1
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Kleiner S, Wulf V, Bisker G. Single-walled carbon nanotubes as near-infrared fluorescent probes for bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembled hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:439-448. [PMID: 38772260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels derived from fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-conjugated amino acids and peptides demonstrate remarkable potential in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering. These hydrogels can be injectable, offering a minimally invasive approach to hydrogel implantation. Given their potential for prolonged application, there is a need for non-destructive evaluation of their properties over extended periods. Thus, we introduce a hydrogel characterization platform employing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes. Our approach involves generating supramolecular self-assembling hydrogels from aromatic Fmoc-amino acids. Integrating SWCNTs into the hydrogels maintains their structural and mechanical properties, establishing SWCNTs as optical probes for hydrogels. We demonstrate that the SWCNT NIR-fluorescence changes during the gelation process correlate to rheological changes within the hydrogels. Additionally, single particle tracking of SWCNTs incorporated in the hydrogels provides insights into differences in hydrogel morphologies. Furthermore, the disassembly process of the hydrogels can be monitored through the SWCNT fluorescence modulation. The unique attribute of SWCNTs as non-photobleaching fluorescent sensors, emitting at the biologically transparent window, offers a non-destructive method for studying hydrogel dynamics over extended periods. This platform could be applied to a wide range of self-assembling hydrogels to advance our understanding and applications of supramolecular assembly technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Kleiner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Verena Wulf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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2
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Randle RI, Ginesi RE, Matsarskaia O, Schweins R, Draper ER. Process Dependent Complexity in Multicomponent Gels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200709. [PMID: 36177680 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mixing low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) can be used to combine favorable properties of the individual components within a multifunctional gel. Such multicomponent systems are complex enough in themselves but the method of combining components is not commonly considered something to influence self-assembly. Herein, two multicomponent systems comprising of a naphthalene-based dipeptide hydrogelator and one of two modified naphthalene diimides (NDIs), one of which forms gels, and the other does not, are investigated. These systems are probed, examining the structures formed and their gel properties (when preparing a solution from either a mixed powder of both components or by mixing pre-formed solutions of each component) using rheology, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and absorbance spectroscopy. It is found that by altering the method of preparation, it is can either induce self-sorting or co-assembly within the fibers formed that underpin the gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca I Randle
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca E Ginesi
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Large Scale Structures Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble CEDEX 9, F-38042, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Large Scale Structures Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble CEDEX 9, F-38042, France
| | - Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Sugiura S, Shintani Y, Mori D, Higashi SL, Shibata A, Kitamura Y, Kawano SI, Hirosawa KM, Suzuki KGN, Ikeda M. Design of supramolecular hybrid nanomaterials comprising peptide-based supramolecular nanofibers and in situ generated DNA nanoflowers through rolling circle amplification. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1024-1031. [PMID: 36444534 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The artificial construction of multicomponent supramolecular materials comprising plural supramolecular architectures that are assembled orthogonally from their constituent molecules has attracted growing attention. Here, we describe the design and development of multicomponent supramolecular materials by combining peptide-based self-assembled fibrous nanostructures with globular DNA nanoflowers constructed by the rolling circle amplification reaction. The orthogonally constructed architectures were dissected by fluorescence imaging using the selective fluorescence staining procedures adapted to this study. The present, unique hybrid materials developed by taking advantage of each supramolecular architecture based on their peptide and DNA functions may offer distinct opportunities to explore their bioapplications as a soft matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Sugiura
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuki Shintani
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Sayuri L Higashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Aya Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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4
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Confined Crystallization of Thin Plasma-Polymerized Nanocomposite Films with Maleic Anhydride and Cellulose Nanocrystals under Hydrolysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175683. [PMID: 36080450 PMCID: PMC9458086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The creation of novel surface morphologies through thin-film patterning is important from a scientific and technological viewpoint in order to control specific surface properties. The pulsed-plasma polymerization of thin nanocomposite films, including maleic anhydride (MA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), may result in different metastable film morphologies that are difficult to control. Alternatively, the transformation of deposited plasma films into crystalline structures introduces unique and more stable morphologies. In this study, the structural rearrangements of plasma-polymerized (MA+CNC) nanocomposite films after controlled hydrolysis in a humid atmosphere were studied, including effects of plasma conditions (low duty cycle, variable power) and monomer composition (ratio MA/CNC) on hydrolysis stability. The progressive growth of crystalline structures with fractal dendrites was observed in confined thin films of 30 to 50 nm. The structures particularly formed on hydrophilic substrates and were not observed before on the more hydrophobic substrates, as they exist as a result of water penetration and interactions at the film/substrate interface. Furthermore, the nucleating effect and local pinning of the crystallites to the substrate near CNC positions enhanced the film stability. The chemical structures after hydrolysis were further examined through XPS, indicating esterification between the MA carboxylic acid groups and CNC surface. The hydrolysis kinetics were quantified from the conversion of anhydride groups into carboxylic moieties by FTIR analysis, indicating enhanced hydrolytic stability of p(MA+CNC) nanocomposite films relative to the pure p(MA) films.
