1
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Ferraro R, Guido S, Caserta S, Tassieri M. i -Rheo-optical assay: Measuring the viscoelastic properties of multicellular spheroids. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101066. [PMID: 38693994 PMCID: PMC11061759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a novel mechanobiology assay, named "i-Rheo-optical assay", that integrates rheology with optical microscopy for analysing the viscoelastic properties of multicellular spheroids. These spheroids serve as three-dimensional models resembling tissue structures. The innovative technique enables real-time observation and quantification of morphological responses to applied stress using a cost-effective microscope coverslip for constant compression force application. By bridging a knowledge gap in biophysical research, which has predominantly focused on the elastic properties while only minimally exploring the viscoelastic nature in multicellular systems, the i-Rheo-optical assay emerges as an effective tool. It facilitates the measurement of broadband viscoelastic compressional moduli in spheroids, here derived from cancer (PANC-1) and non-tumoral (NIH/3T3) cell lines during compression tests. This approach plays a crucial role in elucidating the mechanical properties of spheroids and holds potential for identifying biomarkers to discriminate between healthy tissues and their pathological counterparts. Offering comprehensive insights into the biomechanical behaviour of biological systems, i-Rheo-optical assay marks a significant advancement in tissue engineering, cancer research, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Ferraro
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6EW, UK
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2
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Garcia-Seyda N, Song S, Seveau de Noray V, David-Broglio L, Matti C, Artinger M, Dupuy F, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Valignat MP, Legler DF, Bajénoff M, Theodoly O. Naive T lymphocytes chemotax long distance to CCL21 but not to a source of bioactive S1P. iScience 2023; 26:107695. [PMID: 37822497 PMCID: PMC10562802 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes traffic through the organism in search for antigen, alternating between blood and secondary lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes relies on CCL21 chemokine sensing by CCR7 receptors, while exit into efferent lymphatics relies on sphingolipid S1P sensing by S1PR1 receptors. While both molecules are claimed chemotactic, a quantitative analysis of naive T lymphocyte migration along defined gradients is missing. Here, we used a reductionist approach to study the real-time single-cell response of naive T lymphocytes to CCL21 and serum rich in bioactive S1P. Using microfluidic and micropatterning ad hoc tools, we show that CCL21 triggers stable polarization and long-range chemotaxis of cells, whereas S1P-rich serum triggers a transient polarization only and no significant displacement, potentially representing a brief transmigration step through exit portals. Our in vitro data thus suggest that naive T lymphocyte chemotax long distances to CCL21 but not toward a source of bioactive S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Luc David-Broglio
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Dupuy
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
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3
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Van Os L, Engelhardt B, Guenat OT. Integration of immune cells in organs-on-chips: a tutorial. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1191104. [PMID: 37324438 PMCID: PMC10267470 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1191104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial infections continue to pose significant challenges for numerous individuals globally. To develop novel therapies to combat infections, more insight into the actions of the human innate and adaptive immune system during infection is necessary. Human in vitro models, such as organs-on-chip (OOC) models, have proven to be a valuable addition to the tissue modeling toolbox. The incorporation of an immune component is needed to bring OOC models to the next level and enable them to mimic complex biological responses. The immune system affects many (patho)physiological processes in the human body, such as those taking place during an infection. This tutorial review introduces the reader to the building blocks of an OOC model of acute infection to investigate recruitment of circulating immune cells into the infected tissue. The multi-step extravasation cascade in vivo is described, followed by an in-depth guide on how to model this process on a chip. Next to chip design, creation of a chemotactic gradient and incorporation of endothelial, epithelial, and immune cells, the review focuses on the hydrogel extracellular matrix (ECM) to accurately model the interstitial space through which extravasated immune cells migrate towards the site of infection. Overall, this tutorial review is a practical guide for developing an OOC model of immune cell migration from the blood into the interstitial space during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Van Os
