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Li G, Ji Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Chi M, Sun H, Zhu H. Multistage microfluidic cell sorting method and chip based on size and stiffness. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115451. [PMID: 37327603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High performance sorting of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood is key to liquid biopsies. Size-based deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) technique is widely used in cell sorting. But conventional microcolumns have poor fluid regulation ability, which limits the sorting performance of DLD. When the size difference between CTCs and leukocytes is small (e.g., less than 3 μm), not only DLD, many size-based separation techniques fail due to low specificity. CTCs have been confirmed to be softer than leukocytes, which could serve as a basis for sorting. In this study, we presented a multistage microfluidic CTCs sorting method, first sorting CTCs using a size-based two-array DLD chip, then purifying CTCs mixed by leukocytes using a stiffness-based cone channel chip, and finally identifying cell types using Raman techniques. The entire CTCs sorting and analysis process was label free, highly pure, high-throughput and efficient. The two-array DLD chip employed a droplet-shaped microcolumn (DMC) developed by optimization design rather than empirical design. Attributed to the excellent fluid regulation capability of DMC, the CTCs sorter system developed by parallelizing four DMC two-array DLD chips was able to process a sample of 2.5 mL per minute with a recovery efficiency of 96.30 ± 2.10% and a purity of 98.25 ± 2.48%. To isolate CTCs mixed dimensionally by leukocytes, a cone channel sorting method and chip were developed based on solid and hydrodynamic coupled analysis. The cone channel chip allowed CTCs to pass through the channel and entrap leukocytes, improving the purity of CTCs mixed by leukocytes by 1.8-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Li
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongshun Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Li
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingbo Chi
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongquan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Terada Y, Obara A, Briones JC, Luo X, Espulgar WV, Saito M, Takamatsu H, Tamiya E. Development of Nano-Micro Fused LSPR Chip for In Situ Single-Cell Secretion Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1404. [PMID: 37512715 PMCID: PMC10384685 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis has become increasingly important in uncovering cell heterogeneity, which has great implications in medicine and biology for a deep understanding of cell characteristics. Owing to its significance, it is vital to create novel devices that can reveal special or unique cells. In this work, we developed a single-cell secretion detection chip consisting of microwells that can trap single cells. Each well is surrounded by Au nanopillars capable of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) measurement. Using microfabrication and nanofabrication techniques, Au nanopillar and microwell structures were fabricated on a COP film. The Au nanopillar was modified with IL-6 antibodies for the direct detection of single-cell secreted IL-6 via LSPR absorbance peak shift. Specific IL-6 detection was successfully demonstrated using a null and IL-6 oversecreting Jurkat cell. A high single-cell trapping efficiency of over 80% was also achieved. Overall, the development of this single-cell secretion detection chip with a simple LSPR measurement setup represents a significant development in the field of cell biology and immunology, providing researchers with a powerful tool for studying individual cells and their secreted cytokines, and is useful for point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Terada
- Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ain Obara
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jonathan Campos Briones
- Life and Medical Photonics Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xi Luo
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wilfred Villariza Espulgar
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Life and Medical Photonics Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
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Cha H, Dai Y, Hansen HHWB, Ouyang L, Chen X, Kang X, An H, Ta HT, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Asymmetrical Obstacles Enable Unilateral Inertial Focusing and Separation in Sinusoidal Microchannel. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0036. [PMID: 37342212 PMCID: PMC10278993 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics uses the intrinsic fluid inertia in confined channels to manipulate the particles and cells in a simple, high-throughput, and precise manner. Inertial focusing in a straight channel results in several equilibrium positions within the cross sections. Introducing channel curvature and adjusting the cross-sectional aspect ratio and shape can modify inertial focusing positions and can reduce the number of equilibrium positions. In this work, we introduce an innovative way to adjust the inertial focusing and reduce equilibrium positions by embedding asymmetrical obstacle microstructures. We demonstrated that asymmetrical concave obstacles could break the symmetry of original inertial focusing positions, resulting in unilateral focusing. In addition, we characterized the influence of obstacle size and 3 asymmetrical obstacle patterns on unilateral inertial focusing. Finally, we applied differential unilateral focusing on the separation of 10- and 15-μm particles and isolation of brain cancer cells (U87MG) from white blood cells (WBCs), respectively. The results indicated an excellent cancer cell recovery of 96.4% and WBC rejection ratio of 98.81%. After single processing, the purity of the cancer cells was dramatically enhanced from 1.01% to 90.13%, with an 89.24-fold enrichment. We believe that embedding asymmetric concave micro-obstacles is a new strategy to achieve unilateral inertial focusing and separation in curved channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Helena H. W. B. Hansen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Xiangxun Chen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Xiaoyue Kang
