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Sonokawa T, Fujiwara Y, Pan C, Komohara Y, Usuda J. Enhanced systemic antitumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with immunological response induced by photodynamic therapy. Thorac Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38739102 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an antitumor therapy and has traditionally been regarded as a localized therapy in itself. However, recent reports have shown that it not only exerts a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells but also enhances body's tumor immunity. We hypothesized that the immunological response induced by PDT could potentially enhance the efficacy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) / programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. METHODS The cytotoxic effects of PDT on colon 26 cells were investigated in vitro using the WST assay. We investigated whether the antitumor effect of anti-PD-1 antibodies could be amplified by the addition of PDT. We performed combination therapy by randomly allocating tumor-bearing mice to four treatment groups: control, anti-PD-1 antibodies, PDT, and a combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies and PDT. To analyze the tumor microenvironment after treatment, the tumors were resected and pathologically evaluated. RESULTS The viability rate of colon 26 cells decreased proportionally with the laser dose. In vivo experiments for combined PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody treatment, combination therapy showed an enhanced antitumor effect compared with the control. Immunohistochemical findings of the tumor microenvironment 10 days after PDT indicated that the number of CD8+ cells, the area of Iba-1+ cells and the area expressing PD-L1 were significantly higher in tumors treated with combination therapy than in tumors treated with anti-PD-1 antibody alone, PDT alone, or the control. CONCLUSIONS PDT increased immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. The immunological response induced by PDT may enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Anand S, Shen A, Cheng CE, Chen J, Powers J, Rayman P, Diaz M, Hasan T, Maytin EV. Combination of vitamin D and photodynamic therapy enhances immune responses in murine models of squamous cell skin cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103983. [PMID: 38281610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Improved treatment outcomes for non-melanoma skin cancers can be achieved if Vitamin D (Vit D) is used as a neoadjuvant prior to photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the mechanisms for this effect are unclear. Vit D elevates protoporphyrin (PpIX) levels within tumor cells, but also exerts immune-modulatory effects. Here, two murine models, UVB-induced actinic keratoses (AK) and human squamous cell carcinoma (A431) xenografts, were used to analyze the time course of local and systemic immune responses after PDT ± Vit D. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry of tissues and flow analysis (FACS) of blood were employed. In tissue, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were increased, and infiltration of neutrophils (Ly6G+), macrophages (F4/80+), and dendritic cells (CD11c+) were observed. In most cases, Vit D alone or PDT alone increased cell recruitment, but Vit D + PDT showed even greater recruitment effects. Similarly for T cells, increased infiltration of total (CD3+), cytotoxic (CD8+) and regulatory (FoxP3+) T-cells was observed after Vit D or PDT, but the increase was even greater with the combination. FACS analysis revealed a variety of interesting changes in circulating immune cell levels. In particular, neutrophils decreased in the blood after Vit D, consistent with migration of neutrophils into AK lesions. Levels of cells expressing the PD-1+ checkpoint receptor were reduced in AKs following Vit D, potentially counteracting PD-1+ elevations seen after PDT alone. In summary, Vit D and ALA-PDT, two treatments with individual immunogenic effects, may be advantageous in combination to improve treatment efficacy and management of AK in the dermatology clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Alan Shen
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Cheng-En Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jacky Chen
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pat Rayman
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marcela Diaz
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.
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3
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Christie C, Madsen SJ, Peng Q, Hirschberg H. Macrophages as a photosensitizer delivery system for photodynamic therapy: Potential for the local treatment of resected glioblastoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103897. [PMID: 37984525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy is determined in part by the concentration of photosensitizer (PS) at the treatment site. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant limitation on the transport of PS into the post-operative resection region where brain tumors most often recur. Macrophages (Ma), as opposed to free or nanoparticle bound agents, are known to actively migrate to and around tumors, and can therefore be used as delivery vectors for both drugs and photosensitizers. METHODS Mouse Ma (RAW264.7) and F98 rat glioma cells were used in all experiments along with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a. Mitomycin-treated Ma were loaded with photosensitizer (PS) and mixed with glioma cells, forming hybrid spheroids. F98 spheroids were incubated with supernatants derived from PS-loaded Ma (MaPS). Light treatment (PDT) was administered at various radiant exposures from a 670 nm diode laser. The growth of both types of spheroids was evaluated by measurement of spheroid volume after 14 days in culture. RESULTS PDT on F98 cell spheroid cultures, mediated by either free or PS-released from Ma, demonstrated a significant growth inhibition with supernatants harvested after 4 and 24 h. A significant PDT-induced growth inhibition was demonstrated in the MaPS/F98 hybrid spheroid experiments. CONCLUSION Since the efficacy of PDT, mediated by either free or released photosensitizer was comparable, the uptake and released photosensitizer was not degraded. MaPS, incorporated in hybrid tumor spheroids also mediated effective PDT. These results indicate that Ma have potential as an effective vector for photosensitizer delivery to resected brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Christie
