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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Ma Y, Li S, Lin X, Chen Y. Bioinspired Spatiotemporal Management toward RNA Therapies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24539-24563. [PMID: 38091941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based therapies have become an attractive topic in disease intervention, especially with some that have been approved by the FDA such as the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Spikevax, Moderna) and Patisiran (siRNA-based drug for liver delivery). However, extensive applications are still facing challenges in delivering highly negatively charged RNA to the targeted site. Therapeutic delivery strategies including RNA modifications, RNA conjugates, and RNA polyplexes and delivery platforms such as viral vectors, nanoparticle-based delivery platforms, and hydrogel-based delivery platforms as potential nucleic acid-releasing depots have been developed to enhance their cellular uptake and protect nucleic acid from being degraded by immune systems. Here, we review the growing number of viral vectors, nanoparticles, and hydrogel-based RNA delivery systems; describe RNA loading/release mechanism induced by environmental stimulations including light, heat, pH, or enzyme; discuss their physical or chemical interactions; and summarize the RNA therapeutics release period (temporal) and their target cells/organs (spatial). Finally, we describe current concerns, highlight current challenges and future perspectives of RNA-based delivery systems, and provide some possible research areas that provide opportunities for clinical translation of RNA delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shiyao Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Yupeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Damiri F, Fatimi A, Santos ACP, Varma RS, Berrada M. Smart stimuli-responsive polysaccharide nanohydrogels for drug delivery: a review. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10538-10565. [PMID: 37909361 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01712e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have found extensive utilization as biomaterials in drug delivery systems owing to their remarkable biocompatibility, simple functionalization, and inherent biological properties. Within the array of polysaccharide-based biomaterials, there is a growing fascination for self-assembled polysaccharide nanogels (NG) due to their ease of preparation and enhanced appeal across diverse biomedical appliances. Nanogel (or nanohydrogel), networks of nanoscale dimensions, are created by physically or chemically linking polymers together and have garnered immense interest as potential carriers for delivering drugs due to their favorable attributes. These include biocompatibility, high stability, the ability to adjust particle size, the capacity to load drugs, and their inherent potential to modify their surface to actively target specific cells or tissues via the attachment of ligands that can recognize corresponding receptors. Nanogels can be engineered to respond to specific stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, or redox conditions, allowing controlled release of the encapsulated drugs. This intelligent targeting capability helps prevent drug accumulation in unintended tissues and reduces the potential side effects. Herein, an overview of nanogels is offered, comprising their methods of preparation and the design of stimulus-responsive nanogels that enable controlled release of drugs in response to specific stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Damiri
- Chemical Science and Engineering Research Team (ERSIC), Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal (FPBM), University Sultan Moulay Slimane (USMS), Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco.
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco.
| | - Ahmed Fatimi
- Chemical Science and Engineering Research Team (ERSIC), Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal (FPBM), University Sultan Moulay Slimane (USMS), Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Berrada
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco.