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5
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Shintani Y, Ohtomi T, Shibata A, Kitamura Y, Hirosawa KM, Suzuki KGN, Ikeda M. Formation of Supramolecular Nanostructures through in Situ Self‐Assembly and Post‐Assembly Modification of a Biocatalytically Constructed Dipeptide Hydrazide**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104421. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shintani
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Taku Ohtomi
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Aya Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Koichiro M. Hirosawa
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kenichi G. N. Suzuki
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems Institutes of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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6
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Lakshminarayanan V, Chockalingam C, Mendes E, van Esch JH. Gelation Kinetics-Structure Analysis of pH-triggered Low Molecular Weight Hydrogelators. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2256-2261. [PMID: 34288310 PMCID: PMC8596822 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Properties such as shear modulus, gelation time, structure of supramolecular hydrogels are strongly dependent on self-assembly, gelation triggering mechanism and processes used to form the gel. In our work we extend reported rheology analysis methodologies to pH-triggered supramolecular gels to understand structural insight using a model system based on N-N' Dibenzoyl-L-Cystine pH-triggered hydrogelator and Glucono-δ-Lactone as the trigger. We observed that Avrami growth model when applied to time-sweep rheological data of gels formed at lower trigger concentrations provide estimates of fractal dimension which agree well compared with visualization of the microstructure as seen via Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, for a range of gelator concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
- Advanced Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cindhuja Chockalingam
- Advanced Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Mendes
- Advanced Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Esch
- Advanced Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Yang B, Lledos M, Akhtar R, Ciccone G, Jiang L, Russo E, Rajput S, Jin C, Angelereou MGF, Arnold T, Rawle J, Vassalli M, Marlow M, Adams DJ, Zelzer M. Surface-controlled spatially heterogeneous physical properties of a supramolecular gel with homogeneous chemical composition. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14260-14269. [PMID: 34760212 PMCID: PMC8565383 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling supramolecular self-assembly across multiple length scales to prepare gels with localised properties is challenging. Most strategies concentrate on fabricating gels with heterogeneous components, where localised properties are generated by the stimuli-responsive component. Here, as an alternative approach, we use a spiropyran-modified surface that can be patterned with light. We show that light-induced differences in surface chemistry can direct the bulk assembly of a low molecular weight gelator, 2-NapAV, meaning that mechanical gel properties can be controlled by the surface on which the gel is grown. Using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, we demonstrate that the origin of the different gel properties relates to differences in the architectures of the gels. This provides a new method to prepare a single domain (i.e., chemically homogeneous) hydrogel with locally controlled (i.e., mechanically heterogeneous) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Marina Lledos
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GH UK
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Emanuele Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Sunil Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Chunyu Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | | | - Thomas Arnold
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
- European Spallation Source ERIC P. O. Box 176 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
- STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot OX11 0QX UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Jonathan Rawle
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | - Maria Marlow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mischa Zelzer
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG2 7RD UK
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8
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Higashi S, Ikeda M. Development of an Amino Sugar-Based Supramolecular Hydrogelator with Reduction Responsiveness. JACS AU 2021; 1:1639-1646. [PMID: 34723267 PMCID: PMC8549036 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive supramolecular hydrogels are a newly emerging class of aqueous soft materials with a wide variety of bioapplications. Here we report a reduction-responsive supramolecular hydrogel constructed from a markedly simple low-molecular-weight hydrogelator, which is developed on the basis of modular molecular design containing a hydrophilic amino sugar and a reduction-responsive nitrophenyl group. The hydrogel formation ability differs significantly between glucosamine- and galactosamine-based self-assembling molecules, which are epimers at the C4 position, and only the glucosamine-based derivative can act as a hydrogelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri
L. Higashi
- United
Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- United
Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Center
for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Institute
of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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9