- School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Bioscience Discipline, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Nittala PVK, Hohreiter A, Rosas Linhard E, Dohn R, Mishra S, Konda A, Divan R, Guha S, Basu A. Integration of silicon chip microstructures for in-line microbial cell lysis in soft microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2327-2340. [PMID: 37083052 PMCID: PMC10259373 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents fabrication methodologies that integrate silicon components into soft microfluidic devices to perform microbial cell lysis for biological applications. The integration methodology consists of a silicon chip that is fabricated with microstructure arrays and embedded in a microfluidic device, which is driven by piezoelectric actuation to perform cell lysis by physically breaking microbial cell walls via micromechanical impaction. We present different silicon microarray geometries, their fabrication techniques, integration of said micropatterned silicon impactor chips into microfluidic devices, and device operation and testing on synthetic microbeads and two yeast species (S. cerevisiae and C. albicans) to evaluate their efficacy. The generalized strategy developed for integration of the micropatterned silicon impactor chip into soft microfluidic devices can serve as an important process step for a new class of hybrid silicon-polymeric devices for future cellular processing applications. The proposed integration methodology can be scalable and integrated as an in-line cell lysis tool with existing microfluidics assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani Vamsi Krishna Nittala
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Allison Hohreiter
- Department of Medicine/Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Emilio Rosas Linhard
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine/Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Ryan Dohn
- Department of Medicine/Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Abhiteja Konda
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Anindita Basu
- Department of Medicine/Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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5
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Recent advances in integrated microfluidics for liquid biopsies and future directions. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114715. [PMID: 36174359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsies have piqued the interest of researchers as a new tumor diagnosis technique due to their unique benefits of non-invasiveness, sensitivity, and convenience. Recent advances in microfluidic technology have integrated separation, purification, and detection, allowing for high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-controllability detection of specific biomarkers in liquid biopsies. With the increasing demand for tumor detection and individualized treatment, new challenges are emerging for the ever-improving microfluidic technology. The state-of-the-art microfluidic design and fabrications have been reviewed in this manuscript, and how this technology can be applied to liquid biopsies from the point of view of the detection process. The primary discussion objectives are circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and circulating nucleic acid (ctDNA). Furthermore, the challenges and future direction of microfluidic technology in detecting liquid biomarkers have been discussed.
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Rahman M, Islam KR, Islam MR, Islam MJ, Kaysir MR, Akter M, Rahman MA, Alam SMM. A Critical Review on the Sensing, Control, and Manipulation of Single Molecules on Optofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:968. [PMID: 35744582 PMCID: PMC9229244 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques have shifted the paradigm of biological measurements from ensemble measurements to probing individual molecules and propelled a rapid revolution in related fields. Compared to ensemble measurements of biomolecules, single-molecule techniques provide a breadth of information with a high spatial and temporal resolution at the molecular level. Usually, optical and electrical methods are two commonly employed methods for probing single molecules, and some platforms even offer the integration of these two methods such as optofluidics. The recent spark in technological advancement and the tremendous leap in fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and integrated optofluidics are paving the way toward low cost, chip-scale, portable, and point-of-care diagnostic and single-molecule analysis tools. This review provides the fundamentals and overview of commonly employed single-molecule methods including optical methods, electrical methods, force-based methods, combinatorial integrated methods, etc. In most single-molecule experiments, the ability to manipulate and exercise precise control over individual molecules plays a vital role, which sometimes defines the capabilities and limits of the operation. This review discusses different manipulation techniques including sorting and trapping individual particles. An insight into the control of single molecules is provided that mainly discusses the recent development of electrical control over single molecules. Overall, this review is designed to provide the fundamentals and recent advancements in different single-molecule techniques and their applications, with a special focus on the detection, manipulation, and control of single molecules on chip-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kazi Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Jahirul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Masuma Akter
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Arifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - S. M. Mahfuz Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
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7
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Review of Microfluidic Methods for Cellular Lysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050498. [PMID: 33925101 PMCID: PMC8145176 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell lysis is a process in which the outer cell membrane is broken to release intracellular constituents in a way that important information about the DNA or RNA of an organism can be obtained. This article is a thorough review of reported methods for the achievement of effective cellular boundaries disintegration, together with their technological peculiarities and instrumental requirements. The different approaches are summarized in six categories: chemical, mechanical, electrical methods, thermal, laser, and other lysis methods. Based on the results derived from each of the investigated reports, we outline the advantages and disadvantages of those techniques. Although the choice of a suitable method is highly dependent on the particular requirements of the specific scientific problem, we conclude with a concise table where the benefits of every approach are compared, based on criteria such as cost, efficiency, and difficulty.
