stimulation. Dissecting the stimuli, we identify short ISIs-occurring more frequently in irregular stimulations-as the main drivers of SSI rather than complex irregularity per se. In addition, we find that short-term plasticity modulates SSI. We subsequently eliminate the different mechanisms in turn to assess their role in generating SSI. Removing inhibitory interneurons, we find that SSI is retained, suggesting that SSI is not dependent on inhibition. Removing recurrency, we find that SSI is retained due to the ability of individual neurons to integrate activity over short timescales ("cell memory"). Removing single-neuron dynamics, we find that SSI is retained based on the short-term retention of activity within the recurrent network structure ("network memory"). Finally, using a further simplified probabilistic model, we find that local network structure is not required for SSI. Hence, SSI is identified as a general property that we hypothesize to be ubiquitous in neural networks with different structures and biophysical properties. Irregular sequences contain shorter ISIs, which are the main drivers underlying SSI. The experimentally observed SSI should thus generalize to other systems, suggesting a functional role for irregular activity in cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun van Gils
- Department of Neuroinformatics and Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Englitz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn B Martens
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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14
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Khan R, Özkan M, Khaligh A, Tuncel D. Water-dispersible glycosylated poly(2,5'-thienylene)porphyrin-based nanoparticles for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1147-1155. [PMID: 30785160 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the preparation of water-dispersible glycosylated poly(2,5'-thienylene)porphyrin based nanoparticles by a nanoprecipitation method and demonstrate the application of these nanoparticles in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. The diameter of the nanoparticles is in the range of 50-80 nm and the resulting nanoparticles are stable in water without precipitation at least for a month. They have high singlet oxygen efficiency and display light-triggered biocidal activity against both Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli) and Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis). Upon white light irradiation for 10 min with a flux of 22 mW cm-2 of the E. coli suspension incubated with NPs (18 μg mL-1), a killing efficiency of 99% is achieved, whereas in the dark the effect is recorded as only around 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Elemans JAAW, Nolte RJM. Porphyrin cage compounds based on glycoluril – from enzyme mimics to functional molecular machines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9590-9605. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article gives an overview of the application of glycoluril-based porphyrin cage compounds in host–guest chemistry, allosterically controlled self-assembly, biomimetic catalysis, and polymer encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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16
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Zhou X, Pathak P, Jayawickramarajah J. Design, synthesis, and applications of DNA-macrocyclic host conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11668-11680. [PMID: 30255866 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06716c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With this Feature Article we review, for the first time, the development of DNA-host conjugates-a nascent yet rapidly growing research focus within the ambit of DNA supramolecular chemistry. Synthetic hosts (such as cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, and calixarenes) are well-suited to be partnered with DNA, since DNA assembly and host-guest binding both thrive in aqueous media, are largely orthogonal, and exhibit controllable and input-responsive properties. The covalent braiding of these two supramolecular synthons thus leads to advanced self-assemblies and nanostructures with exciting function that range from drug delivery agents to input-triggered switches. The latter class of DNA-host conjugates have been demonstrated to precisely control protein activity, and have also been used as modulable catalysts and versatile biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 2015 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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17
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Construction of two-dimensional porphyrin-based fully conjugated microporous polymers as highly efficient photocatalysts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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19
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Yakimova LS, Shurpik DN, Gilmanova LH, Makhmutova AR, Rakhimbekova A, Stoikov II. Highly selective binding of methyl orange dye by cationic water-soluble pillar[5]arenes. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4233-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00539j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bulky/negatively charged substituents of guest anions hinder the substrate entering the π-electron rich pillar[5]arene cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Yakimova
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - D. N. Shurpik
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - L. H. Gilmanova
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - A. R. Makhmutova
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - A. Rakhimbekova
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - I. I. Stoikov
- Kazan Federal University
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
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20
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Ho IT, Sessler JL, Gambhir SS, Jokerst JV. Parts per billion detection of uranium with a porphyrinoid-containing nanoparticle and in vivo photoacoustic imaging. Analyst 2015; 140:3731-7. [PMID: 25854506 PMCID: PMC4437871 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical tools that can report radioactive isotopes would be of interest to the defense community. Here we report ∼250 nm polymeric nanoparticles containing porphyrinoid macrocycles with and without pre-complexed depleted uranium and demonstrate that the latter species may be detected easily and with high sensitivity via photoacoustic imaging. The porphyrinoid macrocycles used in the present study are non-aromatic in the absence of the uranyl cation, but aromatic after cation complexation. We solubilized both the freebase and metalated forms of the macrocycles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and found a peak in the photoacoustic spectrum at 910 nm excitation in the case of the uranyl complex. The signal was stable for at least 15 minutes and allowed detection of uranium concentrations down to 6.2 ppb (5.7 nM) in vitro and 0.57 ppm (19 fCi; 0.52 μM) in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a nanoparticle that detects an actinide cation via photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24 Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24 Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427
- Bioengineering, Materials Science, and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427
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21
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Jia T, Zhou W, Li F, Gao Y, Wang L, Han J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Alcohol/water-soluble porphyrins as cathode interlayers in high-performance polymer solar cells. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Chen Y, Zhao D, Liu Y. Polysaccharide–porphyrin–fullerene supramolecular conjugates as photo-driven DNA cleavage reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:12266-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04625d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble polysaccharide–porphyrin–fullerene supramolecular conjugates were constructed, showing the capability of completely cleaving closed supercoiled DNA to nicked DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
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