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Steen J Madsen
- Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Qian Peng
- Pathology Clinic, 4Department of Radiation Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF Medical Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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4
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Francois A, Dirheimer L, Chateau A, Lassalle HP, Yakavets I, Bezdetnaya L. A Macrophages-Enriched Head and Neck Tumor Spheroid Model to Study Foslip ® Behavior in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6545-6562. [PMID: 37965282 PMCID: PMC10642551 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s427350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of various stromal components, including immune cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play a crucial role in cancer initiation and progression. TAMs can exhibit either a tumor-suppressive M1 or a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype. First, we aimed to develop a 3D human heterotypic model consisting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and different subtypes of macrophages to replicate the interactions between immune cells and cancer cells. We further investigated the behavior of Foslip®, a liposomal formulation of temoporfin, using a macrophage-enriched 3D model. Methods Monocytes were differentiated into M1 and M2 macrophages, which represent two distinct subtypes. Following histological and molecular characterization, these macrophages were used to establish a 3D spheroid model of HNSCC enriched with either polarized macrophages or conditioned media. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were used to assess the accumulation and distribution of Foslip®. The cytotoxic effect of Foslip®-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was evaluated using flow cytometry. Results We developed heterotypic spheroids characterized by a mixed phenotype of evenly distributed macrophages. In this 3D co-culture model, both M1 and M2 macrophages showed significantly higher accumulation of Foslip® compared to the cancer cells. Although this differential accumulation did not drastically affect the overall PDT efficiency, spheroids generated with conditioned media exhibited a significant enhancement in photo-induced cell death, suggesting that the microenvironment could modulate the response to Foslip®-PDT. Conclusion 3D models of HNSCC cells and macrophages provide valuable insights into the complex response of HNSCC cells to PDT using Foslip® in vitro. This model can be used to screen immunomodulatory nanomedicines targeting TAMs in solid head and neck tumors, either alone or in combination with standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Francois
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Luca Dirheimer
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alicia Chateau
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Henri-Pierre Lassalle
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ilya Yakavets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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5
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Han L, Huang X, Zhao B, Zhu H, Wang R, Liu S, Lin H, Feng F, Ma X, Liu F, Xue J, Liu W. TGF-β1 mediates tumor immunosuppression aggravating at the late stage post-high-light-dose photodynamic therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3079-3095. [PMID: 37351605 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging clinical treatment that is expected to become an important adjuvant strategy for the immunotherapeutic cancer treatment. Recently, numerous works have reported combination strategies. However, clinical data showed that the anti-tumor immune response of PDT was not lasting though existing. The immune activation effect will eventually turn to immunosuppressive effect and get aggravated at the late stage post-PDT. So far, the mechanism is still unclear, which limits the design of specific correction strategies and further development of PDT. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for TGF-β1 in the immunosuppression associated with PDT. Herein, this study systematically illustrated the dynamic changes of immune states post-PDT within the tumor microenvironment. The results clearly demonstrated that high-light-dose PDT, as a therapeutic dose, induced early immune activation followed by late immunosuppression, which was mediated by the activated TGF-β1 upregulation. Then, the mechanism of PDT-induced TGF-β1 accumulation and immunosuppression was elucidated, including the ROS/TGF-β1/MMP-9 positive feedback loop and CD44-mediated local amplification, which was further confirmed by spatial transcriptomics, as well as by the extensive immune inhibitory effect of local high concentration of TGF-β1. Finally, a TGF-β blockade treatment strategy was presented as a promising combinational strategy to reverse high-light-dose PDT-associated immunosuppression. The results of this study provide new insights for the biology mechanism and smart improvement approaches to enhance tumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaoxian Huang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Tumor Precise Intervention and Translational Medicine Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hongtan Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shaoxia Liu
- Tumor Precise Intervention and Translational Medicine Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Honglei Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fulei Liu
- Tumor Precise Intervention and Translational Medicine Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China.