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García-Sanz R, Jiménez C. Time to Move to the Single-Cell Level: Applications of Single-Cell Multi-Omics to Hematological Malignancies and Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia-A Particularly Heterogeneous Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1541. [PMID: 33810569 PMCID: PMC8037673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing techniques have become a powerful tool for characterizing intra-tumor heterogeneity, which has been reflected in the increasing number of studies carried out and reported. We have rigorously reviewed and compiled the information about these techniques inasmuch as they are relative to the area of hematology to provide a practical view of their potential applications. Studies show how single-cell multi-omics can overcome the limitations of bulk sequencing and be applied at all stages of tumor development, giving insights into the origin and pathogenesis of the tumors, the clonal architecture and evolution, or the mechanisms of therapy resistance. Information at the single-cell level may help resolve questions related to intra-tumor heterogeneity that have not been previously explained by other techniques. With that in mind, we review the existing knowledge about a heterogeneous lymphoma called Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and discuss how single-cell studies may help elucidate the underlying causes of this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón García-Sanz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Ling SD, Geng Y, Chen A, Du Y, Xu J. Enhanced single-cell encapsulation in microfluidic devices: From droplet generation to single-cell analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:061508. [PMID: 33381250 PMCID: PMC7758092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis to investigate cellular heterogeneity and cell-to-cell interactions is a crucial compartment to answer key questions in important biological mechanisms. Droplet-based microfluidics appears to be the ideal platform for such a purpose because the compartmentalization of single cells into microdroplets offers unique advantages of enhancing assay sensitivity, protecting cells against external stresses, allowing versatile and precise manipulations over tested samples, and providing a stable microenvironment for long-term cell proliferation and observation. The present Review aims to give a preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds to explore the field of single-cell encapsulation and analysis. A comprehensive and introductory overview of the droplet formation mechanism, fabrication methods of microchips, and a myriad of passive and active encapsulation techniques to enhance single-cell encapsulation efficiency were presented. Meanwhile, common methods for single-cell analysis, especially for long-term cell proliferation, differentiation, and observation inside microcapsules, are briefly introduced. Finally, the major challenges faced in the field are illustrated, and potential prospects for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Da Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhao Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - An Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Henley WH, Siegfried NA, Ramsey JM. Spatially isolated reactions in a complex array: using magnetic beads to purify and quantify nucleic acids with digital and quantitative real-time PCR in thousands of parallel microwells. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1771-1779. [PMID: 32347869 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has been the standard for nucleic acid quantification as it has a large dynamic range and good sensitivity. Digital PCR is rapidly supplanting qPCR in many applications as it provides excellent quantitative precision. However, both techniques require extensive sample preparation, and highly multiplexed assays that quantify multiple targets can be difficult to design and optimize. Here we describe a new nucleic acid quantification method that we call Spatially Isolated Reactions in a Complex Array (SIRCA), a highly parallel nucleic acid preparation, amplification, and detection approach that uses superparamagnetic microbeads in an array of thousands of 100 fL microwells to simplify sample purification and reduce reagent dispensing steps. Primers, attached to superparamagnetic microbeads through a thermo-labile bond, capture and separate target sequences from the sample. The microbeads are then magnetically loaded into a microwell array such that wells predominately contain a single bead. Master mix, lacking primers, is added before sealing the reaction wells with hydrophobic oil. Thermocycling releases the primer pair from the beads during PCR amplification. At low target concentrations, most beads capture, on average, less than one target molecule, and precise, digital PCR quantification can be derived from the percentage of positive reactions. At higher concentrations, qPCR signal is used to determine the average number of target molecules per reaction, significantly extending the dynamic range beyond the digital saturation point. We demonstrate that SIRCA can quantify DNA and RNA targets using thousands of parallel reactions, achieving attomolar limits of detection and a linear dynamic range of 105. The work reported here is a first step towards multiplexed SIRCA assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hampton Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Zhu C, Luo X, Espulgar WV, Koyama S, Kumanogoh A, Saito M, Takamatsu H, Tamiya E. Real-Time Monitoring and Detection of Single-Cell Level Cytokine Secretion Using LSPR Technology. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E107. [PMID: 31963848 PMCID: PMC7019717 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine secretion researches have been a main focus of studies among the scientists in the recent decades for its outstanding contribution to clinical diagnostics. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) technology is one of the conventional methods utilized to analyze these issues, as it could provide fast, label-free and real-time monitoring of biomolecule binding events. However, numerous LSPR-based biosensors in the past are usually utilized to monitor the average performance of cell groups rather than single cells. Meanwhile, the complicated sensor structures will lead to the fabrication and economic budget problems. Thus, in this paper, we report a simple synergistic integration of the cell trapping of microwell chip and gold-capped nanopillar-structured cyclo-olefin-polymer (COP) film for single cell level Interleukin 6 (IL-6) detection. Here, in-situ cytokine secreted from the trapped cell can be directly observed and analyzed through the peak red-shift in the transmittance spectrum. The fabricated device also shows the potential to conduct the real-time monitoring which would greatly help us identify the viability and biological variation of the tested single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (C.Z.); (W.V.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (C.Z.); (W.V.E.); (M.S.)
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wilfred Villariza Espulgar
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (C.Z.); (W.V.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (A.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (A.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (C.Z.); (W.V.E.); (M.S.)
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (A.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (C.Z.); (W.V.E.); (M.S.)