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Panja S, Adams DJ. Stimuli responsive dynamic transformations in supramolecular gels. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5165-5200. [PMID: 33646219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels are formed by the self-assembly of small molecules under the influence of various non-covalent interactions. As the interactions are individually weak and reversible, it is possible to perturb the gels easily, which in turn enables fine tuning of their properties. Synthetic supramolecular gels are kinetically trapped and usually do not show time variable changes in material properties after formation. However, such materials potentially become switchable when exposed to external stimuli like temperature, pH, light, enzyme, redox, and chemical analytes resulting in reconfiguration of gel matrix into a different type of network. Such transformations allow gel-to-gel transitions while the changes in the molecular aggregation result in alteration of physical and chemical properties of the gel with time. Here, we discuss various methods that have been used to achieve gel-to-gel transitions by modifying a pre-formed gel material through external perturbation. We also describe methods that allow time-dependent autonomous switching of gels into different networks enabling synthesis of next generation functional materials. Dynamic modification of gels allows construction of an array of supramolecular gels with various properties from a single material which eventually extend the limit of applications of the gels. In some cases, gel-to-gel transitions lead to materials that cannot be accessed directly. Finally, we point out the necessity and possibility of further exploration of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panja
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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10
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Nowak BP, Niehues M, Ravoo BJ. Magneto-responsive hydrogels by self-assembly of low molecular weight peptides and crosslinking with iron oxide nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2857-2864. [PMID: 33586750 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels that respond to non-invasive, external stimuli such as a magnetic field are of exceptional interest for the development of adaptive soft materials. To date magneto tuneable gels are predominantly based on macromolecular building blocks, while comparable low molecular weight systems are rarely found in the literature. Herein, we report a highly efficient peptide-based gelator (Nap GFYE), which can form hydrogels and incorporate Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the gel matrix. The magnetic nanoparticles act as a physical crosslinker for the self-assembled peptide nanostructures and thus give rise to a fortified hybrid gel with distinctively improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, the particles provide the material with magnetic susceptibility and a gel to sol transition is observed upon application of a weak magnetic field. Magnetization of the inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterial leads to on-demand release of an incorporated fluorescent dye into the supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt P Nowak
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Busso Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Niehues
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Busso Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Busso Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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11
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12
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Guerrero-Luna G, Hernández-Linares MG, Bernès S, Carrasco-Carballo A, Montalvo-Guerrero D, Fernández-Herrera MA, Sandoval-Ramírez J. Mesoscale Assembly of Bisteroidal Esters from Terephthalic Acid. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051213. [PMID: 32182644 PMCID: PMC7179421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of bisteroidal esters was synthesized using a spacer group, sterols and sapogenins as substrates. Steroidal dimers were prepared in high yields employing diesters of terephthalic acid as linkages at the 3β, 3'β steroidal positions. In all attempts to crystallize bisteroids, it was observed that the compounds tended to self-organize in solution, which was detected when employing various solvent systems. The non-covalent interactions (van der Waals) of the steroidal moieties of this series of symmetrical bisteroids, the polarity of the solvents systems, and the different solubilities of the bisteroid aggregates, indeed induce the molecules to self-assemble into supramolecular structures with well-defined organization. Our results show that the self-assembled structures for the bisteroidal derivatives depend on the solvent system used: with hexane/EtOAc, membrane-shaped structures were obtained, while pure EtOAc afforded strand-shaped arrangements. In the CHCl3/CH3OH system, thin strands were formed, since van der Waals interactions are lowered in this system, as a consequence of the increased solubility of the bisteroids in CHCl3. Based on the characterization by SEM and XRD, we show evidence that the phenomenon of self-assembly of bisteroids occurs presenting different morphologies depending on the solvent used. The new steroidal dimer derivatives were characterized by NMR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and XRD. Finally, the molecular structure of one bisteroid was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvain Bernès
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico;
| | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - Diana Montalvo-Guerrero
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados–Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (M.A.F.-H.)
| | - María A. Fernández-Herrera
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados–Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (M.A.F.-H.)
| | - Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (A.C.-C.); (J.S.-R.)