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4
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Topuz F, Uyar T. Advances in the development of cyclodextrin-based nanogels/microgels for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and beyond. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Mekuria SL, Ouyang Z, Song C, Rodrigues J, Shen M, Shi X. Dendrimer-Based Nanogels for Cancer Nanomedicine Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, 196, Ethiopia
| | - Zhijun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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6
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Mekuria SL, Ouyang Z, Song C, Rodrigues J, Shen M, Shi X. Dendrimer-Based Nanogels for Cancer Nanomedicine Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:87-96. [PMID: 34967608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology bring an alternative approach to personalized medicine in cancer treatment. Nanogels (NGs) are among the nanosized superconstructs composed of amphiphilic or hydrophilic polymer networks. The design of different types of biodegradable polymer-based NGs in various biomedical applications has received extensive attention, due to their unique physicochemical properties such as highly porous structure, stimuli-responsiveness, and mimicking of some biological properties. In this review, we concisely surveyed the synthesis of dendrimer-based NGs synthesized via different methods including covalent conjugation, inverse nanoprecipitation, physical cross-linking, or self-assembly for various cancer nanomedicine applications, particularly for drug delivery, gene delivery, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy, as well as for biological imaging-guided chemotherapy. Additionally, we provide herein future perspective toward the new design of dendrimer-based NGs for different cancer nanomedicine uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, 196, Ethiopia
| | - Zhijun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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7
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Mekuria SL, Ouyang Z, Song C, Rodrigues J, Shen M, Shi X. Dendrimer-Based Nanogels for Cancer Nanomedicine Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, 196, Ethiopia
| | - Zhijun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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8
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Reisbeck F, Wedepohl S, Dimde M, Schmitt AC, Dernedde J, Álvaro-Benito M, Freund C, Haag R. Synthesis and functionalization of dendritic polyglycerol-based nanogels: application in T cell activation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:96-106. [PMID: 34881771 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of multivalency finds various applications in the fields of chemistry and biology, relying on the principle that multiple weak interactions can lead to strong adhesive forces. Polymeric carriers are promising tools to translate these properties into the field of biomedicine, especially upon functionalization by active biomolecules, such as antibodies. In this study we report on the synthesis of dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) and dPG-based nanogels (NGs) as platforms for the multivalent display of molecules and their potential application as carrier units. Macromolecules based on dPG were synthesized and NGs were generated by strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) by inverse nanoprecipitation under mild conditions. Scale-up screening rendered a reproducible method for a batch size of up to 50 mg for the formation of NGs in a size range of 150 nm with narrow dispersity. Dye-labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) was chosen as a model protein and showed successful conjugation to the carriers, while the protein's secondary structure was not affected. Consequently, cyanine-5-amine (Cy5-NH2) and avidin (Av) were conjugated in order to exploit the strong avidin-biotin interaction, facilitating the directed attachment of a myriad of biotinylated (bio)molecules. As a proof-of-concept, the biotinylated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) α-CD3 and α-CD28 were attached to the platforms and their capability to activate T cells was assessed. Experiments were performed with a Jurkat reporter cell line which expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon activation, providing a rapid and reliable readout by flow cytometry. Carriers clearly outperformed conventional compounds for activation (i.e. antibodies crosslinked with anti-IgG antibody) at significantly lower dosages. These findings could be confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), showing accumulation of the functional nanoplatforms at the cell surface and cytoplasmic GFP expression (>95% activation of cells for the multivalent conjugates at 10 μg mL-1 compared to 37% activation with conventionally crosslinked mAbs at 25 μg mL-1), whereas carriers without mAbs could not activate cells. As the attachment of biotinylated molecules to the functional nanoplatforms is straightforward, the results obtained show the great potential of our platforms for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Reisbeck
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Wedepohl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mathias Dimde
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ann-Cathrin Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Insitute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Pathobiochemistry, CVK Augustenburger Platz 1, 13535 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Schötz S, Reisbeck F, Schmitt AC, Dimde M, Quaas E, Achazi K, Haag R. Tunable Polyglycerol-Based Redox-Responsive Nanogels for Efficient Cytochrome C Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081276. [PMID: 34452237 PMCID: PMC8397965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of therapeutic proteins is a challenge for their use in biomedical applications, as they are prone to degradation and opsonization, thus limiting their potential. This demands for the development of drug delivery systems shielding proteins and releasing them at the site of action. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel polyglycerol-based redox-responsive nanogels and report on their potential as nanocarrier systems for the delivery of cytochrome C (CC). This system is based on an encapsulation protocol of the therapeutic protein into the polymer network. NGs were formed via inverse nanoprecipitation using inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cyclizations (iEDDA) between methyl tetrazines and norbornenes. Coprecipitation of CC led to high encapsulation efficiencies. Applying physiological reductive conditions of l-glutathione (GSH) led to degradation of the nanogel network, releasing 80% of the loaded CC within 48 h while maintaining protein functionality. Cytotoxicity measurements revealed high potency of CC-loaded NGs for various cancer cell lines with low IC50 values (up to 30 μg·mL−1), whereas free polymer was well tolerated up to a concentration of 1.50 mg·mL−1. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to monitor internalization of free and CC-loaded NGs and demonstrate the protein cargo’s release into the cytosol.