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Zhu S, Jiang F, Han Y, Xiang N, Ni Z. Microfluidics for label-free sorting of rare circulating tumor cells. Analyst 2020; 145:7103-7124. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A review discussing the working principles and performances of label-free CTC sorting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
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13
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Wang Z, Lang B, Qu Y, Li L, Song Z, Wang Z. Single-cell patterning technology for biological applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:061502. [PMID: 31737153 PMCID: PMC6847985 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell patterning technology has revealed significant contributions of single cells to conduct basic and applied biological studies in vitro such as the understanding of basic cell functions, neuronal network formation, and drug screening. Unlike traditional population-based cell patterning approaches, single-cell patterning is an effective technology of fully understanding cell heterogeneity by precisely controlling the positions of individual cells. Therefore, much attention is currently being paid to this technology, leading to the development of various micro-nanofabrication methodologies that have been applied to locate cells at the single-cell level. In recent years, various methods have been continuously improved and innovated on the basis of existing ones, overcoming the deficiencies and promoting the progress in biomedicine. In particular, microfluidics with the advantages of high throughput, small sample volume, and the ability to combine with other technologies has a wide range of applications in single-cell analysis. Here, we present an overview of the recent advances in single-cell patterning technology, with a special focus on current physical and physicochemical methods including stencil patterning, trap- and droplet-based microfluidics, and chemical modification on surfaces via photolithography, microcontact printing, and scanning probe lithography. Meanwhile, the methods applied to biological studies and the development trends of single-cell patterning technology in biological applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baihe Lang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | | | | | | | - Zuobin Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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14
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Xu Z, Qiao Y, Tu J. Microfluidic Technologies for cfDNA Isolation and Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100672. [PMID: 31623361 PMCID: PMC6843514 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which promotes precision oncology, has received extensive concern because of its abilities to inform genomic mutations, tumor burden and drug resistance. The absolute quantification of cfDNA concentration has been proved as an independent prognostic biomarker of overall survival. However, the properties of low abundance and high fragmentation hinder the isolation and further analysis of cfDNA. Microfluidic technologies and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices provide an opportunity to deal with cfDNA sample at a micrometer scale, which reduces required sample volume and makes rapid isolation possible. Microfluidic platform also allow for high degree of automation and high-throughput screening without liquid transfer, where rapid and precise examination and quantification could be performed at the same time. Microfluidic technologies applied in cfDNA isolation and analysis are limited and remains to be further explored. This paper reviewed the existing and potential applications of microfluidic technologies in collection and enrichment of cfDNA, quantification, mutation detection and sequencing library construction, followed by discussion of future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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15
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Wang C, Ren L, Liu W, Wei Q, Tan M, Yu Y. Fluorescence quantification of intracellular materials at the single-cell level by an integrated dual-well array microfluidic device. Analyst 2019; 144:2811-2819. [PMID: 30882810 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an integrated microfluidic device for quantifying intracellular materials at the single-cell level. This device combines a dual-well structure and a microfluidic control system. The dual-well structure includes capture wells (20 μm in diameter) for trapping a single cell and reaction wells (200 μm in diameter) for confining reagents. The control system enables a programmable procedure for single-cell analysis. This device achieves highly efficient trapping of single cells, overcoming the Poisson distribution, while affording sufficient biochemical reagents for each isolated reactor. We successfully utilized the presented device to monitor the catalytic interaction between intracellular alkaline phosphatase enzyme and a fluorogenic substrate and to quantify the intracellular glucose concentration of a single K562 cell based on an external standard method. The results demonstrate the feasibility and convenience of our dual-well array microfluidic device as a practical single-cell research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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16
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Hansen SH, Kabbeck T, Radtke CP, Krause S, Krolitzki E, Peschke T, Gasmi J, Rabe KS, Wagner M, Horn H, Hubbuch J, Gescher J, Niemeyer CM. Machine-assisted cultivation and analysis of biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8933. [PMID: 31222095 PMCID: PMC6586868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the natural form of life of the majority of microorganisms. These multispecies consortia are intensively studied not only for their effects on health and environment but also because they have an enormous potential as tools for biotechnological processes. Further exploration and exploitation of these complex systems will benefit from technical solutions that enable integrated, machine-assisted cultivation and analysis. We here introduce a microfluidic platform, where readily available microfluidic chips are connected by automated liquid handling with analysis instrumentation, such as fluorescence detection, microscopy, chromatography and optical coherence tomography. The system is operable under oxic and anoxic conditions, allowing for different gases and nutrients as feeding sources and it offers high spatiotemporal resolution in the analysis of metabolites and biofilm composition. We demonstrate the platform's performance by monitoring the productivity of biofilms as well as the spatial organization of two bacterial species in a co-culture, which is driven by chemical gradients along the microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silla H Hansen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kabbeck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten P Radtke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Krolitzki
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gasmi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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17
