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Thathsaranie P Manthrirathna MA, Kodar K, Ishizuka S, Dangerfield EM, Xiuyuan L, Yamasaki S, Stocker BL, S M Timmer M. 6-C-Linked trehalose glycolipids signal through Mincle and exhibit potent adjuvant activity. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106345. [PMID: 36764230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the Mincle-mediated agonist activity of α,α'-trehalose-6,6́-glycolipids, however, none have considered how the position, or absence, of the ester moiety influences Mincle-mediated agonist activity. We prepared a variety of 6-C-linked α,α'-trehalose glycolipids containing inverted esters, ketone, carboxy or no carbonyl moieties. Modelling studies indicated that these derivatives bind to the CRD of Mincle in a manner similar to that of the prototypical Mincle agonist, trehalose dibehenate (TDB), with NFAT-GFP reporter cell assays confirming that all compounds, apart from derivatives with short alkyl chains, led to robust Mincle signalling. It was also observed that a carbonyl moiety was needed for good Mincle-mediated signalling. The ability of the compounds to induce mIL-1 β and mIL-6 production by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) further demonstrated the agonist activity of the compounds, with the presence of a carbonyl moiety and longer lipid chains augmenting cytokine production. Notably, a C20 inverted ester led to levels of mIL-1β that were significantly greater than those induced by TDB. The same C20 inverted ester also led to a significant increase in hIL-1β and hIL-6 by human monocytes, and exhibited no toxicity, as demonstrated using BMDMs in an in vitro Sytox Green assay. The ability of the inverted ester to enhance antigen-mediated immune responses was then determined. In these studies, the inverted ester was found to augment the OVA-specific Th1/Th7 immune response in vitro, and exhibit adjuvanticity that was better than that of TDB in vivo, as evidenced by a significant increase in IgG antibodies for the inverted ester but not TDB when using OVA as a model antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emma M Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lu Xiuyuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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2
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Burchill L, Williams SJ. From the banal to the bizarre: unravelling immune recognition and response to microbial lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:925-940. [PMID: 34989357 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes produce a rich array of lipidic species that through their location in the cell wall and ability to mingle with host lipids represent a privileged class of immune-active molecules. Lipid-sensing immunity recognizes microbial lipids from pathogens and commensals causing immune responses. Yet microbial lipids are often heterogeneous, in limited supply and in some cases their structures are incompletely defined. Total synthesis can assist in structural determination, overcome supply issues, and provide access to high-purity, homogeneous samples and analogues. This account highlights synthetic approaches to lipidic species from pathogenic and commensal bacteria and fungi that have supported immunological studies involving lipid sensing through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle and cell-mediated immunity through the CD1-T cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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3
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Frankfater C, Fujiwara H, Williams SJ, Minnaard A, Hsu FF. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolic Acids by Multiple-Stage Linear Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:149-159. [PMID: 34842433 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells are known to synthesize very long chain (C60-90) structurally complex mycolic acids with various functional groups. In this study, we applied linear ion-trap (LIT) multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MSn), combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the mechanisms underlying the fragmentation processes of mycolic acid standards desorbed as lithiated adduct ions by ESI. This is followed by structural characterization of a Mtb mycolic acid family (Bovine strain). Using the insight fragmentation processes gained from the study, we are able to achieve a near complete characterization of the whole mycolic acid family, revealing the identity of the α-alkyl chain, the location of the functional groups including methyl, methoxy, and keto groups along the meroaldehyde chain in each lipid species. This study showcased the power of LIT MSn toward structural determination of complex lipids in a mixture, which would be otherwise very difficult to define using other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Frankfater
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adriaan Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 United States
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4
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Braganza CD, Kodar K, Teunissen T, Andreassend SK, Khan A, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Lipophilic glucose monoesters and glycosides are potent human Mincle agonists. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3096-3104. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor on myeloid cells that represents a promising target for Th1-stimulating adjuvants. We report on the synthesis of branched and aromatic...
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5
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Hanna C, Maxwell JWC, Ismanto HS, Ashhurst A, Artner L, Rudrawar S, Britton W, Yamasaki S, Payne RJ. Synthetic Vaccines Targeting Mincle Through Conjugation of Trehalose Dibehenate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6890-6893. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent fusion of immunostimulatory adjuvants to immunogenic antigens is a promising strategy for the development of effective synthetic vaccines for infectious diseases. Herein, we describe the conjugation of a...