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13
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Draper ER, Adams DJ. Controlling the Assembly and Properties of Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogelators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6506-6521. [PMID: 31038973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight gels are formed by the self-assembly of small molecules into fibrous networks that can immobilize a significant amount of solvent. Here, we focus on our work with a specific class of gelator, the functionalized dipeptide. We discuss the current state of the art in the area, focusing on how these materials can be controlled. We also highlight interesting and unusual observations and unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 9AB , U.K
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 9AB , U.K
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14
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Farahani AD, Martin AD, Iranmanesh H, Bhadbhade MM, Beves JE, Thordarson P. Gel- and Solid-State-Structure of Dialanine and Diphenylalanine Amphiphiles: Importance of C⋅⋅⋅H Interactions in Gelation. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:972-983. [PMID: 30784156 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the capping group in the solution and solid-state self-assembly of short peptide amphiphiles, dialanine and diphenylalanine have been linked via the N-terminus to a benzene (phenyl) and 3-naphthyl capping groups using three different methylene linkers; (CH2 )n , n=0-4 for the benezene and 0, 1 and 2 for the naphthalene capping group. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), oscillatory rheology, circular dichroism (CD), and IR analysis have been employed to understand the properties of these peptide-based hydrogels. Several X-ray structures of these short peptide gelators give useful conformational information regarding packing. A comparison of these solid state structures with their gel state properties yielded greater insights into the process of self-assembly in short peptide gelators, particularly in terms of the important role of C⋅⋅⋅H interactions appear to play in determining if a short aromatic peptide does form a gel or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas D Farahani
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam D Martin
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hasti Iranmanesh
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan M Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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15
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Panja S, Adams DJ. Maintaining homogeneity during a sol-gel transition by an autocatalytic enzyme reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:47-50. [PMID: 30507994 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic control over supramolecular gelation by increasing the pH can be achieved using an enzymatic reaction. This method allows us to produce homogeneous hydrogels with superior and improved mechanical properties as compared to gels obtained from simple addition of base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panja
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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16
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Draper ER, Dietrich B, Brasnett C, Sproules S, McDonald TO, Seddon AM, Adams DJ. P-Type Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogelators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700746. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Draper
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Bart Dietrich
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Christopher Brasnett
- School of Physics; HH Wills Physics Laboratory; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1FD UK
| | | | - Tom O. McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Annela M. Seddon
- School of Physics; HH Wills Physics Laboratory; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1FD UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials; School of Physics; HH Wills Physics Laboratory; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1FD UK
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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17
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Reja A, Biswas A, Yadav J, Dev D, Das AK. Induction of Supramolecular Helical Handedness in a Chemical Reaction Directed Self-Healable Soft Material. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antara Reja
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Khandwa Road Indore 453552 India
| | - Ankan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Khandwa Road Indore 453552 India
| | - Jonu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Khandwa Road Indore 453552 India
| | - Dharm Dev
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Khandwa Road Indore 453552 India
| | - Apurba K. Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Khandwa Road Indore 453552 India
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18
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Mears LE, Draper ER, Castilla AM, Su H, Zhuola, Dietrich B, Nolan MC, Smith GN, Doutch J, Rogers S, Akhtar R, Cui H, Adams DJ. Drying Affects the Fiber Network in Low Molecular Weight Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3531-3540. [PMID: 28631478 PMCID: PMC5686561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight gels are formed by the self-assembly of a suitable small molecule gelator into a three-dimensional network of fibrous structures. The gel properties are determined by the fiber structures, the number and type of cross-links and the distribution of the fibers and cross-links in space. Probing these structures and cross-links is difficult. Many reports rely on microscopy of dried gels (xerogels), where the solvent is removed prior to imaging. The assumption is made that this has little effect on the structures, but it is not clear that this assumption is always (or ever) valid. Here, we use small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to probe low molecular weight hydrogels formed by the self-assembly of dipeptides. We compare scattering data for wet and dried gels, as well as following the drying process. We show that the assumption that drying does not affect the network is not always correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
