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Carrillo-Carrión C, Farrando-Perez J, Daemen LL, Cheng YQ, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Silvestre-Albero J. Zr-Porphyrin Metal-Organic Framework as nanoreactor for boosting the formation of hydrogen clathrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315280. [PMID: 38088497 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We report the first experimental evidence for rapid formation of hydrogen clathrates under mild pressure and temperature conditions within the cavities of a zirconium-metalloporphyrin framework, specifically PCN-222. PCN-222 has been selected for its 1D mesoporous channels, high water-stability, and proper hydrophilic behavior. Firstly, we optimize a microwave (MW)-assisted method for the synthesis of nanosized PCN-222 particles with precise structure control (exceptional homogeneity in morphology and crystalline phase purity), taking advantage of MW in terms of rapid/homogeneous heating, time and energy savings, as well as potential scalability of the synthetic method. Second, we explore the relevance of the large mesoporous 1D open channels within the PCN-222 to promote the nucleation and growth of confined hydrogen clathrates. Experimental results show that PCN-222 drives the nucleation process at a lower pressure than the bulk system (1.35 kbar vs 2 kbar), with fast kinetics (minutes), using pure water, and with a nearly complete water-to-hydrate conversion. Unfortunately, PCN-222 cannot withstand these high pressures, which lead to a significant alteration of the mesoporous structure while the microporous network remains mainly unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Farrando-Perez
- Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto, Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Luke L Daemen
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yongqiang Q Cheng
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Joaquin Silvestre-Albero
- Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto, Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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2
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Beckwée EJ, Watson G, Houlleberghs M, Arenas Esteban D, Bals S, Van Der Voort P, Breynaert E, Martens J, Baron GV, Denayer JF. Enabling hydrate-based methane storage under mild operating conditions by periodic mesoporous organosilica nanotubes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17662. [PMID: 37449178 PMCID: PMC10336592 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomethane is a renewable natural gas substitute produced from biogas. Storage of this sustainable energy vector in confined clathrate hydrates, encapsulated in the pores of a host material, is a highly promising avenue to improve storage capacity and energy efficiency. Herein, a new type of periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanotubes, referred to as hollow ring PMO (HR-PMO), capable of promoting methane clathrate hydrate formation under mild working conditions (273 K, 3.5 MPa) and at high water loading (5.1 g water/g HR-PMO) is reported. Gravimetric uptake measurements reveal a steep single-stepped isotherm and a noticeably high methane storage capacity (0.55 g methane/g HR-PMO; 0.11 g methane/g water at 3.5 MPa). The large working capacity throughout consecutive pressure-induced clathrate hydrate formation-dissociation cycles demonstrates the material's excellent recyclability (97% preservation of capacity). Supported by ex situ cryo-electron tomography and x-ray diffraction, HR-PMO nanotubes are hypothesized to promote clathrate hydrate nucleation and growth by distribution and confinement of water in the mesopores of their outer wall, along the central channels of the nanotubes and on the external nanotube surface. These findings showcase the potential for application of organosilica materials with hierarchical and interconnected pore systems for pressure-based storage of biomethane in confined clathrate hydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Jules Beckwée
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Geert Watson
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, NMRCoRe - NMR - XRAY - EM Platform for Convergence Research, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Arenas Esteban
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, NMRCoRe - NMR - XRAY - EM Platform for Convergence Research, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Martens
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, NMRCoRe - NMR - XRAY - EM Platform for Convergence Research, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Joeri F.M. Denayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
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3
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Massive growth of a fibrous gas hydrate from surface macropores of an activated carbon. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Wan L, Fu J, Wang S, Wang W, He Y, Lu J, Zang X, Guan J, Liang D, Fan S. CH/CH 2 Group Clusters Doping Methane Hydrate Cages. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9997-10004. [PMID: 36264120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methane hydrate is a crystalline compound with methane molecules as guest species trapped in host water cages. In this study, we detected methane hydrate with water cages doped by (Caromatic-H)5 clusters, (Caromatic-H)6 clusters, and (3Caliphatic-H2 + 2H2O) clusters using current spectroscopic techniques and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Methane molecules are trapped in the doped cages with type sI forming in nanoscale silica gel pores. The relative quantity ratio of host carbon to guest carbon in the doped hydrate sample reaches approximately 3.58. Methane hydrate doped by CH/CH2 group clusters greatly improves the ability of the hydrate unit cell to store methane and increases the stability of methane hydrate. Fast proton diffusion in the doped methane hydrate was confirmed. The results of this study will provide efficient and energy saving technical support for disruptive changes in hydrate storage and transportation of methane gas technology with a doped and dense solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Juan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Shujia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Wuchang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Security, College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Yong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jingsheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Xiaoya Zang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jinan Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Deqing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Shuanshi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Energy Conservation of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