- Pharmaceutical Department, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Jingwei Xue
- Tumor Precise Intervention and Translational Medicine Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- Zhejiang Center for Safety Study of Drug Substances (Industrial Technology Innovation Platform), Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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6
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Li M, Jiang P, Wei S, Wang J, Li C. The role of macrophages-mediated communications among cell compositions of tumor microenvironment in cancer progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113312. [PMID: 36845095 PMCID: PMC9947507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that tumor-associated macrophages are the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in tumor initiation and progression. Furthermore, the proportion of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is associated with the prognosis of patients with cancer. Tumor-associated macrophages can polarize into anti-tumorigenic phenotype (M1) and pro-tumorigenic phenotype (M2) by the stimulation of T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells respectively, and then exert opposite effects on tumor progression. Besides, there also is wide communication between tumor-associated macrophages and other immune compositions, such as cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, neutrophils and so on. Furthermore, the crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and other immune cells greatly influences tumor development and treatment outcomes. Notably, many functional molecules and signaling pathways have been found to participate in the interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and other immune cells and can be targeted to regulate tumor progression. Therefore, regulating these interactions and CAR-M therapy are considered to be novel immunotherapeutic pathways for the treatment of malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized the interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and other immune compositions in the tumor microenvironment and the underlying molecular mechanisms and analyzed the possibility to block or eradicate cancer by regulating tumor-associated macrophage-related tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuhua Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- *Correspondence: Chunxiao Li, ; Junjie Wang,
| | - Chunxiao Li
- *Correspondence: Chunxiao Li, ; Junjie Wang,
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7
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Cerro PA, Mascaraque M, Gallego-Rentero M, Almenara-Blasco M, Nicolás-Morala J, Santiago JL, González S, Gracia-Cazaña T, Juarranz Á, Gilaberte Y. Tumor microenvironment in non-melanoma skin cancer resistance to photodynamic therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:970279. [PMID: 36338755 PMCID: PMC9634550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.970279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer has recently seen an increase in prevalence, and it is estimated that this grow will continue in the coming years. In this sense, the importance of therapy effectiveness has increased, especially photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy has attracted much attention as a minimally invasive, selective and repeatable approach for skin cancer treatment and prevention. Although its high efficiency, this strategy has also faced problems related to tumor resistance, where the tumor microenvironment has gained a well-deserved role in recent years. Tumor microenvironment denotes a wide variety of elements, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells or the extracellular matrix, where their interaction and the secretion of a wide diversity of cytokines. Therefore, the need of designing new strategies targeting elements of the tumor microenvironment to overcome the observed resistance has become evident. To this end, in this review we focus on the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages in the resistance to photodynamic therapy. We are also exploring new approaches consisting in the combination of new and old drugs targeting these cells with photodynamic therapy to enhance treatment outcomes of non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina A. Cerro
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Marta Mascaraque
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Almenara-Blasco
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santiago
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
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Anand S, Heusinkveld LE, Cheng CE, Lefatshe L, De Silva P, Hasan T, Maytin EV. Combination of 5-Fluorouracil with Photodynamic Therapy: Enhancement of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Murine Model of Actinic Keratosis. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:437-447. [PMID: 36039609 DOI: 10.1111/php.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that a combination of differentiation-inducing agents (5-fluorouracil, vitamin D3, or methotrexate) and aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) improves clinical responses by enhancing protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photosensitizer levels and cell death. Here, we show that in addition to its previously known effects, 5-fluorouracil (5FU) enhances PDT-induced tumor-regressing immunity. Murine actinic keratoses (AK) were treated with topical 5FU or vehicle for three days prior to ALA application, followed by blue light illumination (~417 nm). Lesions were harvested for time-course analyses of innate immune cell recruitment into lesions, i.e., neutrophils (Ly6G+) and macrophages (F4/80+), which peaked at 72 hours and 1 week post PDT, respectively, and was greater in 5FU treated lesions. Enhanced infiltration of activated T cells (CD3+) throughout the time course, and of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) at 1 - 2 weeks post PDT, also occurred in 5FU treated lesions. 5FU pretreatment reduced the presence of cells expressing the immune checkpoint marker PD-1 at ~72 hours post PDT, favoring cytotoxic T cell activity. A combination of 5FU and PDT, each individually known to induce long-term tumor-targeting immune responses in addition to their more immediate effects on cancer cells, may synergize to provide better management of squamous precancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Lauren E Heusinkveld
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Cheng-En Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Lefatshe Lefatshe
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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9