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6
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Dangerfield EM, Lynch AT, Kodar K, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Amide-linked brartemicin glycolipids exhibit Mincle-mediated agonist activity in vitro. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108461. [PMID: 34753005 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipidated derivatives of the natural product brartemicin show much promise as vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to signal through the Macrophage Inducible C-type Lectin (Mincle). We synthesised three lipophilic amide-linked brartemicin derivatives and compared their agonist activity to that of their ester-linked counterparts in vitro. We demonstrate that the brartemicin amide derivatives activate bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in a Mincle-dependent manner, as evidenced by the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in wildtype but not Mincle-/- cells. The amide derivatives showed activity that was as good as, if not better than, their ester counterparts. Two of the amide derivatives, but none of the ester-derivatives, also led to the production of IL-1β by human-derived monocytes. As the production of IL-1β is a good indicator of vaccine adjuvanticity potential, these findings suggest that amide-linked brartemicin derivatives show particular promise as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amy T Lynch
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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7
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Torigoe S, Schutt CR, Yamasaki S. Immune discrimination of environmental spectrum through C-type lectin receptors. Int Immunol 2021; 33:847-851. [PMID: 34599808 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are continuously assaulted by infection and tissue damage; most of these injurious insults are primarily sensed by immune receptors to maintain tissue homeostasis. Although immune recognition of proteins or nucleic acids has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms by which immune receptors discriminate lipids to elicit suitable immune responses remain elusive. Recent studies have demonstrated that the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family functions as immune sensors for adjuvant lipids derived from pathogens and damaged-tissues, thereby promoting innate/acquired immunity. In this review, we will discuss how these receptors recognize lipid components to initiate appropriate, but sometimes deleterious, immune responses against environmental stimuli. We will also discuss an aspect of inhibitory CLRs; their ligands might reflect normal self which silences the immune response regarded as "silence"-associated molecular patterns or may be associated with escape strategies of pathogens as "evasion"-associated molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Torigoe
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Charles R Schutt
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Rasheed OK, Buhl C, Evans JT, Ryter KT. Design of Trehalose-Based Amide/Sulfonamide C-type Lectin Receptor Signaling Compounds. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1246-1251. [PMID: 33415819 PMCID: PMC8068603 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mincle agonists have been shown to induce inflammatory cytokine production, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and promote the development of a Th1/Th17 immune response that might be crucial to development of effective vaccination against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As an expansion of our previous work, a library of 6,6'-amide and sulfonamide α,α-d-trehalose compounds with various substituents on the aromatic ring was synthesized efficiently in good to excellent yields. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to activate the human C-type lectin receptor Mincle by the induction of cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these novel trehalose diamides and sulfonamides revealed that aryl amide-linked trehalose compounds demonstrated improved activity and relatively high potency cytokine production compared to the Mincle ligand trehalose dibehenate adjuvant (TDB) and the natural ligand trehalose dimycolate (TDM) inducing dose-dependent and human-Mincle-specific stimulation in a HEK reporter cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer K Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corp., 1121 E. Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Cassandra Buhl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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9
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Trehalose diamide glycolipids augment antigen-specific antibody responses in a Mincle-dependent manner. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104747. [PMID: 33799177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated how trehalose glycolipid structures can be modified to improve their Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle)-mediated adjuvanticity. However, in all instances, the ester-linkage of α,ά-trehalose to the lipid of choice remained. We investigated how changing this ester-linkage to an amide influences Mincle signalling and agonist activity and demonstrated that Mincle tolerates this functional group change. In in vivo vaccination studies in murine and ovine model systems, using OVA or Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae as vaccine antigens, respectively, it was demonstrated that a representative trehalose diamide glycolipid was able to enhance antibody-specific immune responses. Notably, IgG titres against M. ovipneumoniae were significantly greater when using trehalose dibehenamide (A-TDB) compared to trehalose dibehenate (TDB). This is particularly important as infection with M. ovipneumoniae predisposes sheep to pneumonia.
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10
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Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Receptors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Nature and Consequences for Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:179-215. [PMID: 34661896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a critical early response to prevent the establishment of the infection. Despite recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen dialogue in the early stages of tuberculosis (TB), much has yet to be learnt. The nature and consequences of this dialogue ultimately determine the path of infection: namely, either early clearance of M. tuberculosis, or establishment of M. tuberculosis infection leading to active TB disease and/or latent TB infection. On the frontline in innate immunity are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with soluble factors (e.g. collectins and complement) and cell surface factors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and other C-type lectin receptors (Dectin 1/2, Nod-like receptors, DC-SIGN, Mincle, mannose receptor, and MCL) that play a central role in recognising M. tuberculosis and facilitating its clearance. However, in a 'double-edged sword' scenario, these factors can also be involved in enhancement of pathogenesis as well. Furthermore, innate immunity is also a critical bridge in establishing the subsequent adaptive immune response, which is also responsible for granuloma formation that cordons off M. tuberculosis infection, establishing latency and acting as a reservoir for bacterial persistence and dissemination of future disease. This chapter discusses the current understanding of pattern recognition of M. tuberculosis by innate immunity and the role this plays in the pathogenesis and protection against TB.