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10
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Liu Y, Wu W, Wang Y, Han S, Yuan Y, Huang J, Shuai X, Peng Z. Recent development of gene therapy for pancreatic cancer using non-viral nanovectors. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6673-6690. [PMID: 34378568 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00748c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC), characterized by its dense desmoplastic stroma and hypovascularity, is one of the most lethal cancers with a poor prognosis in the world. Traditional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy show little benefit in the survival rate in patients with advanced PC due to the poor penetration and resistance of drugs, low radiosensitivity, or severe side effects. Gene therapy can modify the morbific and drug-resistant genes as well as insert the tumor-suppressing genes, which has been shown to have great potential in PC treatment. The development of safe non-viral vectors for the highly efficient delivery of nucleic acids is essential for effective gene therapy, and has been attracting much attention. In this review, we first summarized the PC-promoting genes and gene therapies using plasmid DNA, mRNA, miRNA/siRNA-based RNA interference technology, and genome editing technology. Second, the commonly used non-viral nanovector and theranostic gene delivery nanosystem, especially the tumor microenvironment-sensitive delivery nanosystem and the cell/tumor-penetrating delivery nanosystem, were introduced. Third, a combination of non-viral nanovector-based gene therapy and other therapies, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT), for PDAC treatment was discussed. Finally, a number of clinical trials have demonstrated the proof-of-principle that gene therapy or the combination of gene therapy and chemotherapy using non-viral vectors can inhibit the progression of PC. Although most of the non-viral vector-based gene therapies and their combination therapy are still under preclinical research, the development of genetics, molecular biology, and novel vectors would promote the clinical transformation of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yiyao Wang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Shisong Han
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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11
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Ofridam F, Tarhini M, Lebaz N, Gagnière É, Mangin D, Elaissari A. pH
‐sensitive polymers: Classification and some fine potential applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ofridam
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Mohamad Tarhini
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA UMR 5280 Villeurbanne France
| | - Noureddine Lebaz
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Émilie Gagnière
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Denis Mangin
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA UMR 5280 Villeurbanne France
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13
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Kumari M, Prasad S, Fruk L, Parshad B. Polyglycerol-based hydrogels and nanogels: from synthesis to applications. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:419-438. [PMID: 33403867 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels and nanogels have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their large surface area and tunable mechanical and chemical properties. Their large surface area is well suited for bioconjugation, whilst the interior porous network can be utilized for the transport of valuable biomolecules. The use of biocompatible hydrophilic building blocks/linkers for the preparation of hydrogels and nanogels not only avoids undesired side effects within the biological system, but also retains high water content, thereby creating an environment which is very similar to extracellular matrix. Their tunable multivalency and hydrophilicity and excellent biocompatibility, together with ease of functionalization, makes polyglycerol macromonomers well suited for synthesizing cross-linked networks that can be used as extracellular matrix mimics. Here we provide an overview of the synthesis of polyglycerol-based hydrogels and nanogels for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Government College for Women, Badhra, Ch. Dadri, Haryana 127308, India
| | - Suchita Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ljiljana Fruk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Badri Parshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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14