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5
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Calorimetric study of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate formation and dissociation processes in porous media. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Nguyen NN, Nguyen AV. "Nanoreactors" for Boosting Gas Hydrate Formation toward Energy Storage Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11504-11515. [PMID: 35939085 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen and methane can be molecularly incorporated in ice-like water structures up to mass fractions of 4.3% and 13.3%, respectively. The resulting solid structures, called gas hydrates, offer great potential for the efficient storage of hydrogen and natural gas. However, slow gas encapsulation by bulk water hinders this application. Porous structures have been shown to effectively promote gas hydrate formation and are a potential enabler for the development of hydrate-based gas storage technologies. Here, we offer an insightful perspective on using porous structures as nanoreactors for achieving fast gas hydrate formation for gas storage applications. We critically discuss and elucidate the working mechanisms of nanoreactors and identify the criteria for efficient nanoreactors. Based on the concepts founded, we propose a theoretical framework for designing next-generation porous materials for delivering better promoting effects on gas hydrate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc N Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anh V Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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7
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Mileo PGM, Rogge SMJ, Houlleberghs M, Breynaert E, Martens JA, Van Speybroeck V. Interfacial study of clathrates confined in reversed silica pores. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2021; 9:21835-21844. [PMID: 34707871 PMCID: PMC8491980 DOI: 10.1039/d1ta03105h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Storing methane in clathrates is one of the most promising alternatives for transporting natural gas (NG) as it offers similar gas densities to liquefied and compressed NG while offering lower safety risks. However, the practical use of clathrates is limited given the extremely low temperatures and high pressures necessary to form these structures. Therefore, it has been suggested to confine clathrates in nanoporous materials, as this can facilitate clathrate's formation conditions while preserving its CH4 volumetric storage. Yet, the choice of nanoporous materials to be employed as the clathrate growing platform is still rather arbitrary. Herein, we tackle this challenge in a systematic way by computationally exploring the stability of clathrates confined in alkyl-grafted silica materials with different pore sizes, ligand densities and ligand types. Based on our findings, we are able to propose key design criteria for nanoporous materials favoring the stability of a neighbouring clathrate phase, namely large pore sizes, high ligand densities, and smooth pore walls. We hope that the atomistic insight provided in this work will guide and facilitate the development of new nanomaterials designed to promote the formation of clathrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo G M Mileo
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University Technologiepark 46 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University Technologiepark 46 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University Technologiepark 46 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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8
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Gambelli AM, Stornelli G, Di Schino A, Rossi F. Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in Presence of a Pure Quartz Porous Framework Impregnated with CuSn12 Metallic Powder: An Experimental Report. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175115. [PMID: 34501204 PMCID: PMC8433810 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrate formation and dissociation processes were carried out in the presence of a pure quartz porous medium impregnated with a metallic powder made with a CuSn12 alloy. Experiments were firstly made in the absence of that powder; then, different concentrations were added to the porous medium: 4.23 wt.%, 18.01 wt.%, and 30.66 wt.%. Then, the hydrate dissociation values were compared with those present in the literature. The porous medium was found to act as an inhibitor in the presence of carbon dioxide, while it did not alter methane hydrate, whose formation proceeded similarly to the ideal trend. The addition of CuSn12 promoted the process significantly. In particular, in concentrations of up to 18.01 wt.%, CO2 hydrate formed at milder conditions until it moved below the ideal equilibrium curve. For methane, the addition of 30.66 wt.% of powder significantly reduced the pressure required to form hydrate, but in every case, dissociation values remained below the ideal equilibrium curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maria Gambelli
- Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.G.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Giulia Stornelli
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Di Schino
- Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.G.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Federico Rossi
- Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy;
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9
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Harmanli I, Tarakina NV, Antonietti M, Oschatz M. "Giant" Nitrogen Uptake in Ionic Liquids Confined in Carbon Pores. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9377-9384. [PMID: 34128662 PMCID: PMC8251693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ionic liquids are
well known for their high gas absorption capacity.