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11
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Smith DGM, Ito E, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Cholesteryl 6- O-acyl-α-glucosides from diverse Helicobacter spp. signal through the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7907-7915. [PMID: 32996960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01776k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter spp. are Gram-negative bacteria that cause a spectrum of disease in the gut, biliary tree and liver. Many Helicobacter spp. produce a range of cholesteryl α-glucosides that have the potential to act as pathogen associated molecular patterns. We report a highly stereoselective α-glucosylation of cholesterol using 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranosyl N-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidate, which allowed the synthesis of cholesteryl α-glucoside (αCG) and representative Helicobacter spp. cholesteryl 6-O-acyl-α-glucosides (αCAGs; acyl = C12:0, 14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1). All αCAGs, irrespective of the nature of their acyl chain composition, strongly agonised signalling through the C-type lectin receptor Mincle from human and mouse to similar degrees. By contrast, αCG only weakly signalled through human Mincle, and did not signal through mouse Mincle. These results provide a molecular basis for understanding of the immunobiology of non-pylori Helicobacter infections in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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12
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Huber A, Killy B, Grummel N, Bodendorfer B, Paul S, Wiesmann V, Naschberger E, Zimmer J, Wirtz S, Schleicher U, Vera J, Ekici AB, Dalpke A, Lang R. Mycobacterial Cord Factor Reprograms the Macrophage Response to IFN-γ towards Enhanced Inflammation yet Impaired Antigen Presentation and Expression of GBP1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1580-1592. [PMID: 32796022 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria survive in macrophages despite triggering pattern recognition receptors and T cell-derived IFN-γ production. Mycobacterial cord factor trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) binds the C-type lectin receptor MINCLE and induces inflammatory gene expression. However, the impact of TDM on IFN-γ-induced macrophage activation is not known. In this study, we have investigated the cross-regulation of the mouse macrophage transcriptome by IFN-γ and by TDM or its synthetic analogue trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB). As expected, IFN-γ induced genes involved in Ag presentation and antimicrobial defense. Transcriptional programs induced by TDM and TDB were highly similar but clearly distinct from the response to IFN-γ. The glycolipids enhanced expression of a subset of IFN-γ-induced genes associated with inflammation. In contrast, TDM/TDB exerted delayed inhibition of IFN-γ-induced genes, including pattern recognition receptors, MHC class II genes, and IFN-γ-induced GTPases, with antimicrobial function. TDM downregulated MHC class II cell surface expression and impaired T cell activation by peptide-pulsed macrophages. Inhibition of the IFN-γ-induced GTPase GBP1 occurred at the level of transcription by a partially MINCLE-dependent mechanism that may target IRF1 activity. Although activation of STAT1 was unaltered, deletion of Socs1 relieved inhibition of GBP1 expression by TDM. Nonnuclear Socs1 was sufficient for inhibition, suggesting a noncanonical, cytoplasmic mechanism. Taken together, unbiased analysis of transcriptional reprogramming revealed a significant degree of negative regulation of IFN-γ-induced Ag presentation and antimicrobial gene expression by the mycobacterial cord factor that may contribute to mycobacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Huber
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Killy
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Grummel
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Bodendorfer
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sushmita Paul
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Wiesmann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Molekulare und Experimentelle Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zimmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif Bülent Ekici
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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13
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Smith DGM, Hosono Y, Nagata M, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Design of potent Mincle signalling agonists based on an alkyl β-glucoside template. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4292-4295. [PMID: 32182321 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune receptor Mincle senses lipid-based molecules derived from pathogens, commensals and altered self. Based on emerging structure-activity relationships we design simple alkyl 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucosides that are effective agonists of Mincle and signal with potency on par with the prototypical ligand trehalose dimycolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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14
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Khan A, Braganza CD, Kodar K, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Stereochemistry, lipid length and branching influences Mincle agonist activity of monoacylglycerides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:425-430. [PMID: 31774425 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the synthesis of a series of enantiomerically pure linear, iso-branched, and α-branched monoacyl glycerides (MAGs) in 63-72% overall yield. The ability of the MAGs to signal through human macrophage inducible C-type lectin (hMincle) using NFAT-GFP reporter cells was explored, as was the ability of the compounds to activate human monocytes. From these studies, MAGs with an acyl chain length ≥C22 were required for Mincle activation and the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by human monocytes. Moreover, the iso-branched MAGs led to a more pronounced immune response compared to linear MAGs, while an α-branched MAG containing a C-32 acyl chain activated cells to a higher degree than trehalose dibehenate (TDB), the prototypical Mincle agonist. Across the compound classes, the activity of the sn-1 substituted isomers was greater than the sn-3 counterparts. None of the representative compounds were cytotoxic, thus mitigating cytotoxicity as a potential mediator of cellular activity. Taken together, 6h (sn-1, iC26+1), 8a (sn-1, C32) and 8b (sn-3, C32) exhibited the best immunostimulatory properties and thus, have potential as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Miyake Y, Yamasaki S. Immune Recognition of Pathogen-Derived Glycolipids Through Mincle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:31-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Foster AJ, Kodar K, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. ortho-Substituted lipidated Brartemicin derivative shows promising Mincle-mediated adjuvant activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1095-1103. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure activity relationship studies of lipidated Brartemicin analogues have revealed the potent adjuvant activity of ortho-substituted Brartemicin analogue 5a, which was better than that of p-OC18 (5c) and C18dMeBrar (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Foster