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Kogan EA, Meerovich GA, Karshieva SS, Makarova EA, Romanishkin ID, Akhlyustina EV, Meerovich IG, Zharkov NV, Demura TA, Chen ZL, Koudan EV, Angelov IP, Loschenov VB. On the mechanisms of photodynamic action of photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin against human lung cancer cells A549 (in vitro study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102955. [PMID: 35690323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the tasks of anticancer photodynamic therapy is increasing the efficacy of treatment of cancer nodes with large (clinically relevant) sizes using near-infrared photosensitizers (PS). We study the photodynamic action against A549 human lung cancer cells using PS based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin. METHODS The efficacy and mechanisms of the photodynamic action of PS based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin against A549 lung cancer cells were studied in vitro using immunocytochemical and morphological methods. RESULTS It was found that PS based on tetracationic and octacationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin induce necrosis, apoptosis, decreasing of proliferative and mitotic activity, as well as reducing the number of ALDH1-positive cancer cells with signs of stem cells in A549 human lung cancer cell culture. The IC50 values (concentration of a PS that reduces cells survival by 50%) were about 0.69 μM for tetracationic PS and 0.57 μM for octacationic PS under irradiation at 30 J/cm2 while in the "dark" control they were higher than 100 μM for both PSs. CONCLUSIONS Photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin have high phototoxicity against A549 cancer cells caused by the induction of necrosis and apoptosis of cancer cells, including cells with signs of stemness, and a sharp decrease of mitotic and proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Gennady A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Saida Sh Karshieva
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; 3D Bioprinting Solutions Ltd., Moscow 115409, Russia
| | | | - Igor D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Irina G Meerovich
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Zharkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Demura
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; Huadong Hospital at Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Ivan P Angelov
- Institute of Electronics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
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10
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Ma Y, Xiao F, Lu C, Wen L. Multifunctional Nanosystems Powered Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905078. [PMID: 35645842 PMCID: PMC9130658 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with the intrinsic advantages including non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, low side-effects, and immune activation ability has been clinically approved for the treatment of head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, the PDT is only a strategy for local control of primary tumor, that it is hard to remove the residual tumor cells and inhibit the tumor metastasis. Recently, various smart nanomedicine-based strategies are developed to overcome the barriers of traditional PDT including the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death and tumor resistance to the therapy. More notably, a growing number of studies have focused on improving the therapeutic efficiency by eliciting host immune system with versatile nanoplatforms, which heralds a broader clinical application prospect of PDT in the future. Herein, the pathways of PDT induced-tumor destruction, especially the host immune response is summarized, and focusing on the recent progress of nanosystems-enhanced PDT through eliciting innate immunity and adaptive immunity. We expect it will provide some insights for conquering the drawbacks current PDT and expand the range of clinical application through this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Ma
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengfeng Xiao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Cuixia Lu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
| | - Liewei Wen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
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11
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Kimura Y, Aoki H, Soyama T, Sakuragi A, Otsuka Y, Nomoto A, Yano S, Nishie H, Kataoka H, Aoyama M. Photodynamic therapy using mannose-conjugated chlorin e6 increases cell surface calreticulin in cancer cells and promotes macrophage phagocytosis. Med Oncol 2022; 39:82. [PMID: 35478050 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) damages cancer cells via photosensitization using harmless laser irradiation. We synthesized a new photosensitizer, mannose-conjugated-chlorin e6 (M-chlorin e6), which targets mannose receptors that are highly expressed on M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) and cancer cells. In our previous study, we demonstrated that M-chlorin e6 PDT reduces tumor volume and decreases the proportion of M2-TAMs. Whether M-chlorin e6 PDT-treated cancer cells activate tumor immunity remains unclear, although the decrease in M2-TAMs is thought to be a direct injurious effect of M-chlorin e6 PDT. Calreticulin (CRT) is exposed at the surface of the membrane of cancer cells in response to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracycline and oxaliplatin. Surface-exposed CRT induces phagocytosis of CRT receptor-positive cells, including macrophages, inducing anticancer immune responses. In the present study, we found that M-chlorin e6 PDT increases CRT on the surface of cancer cells, leading to macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells. Furthermore, M-chlorin e6 PDT increases CD80+CD86+ macrophages. These results suggest that M-chlorin e6 PDT exerts anti-tumor effects by both enhancing the phagocytosis of cancer cells and strengthening the anti-tumor phenotype of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kimura
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Soyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Sakuragi
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuto Otsuka
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- KYOUSEI Science Center for Life and Nature, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-Higashimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hirotada Nishie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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12
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Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death by Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Aluminum-Phthalocyanine in Nanoemulsion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010196. [PMID: 35057091 PMCID: PMC8778058 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been clinically employed to treat mainly superficial cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma. This approach can eliminate tumors by direct cytotoxicity, tumor ischemia, or by triggering an immune response against tumor cells. Among the immune-related mechanisms of PDT, the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in target cells is to be cited. ICD is an apoptosis modality distinguished by the emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the immunogenicity of CT26 and 4T1 treated with PDT mediated by aluminum-phthalocyanine in nanoemulsion (PDT-AlPc-NE). Different PDT-AlPc-NE protocols with varying doses of energy and AlPc concentrations were tested. The death mechanism and the emission of DAMPs-CRT, HSP70, HSP90, HMGB1, and IL-1β-were analyzed in cells treated in vitro with PDT. Then, the immunogenicity of these cells was assessed in an in vivo vaccination-challenge model with BALB/c mice. CT26 and 4T1 cells treated in vitro with PDT mediated by AlPc IC50 and a light dose of 25 J/cm2 exhibited the hallmarks of ICD, i.e., these cells died by apoptosis and exposed DAMPs. Mice injected with these IC50 PDT-treated cells showed, in comparison to the control, increased resistance to the development of tumors in a subsequent challenge with viable cells. Mice injected with 4T1 and CT26 cells treated with higher or lower concentrations of photosensitizer and light doses exhibited a significantly lower resistance to tumor development than those injected with IC50 PDT-treated cells. The results presented in this study suggest that both the photosensitizer concentration and light dose affect the immunogenicity of the PDT-treated cells. This event can affect the therapy outcomes in vivo.