It is shown that this is not a solvent constant, but can be enhanced
by another factor of 10 by pore confinement, here of the ionic liquid
(IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc) in the pores of
carbon materials. A matrix of four different carbon compounds with
micro- and mesopores as well as with and without nitrogen doping is
utilized to investigate the influence of the carbons structure on
the nitrogen uptake in the pore-confined EmimOAc. In general, the
absorption is most improved for IL in micropores and in nitrogen-doped
carbon. This effect is so large that it is already seen in TGA and
DSC experiments. Due to the low vapor pressure of the IL, standard
volumetric sorption experiments can be used to quantify details of
this effect. It is reasoned that it is the change of the molecular
arrangement of the ions in the restricted space of the pores that
creates additional free volume to host molecular nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Harmanli
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strase 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nadezda V Tarakina
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strase 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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10
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Both AK, Gao Y, Zeng XC, Cheung CL. Gas hydrates in confined space of nanoporous materials: new frontier in gas storage technology. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7447-7470. [PMID: 33876814 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas hydrates (clathrate hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates) are crystalline inclusion compounds composed of water and gas molecules. Methane hydrates, the most well-known gas hydrates, are considered a menace in flow assurance. However, they have also been hailed as an alternative energy resource because of their high methane storage capacity. Since the formation of gas hydrates generally requires extreme conditions, developing porous material hosts to synthesize gas hydrates with less-demanding constraints is a topic of great interest to the materials and energy science communities. Though reports of modeling and experimental analysis of bulk gas hydrates are plentiful in the literature, reliable phase data for gas hydrates within confined spaces of nanoporous media have been sporadic. This review examines recent studies of both experiments and theoretical modeling of gas hydrates within four categories of nanoporous material hosts that include porous carbons, metal-organic frameworks, graphene nanoslits, and carbon nanotubes. We identify challenges associated with these porous systems and discuss the prospects of gas hydrates in confined space for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar Both
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Yurui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Chin Li Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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11
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Reduced phase stability and faster formation/dissociation kinetics in confined methane hydrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024025118. [PMID: 33850020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the formation/dissociation of methane hydrate confined at the nanometer scale are unraveled using advanced molecular modeling techniques combined with a mesoscale thermodynamic approach. Using atom-scale simulations probing coexistence upon confinement and free energy calculations, phase stability of confined methane hydrate is shown to be restricted to a narrower temperature and pressure domain than its bulk counterpart. The melting point depression at a given pressure, which is consistent with available experimental data, is shown to be quantitatively described using the Gibbs-Thomson formalism if used with accurate estimates for the pore/liquid and pore/hydrate interfacial tensions. The metastability barrier upon hydrate formation and dissociation is found to decrease upon confinement, therefore providing a molecular-scale picture for the faster kinetics observed in experiments on confined gas hydrates. By considering different formation mechanisms-bulk homogeneous nucleation, external surface nucleation, and confined nucleation within the porosity-we identify a cross-over in the nucleation process; the critical nucleus formed in the pore corresponds either to a hemispherical cap or to a bridge nucleus depending on temperature, contact angle, and pore size. Using the classical nucleation theory, for both mechanisms, the typical induction time is shown to scale with the pore volume to surface ratio and hence the pore size. These findings for the critical nucleus and nucleation rate associated with such complex transitions provide a means to rationalize and predict methane hydrate formation in any porous media from simple thermodynamic data.