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
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17
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Study of the conformational behaviour of trehalose mycolates by FT-IR spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 223:104789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Lu X, Nagata M, Yamasaki S. Mincle: 20 years of a versatile sensor of insults. Int Immunol 2019; 30:233-239. [PMID: 29726997 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, better known as Mincle, is a member of the C-type lectin receptor family and is encoded by Clec4e. Mincle was an orphan receptor for a long time after having been discovered as a lipopolysaccharide-induced protein, yet later an adjuvant glycolipid in mycobacteria-trehalose dimycolate-was identified as a ligand. Ligands for Mincle were also found existing in bacteria, fungi and even mammals. When confronted with foreign elements, Mincle can recognize characteristic pathogen-associated molecular patterns, mostly glycolipids, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens, and thus induce immune responses against infection. To maintain self-homeostasis, Mincle can recognize lipid-based damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby monitoring the internal environment. The mechanism by which Mincle functions in the immune system is also becoming more clear along with the identification of its ligands. Being expressed widely on antigen-presenting cells, Mincle activation leads to the production of cytokines and chemokines, neutrophil infiltration and other inflammatory responses. Besides, Mincle can induce acquired immunity such as antigen-specific T-cell responses and antibody production as an adjuvant receptor. In this review, we will retrospectively sketch the discovery and study of Mincle, and outline some current work on this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Lu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagata
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Fiolek TJ, Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Holmes NJ, Rylski AK, Pohane AA, Siegrist MS, Swarts BM. Engineering the Mycomembrane of Live Mycobacteria with an Expanded Set of Trehalose Monomycolate Analogues. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1282-1291. [PMID: 30589191 PMCID: PMC6614877 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and related organisms in the Corynebacterineae suborder are characterized by a distinctive outer membrane referred to as the mycomembrane. Biosynthesis of the mycomembrane occurs through an essential process called mycoloylation, which involves antigen 85 (Ag85)-catalyzed transfer of mycolic acids from the mycoloyl donor trehalose monomycolate (TMM) to acceptor carbohydrates and, in some organisms, proteins. We recently described an alkyne-modified TMM analogue (O-AlkTMM-C7) which, in conjunction with click chemistry, acted as a chemical reporter for mycoloylation in intact cells and allowed metabolic labeling of mycoloylated components of the mycomembrane. Here, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a toolbox of TMM-based reporters bearing alkyne, azide, trans-cyclooctene, and fluorescent tags. These compounds gave further insight into the substrate tolerance of mycoloyltransferases (e.g., Ag85s) in a cellular context and they provide significantly expanded experimental versatility by allowing one- or two-step cell labeling, live cell labeling, and rapid cell labeling via tetrazine ligation. Such capabilities will facilitate research on mycomembrane composition, biosynthesis, and dynamics. Moreover, because TMM is exclusively metabolized by Corynebacterineae, the described probes may be valuable for the specific detection and cell-surface engineering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related pathogens. We also performed experiments to establish the dependence of probe incorporation on mycoloyltransferase activity, results from which suggested that cellular labeling is a function not only of metabolic incorporation (and likely removal) pathway(s), but also accessibility across the envelope. Thus, whole-cell labeling experiments with TMM reporters should be carefully designed and interpreted when envelope permeability may be compromised. On the other hand, this property of TMM reporters can potentially be exploited as a convenient way to probe changes in envelope integrity and permeability, facilitating drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Fiolek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Herbert W Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Nathan J Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Amol Arunrao Pohane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
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20
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van der Peet PL, Gunawan C, Watanabe M, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Synthetic β-1,2-Mannosyloxymannitol Glycolipid from the Fungus Malassezia pachydermatis Signals through Human Mincle. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6788-6797. [PMID: 31046282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mincle is a C-type lectin receptor of the innate immune system with the ability to sense pathogens and commensals through lipidic metabolites. While a growing number of bacterial glycolipids have been discovered that can signal through human Mincle, no fungal metabolites are known that can signal through the human form of this receptor. We report the total synthesis of a complex β-1,2-mannosyloxymannitol glycolipid from Malassezia pachydermatis 44-2, which was reported to signal through the murine Mincle receptor. Assembly of 44-2 was achieved through a highly convergent route that exploits symmetry elements inherent within this molecule and delineation of conditions that maintain the delicate l-mannitol triester-triol array. We show that 44-2 is a potent agonist of human Mincle signaling and constitutes the first fungal metabolite identified that can signal through the human Mincle receptor, providing new insights into antifungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L van der Peet