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WEI YY, SUN ZQ, REN HH, LI L. Advances in Microdroplet Generation Methods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Ozbey A, Karimzadehkhouei M, Kocaturk NM, Bilir SE, Kutlu O, Gozuacik D, Kosar A. Inertial focusing of cancer cell lines in curvilinear microchannels. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Strittmatter-Keller U, Walter C, Rauld C, Egli N, Regairaz C, Rabe S, Zenke G, Carballido J, Schweighoffer T. Fingerprints of CD8+ T cells on human pre-plasma and memory B cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208187. [PMID: 30540814 PMCID: PMC6291140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells is a stringently controlled multi-step process, which is still incompletely understood. Here we identify and characterize a rare population of human B cells, which surprisingly carry CD8AB on their surface. Existence of such cells was demonstrated both in tonsils and in human apheresis material. Gene expression profiling and real time PCR detected however no CD8A or CD8B message in these cells. Instead, we found that surface CD8 was hijacked from activated CD8+ T cells by a transfer process that required direct cell-to-cell contact. A focused transcriptome analysis at single cell level allowed the dissection of the CD8 positive B cell population. We found that the affected cells are characteristically of the CD27+CD200- phenotype, and consist of two discrete late-stage subpopulations that carry signatures of activated memory B like cells, and early plasmablasts. Thus, there is only a restricted time window in the differentiation process during which B cells can intimately interact with CD8+ T cells. The findings point to a novel link between the T and B arms of the adaptive immune system, and suggest that CD8+ T cells have the capability to directly shape the global antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Walter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Rauld
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Egli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Regairaz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Rabe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Zenke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Carballido
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Schweighoffer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Khan M, Mao S, Li W, Lin J. Microfluidic Devices in the Fast‐Growing Domain of Single‐Cell Analysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:15398-15420. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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21
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Ohiri KA, Kelly ST, Motschman JD, Lin KH, Wood KC, Yellen BB. An acoustofluidic trap and transfer approach for organizing a high density single cell array. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2124-2133. [PMID: 29931016 PMCID: PMC6078799 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00196k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a hybrid microfluidic system that combines fluidic trapping and acoustic switching to organize an array of single cells at high density. The fluidic trapping step is achieved by balancing the hydrodynamic resistances of three parallel channel segments forming a microfluidic trifurcation, the purpose of which was to capture single cells in a high-density array. Next, the cells were transferred into adjacent larger compartments by generating an array of streaming micro-vortices to move the cells to the desired streamlines in a massively parallel format. This approach can compartmentalize single cells with efficiencies of ≈67% in compartments that have diameters on the order of ∼100 um, which is an appropriate size for single cell proliferation studies and other single cell biochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korine A Ohiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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22
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Li R, Zhou M, Yue C, Zhang W, Ma Y, Peng H, Hu Z, Wei Z. Multiple single cell screening and DNA MDA amplification chip for oncogenic mutation profiling. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:723-734. [PMID: 29360118 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00924k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic mutation heterogeneity of the cancer cell population has been proven to be essential for predicting both drug-response and drug-resistance of targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It is necessary to accurately evaluate the mutation heterogeneity, oncogenic mutation and resistant mutation profiling at a single cell level. However, there are two major hurdles in the process. First, majority of the cells in tumor tissue are non-cancer cells, which cause background noise. Second, the work load and cost of next generation sequencing on dozens of single cells are prohibitive. To address both these issues, we developed a microfluidic chip for profiling of dozens of selected cells. With the help of a novel tri-states valve structure, which performs precise controlling of the cell/reagent movement, as well as active mixing of different reagents, trapping/identification/lysis and in situ MDA amplification was achieved at a single cell level on the same chip. Using a proof-of-concept assay mimicking EGFR targeting drug Gefitinib treatment of lung cancer cells, the new method was validated as capable of not only detecting the existence of multiple mutations, but also providing complete information of the mutation scenario at the single cell level by using cost-effective Sanger's sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China.
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23
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Li Y, Jang JH, Wang C, He B, Zhang K, Zhang P, Vu T, Qin L. Microfluidics Cell Loading-Dock System: Ordered Cellular Array for Dynamic Lymphocyte-Communication Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700085. [PMID: 32646193 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It remains a great challenge to establish a high-throughput platform that can explore the interactions among multiple lymphocytes (>2 cells) and retrieve the interested cells for downstream analysis. This study demonstrates a microfluidics cell loading-dock system (Cell-Dock) to enclose multiple cells in 1D, 2D, and 3D chambers with high throughput and efficiency and single-cell accuracy. The loading efficiencies of 95%, 85%, and 74% for one-, three-, and five-cell systems are achieved, respectively. The Cell-Dock system provides precise and dynamic cell packing models to facilitate lymphocyte-interaction studies. The results demonstrate that individual natural killer (NK) cells may function independently rather than cooperate to lyse target cells in the defined microenvironment. Furthermore, the strong/weak NK cells are retrieved based on their on-chip cytotoxicity and mRNA sequencing is conducted to find the possible mechanisms for "serial killing," an important but unsolved issue. This study finds that the stronger NK cells overexpress multiple genes involved in cytotoxicity and adhesion molecules (including the well-known ICAM1 and seldom reported B4GALT1) might play important roles in the regulation of NK cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Crystal Wang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bangshun He
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Timothy Vu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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24
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Liu Y, Lu H. Microfluidics in systems biology-hype or truly useful? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 39:215-220. [PMID: 27267565 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology often relies on large-scale measurements and model-building to understand how complex biological systems function. Microfluidic technology has been touted as a tool for high-throughput experiments and has been a valuable tool to some systems biology research. This review focuses on applications where microfluidics can enhance experimental sensitivity and throughput, particularly in recent development in single-cell analyses and analyses on multi-cellular or complex biological entities. We conclude that microfluidics is not necessarily always useful for systems biology, but when used appropriately can greatly enhance experimentalists' ability to measure and control, and thereby enhance the understanding of and expand the utility of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States.