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13
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Kim SY, Cho EA, Bae SM, Kim SY, Park DH. The effect of a newly developed mini-light-emitting diode catheter for interstitial photodynamic therapy in pancreatic cancer xenografts. J Transl Med 2021; 19:248. [PMID: 34098978 PMCID: PMC8183063 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun A Cho
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Mun Bae
- Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Do Hyun Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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14
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Current Prospects for Treatment of Solid Tumors via Photodynamic, Photothermal, or Ionizing Radiation Therapies Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition (A Review). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050447. [PMID: 34068491 PMCID: PMC8151935 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) causes selective damage to tumor cells and vasculature and also triggers an anti-tumor immune response. The latter fact has prompted the exploration of PDT as an immune-stimulatory adjuvant. PDT is not the only cancer treatment that relies on electromagnetic energy to destroy cancer tissue. Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two other treatment modalities that employ photons (with wavelengths either shorter or longer than PDT, respectively) and also cause tissue damage and immunomodulation. Research on the three modalities has occurred in different “silos”, with minimal interaction between the three topics. This is happening at a time when immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), another focus of intense research and clinical development, has opened exciting possibilities for combining PDT, PTT, or RT with ICI to achieve improved therapeutic benefits. In this review, we surveyed the literature for studies that describe changes in anti-tumor immunity following the administration of PDT, PTT, and RT, including efforts to combine each modality with ICI. This information, collected all in one place, may make it easier to recognize similarities and differences and help to identify new mechanistic hypotheses toward the goal of achieving optimized combinations and tumor cures.
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15
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Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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16
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Céspedes MA, Saénz DA, Calvo GH, González M, MacRobert AJ, Battah S, Casas AG, Di Venosa GM. Apoptotic cell death induced by dendritic derivatives of aminolevulinic acid in endothelial and foam cells co-cultures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:489-499. [PMID: 33825180 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective procedure for the treatment of lesions diseases based on the selectivity of a photosensitising compound with the ability to accumulate in the target cell. Atherosclerotic plaque is a suitable target for PDT because of the preferential accumulation of photosensitisers in atherosclerotic plaques. Dendrimers are hyperbranched polymers conjugated to drugs. The dendrimers of ALA hold ester bonds that inside the cells are cleaved and release ALA, yielding PpIX production. The dendrimer 6m-ALA was chosen to perform this study since in previous studies it induced the highest porphyrin macrophage: endothelial cell ratio (Rodriguez et al. in Photochem Photobiol Sci 14:1617-1627, 2015). We transformed Raw 264.7 macrophages to foam cells by exposure to oxidised LDLs, and we employed a co-culture model of HMEC-1 endothelial cells and foam cells to study the affinity of ALA dendrimers for the foam cells. In this work it was proposed an in vitro model of atheromatous plaque, the aim was to study the selectivity of an ALA dendrimer for the foam cells as compared to the endothelial cells in a co-culture system and the type of cell death triggered by the photodynamic treatment. The ALA dendrimer 6m-ALA showed selectivity PDT response for foam cells against endothelial cells. A light dose of 1 J/cm2 eliminate foam cells, whereas less than 50% of HMEC-1 is killed, and apoptosis cell death is involved in this process, and no necrosis is present. We propose the use of ALA dendrimers as pro-photosensitisers to be employed in photoangioplasty to aid in the treatment of obstructive cardiovascular diseases, and these molecules can also be employed as a theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A Céspedes
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Saénz
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo H Calvo
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina González
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímica de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sinan Battah
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Adriana G Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela M Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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18
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Dcona MM, Mitra K, Hartman MCT. Photocontrolled activation of small molecule cancer therapeutics. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:982-1002. [PMID: 33479692 PMCID: PMC7513389 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional treatment of the disease is comprised of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery among other treatment approaches. Chemotherapy is plagued by multiple side-effects caused due to non-specific drug action. Light-based therapies offer an alternative treatment approach that can be fine tuned to achieve the desired effect to treat the disease and address challenges posed by chemotherapeutic side-effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the light mediated treatment modalities that has been successfully applied to treat superficial malignancies with high-efficiency, although its dependence on normoxic conditions limits its efficiency to treat deep-seated tumors. On the other hand, light-sensitive drug-mimetics and drug-release platforms have been deemed efficient in preclinical settings to induce cancer cell death with minimal collateral damage. Drawing from about a decade's worth of examples, we highlight the application of photosensitive molecules as an alternative therapeutic option to PDT and describe their designs that influence the biology of the cancer cells, in turn affecting their viability with high spatio-temporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Dcona
- Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1201 East Marshall Street , Richmond , 23298 , Virginia , USA .