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia 3010
| | - Christian Gunawan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia 3010
| | | | | | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia 3010
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21
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Van Huy L, Tanaka C, Imai T, Yamasaki S, Miyamoto T. Synthesis of 12- O-Mono- and Diglycosyl-oxystearates, a New Class of Agonists for the C-type Lectin Receptor Mincle. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:44-49. [PMID: 30655945 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen glycosyl-oxystearates were synthesized by Crich's 4,6-benzylidene and Köening-Knorr strategies. Assessment of structure-activity relationships using macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) receptor cells expressing nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that four dimannopyranosyl-oxystearate analogues were Mincle agonists and that 12-O-(2-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranosyl-oxystearate was as an activator of both mouse and human Mincle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Van Huy
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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22
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Lesur E, Baron A, Dietrich C, Buchotte M, Doisneau G, Urban D, Beau JM, Bayan N, Vauzeilles B, Guianvarc’h D, Bourdreux Y. First access to a mycolic acid-based bioorthogonal reporter for the study of the mycomembrane and mycoloyltransferases in Corynebacteria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13074-13077. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe the first synthesis of an alkyne-based trehalose monomycolate probe closely mimicking the complex pattern of mycolic acids and its utility for the study of mycomembrane and mycoloyltransferases in Corynebacteria.
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23
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Matsumaru T, Ikeno R, Shuchi Y, Iwamatsu T, Tadokoro T, Yamasaki S, Fujimoto Y, Furukawa A, Maenaka K. Synthesis of glycerolipids containing simple linear acyl chains or aromatic rings and evaluation of their Mincle signaling activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:711-714. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesized glycerolipid derivatives possessing simple alkyl chains can stimulate a Mincle-mediated signaling assay relevant for the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsumaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology
| | - Risa Ikeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Shuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Iwamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory for Molecular Immunology
- Osaka University
- Osaka 565-0871
- Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Furukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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24
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Bird JH, Khan AA, Nishimura N, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Synthesis of Branched Trehalose Glycolipids and Their Mincle Agonist Activity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7593-7605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie H. Bird
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ashna A. Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naoya Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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25
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van der Peet PL, Nagata M, Shah S, White JM, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Lipid structure influences the ability of glucose monocorynomycolate to signal through Mincle. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9267-9277. [PMID: 27714279 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mincle (macrophage-inducible C-type lectin) is a C-type lectin receptor that provides the capacity for immune sensing of a range of pathogen- and commensal-derived glycolipids. Mincle can recognize mycolic and/or corynomycolic acid esters of trehalose, glycerol and glucose from mycobacteria and corynebacteria. While simple straight-chain long fatty acids (e.g. behenic acid) can substitute for mycolic acid on trehalose and glycerol and maintain robust signalling through Mincle, glucose monobehenate has been reported to be much less active than glucose monocorynomycolate (GMCM). We report the preparation of a range of analogues of GMCM to explore structural requirements in the lipid chain for signalling through Mincle. GMCM analogues bearing simple straight chain or branched fatty acid esters provided only weak signalling through human and mouse Mincle. A GMCM variant with a truncated (pentyl) α-chain provided attenuated signalling, whereas an analogue with an extended (tricosyl; C23) α-chain signalled as potently as GMCM. This work suggests that Mincle has the ability to survey mycolate-derived glycolipids from actinomycetes, distinguishing non-pathogenic (e.g. Rhodococcus spp.) and pathogenic (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) species on the basis of α-chain length. Finally, an α-phenyldodecyl analogue of GMCM possessed similar potency to GMCM and was only slightly less potent than trehalose dimycolate (cord factor), showing that large functional groups may be tolerated in the α-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L van der Peet
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Masahiro Nagata
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayali Shah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
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26
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Khan A, Kodar K, Timmer MS, Stocker BL. Lipid length and iso-branching of trehalose diesters influences Mincle agonist activity. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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The role of corynomycolic acids in Corynebacterium-host interaction. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:717-725. [PMID: 29435693 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the Actinobacteria, the genera Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Rhodococcus form the so-called CMNR group, also designated as mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes. Almost all members of this group are characterized by a mycolic acid layer, the mycomembrane, which covers the cell wall and is responsible for a high resistance of these bacteria against chemical and antibiotic stress. Furthermore, components of the mycomembrane are crucial for the interaction of bacteria with host cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mycolic acid synthesis and interaction with components of the immune system for the genus Corynebacterium with an emphasis on the pathogenic species Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium ulcerans as well as the biotechnology workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum.