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12
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Smirnov VG, Manakov AY, Lyrshchikov SY, Rodionova TV, Dyrdin VV, Ismagilov ZR. Formation and decomposition of methane hydrate in pores of γ-Al2O3 и θ-Al2O3: The dependence of water to hydrate transformation degree on pressure and temperature. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Maximov MA, Molina M, Gor GY. The effect of interconnections on gas adsorption in materials with spherical mesopores: A Monte Carlo simulation study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:114706. [PMID: 33752360 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas adsorption is a standard method for measuring pore-size distributions of nanoporous materials. This method is often based on assuming the pores as separate entities of a certain simple shape: slit-like, cylindrical, or spherical. Here, we study the effect of interconnections on gas adsorption in materials with spherical pores, such as three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous (3DOm) carbons. We consider interconnected systems with two, four, and six windows of various sizes. We propose a simple method based on the integration of solid-fluid interactions to take into account these windows. We used Monte Carlo simulations to model argon adsorption at the normal boiling point and obtained adsorption isotherms for the range of systems. For a system with two windows, we obtained a remarkably smooth transition from the spherical to cylindrical isotherm. Depending on the size and number of windows, our system resembles both spherical and cylindrical pores. These windows can drastically shift the point of capillary condensation and result in pore-size distributions that are very different from the ones based on a spherical pore model. Our results can be further used for modeling fluids in a system of interconnected pores using Monte Carlo and density functional theory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Maximov
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Marcos Molina
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Gennady Y Gor
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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14
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Wan L, Zang X, Fu J, Zhou X, Lu J, Guan J, Liang D. Formation of a Low-Density Liquid Phase during the Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in Confined Environments. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030590. [PMID: 33652869 PMCID: PMC7996823 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The large amounts of natural gas in a dense solid phase stored in the confined environment of porous materials have become a new, potential method for storing and transporting natural gas. However, there is no experimental evidence to accurately determine the phase state of water during nanoscale gas hydrate dissociation. The results on the dissociation behavior of methane hydrates confined in a nanosilica gel and the contained water phase state during hydrate dissociation at temperatures below the ice point and under atmospheric pressure are presented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were used to trace the dissociation of confined methane hydrate synthesized from pore water confined inside the nanosilica gel. The characterization of the confined methane hydrate was also analyzed by PXRD. It was found that the confined methane hydrates dissociated into ultra viscous low-density liquid water (LDL) and methane gas. The results showed that the mechanism of confined methane hydrate dissociation at temperatures below the ice point depended on the phase state of water during hydrate dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8705-7653
| | - Xiaoya Zang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Juan Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuebing Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingsheng Lu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinan Guan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Deqing Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Zhang G, Shi X, Zhang R, Chao K, Wang F. Promotion of Activated Carbon on the Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Methane Hydrates. Front Chem 2020; 8:526101. [PMID: 33134268 PMCID: PMC7573181 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.526101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the hybrid effect of physical adsorption and hydration, methane storage capacity in pre-adsorbed water-activated carbon (PW-AC) under hydrate favorable conditions is impressive, and fast nucleation and growth kinetics are also anticipated. Those fantastic natures suggest the PW-AC-based hydrates to be a promising alternative for methane storage and transportation. However, hydrate formation refers to multiscale processes, the nucleation kinetics at molecule scale give rise to macrohydrate formation, and the presence of activated carbon (AC) causes this to be more complicated. Although adequate nucleation sites induced by abundant specific surface area and pore texture were reported to correspond to fast formation kinetics at macroperspective, the micronature behind that is still ambiguous. Here, we evaluated how methane would be adsorbed on PW-AC under hydrate favorable conditions to improve the understanding of hydrate fast nucleation and growth kinetics. Microbulges on AC surface were confirmed to provide numerous nucleation sites, suggesting the contribution of abundant specific surface area of AC to fast hydrate nucleation and growth kinetics. In addition, two-way convection of water and methane molecules in micropores induced by methane physical adsorption further increases gas-liquid contact at molecular scale, which may constitute the nature of confinement effect of nanopore space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-Performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development [China University of Petroleum (East China)], Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shi
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-Performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Runcheng Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-Performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Chao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-Performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-Performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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16
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Cuadrado-Collados C, Mouchaham G, Daemen L, Cheng Y, Ramirez-Cuesta A, Aggarwal H, Missyul A, Eddaoudi M, Belmabkhout Y, Silvestre-Albero J. Quest for an Optimal Methane Hydrate Formation in the Pores of Hydrolytically Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13391-13397. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuadrado-Collados
- Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica-IUMA, Universidad de Alicante, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Georges Mouchaham
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Daemen
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anibal Ramirez-Cuesta
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Himanshu Aggarwal
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Belmabkhout