L. E. Mears
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Draper
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Castilla
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhuola
- Department
of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Dietrich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Nolan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory N. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- STFC
ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rogers
- STFC
ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department
of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Dave J. Adams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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19
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Vieira VMP, Hay LL, Smith DK. Multi-component hybrid hydrogels - understanding the extent of orthogonal assembly and its impact on controlled release. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6981-6990. [PMID: 29147525 PMCID: PMC5642149 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports self-assembled multi-component hybrid hydrogels including a range of nanoscale systems and characterizes the extent to which each component maintains its own unique functionality, demonstrating that multi-functionality can be achieved by simply mixing carefully-chosen constituents. Specifically, the individual components are: (i) pH-activated low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) 1,3;2,4-dibenzylidenesorbitol-4',4''-dicarboxylic acid (DBS-COOH), (ii) thermally-activated polymer gelator (PG) agarose, (iii) anionic biopolymer heparin, and (iv) cationic self-assembled multivalent (SAMul) micelles capable of binding heparin. The LMWG still self-assembles in the presence of PG agarose, is slightly modified on the nanoscale by heparin, but is totally disrupted by the micelles. However, if the SAMul micelles are bound to heparin, DBS-COOH self-assembly is largely unaffected. The LMWG endows hybrid materials with pH-responsive behavior, while the PG provides mechanical robustness. The rate of heparin release can be controlled through network density and composition, with the LMWG and PG behaving differently in this regard, while the presence of the heparin binder completely inhibits heparin release through complexation. This study demonstrates that a multi-component approach can yield exquisite control over self-assembled materials. We reason that controlling orthogonality in such systems will underpin further development of controlled release systems with biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia M P Vieira
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK . ; http://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/academic/o-s/dsmith/
| | - Laura L Hay
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK . ; http://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/academic/o-s/dsmith/
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK . ; http://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/academic/o-s/dsmith/
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20
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Chivers PRA, Smith DK. Spatially-resolved soft materials for controlled release - hybrid hydrogels combining a robust photo-activated polymer gel with an interactive supramolecular gel. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7218-7227. [PMID: 29081954 PMCID: PMC5633784 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-supporting photo-patterned hybrid gels achieve controlled directional release depending on their surrounding environment.
Hybrid hydrogels based on self-assembling low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) DBS-CONHNH2 (DBS = 1,3;2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol) and crosslinked polymer gelator (PG) PEGDM (poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate) are reported, and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (naproxen, NPX) is incorporated. The use of PEGDM as PG enhances the mechanical stiffness of the hybrid gel (G′ increases from 400 to 4500 Pa) – the LMWG enhances its stability to very high frequency. Use of DBS-CONHNH2 as LMWG enables interactions with NPX and hence allows pH-mediated NPX release – the PG network is largely orthogonal and only interferes to a limited extent. Use of photo-activated PEGDM as PG enables spatially-resolved photo-patterning of robust hybrid gel domains within a preformed LMWG network – the presence of the LMWG enhances the spatial resolution. The photo-patterned multi-domain gel retains pH-mediated NPX release properties and directionally releases NPX into a compartment of higher pH. The two components within these hybrid PG/LMWG hydrogels therefore act largely independently of one another, although they do modify each others properties in subtle ways. Hybrid hydrogels capable of spatially controlled unidirectional release have potential applications in tissue engineering and drug-delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R A Chivers
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK . ; http://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/academic/o-s/dsmith/
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK . ; http://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/academic/o-s/dsmith/
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21
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22
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Draper ER, Wallace M, Schweins R, Poole RJ, Adams DJ. Nonlinear Effects in Multicomponent Supramolecular Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2387-2395. [PMID: 28191979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent low molecular weight gels are useful for a range of applications. However, when mixing two components, both of which can independently form a gel, there are many potential scenarios. There is a limited understanding as to how to control and direct the assembly. Here, we focus on a pH-triggered two-component system. At high pH, colloidal structures are formed, and there is a degree of mixing of the two gelators. As the pH is decreased, there is a complex situation, where one gelator directs the assembly in a "sergeants and soldiers" manner. The second gelator is not fully incorporated, and the remainder forms an independent network. The result is that there is a nonlinear dependence on the final mechanical properties of the gels, with the storage or loss modulus being very dependent on the absolute ratio of the two components in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble, CEDEX 9, France