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28
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Braganza CD, Teunissen T, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Identification and Biological Activity of Synthetic Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1940. [PMID: 29387054 PMCID: PMC5776103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor able to recognize both damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and in this respect, there has been much interest in determining the scope of ligands that bind Mincle and how structural modifications to these ligands influence ensuing immune responses. In this review, we will present Mincle ligands of known chemical structure, with a focus on ligands that have been synthetically prepared, such as trehalose glycolipids, glycerol-based ligands, and 6-acylated glucose and mannose derivatives. The ability of the different classes of ligands to influence the innate, and consequently, the adaptive, immune response will be described, and where appropriate, structure-activity relationships within each class of Mincle ligands will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Teunissen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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29
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Williams SJ. Sensing Lipids with Mincle: Structure and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1662. [PMID: 29230225 PMCID: PMC5711825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mincle is a C-type lectin receptor that has emerged as an important player in innate immunity through its capacity to recognize a wide range of lipidic species derived from damaged/altered self and foreign microorganisms. Self-ligands include sterols (e.g., cholesterol), and β-glucosylceramides, and the protein SAP130, which is released upon cell death. Foreign lipids comprise those from both microbial pathogens and commensals and include glycerol, glucose and trehalose mycolates, and glycosyl diglycerides. A large effort has focused on structural variation of these ligands to illuminate the structure–activity relationships required for the agonism of signaling though Mincle and has helped identify key differences in ligand recognition between human and rodent Mincle. These studies in turn have helped identify new Mincle ligands, further broadening our understanding of the diversity of organisms and lipidic species recognized by Mincle. Finally, progress toward the development of Mincle agonists as vaccine adjuvants providing humoral and cell-mediated immunity with reduced toxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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30
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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31
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Ostrop J, Lang R. Contact, Collaboration, and Conflict: Signal Integration of Syk-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1403-1414. [PMID: 28167651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several spleen tyrosine kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have emerged as important pattern recognition receptors for infectious danger. Because encounter with microbial pathogens leads to the simultaneous ligation of several CLRs and TLRs, the signals emanating from different pattern recognition receptors have to be integrated to achieve appropriate biological responses. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge about ligand recognition and core signaling by Syk-coupled CLRs. We then address mechanisms of synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between different CLRs and with TLRs. Emerging evidence suggests that signal integration occurs through 1) direct interaction between receptors, 2) regulation of expression levels and localization, and 3) collaborative or conflicting signaling interference. Accordingly, we aim to provide a conceptual framework for the complex and sometimes unexpected outcome of CLR ligation in bacterial and fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ostrop
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; .,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Roland Lang
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Mincle Cooperatively Sense Corynebacterial Cell Wall Glycolipids. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00075-17. [PMID: 28483856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00075-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans cause invasive disease in humans and animals. Host sensing of corynebacteria is largely uncharacterized, albeit the recognition of lipoglycans by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) appears to be important for macrophage activation by corynebacteria. The members of the order Corynebacterineae (e.g., mycobacteria, nocardia, and rhodococci) share a glycolipid-rich cell wall dominated by mycolic acids (termed corynomycolic acids in corynebacteria). The mycolic acid-containing cord factor of mycobacteria, trehalose dimycolate, activates the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) Mincle. Here, we show that glycolipid extracts from the cell walls of several pathogenic and nonpathogenic Corynebacterium strains directly bound to recombinant Mincle in vitro Macrophages deficient in Mincle or its adapter protein Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRγ) produced severely reduced amounts of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and of nitric oxide (NO) upon challenge with corynebacterial glycolipids. Consistently, cell wall extracts of a particular C. diphtheriae strain (DSM43989) lacking mycolic acid esters neither bound Mincle nor activated macrophages. Furthermore, TLR2 but not TLR4 was critical for sensing of cell wall extracts and whole corynebacteria. The upregulation of Mincle expression upon encountering corynebacteria required TLR2. Thus, macrophage activation by the corynebacterial cell wall relies on TLR2-driven robust Mincle expression and the cooperative action of both receptors.