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
| | - Koushambi Mitra
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W Main St , Richmond , 23284 , Virginia , USA
| | - Matthew C T Hartman
- Massey Cancer Center , 401 College St. , Richmond , 23219 , Virginia , USA
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W Main St , Richmond , 23284 , Virginia , USA
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19
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de Andrade LR, Tedesco AC, Primo FL, Farias GR, da Silva JR, Longo JP, de Almeida MC, de Souza PE, de Azevedo RB, Pinheiro WO, Lacava ZG. Tumor cell death in orthotopic breast cancer model by NanoALA: a novel perspective on photodynamic therapy in oncology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1019-1036. [PMID: 32264766 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nano-5-aminolevulic acid (NanoALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), an oil-in-water polymeric nanoemulsion of ALA, was evaluated in a murine model of breast cancer. Materials & methods: Analysis of ALA-derived protoporphyrin IX production and acute toxicity test, biocompatibility and treatment efficacy, and long-term effect of NanoALA-PDT on tumor progression were performed. Results: The nanoformulation favored the prodrug uptake by tumor cells in a shorter time (1.5 h). As a result, the adverse effects were negligible and the response rates for primary mammary tumor control were significantly improved. Tumor progression was slower after NanoALA-PDT treatment, providing longer survival. Conclusion: NanoALA is a good proactive drug candidate for PDT against cancer potentially applied as adjuvant/neoadjuvant intervention strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise R de Andrade
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering - Photobiology & Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences & Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14010-100, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Primo
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Farias
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline R da Silva
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João Pf Longo
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcos C de Almeida
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo En de Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70919-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B de Azevedo
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Willie O Pinheiro
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Sciences & Technologies in Health, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, 72220-275, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Zulmira Gm Lacava
- Department of Genetics & Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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20
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Wilson BC, Weersink RA. The Yin and Yang of PDT and PTT. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:219-231. [PMID: 31769516 DOI: 10.1111/php.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang ("dark-bright," "negative-positive") describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected and interdependent. This paper provides this perspective on photodynamic and photothermal therapies, with a focus on the treatment of solid tumors. The relative strengths and weaknesses of each modality, both current and emerging, are considered with respect to the underlying biophysics, the required technologies, the biological effects, their translation into clinical practice and the realized or potential clinical outcomes. For each specific clinical application, one or the other modality may be clearly preferred, or both are effectively equivalent in terms of the various scientific/technological/practical/clinical trade-offs involved. Alternatively, a combination may the best approach. Such combined approaches may be facilitated by the use of multifunctional nanoparticles. It is important to understand the many factors that go into the selection of the optimal approach and the objective of this paper is to provide guidance on this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Weersink
- University Health Network/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
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21
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Nath S, Obaid G, Hasan T. The Course of Immune Stimulation by Photodynamic Therapy: Bridging Fundamentals of Photochemically Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to the Enrichment of T-Cell Repertoire. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1288-1305. [PMID: 31602649 PMCID: PMC6878142 DOI: 10.1111/php.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially immunogenic and FDA-approved antitumor treatment modality that utilizes the spatiotemporal combination of a photosensitizer, light and oftentimes oxygen, to generate therapeutic cytotoxic molecules. Certain photosensitizers under specific conditions, including ones in clinical practice, have been shown to elicit an immune response following photoillumination. When localized within tumor tissue, photogenerated cytotoxic molecules can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which release damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-specific antigens. Subsequently, the T-lymphocyte (T cell)-mediated adaptive immune system can become activated. Activated T cells then disseminate into systemic circulation and can eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we will detail the multistage cascade of events following PDT of solid tumors that ultimately lead to the activation of an antitumor immune response. More specifically, we connect the fundamentals of photochemically induced ICD with a proposition on potential mechanisms for PDT enhancement of the adaptive antitumor response. We postulate a hypothesis that during the course of the immune stimulation process, PDT also enriches the T-cell repertoire with tumor-reactive activated T cells, diversifying their tumor-specific targets and eliciting a more expansive and rigorous antitumor response. The implications of such a process are likely to impact the outcomes of rational combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, warranting investigations into T-cell diversity as a previously understudied and potentially transformative paradigm in antitumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kercher EM, Nath S, Rizvi I, Spring BQ. Cancer Cell-targeted and Activatable Photoimmunotherapy Spares T Cells in a 3D Coculture Model. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:295-300. [PMID: 31424560 DOI: 10.1111/php.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established therapeutic modality that uses nonionizing near-infrared light to activate photocytotoxicity of endogenous or exogenous photosensitizers (PSs). An ongoing avenue of cancer research involves leveraging PDT to stimulate antitumor immune responses; however, these effects appear to be best elicited in low-dose regimens that do not provide significant tumor reduction using conventional, nonspecific PSs. The loss of immune enhancement at higher PDT doses may arise in part from indiscriminate damage to local immune cell populations, including tumor-infiltrating T cells. We previously introduced "tumor-targeted, activatable photoimmunotherapy" (taPIT) using molecular-targeted and cell-activatable antibody-PS conjugates to realize precision tumor photodamage with microscale fidelity. Here, we investigate the immune cell sparing effect provided by taPIT in a 3D model of the tumor immune microenvironment. We report that high-dose taPIT spares 25% of the local immune cell population, five times more than the conventional PDT regimen, in a 3D coculture model incorporating epithelial ovarian cancer cells and T cells. These findings suggest that the enhanced selectivity of taPIT may be utilized to achieve local tumor reduction with sparing of intratumor effector immune cells that would otherwise be lost if treated with conventional PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Kercher