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier T. Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Petta D, D'Amora U, D'Arrigo D, Tomasini M, Candrian C, Ambrosio L, Moretti M. Musculoskeletal tissues-on-a-chip: role of natural polymers in reproducing tissue-specific microenvironments. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35931043 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, 3D in vitro models have been widely employed in the regenerative medicine field. Among them, organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to elucidate cellular mechanism exploiting multichannel microfluidic devices to establish 3D co-culture systems that offer control over the cellular, physico-chemical and biochemical microenvironments. To deliver the most relevant cues to cells, it is of paramount importance to select the most appropriate matrix for mimicking the extracellular matrix of the native tissue. Natural polymers-based hydrogels are the elected candidates for reproducing tissue-specific microenvironments in musculoskeletal tissue-on-a-chip models owning to their interesting and peculiar physico-chemical, mechanical and biological properties. Despite these advantages, there is still a gap between the biomaterials complexity in conventional tissue engineering and the application of these biomaterials in 3D in vitro microfluidic models. In this review, the aim is to suggest the adoption of more suitable biomaterials, alternative crosslinking strategies and tissue engineered-inspired approaches in organ-on-a-chip to better mimic the complexity of physiological musculoskeletal tissues. Accordingly, after giving an overview of the musculoskeletal tissue compositions, the properties of the main natural polymers employed in microfluidic systems are investigated, together with the main musculoskeletal tissues-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Petta
- Regenerative Medicine Technologis Lab, Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54 Mostra d'Oltremare Pad 20, Naples, 80125, ITALY
| | - Daniele D'Arrigo
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Marta Tomasini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco chies 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Christian Candrian
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, via Tesserete 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials National Research Council, Viale Kennedy, Pozzuoli, Campania, 80078, ITALY
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
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5
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Bouhlel W, Kui J, Bibette J, Bremond N. Encapsulation of Cells in a Collagen Matrix Surrounded by an Alginate Hydrogel Shell for 3D Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2700-2708. [PMID: 35609296 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous techniques for mammalian cell culture have been developed to mimic the complex in vivo three-dimensional structure of tissues and organs. Among them, the sole use of proteins to create a matrix where cells are embedded already gives rise to self-organized multicellular assemblies. Loading cells in a controlled extracellular matrix along with cell culture and monitoring through a strategy that is compatible with pipetting tools would be beneficial for high throughput screening applications or simply for a standardized method. Here, we design submillimeter compartments having a thin alginate hydrogel shell and a core made of a collagen matrix where cells are embedded. The process, using a microfluidic device, is based on a high speed co-extrusion in air, leading to a compound jet whose fragmentation is controlled. The resulting core-shell liquid drops are then collected in a gelling bath that triggers a fast hardening of the shell and is followed by a slower self-assembly of collagen molecules into fibers. We show how to formulate the core solution in order to maintain cell viability at physiological conditions that otherwise induce tropocollagen molecules to self-assemble, while being able to prevent flow disturbances that are detrimental for this jetting method. Encapsulated Caco-2 cells, mainly used to model the intestinal barrier, proliferate and form a closed polarized epithelial cell monolayer where the apical membrane faces the continuous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bouhlel
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Kui
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bibette
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bremond
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
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6
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Ferraro R, Ascione F, Dogra P, Cristini V, Guido S, Caserta S. Diffusion‐induced anisotropic cancer invasion: a novel experimental method based on tumour spheroids. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Ferraro
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Naples Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Naples Italy
| | - Flora Ascione
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Naples Italy
| | - Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston Texas USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USA
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston Texas USA
- Department of Imaging Physics University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Stefano Guido
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Naples Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Naples Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Naples Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Naples Italy
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7
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Maulana TI, Kromidas E, Wallstabe L, Cipriano M, Alb M, Zaupa C, Hudecek M, Fogal B, Loskill P. Immunocompetent cancer-on-chip models to assess immuno-oncology therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:281-305. [PMID: 33798643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advances in cancer immunotherapy come with several obstacles, limiting its widespread use and benefits so far only to a small subset of patients. One of the underlying challenges remains to be the lack of representative nonclinical models that translate to human immunity and are able to predict clinical efficacy and safety outcomes. In recent years, immunocompetent Cancer-on-Chip models emerge as an alternative human-based platform that enables the integration and manipulation of complex tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss novel opportunities offered by Cancer-on-Chip models to advance (mechanistic) immuno-oncology research, ranging from design flexibility to multimodal analysis approaches. We then exemplify their (potential) applications for the research and development of adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint therapy, cytokine therapy, oncolytic virus, and cancer vaccines.