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Intracellular metabolite β-glucosylceramide is an endogenous Mincle ligand possessing immunostimulatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3285-E3294. [PMID: 28373578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and reacting to tissue damage is a fundamental function of immune systems. Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is an activating C-type lectin receptor that senses damaged cells. Notably, Mincle also recognizes glycolipid ligands on pathogens. To elucidate endogenous glycolipids ligands derived from damaged cells, we fractionated supernatants from damaged cells and identified a lipophilic component that activates reporter cells expressing Mincle. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy identified the component structure as β-glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which is a ubiquitous intracellular metabolite. Synthetic β-GlcCer activated myeloid cells and induced production of inflammatory cytokines; this production was abrogated in Mincle-deficient cells. Sterile inflammation induced by excessive cell death in the thymus was exacerbated by hematopoietic-specific deletion of degrading enzyme of β-GlcCer (β-glucosylceramidase, GBA1). However, this enhanced inflammation was ameliorated in a Mincle-deficient background. GBA1-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) in which β-GlcCer accumulates triggered antigen-specific T-cell responses more efficiently than WT DCs, whereas these responses were compromised in DCs from GBA1 × Mincle double-deficient mice. These results suggest that β-GlcCer is an endogenous ligand for Mincle and possesses immunostimulatory activity.
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Abstract
The advances in subunit vaccines development have intensified the search for potent adjuvants, particularly adjuvants inducing cell-mediated immune responses. Identification of the C-type lectin Mincle as one of the receptors underlying the remarkable immunogenicity of the mycobacterial cell wall, via recognition of trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), has opened avenues for the rational design of such molecules. Using a combination of chemical synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular dynamics simulations, and protein mutagenesis, we gained insight into the molecular bases of glycolipid recognition by Mincle. Unexpectedly, the fine structure of the fatty acids was found to play a key role in the binding of a glycolipid to the carbohydrate recognition domain of the lectin. Glucose and mannose esterified at O-6 by a synthetic α-ramified 32-carbon fatty acid showed agonist activity similar to that of TDM, despite their much simpler structure. Moreover, they were seen to stimulate proinflammatory cytokine production in primary human and murine cells in a Mincle-dependent fashion. Finally, they were found to induce strong Th1 and Th17 immune responses in vivo in immunization experiments in mice and conferred protection in a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Here we describe the rational development of new molecules with powerful adjuvant properties.