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 − Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Joaquin Silvestre-Albero
- Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica-IUMA, Universidad de Alicante, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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17
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Yu KB, Yazaydin AO. Does Confinement Enable Methane Hydrate Growth at Low Pressures? Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:11015-11022. [PMID: 32582402 PMCID: PMC7304911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural methane hydrates are estimated to be the largest source of unexploited hydrocarbon fuel. The ideal conditions for methane hydrate formation are low temperatures and high pressures. On the other hand, recent experimental studies suggest that porous materials, thanks to their confinement effects, can enable methane hydrate formation at milder conditions, although there has not been a consensus on this. A number of studies have investigated methane hydrate growth in confinement by employing molecular simulations; however, these were carried out at either very high pressures or very low temperatures. Therefore, the effects of confinement on methane hydrate growth at milder conditions have not yet been elaborated by molecular simulations. In order to address this, we carried out a systematic study by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of methane water systems. Using a direct phase coexistence approach, microsecond-scale MD simulations in the isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble were performed in order to study the behavior of methane hydrates in the bulk and in confined nanospaces of hydroxylated silica pores at external pressures ranging from 1 to 100 bar and a simulation temperature corresponding to a 2 °C experimental temperature. We validated the combination of the TIP4P/ice water and TraPPE-UA methane models in order to correctly predict the behavior of methane hydrates in accordance to their phase equilibria. We also demonstrated that the dispersion corrections applied to short-range interactions lead to artificially induced hydrate growth. We observed that in the confinement of a hydroxylated silica pore, a convex-shaped methane nanobuble forms, and methane hydrate growth primarily takes place in the center of the pore rather than the surfaces where a thin water layer exists. Most importantly, our study showed that in the nanopores methane hydrate growth can indeed take place at pressures which would be too low for the growth of methane hydrates in the bulk.
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18
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Breynaert E, Houlleberghs M, Radhakrishnan S, Grübel G, Taulelle F, Martens JA. Water as a tuneable solvent: a perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2557-2569. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Water is the most sustainable solvent, but its polarity limits the solubility of non-polar solutes. Confining water in hydrophobic nanopores could be a way to modulate water solvent properties and enable using water as tuneable solvent (WaTuSo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Breynaert
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis – Characterization and Application Team (COK-KAT)
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
- Center for Molecular Water Science (CMWS)
- 22607 Hamburg
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis – Characterization and Application Team (COK-KAT)
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis – Characterization and Application Team (COK-KAT)
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
- 22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Center for Molecular Water Science (CMWS)
- 22607 Hamburg
| | - Francis Taulelle
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis – Characterization and Application Team (COK-KAT)
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Johan A. Martens
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis – Characterization and Application Team (COK-KAT)
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
- Center for Molecular Water Science (CMWS)
- 22607 Hamburg
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19
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Evans JD, Garai B, Reinsch H, Li W, Dissegna S, Bon V, Senkovska I, Fischer RA, Kaskel S, Janiak C, Stock N, Volkmer D. Metal–organic frameworks in Germany: From synthesis to function. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Borchardt L, Casco ME, Silvestre-Albero J. Methane Hydrate in Confined Spaces: An Alternative Storage System. Chemphyschem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Borchardt
- Department Inorganic Chemistry; TU Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Joaquin Silvestre-Albero
- Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Química Inorgánica-IUMA; Universidad de Alicante; Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig-Alicante s/n E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig Spain
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21
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Galukhin A, Bolmatenkov D, Osin Y. Heavy oil oxidation in the nano-porous medium of synthetic opal. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18110-18116. [PMID: 35542109 PMCID: PMC9080541 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02822b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest to study hydrocarbon behavior in fine porous media, awakened by the shale revolution, requires the application of suitable model porous media. In the current study we prepared nano-porous synthetic opal, profoundly investigated its morphological and textural properties, and studied the kinetics of combustion of heavy oil impregnated into nanopores. Comparison of kinetic parameters of the oil oxidation process for nano-porous and coarse-porous media revealed that nanoconfinement affects the reactivity of oil. In the current study we synthesized nano-porous opal, investigated its morphological and textural properties, and showed that nanoconfinement affects reactivity of oil.![]()
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22
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Pore geometry effect on the synthesis of silica supported perovskite oxides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:346-355. [PMID: 28582752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of perovskite oxide nanoparticles supported on ordered mesoporous silica with different pore geometry is here presented. Systematic study was performed varying both pore shape (gyroidal, cylindrical, spherical) and size (7.5, 12, 17nm) of the hosts. LaFeO3, PrFeO3 and LaCoO3 were chosen as target guest structures. The distribution of the oxide nanoparticles on silica was comprehensively assessed using a multi-technique approach. It could be shown that the pore geometry plays a determining role in the conversion of the infiltrated metal nitrates to metal oxide. In particular, slow degradation kinetic was observed in highly curved pores, which fostered nucleation and crystallization of the guest species. In spherical pore systems the enhancement of pore size caused a remarkable delay of the decomposition of the metal salts, but at the same time improved the homogeneous distribution of the oxide particles in the matrix.