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25
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Gaiteri JC, Henley WH, Siegfried NA, Linz TH, Ramsey JM. Use of Ice-Nucleating Proteins To Improve the Performance of Freeze–Thaw Valves in Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5998-6005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Gaiteri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - W. Hampton Henley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nathan A. Siegfried
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas H. Linz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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26
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Zhang K, Gao M, Chong Z, Li Y, Han X, Chen R, Qin L. Single-cell isolation by a modular single-cell pipette for RNA-sequencing. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4742-4748. [PMID: 27841430 PMCID: PMC5554467 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01241h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing highly requires a convenient and reliable method to rapidly isolate a live cell into a specific container such as a PCR tube. Here, we report a modular single-cell pipette (mSCP) consisting of three modular components, a SCP-Tip, an air-displacement pipette (ADP), and ADP-Tips, that can be easily assembled, disassembled, and reassembled. By assembling the SCP-Tip containing a hydrodynamic trap, the mSCP can isolate single cells from 5-10 cells per μL of cell suspension. The mSCP is compatible with microscopic identification of captured single cells to finally achieve 100% single-cell isolation efficiency. The isolated live single cells are in submicroliter volumes and well suitable for single-cell PCR analysis and RNA-sequencing. The mSCP possesses merits of convenience, rapidness, and high efficiency, making it a powerful tool to isolate single cells for transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zechen Chong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Dufour YS, Gillet S, Frankel NW, Weibel DB, Emonet T. Direct Correlation between Motile Behavior and Protein Abundance in Single Cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005041. [PMID: 27599206 PMCID: PMC5012591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how stochastic molecular fluctuations affect cell behavior requires the quantification of both behavior and protein numbers in the same cells. Here, we combine automated microscopy with in situ hydrogel polymerization to measure single-cell protein expression after tracking swimming behavior. We characterized the distribution of non-genetic phenotypic diversity in Escherichia coli motility, which affects single-cell exploration. By expressing fluorescently tagged chemotaxis proteins (CheR and CheB) at different levels, we quantitatively mapped motile phenotype (tumble bias) to protein numbers using thousands of single-cell measurements. Our results disagreed with established models until we incorporated the role of CheB in receptor deamidation and the slow fluctuations in receptor methylation. Beyond refining models, our central finding is that changes in numbers of CheR and CheB affect the population mean tumble bias and its variance independently. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the degree of phenotypic diversity of a population by adjusting the global level of expression of CheR and CheB while keeping their ratio constant, which, as shown in previous studies, confers functional robustness to the system. Since genetic control of protein expression is heritable, our results suggest that non-genetic diversity in motile behavior is selectable, supporting earlier hypotheses that such diversity confers a selective advantage. Cell-to-cell variations in protein numbers due to random fluctuations at the molecular level lead to cell-to-cell variations in behavior. To maintain predictable responses, signaling networks have evolved robustness against noise, but in some situations phenotypic diversity in a clonal population can be beneficial as a bet hedging or division of labor strategy. Investigating of how random molecular fluctuations affect cell behavior requires to measure biological parameters at different scales. Here, we report a new experiment that allows the measure of both protein numbers and behavior in cells that are free to move in their environment. Using Escherichia coli, a model system for the study of cellular behavior, we investigated the effects variations in the numbers of the chemo-receptor modification enzymes on single-cell swimming behavior. We found that the mean and variance of the behavior can be adjusted independently in the population by adjusting protein expression. This mechanism allows for the genetic selection of phenotypic diversity without disrupting correlations in protein expression that are important for the overall robustness of the chemotaxis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann S Dufour
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Gillet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas W Frankel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thierry Emonet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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28
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Shields CW, Ohiri KA, Szott LM, López GP. Translating microfluidics: Cell separation technologies and their barriers to commercialization. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:115-125. [PMID: 27282966 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microfluidic cell sorting have revolutionized the ways in which cell-containing fluids are processed, now providing performances comparable to, or exceeding, traditional systems, but in a vastly miniaturized format. These technologies exploit a wide variety of physical phenomena to manipulate cells and fluid flow, such as magnetic traps, sound waves and flow-altering micropatterns, and they can evaluate single cells by immobilizing them onto surfaces for chemotherapeutic assessment, encapsulate cells into picoliter droplets for toxicity screenings and examine the interactions between pairs of cells in response to new, experimental drugs. However, despite the massive surge of innovation in these high-performance lab-on-a-chip devices, few have undergone successful commercialization, and no device has been translated to a widely distributed clinical commodity to date. Persistent challenges such as an increasingly saturated patent landscape as well as complex user interfaces are among several factors that may contribute to their slowed progress. In this article, we identify several of the leading microfluidic technologies for sorting cells that are poised for clinical translation; we examine the principal barriers preventing their routine clinical use; finally, we provide a prospectus to elucidate the key criteria that must be met to overcome those barriers. Once established, these tools may soon transform how clinical labs study various ailments and diseases by separating cells for downstream sequencing and enabling other forms of advanced cellular or sub-cellular analysis. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Korine A Ohiri
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Luisa M Szott