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Ishikawa E, Mori D, Yamasaki S. Recognition of Mycobacterial Lipids by Immune Receptors. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tima HG, Al Dulayymi JR, Denis O, Lehebel P, Baols KS, Mohammed MO, L'Homme L, Sahb MM, Potemberg G, Legrand S, Lang R, Beyaert R, Piette J, Baird MS, Huygen K, Romano M. Inflammatory Properties and Adjuvant Potential of Synthetic Glycolipids Homologous to Mycolate Esters of the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:162-180. [PMID: 27855374 DOI: 10.1159/000450955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of mycobacteria is characterised by glycolipids composed of different classes of mycolic acids (MAs; alpha-, keto-, and methoxy-) and sugars (trehalose, glucose, and arabinose). Studies using mutant Mtb strains have shown that the structure of MAs influences the inflammatory potential of these glycolipids. As mutant Mtb strains possess a complex mixture of glycolipids, we analysed the inflammatory potential of single classes of mycolate esters of the Mtb cell wall using 38 different synthetic analogues. Our results show that synthetic trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and trehalose, glucose, and arabinose monomycolates (TMM, GMM, and AraMM) activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in terms of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species, upregulation of costimulatory molecules, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by a mechanism dependent on Mincle. These findings demonstrate that Mincle receptor can also recognise pentose esters and seem to contradict the hypothesis that production of GMM is an escape mechanism used by pathogenic mycobacteria to avoid recognition by the innate immune system. Finally, our experiments indicate that TMM and GMM, as well as TDM, can promote Th1 and Th17 responses in mice in an OVA immunisation model, and that further analysis of their potential as novel adjuvants for subunit vaccines is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Giresse Tima
- Scientific Service Immunology, O.D. Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: what we know. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:513-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Richardson MB, Torigoe S, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerides signal through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle: total synthesis and structure activity relationships. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:15027-30. [PMID: 26310657 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra produces a range of immunogenic β-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerides. We report the total synthesis of several candidate structures and show that these compounds signal weakly through mouse, but not human, Mincle. Structure-activity relationships reveal a striking dependence upon acyl chain length for gentiobiosyl diacylglyceride signalling through Mincle. Significantly, a truncated β-glucosyl diglyceride was shown to provide potent signalling through both human and mouse Mincle and could activate murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Huber A, Kallerup RS, Korsholm KS, Franzyk H, Lepenies B, Christensen D, Foged C, Lang R. Trehalose diester glycolipids are superior to the monoesters in binding to Mincle, activation of macrophages in vitro and adjuvant activity in vivo. Innate Immun 2016; 22:405-18. [PMID: 27252171 PMCID: PMC5098696 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916651132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell adjuvanticity of mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) is well established. The identification of the C-type lectin Mincle on innate immune cells as the receptor for TDM and its synthetic analogue trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB) has raised interest in development of synthetic Mincle ligands as novel adjuvants. Trehalose mono- (TMXs) and diesters (TDXs) with symmetrically shortened acyl chains [denoted by X: arachidate (A), stearate (S), palmitate (P), and myristate (M)] were tested. Upon stimulation of murine macrophages, G-CSF secretion and NO production were strongly augmented by all TDXs tested, in a wide concentration range. In contrast, the TMXs triggered macrophage activation only at high concentrations. Macrophage activation by all TDXs required Mincle, but was independent of MyD88. The superior capacity of TDXs for activating macrophages was paralleled by direct binding of TDXs, but not of TMXs, to a Mincle-Fc fusion protein. Insertion of a short polyethylene glycol between the sugar and acyl chain in TDS reduced Mincle-binding and macrophage activation. Immunization of mice with cationic liposomes containing the analogues demonstrated the superior adjuvant activity of trehalose diesters. Overall, immune activation in vitro and in vivo by trehalose esters of simple fatty acids requires two acyl chains of length and involves Mincle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Huber
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rie S Kallerup
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen S Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Berlin, Germany
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Tima HG, Huygen K, Romano M. Innate signaling by mycobacterial cell wall components and relevance for development of adjuvants for subunit vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1409-1420. [PMID: 27206681 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1187067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering the induction of inflammatory innate responses and contributing to the development of specific adaptive immune responses. Novel adjuvants have been developed based on agonists of PRRs. Areas covered: Lipid pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in the cell wall of mycobacteria are revised, with emphasis on agonists of C-type lectin receptors, signaling pathways, and preclinical data supporting their use as novel adjuvants inducing cell-mediated immune responses. Their potential use as lipid antigens in novel tuberculosis subunit vaccines is also discussed. Expert commentary: Few adjuvants are licensed for human use and mainly favour antibody-mediated protective immunity. Use of lipid PAMPs that trigger cell-mediated immune responses could lead to the development of adjuvants for vaccines against intracellular pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Giresse Tima
- a Immunology Service, Communicable and Infectious Diseases Department , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- a Immunology Service, Communicable and Infectious Diseases Department , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Marta Romano
- a Immunology Service, Communicable and Infectious Diseases Department , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium
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Abstract
In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the known ligands for the C-type lectins (CTLs) is provided. Emphasis has been placed on the chemical structure of the glycans that bind to the different CTLs and the amount of structural variation (or overlap) that each CTL can tolerate. In this way, both the synthetic carbohydrate chemist and the immunologist can more readily gain insight into the existing structure-activity space for the CTL ligands and, ideally, see areas of synergy that will help identify and refine the ligands for these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamasaki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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