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bryan Q Spring
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
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23
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Photodynamic activity of Temoporfin nanoparticles induces a shift to the M1-like phenotype in M2-polarized macrophages. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 185:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Rajendrakumar SK, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Nanoparticle-Based Phototriggered Cancer Immunotherapy and Its Domino Effect in the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1869-1887. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kalash Rajendrakumar
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
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25
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Hally C, Rodríguez-Amigo B, Bresolí-Obach R, Planas O, Nos J, Boix-Garriga E, Ruiz-González R, Nonell S. Photodynamic Therapy. THERANOSTICS AND IMAGE GUIDED DRUG DELIVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788010597-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a clinical technique for the treatment of cancers, microbial infections and other medical conditions by means of light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species using photosensitising drugs. The intrinsic fluorescence of many such drugs make them potential theranostic agents for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. This chapter reviews the basic chemical and biological aspects of photodynamic therapy with an emphasis on its applications in theranostics. The roles of nanotechnology is highlighted, as well as emerging trends such as photoimmunotherapy, image-guided surgery and light- and singlet-oxygen dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Hally
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Roger Bresolí-Obach
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Oriol Planas
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jaume Nos
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ester Boix-Garriga
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rubén Ruiz-González
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
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26
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Li Y, Zheng X, Zhang X, Liu S, Pei Q, Zheng M, Xie Z. Porphyrin-Based Carbon Dots for Photodynamic Therapy of Hepatoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27860468 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin-containing carbon dots (CDs) possess ultrasmall size, excellent water solubility, and photostability. These CDs can effectively generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon irradiation, and induce the cell apoptosis. Photodynamic ability of CDs inhibits the growth of hepatoma. This work not only sheds light on developing functional carbon dots, but also highlights the importance of special-structure precursor molecules in synthesizing functional CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Yanshan University; 438 Heibei Avenue Qinhuangdao Hebei 066004 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Yanshan University; 438 Heibei Avenue Qinhuangdao Hebei 066004 P. R. China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| | - Qing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science; Advanced Institute of Materials Science; Changchun University of Technology; 2055 Yanan Street Changchun Jilin 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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27
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Yang Y, Hu Y, Wang H. Targeting Antitumor Immune Response for Enhancing the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5274084. [PMID: 27672421 PMCID: PMC5031843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5274084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, which can destroy local tumor cells and induce systemic antitumor immune response, whereas, focusing on improving direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells treated by PDT, there is growing interest in developing approaches to further explore the immune stimulatory properties of PDT. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by PDT against tumors, providing evidence showing PDT facilitated-antitumor immunity. Various immunotherapeutic approaches on different cells are reviewed for their effectiveness in improving the treatment efficiency in concert with PDT. Future perspectives are discussed for further enhancing PDT efficiency via intracellular targetable drug delivery as well as optimized experimental model development associated with the study of antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 169 Sheng Tai West Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Riley Robb, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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28
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Pogue BW, Elliott JT, Kanick SC, Davis SC, Samkoe KS, Maytin EV, Pereira SP, Hasan T. Revisiting photodynamic therapy dosimetry: reductionist & surrogate approaches to facilitate clinical success. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:R57-89. [PMID: 26961864 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/7/r57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a highly complex treatment, with many parameters influencing treatment efficacy. The extent to which dosimetry is used to monitor and standardize treatment delivery varies widely, ranging from measurement of a single surrogate marker to comprehensive approaches that aim to measure or estimate as many relevant parameters as possible. Today, most clinical PDT treatments are still administered with little more than application of a prescribed drug dose and timed light delivery, and thus the role of patient-specific dosimetry has not reached widespread clinical adoption. This disconnect is at least partly due to the inherent conflict between the need to measure and understand multiple parameters in vivo in order to optimize treatment, and the need for expedience in the clinic and in the regulatory and commercialization process. Thus, a methodical approach to selecting primary dosimetry metrics is required at each stage of translation of a treatment procedure, moving from complex measurements to understand PDT mechanisms in pre-clinical and early phase I trials, towards the identification and application of essential dose-limiting and/or surrogate measurements in phase II/III trials. If successful, identifying the essential and/or reliable surrogate dosimetry measurements should help facilitate increased adoption of clinical PDT. In this paper, examples of essential dosimetry points and surrogate dosimetry tools that may be implemented in phase II/III trials are discussed. For example, the treatment efficacy as limited by light penetration in interstitial PDT may be predicted by the amount of contrast uptake in CT, and so this could be utilized as a surrogate dosimetry measurement to prescribe light doses based upon pre-treatment contrast. Success of clinical ALA-based skin lesion treatment is predicted almost uniquely by the explicit or implicit measurements of photosensitizer and photobleaching, yet the individualization of treatment based upon each patients measured bleaching needs to be attempted. In the case of ALA, lack of PpIX is more likely an indicator that alternative PpIX production methods must be implemented. Parsimonious dosimetry, using surrogate measurements that are clinically acceptable, might strategically help to advance PDT in a medical world that is increasingly cost and time sensitive. Careful attention to methodologies that can identify and advance the most critical dosimetric measurements, either direct or surrogate, are needed to ensure successful incorporation of PDT into niche clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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29