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Preman NK, Barki RR, Vijayan A, Sanjeeva SG, Johnson RP. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive polymer nanogels for drug delivery and diagnostics: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:121-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Xia X, Pollock N, Zhou J, Rossi J. Tissue-Specific Delivery of Oligonucleotides. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2036:17-50. [PMID: 31410789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From the initial discovery of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotides for specific gene knockdown at the posttranscriptional level to the current CRISPR-Cas9 system offering gene editing at the genomic level, oligonucleotides, in addition to their biological functions in storing and conveying genetic information, provide the most prominent solutions to targeted gene therapies. Nonetheless, looking into the future of curing cancer and acute diseases, researchers are only cautiously optimistic as the cellular delivery of these polyanionic biomacromolecules is still the biggest hurdle for their therapeutic realization. To overcome the delivery obstacle, oligonucleotides have been encapsulated within or conjugated with delivery vehicles for enhanced membrane penetration, improved payload, and tissue-specific delivery. Such delivery systems include but not limited to virus-based vehicles, gold-nanoparticle vehicles, formulated liposomes, and synthetic polymers. In this chapter, delivery challenges imposed by biological barriers are briefly discussed; followed by recent advances in tissue-specific oligonucleotide delivery utilizing both viral and nonviral delivery vectors, discussing their advantages, and how judicious design and formulation could improve and expand their potential as delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nicolette Pollock
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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16
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Navarro L, Theune LE, Calderón M. Effect of crosslinking density on thermoresponsive nanogels: A study on the size control and the kinetics release of biomacromolecules. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Chen Z, Huang W, Zheng N, Bai Y. Design and synthesis of a polyguanidium vector with enhanced DNA binding ability for effective gene delivery at a low N/P ratio. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01481k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A polyguanidium polymer has extra affinity toward DNA and can mediate transfection efficiently at a low polymer to DNA ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yugang Bai
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
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18
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Oehrl A, Schötz S, Haag R. Systematic Screening of Different Polyglycerin-Based Dienophile Macromonomers for Efficient Nanogel Formation through IEDDA Inverse Nanoprecipitation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900510. [PMID: 31750985 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives for strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) chemistries are needed because of the employment of expensive and not easily scalable precursors such as bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN). Inverse electron demand Diels Alder (iEDDA)-based click chemistries, using dienophiles and tetrazines, offer a more bioorthogonal and faster toolbox, especially in the biomedical field. Here, the straightforward synthesis of dendritic polyglycerin dienophiles (dPG-dienophiles) and dPG-methyl-tetrazine (dPG-metTet) as macromonomers for a fast, stable, and scalable nanogel formation by inverse nanoprecipitation is reported. Nanogel size-influencing parameters are screened such as macromonomer concentration and water-to-acetone ratio are screened. dPG-norbonene and dPG-cyclopropene show fast and stable nanogel formation in the size range of 40-200 nm and are thus used for the coprecipitation of the model protein myoglobin. High encapsulation efficiencies of more than 70% at a 5 wt% feed ratio are obtained in both cases, showing the suitability of the mild gelation chemistry for the encapsulation of small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oehrl
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schötz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Zou Y, Li D, Shen M, Shi X. Polyethylenimine-Based Nanogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900272. [PMID: 31531955 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanogels (NGs) are 3-dimensional (3D) networks composed of hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer chains, allowing for effective and homogeneous encapsulation of drugs, genes, or imaging agents for biomedical applications. Polyethylenimine (PEI), possessing abundant positively charged amine groups, is an ideal platform for the development of NGs. A variety of effective PEI-based NGs have been designed and much effort has been devoted to study the relationship between the structure and function of the NGs. In particular, PEI-based NGs can be prepared either using PEI as the major NG component or using PEI as a crosslinker. This review reports the recent progresses in the design of PEI-based NGs for gene and drug delivery and for bioimaging applications with a target focus to tackle the diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Du Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Portugal.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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20