| | - Robert J Poole
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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23
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Wallace M, Iggo JA, Adams DJ. Probing the surface chemistry of self-assembled peptide hydrogels using solution-state NMR spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1716-1727. [PMID: 28165092 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of self-assembled hydrogel fibres - their charge, hydrophobicity and ion-binding dynamics - is recognised to play an important role in determining how the gels develop as well as their suitability for different applications. However, to date there are no established methodologies for the study of this surface chemistry. Here, we demonstrate how solution-state NMR spectroscopy can be employed to measure the surface chemical properties of the fibres in a range of hydrogels formed from N-functionalised dipeptides, an effective and versatile class of gelator that has attracted much attention. By studying the interactions with the gel fibres of a diverse range of probe molecules and ions, we can simultaneously study a number of surface chemical properties of the NMR invisible fibres in an essentially non-invasive manner. Our results yield fresh insights into the materials. Most notably, gel fibres assembled using different tiggering methods bear differing amounts of negative charge as a result of a partial deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the gelators. We also demonstrate how chemical shift imaging (CSI) techniques can be applied to follow the formation of hydrogels along chemical gradients. We apply CSI to study the binding of Ca2+ and subsequent gelation of peptide assemblies at alkaline pH. Using metal ion-binding molecules as probes, we are able to detect the presence of bound Ca2+ ions on the surface of the gel fibres. We briefly explore how knowledge of the surface chemical properties of hydrogels could be used to inform their practical application in fields such as drug delivery and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Jonathan A Iggo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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24
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Moronkeji K, Todd S, Dawidowska I, Barrett SD, Akhtar R. The role of subcutaneous tissue stiffness on microneedle performance in a representative in vitro model of skin. J Control Release 2016; 265:102-112. [PMID: 27838272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the mechanical behaviour of skin due to the rapid development of microneedle devices for drug delivery applications into skin. However, most in vitro experimentation studies that are used to evaluate microneedle performance do not consider the biomechanical properties of skin or that of the subcutaneous layers. In this study, a representative experimental model of skin was developed which was comprised of subcutaneous and muscle mimics. Neonatal porcine skin from the abdominal and back regions was used, with gelatine gels of differing water content (67, 80, 88 and 96%) to represent the subcutaneous tissue, and a type of ballistic gelatine, Perma-Gel®, as a muscle mimic. Dynamic nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of each of these layers. A custom-developed impact test rig was used to apply dense polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microneedles to the skin models in a controlled and repeatable way with quantification of the insertion force and velocity. Image analysis methods were used to measure penetration depth and area of the breach caused by microneedle penetration following staining and optical imaging. The nanoindentation tests demonstrated that the tissue mimics matched expected values for subcutaneous and muscle tissue, and that the compliance of the subcutaneous mimics increased linearly with water content. The abdominal skin was thinner and less stiff as compared to back skin. The maximum force decreased with gel water content in the abdominal skin but not in the back skin. Overall, larger and deeper perforations were found in the skin models with increasing water content. These data demonstrate the importance of subcutaneous tissue on microneedle performance and the need for representative skin models in microneedle technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moronkeji
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - S Todd
- Renephra Ltd., MedTech Centre, Manchester Science Park, Pencroft Way, M15 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - I Dawidowska
- Renephra Ltd., MedTech Centre, Manchester Science Park, Pencroft Way, M15 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - S D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - R Akhtar
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, L69 3GH, United Kingdom.
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25
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Yang HK. Structure- and solvent-triggered influences in the self-assembly of polyoxometalate–steroid conjugates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13276f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular structures formed by polyoxometalate–steroid conjugates can be greatly influenced by molecular structures and solution components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Kuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
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26
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Cornwell DJ, Daubney OJ, Smith DK. Photopatterned Multidomain Gels: Multi-Component Self-Assembled Hydrogels Based on Partially Self-Sorting 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15486-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cornwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Oliver J. Daubney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - David K. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
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