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8
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Samandari M, Rafiee L, Alipanah F, Sanati-Nezhad A, Javanmard SH. A simple, low cost and reusable microfluidic gradient strategy and its application in modeling cancer invasion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10310. [PMID: 33986379 PMCID: PMC8119451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chemical gradient generators enable precise spatiotemporal control of chemotactic signals to study cellular behavior with high resolution and reliability. However, time and cost consuming preparation steps for cell adhesion in microchannels as well as requirement of pumping facilities usually complicate the application of the microfluidic assays. Here, we introduce a simple strategy for preparation of a reusable and stand-alone microfluidic gradient generator to study cellular behavior. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is directly mounted on the commercial polystyrene-based cell culture surfaces by manipulating the PDMS curing time to optimize bonding strength. The stand-alone strategy not only offers pumpless application of this microfluidic device but also ensures minimal fluidic pressure and consequently a leakage-free system. Elimination of any surface treatment or coating significantly facilitates the preparation of the microfluidic assay and offers a detachable PDMS microchip which can be reused following to a simple cleaning and sterilization step. The chemotactic signal in our microchip is further characterized using numerical and experimental evaluations and it is demonstrated that the device can generate both linear and polynomial signals. Finally, the feasibility of the strategy in deciphering cellular behavior is demonstrated by exploring cancer cell migration and invasion in response to chemical stimuli. The introduced strategy can significantly decrease the complexity of the microfluidic chemotaxis assays and increase their throughput for various cellular and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alipanah
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
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9
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Vesperini D, Montalvo G, Qu B, Lautenschläger F. Characterization of immune cell migration using microfabrication. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:185-202. [PMID: 34290841 PMCID: PMC8285443 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides our defense against pathogens and aberrant cells, including tumorigenic and infected cells. Motility is one of the fundamental characteristics that enable immune cells to find invading pathogens, control tissue damage, and eliminate primary developing tumors, even in the absence of external treatments. These processes are termed "immune surveillance." Migration disorders of immune cells are related to autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and tumor evasion. It is therefore essential to characterize immune cell motility in different physiologically and pathologically relevant scenarios to understand the regulatory mechanisms of functionality of immune responses. This review is focused on immune cell migration, to define the underlying mechanisms and the corresponding investigative approaches. We highlight the challenges that immune cells encounter in vivo, and the microfabrication methods to mimic particular aspects of their microenvironment. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed tools, and provide information on how to access them. Furthermore, we summarize the directional cues that regulate individual immune cell migration, and discuss the behavior of immune cells in a complex environment composed of multiple directional cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Vesperini
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Galia Montalvo
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Shi Y, Cai Y, Cao Y, Hong Z, Chai Y. Recent advances in microfluidic technology and applications for anti-cancer drug screening. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Abstract
The immune system is composed of heterogeneous populations of immune cells that regulate physiological processes and protect organisms against diseases. Single cell technologies have been used to assess immune cell responses at the single cell level, which are crucial for identifying the causes of diseases and elucidating underlying biological mechanisms to facilitate medical therapy. In the present review we first discuss the most recent advances in the development of single cell technologies to investigate cell signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell migration. Each technology's advantages and limitations and its applications in immunology are subsequently reviewed. The latest progress toward commercialization, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for single cell technologies in immunology are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ru Choi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Garcia-Seyda N, Aoun L, Tishkova V, Seveau V, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Bajénoff M, Valignat MP, Theodoly O. Microfluidic device to study flow-free chemotaxis of swimming cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1639-1647. [PMID: 32249280 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have been used in the last two decades to study in vitro cell chemotaxis, but few existing devices generate gradients in flow-free conditions. Flow can bias cell directionality of adherent cells and precludes the study of swimming cells like naïve T lymphocytes, which only migrate in a non-adherent fashion. We developed two devices that create stable, flow-free, diffusion-based gradients and are adapted for adherent and swimming cells. The flow-free environment is achieved by using agarose gel barriers between a central channel with cells and side channels with chemoattractants. These barriers insulate cells from injection/rinsing cycles of chemoattractants, they dampen residual drift across the device, and they allow co-culture of cells without physical interaction, to study contactless paracrine communication. Our devices were used here to investigate neutrophil and naïve T lymphocyte chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Valentine Seveau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
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13
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Um E, Oh JM, Park J, Song T, Kim TE, Choi Y, Shin C, Kolygina D, Jeon JH, Grzybowski BA, Cho YK. Immature dendritic cells navigate microscopic mazes to find tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1665-1675. [PMID: 30931468 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells with high sentinel ability to scan their neighborhood and to initiate an adaptive immune response. Whereas chemotactic migration of mature DCs (mDCs) towards lymph nodes is relatively well documented, the migratory behavior of immature DCs (imDCs) in tumor microenvironments is still poorly understood. Here, microfluidic systems of various geometries, including mazes, are used to investigate how the physical and chemical microenvironment influences the migration pattern of imDCs. Under proper degree of confinement, the imDCs are preferentially recruited towards cancer vs. normal cells, accompanied by increased cell speed and persistence. Furthermore, a systematic screen of cytokines, reveals that Gas6 is a major chemokine responsible for the chemotactic preference. These results and the accompanying theoretical model suggest that imDC migration in complex tissue environments is tuned by a proper balance between the strength of the chemical gradients and the degree of spatial confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eujin Um
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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14
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Hwang PY, Brenot A, King AC, Longmore GD, George SC. