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Li Z, Wang L, Huang X, He X. Unveiling the Mystery of LiF within Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305429. [PMID: 38098303 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in lithium-ion batteries. However, further requirement on the electrochemical performance is still a powerful motivator to improve battery technology. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is considered as a key component on negative electrode, having been proven to be crucial for the performance, even in safety of batteries. Although numerous studies have focused on SEI in recent years, its specific properties, including structure and composition, remain largely unclear. Particularly, LiF, a common and important component in SEI, has sparked debates among researchers, resulting in divergent viewpoints. In this review, the recent research findings on SEI and delve into the characteristics of the LiF component is aim to consolidated. The cause of SEI formation and the evolution of SEI models is summarized. The distinctive properties of SEI generated on various negative electrodes is further discussed, the ongoing scholarly controversy surrounding the function of LiF within SEI, and the specific physicochemical properties about LiF and its synergistic effect in heterogeneous components. The objective is to facilitate better understanding of SEI and the role of the LiF component, ultimately contributing to the development of Li batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance and safety for battery communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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2
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Wang Y, Yang X, Meng Y, Wen Z, Han R, Hu X, Sun B, Kang F, Li B, Zhou D, Wang C, Wang G. Fluorine Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3494-3589. [PMID: 38478597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The renewable energy industry demands rechargeable batteries that can be manufactured at low cost using abundant resources while offering high energy density, good safety, wide operating temperature windows, and long lifespans. Utilizing fluorine chemistry to redesign battery configurations/components is considered a critical strategy to fulfill these requirements due to the natural abundance, robust bond strength, and extraordinary electronegativity of fluorine and the high free energy of fluoride formation, which enables the fluorinated components with cost effectiveness, nonflammability, and intrinsic stability. In particular, fluorinated materials and electrode|electrolyte interphases have been demonstrated to significantly affect reaction reversibility/kinetics, safety, and temperature tolerance of rechargeable batteries. However, the underlining principles governing material design and the mechanistic insights of interphases at the atomic level have been largely overlooked. This review covers a wide range of topics from the exploration of fluorine-containing electrodes, fluorinated electrolyte constituents, and other fluorinated battery components for metal-ion shuttle batteries to constructing fluoride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, and other new chemistries. In doing so, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property interactions, the features of fluorinated interphases, and cutting-edge techniques for elucidating the role of fluorine chemistry in rechargeable batteries. Further, we present current challenges and promising strategies for employing fluorine chemistry, aiming to advance the electrochemical performance, wide temperature operation, and safety attributes of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ran Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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3
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Bal B, Ozdogru B, Nguyen DT, Li Z, Murugesan V, Çapraz ÖÖ. Probing the Formation of Cathode-Electrolyte Interphase on Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes via Operando Mechanical Measurements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42449-42459. [PMID: 37659069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial instabilities in electrodes control the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries. While the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on anodes has received much attention, there is still a lack of understanding the formation of the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the cathodes. To fill this gap, we report on dynamic deformations on LiFePO4 cathodes during charge/discharge by utilizing operando digital image correlation, impedance spectroscopy, and cryo X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. LiFePO4 cathodes were cycled in either LiPF6, LiClO4, or LiTFSI-containing organic liquid electrolytes. Beyond the first cycle, Li-ion intercalation results in a nearly linear correlation between electrochemical strains and the state of (dis)-charge, regardless of the electrolyte chemistry. However, during the first charge in the LiPF6-containing electrolyte, there is a distinct irreversible positive strain evolution at the onset of anodic current rise as well as current decay at around 4.0 V. Impedance studies show an increase in surface resistance in the same potential window, suggesting the formation of CEI layers on the cathode. The chemistry of the CEI layer was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. LiF is detected in the CEI layer starting as early as 3.4 V and LixPOyFz appeared at voltages higher than 4.0 V during the first charge. Our approach offers insights into the formation mechanism of CEI layers on the cathode electrodes, which is crucial for the development of robust cathodes and electrolyte chemistries for higher-performance batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Bal
- The School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Bertan Ozdogru
- The School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
- Center for Energy Conversion & Storage Systems, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dan Thien Nguyen
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ömer Özgür Çapraz
- The School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
- Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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4
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Dopilka A, Gu Y, Larson JM, Zorba V, Kostecki R. Nano-FTIR Spectroscopy of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer on a Thin-Film Silicon Li-Ion Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6755-6767. [PMID: 36696964 PMCID: PMC9923681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Si anodes for Li-ion batteries are notorious for their large volume expansion during lithiation and the corresponding detrimental effects on cycle life. However, calendar life is the primary roadblock for widespread adoption. During calendar life aging, the main origin of impedance increase and capacity fade is attributed to the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In this work, we use ex situ nano-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the structure and composition of the SEI layer on amorphous Si thin films after an accelerated calendar aging protocol. The characterization of the SEI on non-washed and washed electrodes shows that brief washing in dimethyl carbonate results in large changes to the film chemistry and topography. Detailed examination of the non-washed electrodes during the first lithiation and after an accelerated calendar aging protocol reveals that PF6- and its decomposition products tend to accumulate in the SEI due to the preferential transport of PF6- ions through polyethylene oxide-like species in the organic part of the SEI layer. This work demonstrates the importance of evaluating the SEI layer in its intrinsic, undisturbed form and new strategies to improve the passivation of the SEI layer are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dopilka
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yueran Gu
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Larson
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
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6
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Rus ED, Dura JA. In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Study of a Tungsten Oxide/Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2832-2842. [PMID: 36598862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interface/interphase (SEI) is of great importance to the viable operation of lithium-ion batteries. In the present work, the interface between a tungsten oxide electrode and an electrolyte solution consisting of LiPF6 in a deuterated ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvent was characterized with in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) at a series of applied electrochemical potentials. NR data were fit to yield neutron scattering length density (SLD) depth profiles in the surface normal direction, from which composition depth profiles were inferred. The goals of this work were to characterize SEI formation on a model transition-metal oxide, an example of a conversion electrode, to characterize the lithiation of WO3, and to help interpret the results of an earlier study of tungsten electrodes without an intentionally grown surface oxide. The WO3 electrode was produced by thermal oxidation of a W thin film. Co-analysis of NR and X-ray reflectivity data indicated that the stoichiometry of the thermal oxide was WO3. As the electrode was polarized to progressively more reducing potentials, starting from open circuit and down to +0.25 V versus Li/Li+, the layer that was originally WO3 expanded and increased in lithium content. The reduced electrode consisted of two to three layers: an inner layer (the evolving conversion electrode) which may have been mixed W and Li2O and unreacted WO3 or LixWO3, a layer rich in protons and/or lithium, possibly corresponding to LiOH or LiH (the inner SEI), and an outermost layer adjacent to the solution with an SLD close to that of the solution, possibly consisting of lower SLD species with solution-filled porosity or deuteron-rich species derived from the solvents (the outer SEI), though the presence of this layer was tenuous. For the steps in the direction of more oxidizing potentials, the evolution of the layer structure was qualitatively the reverse of that seen when stepping toward more negative potentials, though with hysteresis. The SLD gradient suggested that the reaction was not limited by diffusion within the film. No clear phase boundary was evident in the evolving conversion electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Rus
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Joseph A Dura
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
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7
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Ankner JF, Ashkar R, Browning JF, Charlton TR, Doucet M, Halbert CE, Islam F, Karim A, Kharlampieva E, Kilbey SM, Lin JYY, Phan MD, Smith GS, Sukhishvili SA, Thermer R, Veith GM, Watkins EB, Wilson D. Cinematic reflectometry using QIKR, the quite intense kinetics reflectometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013302. [PMID: 36725568 DOI: 10.1063/5.0122279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Quite Intense Kinetics Reflectometer (QIKR) will be a general-purpose, horizontal-sample-surface neutron reflectometer. Reflectometers measure the proportion of an incident probe beam reflected from a surface as a function of wavevector (momentum) transfer to infer the distribution and composition of matter near an interface. The unique scattering properties of neutrons make this technique especially useful in the study of soft matter, biomaterials, and materials used in energy storage. Exploiting the increased brilliance of the Spallation Neutron Source Second Target Station, QIKR will collect specular and off-specular reflectivity data faster than the best existing such machines. It will often be possible to collect complete specular reflectivity curves using a single instrument setting, enabling "cinematic" operation, wherein the user turns on the instrument and "films" the sample. Samples in time-dependent environments (e.g., temperature, electrochemical, or undergoing chemical alteration) will be observed in real time, in favorable cases with frame rates as fast as 1 Hz. Cinematic data acquisition promises to make time-dependent measurements routine, with time resolution specified during post-experiment data analysis. This capability will be deployed to observe such processes as in situ polymer diffusion, battery electrode charge-discharge cycles, hysteresis loops, and membrane protein insertion into lipid layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ankner
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - R Ashkar
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - J F Browning
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T R Charlton
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M Doucet
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C E Halbert
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - F Islam
- Neutron Technologies Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - E Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - S M Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - J Y Y Lin
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M D Phan
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G S Smith
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S A Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - R Thermer
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - E B Watkins
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D Wilson
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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8
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Gehrlein L, Leibing C, Pfeifer K, Jeschull F, Balducci A, Maibach J. Glyoxylic acetals as electrolytes for Si/Graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Santos CS, Botz A, Bandarenka AS, Ventosa E, Schuhmann W. Correlative Electrochemical Microscopy for the Elucidation of the Local Ionic and Electronic Properties of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Li-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202744. [PMID: 35312219 PMCID: PMC9322322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a key role in the stability of lithium‐ion batteries as the SEI prevents the continuous degradation of the electrolyte at the anode. The SEI acts as an insulating layer for electron transfer, still allowing the ionic flux through the layer. We combine the feedback and multi‐frequency alternating‐current modes of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the first time to assess quantitatively the local electronic and ionic properties of the SEI varying the SEI formation conditions and the used electrolytes in the field of Li‐ion batteries (LIB). Correlations between the electronic and ionic properties of the resulting SEI on a model Cu electrode demonstrates the unique feasibility of the proposed strategy to provide the two essential properties of an SEI: ionic and electronic conductivity in dependence on the formation conditions, which is anticipated to exhibit a significant impact on the field of LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Santos
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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10
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Kawaura H, Harada M, Kondo Y, Mizutani M, Takahashi N, Yamada NL. Effects of Lithium Bis(oxalate)borate Electrolyte Additive on the Formation of a Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Amorphous Carbon Electrodes by Operando Time-Slicing Neutron Reflectometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24526-24535. [PMID: 35585036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive analyses were performed using neutron reflectivity and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the structure and composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer during charge-discharge processes and because of the addition of lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) to improve the battery performance. The chemical composition of the SEI was assessed using these methods, and the amount of Li+ intercalated in the anode during the electrochemical reaction was evaluated. The results demonstrated that Li2C2O4 was produced initially but later decomposed to Li2CO3 on the first charge cycle. Presumably, the SEI layer formed by the decomposition of LiBOB was a single dense layer and chemically stable during the further charge-discharge processes owing to the difference in the reaction process. Therefore, the reduced Li+ transfer resistance and charging capacity accounted for the substantial improvement contributed by adding LiBOB. Moreover, the charges used for the intercalation of Li+ and SEI formation during the two-cycle processes were analyzed. The addition of LiBOB increased the discharge capacity of the anode and provided an additional charge used for SEI formation, presumably for decomposing Li2C2O4, which could reflect the durability of the Li-ion batteries. The electrode, electrolyte, and charge-discharge reactions affect the SEI properties and consequently the electrochemical reactions. Therefore, additional investigations under different charge-discharge conditions would reveal important characteristics such as the charge and discharge efficiency, output performance, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawaura
- Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Harada
- Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Kondo
- Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizutani
- Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi
- Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai-Mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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11
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Wang Z, Tan J, Yang Z, Luo Y, Ye S. Observing Two-Dimensional Spontaneous Reaction between a Silicon Electrode and a LiPF 6-Based Electrolyte In Situ and in Real Time. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3224-3229. [PMID: 35377653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional spontaneous reactions between an electrode and an electrolyte are very important for the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) but difficult to study because studying such reactions requires surface/interface sensitive techniques with sufficiently structural and temporal resolutions. In this study, we have applied femtosecond broadband sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) to investigate the interaction between a silicon electrode and a LiPF6-based diethyl carbonate electrolyte solution in situ and in real time. We found that two kinds of diethyl carbonate species are present on the silicon surface and their C═O stretching aligns in opposite directions. Intrinsically spontaneous chemical reactions between silicon electrodes and a LiPF6 electrolyte solution are observed. The reactions generate silicon hydride and cause corrosion of the silicon electrodes. Coating of the silicon surface with a poly(vinyl alcohol) layer can effectively retard and attenuate these reactions. This work demonstrates that SFG-VS can provide a unique and powerful state-of-the-art tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of SEI formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junjun Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuji Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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12
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Aqueous interphase formed by CO 2 brings electrolytes back to salt-in-water regime. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1061-1069. [PMID: 34635811 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Super-concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes make high-voltage aqueous batteries possible, but at the expense of high cost and several adverse effects, including high viscosity, low conductivity and slow kinetics. Here, we observe a concentration-dependent association between CO2 and TFSI anions in water that reaches maximum strength at 5 mol kg-1 LiTFSI. This TFSI-CO2 complex and its reduction chemistry allow us to decouple the interphasial responsibility of an aqueous electrolyte from its bulk properties, hence making high-voltage aqueous Li-ion batteries practical in dilute salt-in-water electrolytes. The CO2/salt-in-water electrolyte not only inherits the wide electrochemical stability window and non-flammability from water-in-salt electrolytes but also successfully circumvents the numerous disadvantages induced by excessive salt. This work represents a deviation from the water-in-salt pathway that not only benefits the development of practical aqueous batteries, but also highlights how the complex interactions between electrolyte components can be used to manipulate interphasial chemistry.
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13
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Wu C, Saravanan L, Chen H, Pan P, Tsao C, Chang C. Solid electrolyte interphase layer formation on mesophase graphite electrodes with different electrolytes studied by
small‐angle
neutron scattering. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Ming Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Hung‐Yuan Chen
- R & D Center for Li‐ion Battery National University of Tainan Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ping‐I Pan
- Department of Greenergy National University of Tainan Tainan Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Si Tsao
- Nuclear Fuel and Materials Division Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Chin Chang
- R & D Center for Li‐ion Battery National University of Tainan Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Greenergy National University of Tainan Tainan Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green‐Energy Materials Research Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
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14
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Schnabel M, Harvey SP, Arca E, Stetson C, Teeter G, Ban C, Stradins P. Surface SiO 2 Thickness Controls Uniform-to-Localized Transition in Lithiation of Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27017-27028. [PMID: 32407075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its high capacity, but its widespread adoption has been hampered by a low cycle life arising from mechanical failure and the absence of a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Understanding SEI formation and its impact on cycle life is made more complex by the oxidation of silicon materials in air or during synthesis, which leads to SiOx coatings of varying thicknesses that form the true surface of the electrode. In this paper, the lithiation of SiO2-coated Si is studied in a controlled manner using SiO2 coatings of different thicknesses grown on Si wafers via thermal oxidation. SiO2 thickness has a profound effect on lithiation: below 2 nm, SEI formation followed by uniform lithiation occurs at positive voltages versus Li/Li+. Si lithiation is reversible, and SiO2 lithiation is largely irreversible. Above 2 nm SiO2, voltammetric currents decrease exponentially with SiO2 thickness. For 2-3 nm SiO2, SEI formation above 0.1 V is suppressed, but a hold at low or negative voltages can initiate charge transfer whereupon SEI formation and uniform lithiation occur. Cycling of Si anodes with an SiO2 coating thinner than 3 nm occurs at high Coulombic efficiency (CE). If an SiO2 coating is thicker than 3-4 nm, the behavior is totally different: lithiation at positive voltages is strongly inhibited, and lithiation occurs at poor CE and is highly localized at pinholes which grow over time. As they grow, lithiation becomes more facile and the CE increases. Pinhole growth is proposed to occur via rapid transport of Li along the SiO2/Si interface radially outward from an existing pinhole, followed by the lithiation of SiO2 from the interface outward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schnabel
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Steven P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Elisabetta Arca
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Stetson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Glenn Teeter
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chunmei Ban
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Paul Stradins
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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15
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Steinrück HG, Cao C, Veith GM, Toney MF. Toward quantifying capacity losses due to solid electrolyte interphase evolution in silicon thin film batteries. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5142643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Chuntian Cao
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Michael F. Toney
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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16
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Browning KL, Sacci RL, Doucet M, Browning JF, Kim JR, Veith GM. The Study of the Binder Poly(acrylic acid) and Its Role in Concomitant Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Si Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10018-10030. [PMID: 31984725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We use neutron reflectometry to study how the polymeric binder, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), affects the in situ formation and chemical composition of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on a silicon anode at various states of charge. The reflectivity is correlated with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance to better understand the viscoelastic effects of the polymer during cycling. The use of model thin films allows for a well-controlled interface between the amorphous Si surface and the PAA layer. If the PAA perfectly coats the Si surface and standard processing conditions are used, the binder will prevent the lithiation of the anode. The PAA suppresses the growth of a new layer formed at early states of discharge (open circuit voltage to 0.8 V vs Li/Li+), protecting the surface of the anode. At 0.15 V, the SEI layer underneath the PAA changes in chemical composition as indicated by an increase in the scattering length density and thickness as the layer incorporates components from the electrolyte, most likely the salt. At lithiated and delithiated states, the SEI layer changes in chemical composition and grows in thickness with delithiation and shrinks during lithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Browning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron Scattering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - James F Browning
- Neutron Scattering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Joshua R Kim
- Neutron Scattering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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17
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Rus ED, Dura JA. In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Study of Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) Formation on Tungsten Thin-Film Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47553-47563. [PMID: 31815415 PMCID: PMC7470620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten, a non-Li-intercalating material, was used as a platform to study solid-electrolyte interface/interphase (SEI) formation in lithium hexafluorphosphate in mixed diethyl carbonate (DEC)/ethylene carbonate electrolyte solutions using in situ neutron reflectometry (NR). A NR measurement determines the neutron scattering length density (SLD)-depth profile, from which a composition-depth profile can be inferred. Isotopic labeling/contrast variation measurements were conducted using a series of three electrolyte solutions: one with both solvents deuterated, one with neither deuterated, and another with only DEC deuterated. A two-layer SEI formed upon polarization to +0.25 V vs Li/Li+. Insensitivity of the inner SEI layer to solvent deuteration suggested limited incorporation of hydrogen atoms from the solvent molecules. Its low SLD indicates that Li2O could be a major constituent. The outer SEI layer SLD scaled with that of the solution, indicating that it either had solution-filled porosity, incorporated hydrogen atoms from the solvent, or both. Returning the electrode to +2.65 V removed lithium from both surface layers, though the effect was more pronounced for the inner layer. Potential cycling had the effect of increasing the solution-derived species content in the inner SEI and decreased the contrast between the inner and outer layers, possibly indicating intermixing of the layers.
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18
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Cao C, Shyam B, Wang J, Toney MF, Steinrück HG. Shedding X-ray Light on the Interfacial Electrochemistry of Silicon Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2673-2683. [PMID: 31479242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical alloying reactions of group IV elements, such as Si, Ge, or Sn, with lithium provide a promising route to next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high volumetric and gravimetric capacities. However, commercialization of these anodes is still sparse owing to quick capacity fading and limited Coulombic efficiency, which arise from large volume expansion leading to particle cracking and subsequent electrochemical inactivity. As a result, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), originating in the decomposition of the electrolyte upon battery operation outside the electrolyte's thermodynamic stability window, grows uncontrollably. While a large number of mitigation strategies have been developed, an improved nanometer level fundamental understanding of the (de)lithiation process and SEI formation, growth, and evolution is necessary to overcome these challenges. Toward this end, many experimental and theoretical approaches have been utilized but still provide an incomplete picture. This is due to the difficulty of investigating buried interfaces and interphases of lithiation products and thin SEI layers (nanometer-scale) in situ and with the desired nanometer accuracy. In this Account, we illustrate the utilization of in situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) to provide nanometer-scale insights on the SEI nucleation, growth, and evolution, and well as the (de)lithiation process of Si electrodes. XRR is a nondestructive and surface- and interface-sensitive technique that allows for in situ investigations during battery operation under realistic electrochemical conditions. Insight into the system is provided via the surface-normal density profile, which is interpreted in terms of thickness, density, and roughness of individual surface layers, allowing monitoring of the interfacial morphology and chemistry evolution, through which the SEI growth and Si (de)lithiation process can be resolved. We utilized a model battery anode consisting of a native oxide terminated single crystalline Si wafer in half cell configuration with standard electrolyte in a specifically designed in situ XRR electrochemical cell. We have resolved the nucleation and formation process of the inner inorganic SEI and have observed two well-defined inorganic SEI layers on Si anodes: a bottom-SEI layer (adjacent to the electrode) formed via the lithiation of the native oxide and a top-SEI layer mainly consisting of the electrolyte decomposition product, LiF. This SEI layer grows during lithiation and contracts during delithiation. Further, our results show that the lithiation of crystalline Si (c-Si) is a layer-by-layer, reaction-limited, two-phase process with a well-defined phase boundary between LixSi lithiation product and c-Si; in contrast, the delithiation of LixSi and the lithiation of amorphous Si (a-Si) are reaction-limited, single-phase processes. Moreover, we resolved the influences of current density and the Si crystallographic orientation of the reaction interface on the (de)lithiation process. The implications of our findings are discussed with regard to battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Cao
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Badri Shyam
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jiajun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Michael F. Toney
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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19
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Browning KL, Browning JF, Doucet M, Yamada NL, Liu G, Veith GM. Role of conductive binder to direct solid-electrolyte interphase formation over silicon anodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17356-17365. [PMID: 31355379 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the use of in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) we show how the addition of an electronically conductive polymeric binder, PEFM, mediates the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and composition on an amorphous Si (a-Si) electrode as a function of the state-of-charge. Upon initial contact with the electrolyte a Li rich, 41 Å thick, layer forms on the surface of the anode below the polymer layer. At 0.8 V (vs. Li/Li+), a distinct SEI layer forms from the incorporation of electrolyte decomposition products in the reaction layer that is organic in nature. In addition, solvent uptake in the PEFM layer occurs resulting in the layer swelling to ∼200 Å. Upon further polarization to 0.4 and 0.15 V (vs. Li/Li+) a thick layer (800 Å) on the surface of the Si is evident where a diffuse interface between the PEFM and SEI occurs resulting in a matrix between the two layers, as the binder has taken up a large amount of electrolyte. The two layers appear to be interchanging solvent molecules from the PEFM to the SEI to the Si surface preventing the lithiation of the a-Si. By 0.05 V (vs. Li/Li+) a Li rich, 72 Å thick, SEI layer condenses on the surface of the anode, and a 121 Å intermixed layer on top of the SEI with LiF and Li-C-O species is present with the rest blended into the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Browning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
| | - James F Browning
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Gao Liu
- Electrochemistry Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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20
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Moeremans B, Cheng H, Merola C, Hu Q, Oezaslan M, Safari M, Van Bael MK, Hardy A, Valtiner M, Renner FU. In Situ Mechanical Analysis of the Nanoscopic Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Anodes of Li-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900190. [PMID: 31453057 PMCID: PMC6702625 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial decomposition products forming the so-called solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) significantly determine the destiny of a Li-ion battery. Ultimate knowledge of its detailed behavior and better control are required for higher rates, longer life-time, and increased safety. Employing an electrochemical surface force apparatus, it is possible to control the growth and to investigate the mechanical properties of an SEI in a lithium-ion battery environment. This new approach is here introduced on a gold model system and reveals a compressible film at all stages of SEI growth. The demonstrated methodology provides a unique tool for analyzing electrochemical battery interfaces, in particular in view of alternative electrolyte formulations and artificial interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Moeremans
- Institute for Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
- Max‐Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie IITU Bergakademie Freiberg09599FreibergGermany
| | - Hsiu‐Wei Cheng
- Max‐Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
- Institute for Applied PhysicsApplied Interface PhysicsTechnical University of Vienna1040ViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Merola
- Max‐Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
- Institute for Applied PhysicsApplied Interface PhysicsTechnical University of Vienna1040ViennaAustria
| | - Qingyun Hu
- Max‐Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
- Institute for Applied PhysicsApplied Interface PhysicsTechnical University of Vienna1040ViennaAustria
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Physical ChemistryElectrocatalysisCarl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg26111OldenburgGermany
| | - Mohammadhosein Safari
- Institute for Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
- IMECDivision IMOMECBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Marlies K. Van Bael
- Institute for Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
- IMECDivision IMOMECBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
| | - An Hardy
- Institute for Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
- IMECDivision IMOMECBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Max‐Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie IITU Bergakademie Freiberg09599FreibergGermany
- Institute for Applied PhysicsApplied Interface PhysicsTechnical University of Vienna1040ViennaAustria
| | - Frank Uwe Renner
- Institute for Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
- IMECDivision IMOMECBE‐3590DiepenbeekBelgium
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21
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Welbourn R, Clarke S. New insights into the solid–liquid interface exploiting neutron reflectivity. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Evmenenko G, Warburton RE, Yildirim H, Greeley JP, Chan MKY, Buchholz DB, Fenter P, Bedzyk MJ, Fister TT. Understanding the Role of Overpotentials in Lithium Ion Conversion Reactions: Visualizing the Interface. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7825-7832. [PMID: 31117380 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxide conversion reactions are known to have substantially higher specific capacities than intercalation materials used in Li-ion batteries, but universally suffer from large overpotentials associated with the formation of interfaces between the resulting nanoscale metal and Li2O products. Here we use the interfacial sensitivity of operando X-ray reflectivity to visualize the structural evolution of ultrathin NiO electrodes and their interfaces during conversion. We observe two additional reactions prior to the well-known bulk, three-dimensional conversion occurring at 0.6 V: an accumulation of lithium at the buried metal/oxide interface (at 2.2 V) followed by interfacial lithiation of the buried NiO/Ni interface at the theoretical potential for conversion (at 1.9 V). To understand the mechanisms for bulk and interfacial lithiation, we calculate interfacial energies using density functional theory to build a potential-dependent nucleation model for conversion. These calculations show that the additional space charge layer of lithium is a crucial component for reducing energy barriers for conversion in NiO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Handan Yildirim
- Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | | | - Maria K Y Chan
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - D Bruce Buchholz
- Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Paul Fenter
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Timothy T Fister
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
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23
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Liu D, Shadike Z, Lin R, Qian K, Li H, Li K, Wang S, Yu Q, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Qin X, Yang QH, Wagemaker M, Kang F, Yang XQ, Li B. Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806620. [PMID: 31099081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li-ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li-ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X-ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high-energy-density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qipeng Yu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Xianying Qin
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Materials and Devices Testing Center, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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24
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Shen BH, Wang S, Tenhaeff WE. Ultrathin conformal polycyclosiloxane films to improve silicon cycling stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4856. [PMID: 31334351 PMCID: PMC6641945 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of lithium ion battery electrolyte on Si anodes was mitigated by synthesizing nanoscale, conformal polymer films as artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers. Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) was used to deposit poly(1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane) (pV4D4) onto silicon thin film electrodes. pV4D4 films (25 nm) on Si electrodes improved initial coulombic efficiency by 12.9% and capacity retention over 100 cycles by 64.9% relative to untreated electrodes. pV4D4 coatings improved rate capabilities, enabling higher lithiation capacity at all current densities. Impedance spectroscopy showed that SEI resistance grew from 50 to 191 ohms in untreated Si and only 34 to 90 ohms in pV4D4-coated Si over 30 cycles. Post-cycling Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that pV4D4 moderated electrolyte reduction and altered SEI composition, with LiF formation being favored. This work will guide further development of polymeric artificial SEIs to mitigate electrolyte reduction and enhance capacity retention in Si electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. H. Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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25
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Raberg JH, Vatamanu J, Harris SJ, van Oversteeg CHM, Ramos A, Borodin O, Cuk T. Probing Electric Double-Layer Composition via in Situ Vibrational Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3381-3389. [PMID: 31141378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
At an electrode, ions and solvent accumulate to screen charge, leading to a nanometer-scale electric double layer (EDL). The EDL guides electrode passivation in batteries, while in (super)capacitors, it determines charge storage capacity. Despite its importance, quantification of the nanometer-scale and potential-dependent EDL remains a challenging problem. Here, we directly probe changes in the EDL composition with potential using in situ vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations for a Li-ion battery electrolyte (LiClO4 in dimethyl carbonate). The accumulation rate of Li+ ions at the negative surface and ClO4- ions at the positive surface from vibrational spectroscopy compares well to that predicted by simulations using a polarizable APPLE&P force field. The ion solvation shell structure and ion-pairing within the EDL differs significantly from the bulk, especially at the negative electrode, suggesting that the common rationalization of interfacial electrochemical processes in terms of bulk ion solvation should be applied with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Raberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jenel Vatamanu
- Electrochemistry Branch, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, Power and Energy Division , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Stephen J Harris
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Axel Ramos
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Electrochemistry Branch, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, Power and Energy Division , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Tanja Cuk
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Li Z, Liu X, Causer GL, Lin KW, Pong P, Holt SA, Klose F, Li YY. Structural evolution of a Ni/NiOx based supercapacitor in cyclic charging-discharging: A polarized neutron and X-ray reflectometry study. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Avdeev MV, Bobrikov IA, Petrenko VI. Neutron methods for tracking lithium in operating electrodes and interfaces. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The performance characteristics of modern electrochemical energy storage devices are largely determined by the processes occurring at charge separation interfaces, as well as by the evolution of the structure, composition and chemistry of electrodes and electrolytes. The paper reviews the principal applications of neutron scattering techniques in structural studies of electrode materials and electrochemical interfaces in the course of their operation (operando mode) with an accent to Li-ion batteries. The high penetrating power of thermal neutrons makes it possible to study complex systems that are the closest to real electrochemical cells. The recent progress and future tasks in the development of the neutron scattering methods (diffraction, reflectometry, small-angle scattering) for various types of electrodes/interfaces in Li energy storage devices are discussed.
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Jerliu B, Hüger E, Dörrer L, Seidlhofer BK, Steitz R, Horisberger M, Schmidt H. Lithium insertion into silicon electrodes studied by cyclic voltammetry and operando neutron reflectometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23480-23491. [PMID: 30183027 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Operando neutron reflectometry measurements were carried out to study the insertion of lithium into amorphous silicon film electrodes during cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments at a scan rate of 0.01 mV s-1. The experiments allow mapping of regions where significant amounts of Li are incorporated/released from the electrode and correlation of the results to modifications of characteristic peaks in the CV curve. High volume changes up to 390% accompanied by corresponding modifications of the neutron scattering length density (which is a measure of the average Li fraction present in the electrode) are observed during electrochemical cycling for potentials below 0.3 V (lithiation) and above 0.2 V (delithiation), leading to a hysteretic behaviour. This is attributed to result from mechanical stress as suggested in the literature. Formation and modification of a surface layer associated with the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) were observed during cycling. Within the first lithiation cycle the SEI grows to 120 Å for potentials below 0.5 V. Afterwards a reversible and stable modification of the SEI between 70 Å (delithiated state) and 120 Å (lithiated state) takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jerliu
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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Silicon Surface Tethered Polymer as Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interface. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11549. [PMID: 30068925 PMCID: PMC6070503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a proof of concept electrode design to covalently graft poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes directly to silicon thin film electrodes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. This polymer layer acts as a stable artificial solid electrolyte interface that enables surface passivation despite large volume changes during cycling. Thin polymer layers (75 nm) improve average first cycle coulombic efficiency from 62.4% in bare silicon electrodes to 76.3%. Average first cycle reversible capacity was improved from 3157 to 3935 mAh g−1, and average irreversible capacity was reduced from 2011 to 1020 mAh g−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy performed on silicon electrodes showed that resistance from solid electrolyte interface formation increased from 79 to 1508 Ω in untreated silicon thin films over 26 cycles, while resistance growth was lower – from 98 to 498 Ω – in silicon films functionalized with PMMA brushes. The lower increase suggests enhanced surface passivation and lower electrolyte degradation. This work provides a pathway to develop artificial solid electrolyte interfaces synthesized under controlled reaction conditions.
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Horowitz Y, Steinrück HG, Han HL, Cao C, Abate II, Tsao Y, Toney MF, Somorjai GA. Fluoroethylene Carbonate Induces Ordered Electrolyte Interface on Silicon and Sapphire Surfaces as Revealed by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and X-ray Reflectivity. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2105-2111. [PMID: 29451803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cyclability of silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is affected by the reduction of the electrolyte on the anode surface to produce a coating layer termed the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). One of the key steps for a major improvement of LIBs is unraveling the SEI's structure-related diffusion properties as charge and discharge rates of LIBs are diffusion-limited. To this end, we have combined two surface sensitive techniques, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity (XRR), to explore the first monolayer and to probe the first several layers of electrolyte, respectively, for solutions consisting of 1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and their mixtures (EC/FEC 7:3 and 1:1 wt %) on silicon and sapphire surfaces. Our results suggest that the addition of FEC to EC solution causes the first monolayer to rearrange itself more perpendicular to the anode surface, while subsequent layers are less affected and tend to maintain their, on average, surface-parallel arrangements. This fundamental understanding of the near-surface orientation of the electrolyte molecules can aid operational strategies for designing high-performance LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Horowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Hui-Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chuntian Cao
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Iwnetim Iwnetu Abate
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yuchi Tsao
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Gabor A Somorjai
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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Determination of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Structure Grown on a Silicon Electrode Using a Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additive. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6326. [PMID: 28740163 PMCID: PMC5524684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we explore how an electrolyte additive (fluorinated ethylene carbonate – FEC) mediates the thickness and composition of the solid electrolyte interphase formed over a silicon anode in situ as a function of state-of-charge and cycle. We show the FEC condenses on the surface at open circuit voltage then is reduced to C-O containing polymeric species around 0.9 V (vs. Li/Li+). The resulting film is about 50 Å thick. Upon lithiation the SEI thickens to 70 Å and becomes more organic-like. With delithiation the SEI thins by 13 Å and becomes more inorganic in nature, consistent with the formation of LiF. This thickening/thinning is reversible with cycling and shows the SEI is a dynamic structure. We compare the SEI chemistry and thickness to 280 Å thick SEI layers produced without FEC and provide a mechanism for SEI formation using FEC additives.
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Zhan C, Lian C, Zhang Y, Thompson MW, Xie Y, Wu J, Kent PRC, Cummings PT, Jiang D, Wesolowski DJ. Computational Insights into Materials and Interfaces for Capacitive Energy Storage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700059. [PMID: 28725531 PMCID: PMC5515120 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitors such as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors are becoming increasingly important in the field of electrical energy storage. Theoretical study of energy storage in EDLCs focuses on solving for the electric double-layer structure in different electrode geometries and electrolyte components, which can be achieved by molecular simulations such as classical molecular dynamics (MD), classical density functional theory (classical DFT), and Monte-Carlo (MC) methods. In recent years, combining first-principles and classical simulations to investigate the carbon-based EDLCs has shed light on the importance of quantum capacitance in graphene-like 2D systems. More recently, the development of joint density functional theory (JDFT) enables self-consistent electronic-structure calculation for an electrode being solvated by an electrolyte. In contrast with the large amount of theoretical and computational effort on EDLCs, theoretical understanding of pseudocapacitance is very limited. In this review, we first introduce popular modeling methods and then focus on several important aspects of EDLCs including nanoconfinement, quantum capacitance, dielectric screening, and novel 2D electrode design; we also briefly touch upon pseudocapactive mechanism in RuO2. We summarize and conclude with an outlook for the future of materials simulation and design for capacitive energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521United States
| | - Cheng Lian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia92521United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - Matthew W. Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - Yu Xie
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia92521United States
| | - Paul R. C. Kent
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
- Computer Science and Mathematics DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
| | - Peter T. Cummings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - De‐en Jiang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521United States
| | - David J. Wesolowski
- Chemcial Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
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