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Frombach J, Unbehauen M, Kurniasih IN, Schumacher F, Volz P, Hadam S, Rancan F, Blume-Peytavi U, Kleuser B, Haag R, Alexiev U, Vogt A. Core-multishell nanocarriers enhance drug penetration and reach keratinocytes and antigen-presenting cells in intact human skin. J Control Release 2019; 299:138-148. [PMID: 30797867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In reconstructed skin and diffusion cell studies, core-multishell nanocarriers (CMS-NC) showed great potential for drug delivery across the skin barrier. Herein, we investigated penetration, release of dexamethasone (DXM), in excised full-thickness human skin with special focus on hair follicles (HF). Four hours and 16 h after topical application of clinically relevant dosages of 10 μg DXM/cm2 skin encapsulated in CMS-NC (12 nm diameter, 5.8% loading), presence of DXM in the tissue as assessed by fluorescence microscopy of anti-DXM-stained tissue sections as well as ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS in tissue extracts was enhanced compared to standard LAW-creme but lower compared to DXM aqueous/alcoholic solution. Such enhanced penetration compared to conventional cremes offers high potential for topical therapies, as recurrent applications of corticosteroid solutions face limitations with regard to tolerability and fast drainage. The findings encourage more detailed investigations on where and how the nanocarrier and drug dissociate within the skin and what other factors, e.g. thermodynamic activity, influence the penetration of this formulations. Microscopic studies on the spatial distribution within the skin revealed accumulation in HF and furrows accompanied by limited cellular uptake assessed by flow cytometry (up to 9% of total epidermal cells). FLIM clearly visualized the presence of CMS-NC in the viable epidermis and dermis. When exposed in situ a fraction of up to 25% CD1a+ cells were found within the epidermal CMS-NC+ population compared to approximately 3% CD1a+/CMS-NC+ cells after in vitro exposure in short-term cultures of epidermal cell suspensions. The latter reflects the natural percentage of Langerhans cells (LC) in epidermis suspensions and indicated that CMS-NC were not preferentially internalized by one cell type. The increased CMS-NC+ LC proportion after exposure within the tissue is in accordance with the strategic suprabasal LC-localization. More specifically we postulate that the extensive dendrite meshwork, their position around HF orifices and their capacity to modulate tight junctions facilitated a preferential uptake of CMS-NC by LC within the skin. This newly identified aspect of CMS-NC penetration underlines the potential of CMS-NC for dermatotherapy and encourages further investigations of CMS-NC for the delivery of other molecule classes for which intracellular delivery is even more crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Indah N Kurniasih
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pierre Volz
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
With its nearly unrestricted possibilities, gene therapy attracts more and more significance in modern-day research. The only issue still seeming to hold back its clinical success is the actual effective delivery of genetic material. Nucleic acids are in general challenging to administer to their intracellular targets due to their unfavorable pharmaceutical characteristics. Polymeric nanogels present a promising delivery platform for oligonucleotide-based therapies, as the growing number of reports deliberated in this review represents. Within the scope of this article, recent progress in the employment of nanogels as gene delivery vectors is summarized and different examples of modified, stimuli-responsive, targeted and co-delivering nanogels are discussed in detail. Furthermore, major aspects of successful gene delivery are addressed and critically debated in regards to nanogels, giving insights into what progress has been made and which key issues still need to be further approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kandil
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81337, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81337, Munich, Germany
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22
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Liang Q, Li F, Li Y, Liu Y, Lan M, Wu S, Wu X, Ji Y, Zhang R, Yin L. Self-assisted membrane-penetrating helical polypeptides mediate anti-inflammatory RNAi against myocardial ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3717-3728. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aromatically-modified helical polypeptide mediates membrane-penetrating RAGE siRNA delivery toward anti-inflammatory treatment against myocardial IR injury.
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23
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Yu B, Song N, Hu H, Chen G, Shen Y, Cong H. A degradable triple temperature-, pH-, and redox-responsive drug system for cancer chemotherapy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3203-3210. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Na Song
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Guihuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
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24
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Liu Y, Song Z, Zheng N, Nagasaka K, Yin L, Cheng J. Systemic siRNA delivery to tumors by cell-penetrating α-helical polypeptide-based metastable nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15339-15349. [PMID: 30070662 PMCID: PMC6734929 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03976c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Systemic, non-viral siRNA delivery for cancer treatment is mainly achieved via condensation by cationic materials (e.g., lipids and cationic polymers), which nevertheless, suffers from poor serum stability, non-specific tissue interaction, and unsatisfactory membrane activity against efficient in vivo gene knockdown. Here, we report the design of a metastable, cancer-targeting siRNA delivery system based on two functional polymers, PVBLG-8, a cationic, helical cell-penetrating polypeptide, and poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLG), an anionic random-coiled polypeptide. PVBLG-8 with rigid, linear structure showed weak siRNA condensation capability, and PLG with flexible chains was incorporated as a stabilizer which provided sufficient molecular entanglement with PVBLG-8 to encapsulate the siRNA within the polymeric network. The obtained PVBLG-8/siRNA/PLG nanoparticles (PSP NPs) with positive charges were sequentially coated with additional amount of PLG, which reversed the surface charge from positive to negative to yield the metastable PVBLG-8/siRNA/PLG@PLG (PSPP) NPs. The PSPP NPs featured desired serum stability during circulation to enhance tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Upon acidification in the tumor extracellular microenvironment and intracellular endosomes, the partial protonation of PLG on PSPP NPs surface would lead to dissociation of PLG coating from NPs, exposure of the highly membrane-active PVBLG-8, and surface charge reversal from negative to positive, which subsequently promoted tumor penetration, selective cancer cell internalization, and efficient endolysosomal escape. When siRNA against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was encapsulated, the PSPP NPs showed excellent tumor penetration capability, tumor cell uptake level, EGFR silencing efficiency, and tumor growth inhibition efficacy in U-87 MG glioblastoma tumor spheroids in vitro and in xenograft tumor-bearing mice in vivo, outperforming the PSP NPs and several commercial reagents such as Lipofectamine 2000 and poly(l-lysine) (PLL). This study therefore demonstrates a facile and unique design approach of metastable and charge reversal NPs, which overcomes multiple biological barriers against systemic siRNA delivery toward anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Kenya Nagasaka
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author: (J.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author: (J.C.); (L.Y.)
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25
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Dey P, Bergmann T, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Ehrmann S, Chowdhury MS, Zhang M, Dahmani I, Haag R, Azab W. Multivalent Flexible Nanogels Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity by Blocking Virus Entry. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6429-6442. [PMID: 29894156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The entry process of viruses into host cells is complex and involves stable but transient multivalent interactions with different cell surface receptors. The initial contact of several viruses begins with attachment to heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on the cell surface, which results in a cascade of events that end up with virus entry. The development of antiviral agents based on multivalent interactions to shield virus particles and block initial interactions with cellular receptors has attracted attention in antiviral research. Here, we designed nanogels with different degrees of flexibility based on dendritic polyglycerol sulfate to mimic cellular HS. The designed nanogels are nontoxic and broad-spectrum, can multivalently interact with viral glycoproteins, shield virus surfaces, and efficiently block infection. We also visualized virus-nanogel interactions as well as the uptake of nanogels by the cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis using confocal microscopy. As many human viruses attach to the cells through HS moieties, we introduce our flexible nanogels as robust inhibitors for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Dey
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Tobias Bergmann
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin , Freie Universität Berlin , Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13 , 14163 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jose Luis Cuellar-Camacho
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Svenja Ehrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mohammad Suman Chowdhury
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Minze Zhang
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin , Freie Universität Berlin , Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13 , 14163 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ismail Dahmani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin , Freie Universität Berlin , Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13 , 14163 Berlin , Germany
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Huang D, Qian H, Qiao H, Chen W, Feijen J, Zhong Z. Bioresponsive functional nanogels as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:703-716. [PMID: 29976103 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1497607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioresponsive nanogels with a crosslinked three-dimensional structure and an aqueous environment that undergo physical or chemical changes including swelling and dissociation in response to biological signals such as mild acidity, hyperthermia, enzymes, reducing agents, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) present in tumor microenvironments or inside cancer cells have emerged as an appealing platform for targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This review highlights recent designs and development of bioresponsive nanogels for facile loading and triggered release of chemotherapeutics and biotherapeutics. The in vitro and in vivo antitumor performances of drug-loaded nanogels are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Bioresponsive nanogels with an excellent stability and safety profile as well as fast response to biological signals are unique systems that mediate efficient and site-specific delivery of anticancer drugs, in particular macromolecular drugs like proteins, siRNA and DNA, leading to significantly enhanced tumor therapy compared with the non-responsive counterparts. Future research has to be directed to the development of simple, tumor-targeted and bioresponsive multifunctional nanogels, which can be either constructed from natural polymers with intrinsic targeting ability or functionalized with targeting ligands. We anticipate that rationally designed nanotherapeutics based on bioresponsive nanogels will become available for future clinical cancer treatment. ABBREVIATIONS AIE, aggregation-induced emission; ATP, adenosine-5'-triphosphate; ATRP, atom transfer radical polymerization; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CBA, cystamine bisacrylamide; CC, Cytochrome C; CDDP, cisplatin; CT, computed tomography; DC, dendritic cell; DiI, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; DOX, doxorubicin; dPG, dendritic polyglycerol; DTT, dithiothreitol; EAMA, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention; GrB, granzyme B; GSH, glutathione tripeptide; HA, hyaluronic acid; HAase, hyaluronidases; HCPT, 10-Hydroxycamptothecin; HEP, heparin; HPMC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; LBL, layer-by-layer; MTX, methotrexate; NCA, N-carboxyanhydride; OVA, ovalbumin; PAH, poly(allyl amine hydrochloride); PBA, phenylboronic acid; PCL, polycaprolactone; PDEAEMA, poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate); PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; PDPA, poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate); PDS, pyridyldisulfide; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PEGMA, polyethyleneglycol methacrylate; PEI, polyethyleneimine; PHEA, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate); PHEMA, poly(2-(hydroxyethyl) methacrylate; PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide); PMAA, poly(methacrylic acid); PPDSMA, poly(2-(pyridyldisulfide)ethyl methacrylate); PTX, paclitaxel; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); QD, quantum dot; RAFT, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp peptide; ROP, ring-opening polymerization; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TMZ, temozolomide; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Huang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Qian
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Haishi Qiao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Jan Feijen
- b Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou , P. R. China.,c Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Science and Technology MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- b Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou , P. R. China
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27
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Hofzumahaus C, Hebbeker P, Schneider S. Monte Carlo simulations of weak polyelectrolyte microgels: pH-dependence of conformation and ionization. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4087-4100. [PMID: 29569677 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of pH on single weak acidic polyelectrolyte microgels under salt-free conditions with (i) varying microgel concentration, (ii) varying content of acidic groups and (iii) different crosslinking densities using Monte Carlo simulations under explicit consideration of the protonation/deprotonation reaction. We assessed both global properties, such as the degree of ionization, the degree of swelling and the counterion distribution, and local properties such as the radial network ionization profile and the ionization along the polymer chains as a function of pH. We found a pronounced suppression of the pH-dependent ionization of the microgels, as compared to the ideal titration behavior and a shift of the titration curve to a higher pH originating in the proximity of acidic groups in the microgel. In contrast to macroscopic gels, counterions can leave the microgel, resulting in an effective charge of the network, which hinders the ionization. A decreasing microgel concentration leads to an increased effective charge of the microgel and a more pronounced shift of the titration curve. The number of acidic groups showed only a weak effect on the ionization behavior of the microgels. For two different microgels with different crosslinking densities, similar scaling of the gel size was observed. A distinct transition from an uncharged and unswollen to a highly charged and expanded polymer network was observed for all investigated microgels. The degree of swelling mainly depends on the degree of ionization. An inhomogeneous distribution of the degree of ionization along the radial profile of the microgel was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hofzumahaus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - P Hebbeker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - S Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Zhang W, Zhou Y, Li X, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhu R, Yin L. Macrophage-targeting and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanopolyplexes mediate anti-inflammatory siRNA delivery against acute liver failure (ALF). Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1986-1993. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-targeting and ROS-degradable nanopolyplexes were developed to realize efficient TNF-α siRNA delivery toward the treatment of acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Xudong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215004
- P.R. China
| | - Rongying Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215004
- P.R. China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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