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23
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Leistenschneider D, Jäckel N, Hippauf F, Presser V, Borchardt L. Mechanochemistry-assisted synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons applied as supercapacitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1332-1341. [PMID: 28781699 PMCID: PMC5530614 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent-free synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons is conducted by a facile and fast mechanochemical reaction in a ball mill. By means of a mechanochemical ball-milling approach, we obtained titanium(IV) citrate-based polymers, which have been processed via high temperature chlorine treatment to hierarchical porous carbons with a high specific surface area of up to 1814 m2 g−1 and well-defined pore structures. The carbons are applied as electrode materials in electric double-layer capacitors showing high specific capacitances with 98 F g−1 in organic and 138 F g−1 in an ionic liquid electrolyte as well as good rate capabilities, maintaining 87% of the initial capacitance with 1 M TEA-BF4 in acetonitrile (ACN) and 81% at 10 A g−1 in EMIM-BF4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Jäckel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials & Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Felix Hippauf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials & Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Zhao W, Francisco JS, Zeng XC. CO Separation from H 2 via Hydrate Formation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4911-4915. [PMID: 27934039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is an alternative fuel without generating greenhouse gas or other harmful emissions. Industrial hydrogen production, however, always contains a small fraction of carbon monoxide (CO) (∼0.5-2%) that must be removed for use in fuel cells. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulation evidence on facile separation of CO from H2 at ambient pressure via the formation of quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) clathrate hydrates within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW-CNTs). At ambient pressure, Q1D CO (or H2) clathrates in SW-CNTs are formed spontaneously when the SW-CNTs are immersed in CO (or H2) aqueous solution. More interestingly, for the CO/H2 aqueous solution, highly preferential adsorption of CO over H2 occurs within the octagonal or nonagonal ice nanotubes inside of SW-CNTs. These results suggest that the formation of Q1D hydrates within SW-CNTs can be a viable and safe method for the separation of CO from H2, which can be exploited for hydrogen purification in fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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25
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Saha D, Grappe HA, Chakraborty A, Orkoulas G. Postextraction Separation, On-Board Storage, and Catalytic Conversion of Methane in Natural Gas: A Review. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11436-11499. [PMID: 27557280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In today's perspective, natural gas has gained considerable attention, due to its low emission, indigenous availability, and improvement in the extraction technology. Upon extraction, it undergoes several purification protocols including dehydration, sweetening, and inert rejection. Although purification is a commercially established technology, several drawbacks of the current process provide an essential impetus for developing newer separation protocols, most importantly, adsorption and membrane separation. This Review summarizes the needs of natural gas separation, gives an overview of the current technology, and provides a detailed discussion of the progress in research on separation and purification of natural gas including the benefits and drawbacks of each of the processes. The transportation sector is another growing sector of natural gas utilization, and it requires an efficient and safe on-board storage system. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which natural gas can be stored. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natural gas, which is advantageous as compared to CNG and LNG in terms of safety and also in terms of temperature and pressure requirements. This Review provides a detailed discussion on ANG along with computation predictions. The catalytic conversion of methane to different useful chemicals including syngas, methanol, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, heavier hydrocarbons, aromatics, and hydrogen is also reviewed. Finally, direct utilization of methane onto fuel cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendu Saha
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widener University , 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, United States
| | - Hippolyte A Grappe
- RMX Technologies , 835 Innovation Drive, Suite 200, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Entegris Inc. , 10 Forge Park, Franklin, Massachusetts 02038, United States
| | - Gerassimos Orkoulas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widener University , 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, United States
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