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Yu X, Jin C. Application of albumin-based nanoparticles in the management of cancer. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:4. [PMID: 26610927 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, tremendous progress has been made in cancer prevention and treatment. Despite these advances, a substantial number of cancer cases experience early recurrence and metastases. Thus, the better management of cancer, especially developing more effective drugs for combating cancer cells, is an arduous task. Albumin-based nanoparticles are emerging as a promising approach to replace the traditional way of carrying therapeutic drugs to a tumor site. In this review, we describe the basic knowledge on albumin-based nanoparticles, recent progress of using albumin-based nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and the application of nanoparticle albumin bound (Nab) paclitaxel for the treatment of lung, breast and pancreatic cancer. Last but not least, we try to discuss future goals and perspectives in the field of drug delivery research, thereby facilitating the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Middle Urumqi Road 12#, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Middle Urumqi Road 12#, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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30
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Yeung HY, Lo PC, Ng DKP, Fong WP. Anti-tumor immunity of BAM-SiPc-mediated vascular photodynamic therapy in a BALB/c mouse model. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 14:223-234. [PMID: 26388236 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, accumulating evidence from both animal and clinical studies has suggested that a sufficiently activated immune system may strongly augment various types of cancer treatment, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Through the generation of reactive oxygen species, PDT eradicates tumors by triggering localized tumor damage and inducing anti-tumor immunity. As the major component of anti-tumor immunity, the involvement of a cell-mediated immune response in PDT has been well investigated in the past decade, whereas the role of humoral immunity has remained relatively unexplored. In the present investigation, using the photosensitizer BAM-SiPc and the CT26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mouse model, it was demonstrated that both cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune components could be involved in PDT. With a vascular PDT (VPDT) regimen, BAM-SiPc could eradicate the tumors of ∼70% of tumor-bearing mice and trigger an anti-tumor immune response that could last for more than 1 year. An elevation of Th2 cytokines was detected ex vivo after VPDT, indicating the potential involvement of a humoral response. An analysis of serum from the VPDT-cured mice also revealed elevated levels of tumor-specific antibodies. Moreover, this serum could effectively hinder tumor growth and protect the mice against further re-challenge in a T-cell-dependent manner. Taken together, these results show that the humoral components induced after BAM-SiPc-VPDT could assist the development of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing-Yuen Yeung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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31
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Broekgaarden M, Kos M, Jurg FA, van Beek AA, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Inhibition of NF-κB in Tumor Cells Exacerbates Immune Cell Activation Following Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19960-77. [PMID: 26307977 PMCID: PMC4581334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) yields very good outcomes in numerous types of superficial solid cancers, some tumors respond suboptimally to PDT. Novel treatment strategies are therefore needed to enhance the efficacy in these therapy-resistant tumors. One of these strategies is to combine PDT with inhibitors of PDT-induced survival pathways. In this respect, the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been identified as a potential pharmacological target, albeit inhibition of NF-κB may concurrently dampen the subsequent anti-tumor immune response required for complete tumor eradication and abscopal effects. In contrast to these postulations, this study demonstrated that siRNA knockdown of NF-κB in murine breast carcinoma (EMT-6) cells increased survival signaling in these cells and exacerbated the inflammatory response in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest a pro-death and immunosuppressive role of NF-κB in PDT-treated cells that concurs with a hyperstimulated immune response in innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Milan Kos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek A Jurg
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A van Beek
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Pansa MF, Lamberti MJ, Cogno IS, Correa SG, Rumie Vittar NB, Rivarola VA. Contribution of resident and recruited macrophages to the photodynamic intervention of colorectal tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:541-52. [PMID: 26232323 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment has become one of the main areas of research in the fight against cancer. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) influence tumor progression and therapy response due to its functional plasticity. Regarding cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and clinically approved procedure that involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS), a nontoxic photosensitizing drug which is selectively retained in neoplastic tissue. Here, we investigated the role of resident and nonresident macrophages in the context of a PDT-treated colorectal tumor by developing a combination of 2-D and three-dimensional (3-D) experimental platform, recreating tumor-stroma interactions in vitro. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of PDT was achieved in the presence of nonresident macrophages which had a strong anti-tumor phenotype mediated by the production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). On the contrary, tumor resident macrophages induced a pro-tumor phenotype promoting tumor cell migration and endothelial stimulation. Due to their plasticity, tumor-resident or tumor-recruited macrophages can differentially influence the response of tumors to PDT, so their multifactorial roles should be considered in the overall design of anti-tumor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Pansa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Julia Lamberti
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Sol Cogno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Graciela Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Belén Rumie Vittar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Alicia Rivarola
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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