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Gabriel P López
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
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29
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Wen N, Zhao Z, Fan B, Chen D, Men D, Wang J, Chen J. Development of Droplet Microfluidics Enabling High-Throughput Single-Cell Analysis. Molecules 2016; 21:E881. [PMID: 27399651 PMCID: PMC6272933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in droplet microfluidics enabling high-throughput single-cell analysis. Five key aspects in this field are included in this review: (1) prototype demonstration of single-cell encapsulation in microfluidic droplets; (2) technical improvements of single-cell encapsulation in microfluidic droplets; (3) microfluidic droplets enabling single-cell proteomic analysis; (4) microfluidic droplets enabling single-cell genomic analysis; and (5) integrated microfluidic droplet systems enabling single-cell screening. We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities by focusing on key performances of throughput, multifunctionality, and absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wen
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Beiyuan Fan
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Deyong Chen
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dong Men
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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30
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Development of Microfluidic Systems Enabling High-Throughput Single-Cell Protein Characterization. SENSORS 2016; 16:232. [PMID: 26891303 PMCID: PMC4801608 DOI: 10.3390/s16020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in microfluidic systems enabling high-throughput characterization of single-cell proteins. Four key perspectives of microfluidic platforms are included in this review: (1) microfluidic fluorescent flow cytometry; (2) droplet based microfluidic flow cytometry; (3) large-array micro wells (microengraving); and (4) large-array micro chambers (barcode microchips). We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities by focusing on three key performance parameters (absolute quantification, sensitivity, and throughput).
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shashi K. Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail N. Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Single-Cell Mechanical Properties: Label-Free Biomarkers for Cell Status Evaluation. SERIES IN BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49118-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Wang Y, Li Y, Thérien-Aubin H, Ma J, Zandstra PW, Kumacheva E. Two-dimensional arrays of cell-laden polymer hydrogel modules. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014110. [PMID: 26858822 PMCID: PMC4723409 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscale technologies offer the capability to generate in vitro artificial cellular microenvironments that recapitulate the spatial, biochemical, and biophysical characteristics of the native extracellular matrices and enable systematic, quantitative, and high-throughput studies of cell fate in their respective environments. We developed a microfluidic platform for the generation of two-dimensional arrays of micrometer-size cell-laden hydrogel modules (HMs) for cell encapsulation and culture. Fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) and non-adherent T cells (EL4) encapsulated in HMs showed high viability and proliferation. The platform was used for real-time studies of the effect of spatial constraints and structural and mechanical properties of HMs on cell growth, both on the level of individual cells. Due to the large number of cell-laden HMs and stochastic cell distribution, cell studies were conducted in a time- and labor efficient manner. The platform has a broad range of applications in the exploration of the role of chemical and biophysical cues on individual cells, studies of in vitro cell migration, and the examination of cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ma
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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34
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Myung JH, Hong S. Microfluidic devices to enrich and isolate circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4500-11. [PMID: 26549749 PMCID: PMC4664604 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the potential clinical impact of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood as a clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers, a myriad of detection methods for CTCs have been recently introduced. Among those, a series of microfluidic devices are particularly promising as they uniquely offer micro-scale analytical systems that are highlighted by low consumption of samples and reagents, high flexibility to accommodate other cutting-edge technologies, precise and well-defined flow behaviors, and automation capability, presenting significant advantages over conventional larger scale systems. In this review, we highlight the advantages of microfluidic devices and their potential for translation into CTC detection methods, categorized by miniaturization of bench-top analytical instruments, integration capability with nanotechnologies, and in situ or sequential analysis of captured CTCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CTC detection achieved through application of microfluidic devices and the challenges that these promising technologies must overcome to be clinically impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Myung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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35
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A single-cell encapsulation method based on a microfluidic multi-step droplet splitting system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Digital Microfluidics for Manipulation and Analysis of a Single Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22319-32. [PMID: 26389890 PMCID: PMC4613310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic structural and functional unit of a living organism is a single cell. To understand the variability and to improve the biomedical requirement of a single cell, its analysis has become a key technique in biological and biomedical research. With a physical boundary of microchannels and microstructures, single cells are efficiently captured and analyzed, whereas electric forces sort and position single cells. Various microfluidic techniques have been exploited to manipulate single cells through hydrodynamic and electric forces. Digital microfluidics (DMF), the manipulation of individual droplets holding minute reagents and cells of interest by electric forces, has received more attention recently. Because of ease of fabrication, compactness and prospective automation, DMF has become a powerful approach for biological application. We review recent developments of various microfluidic chips for analysis of a single cell and for efficient genetic screening. In addition, perspectives to develop analysis of single cells based on DMF and emerging functionality with high throughput are discussed.
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37
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Single-cell PCR of genomic DNA enabled by automated single-cell printing for cell isolation. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Non-linear optical flow cytometry using a scanned, Bessel beam light-sheet. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10751. [PMID: 26021750 PMCID: PMC4448227 DOI: 10.1038/srep10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern flow cytometry instruments have become vital tools for high-throughput analysis of single cells. However, as issues with the cellular labeling techniques often used in flow cytometry have become more of a concern, the development of label-free modalities for cellular analysis is increasingly desired. Non-linear optical phenomena (NLO) are of growing interest for label-free analysis because of the ability to measure the intrinsic optical response of biomolecules found in cells. We demonstrate that a light-sheet consisting of a scanned Bessel beam is an optimal excitation geometry for efficiently generating NLO signals in a microfluidic environment. The balance of photon density and cross-sectional area provided by the light-sheet allowed significantly larger two-photon fluorescence intensities to be measured in a model polystyrene microparticle system compared to measurements made using other excitation focal geometries, including a relaxed Gaussian excitation beam often used in conventional flow cytometers.
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39
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Microfluidic impedance flow cytometry enabling high-throughput single-cell electrical property characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9804-30. [PMID: 25938973 PMCID: PMC4463619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for high-throughput electrical property characterization of single cells. Four major perspectives of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell characterization are included in this review: (1) early developments of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell electrical property characterization; (2) microfluidic impedance flow cytometry with enhanced sensitivity; (3) microfluidic impedance and optical flow cytometry for single-cell analysis and (4) integrated point of care system based on microfluidic impedance flow cytometry. We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities from the perspectives of both technical innovation and clinical applications.
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40
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Thompson AM, Gansen A, Paguirigan AL, Kreutz JE, Radich JP, Chiu DT. Self-digitization microfluidic chip for absolute quantification of mRNA in single cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12308-14. [PMID: 25390242 PMCID: PMC4270397 DOI: 10.1021/ac5035924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Quantification
of mRNA in single cells provides direct insight
into how intercellular heterogeneity plays a role in disease progression
and outcomes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), the current
gold standard for evaluating gene expression, is insufficient for
providing absolute measurement of single-cell mRNA transcript abundance.
Challenges include difficulties in handling small sample volumes and
the high variability in measurements. Microfluidic digital PCR provides
far better sensitivity for minute quantities of genetic material,
but the typical format of this assay does not allow for counting of
the absolute number of mRNA transcripts samples taken from single
cells. Furthermore, a large fraction of the sample is often lost during
sample handling in microfluidic digital PCR. Here, we report the absolute
quantification of single-cell mRNA transcripts by digital, one-step
reverse transcription PCR in a simple microfluidic array device called
the self-digitization (SD) chip. By performing the reverse transcription
step in digitized volumes, we find that the assay exhibits a linear
signal across a wide range of total RNA concentrations and agrees
well with standard curve qPCR. The SD chip is found to digitize a
high percentage (86.7%) of the sample for single-cell experiments.
Moreover, quantification of transferrin receptor mRNA in single cells
agrees well with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization
experiments. The SD platform for absolute quantification of single-cell
mRNA can be optimized for other genes and may be useful as an independent
control method for the validation of mRNA quantification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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41
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Pratt ED, Stepansky A, Hicks J, Kirby BJ. Single-cell copy number analysis of prostate cancer cells captured with geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture microdevices. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11013-7. [PMID: 25363873 DOI: 10.1021/ac503453v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limited access to tumor tissue makes repeated sampling and real-time tracking of cancer progression infeasible. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provide the capacity for real-time genetic characterization of a disseminating tumor cell population via a simple blood draw. However, there is no straightforward method to analyze broadscale genetic rearrangements in this heterogeneous cell population at the single cell level. We present a one-step controllable chemical extraction of whole nuclei from prostate cancer cells captured using geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture (GEDI) microdevices. We have successfully used copy number profile analysis to differentiate between two unique cancer cell line populations of metastatic origin (LNCaP and VCaP) and to analyze key mutations important in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Pratt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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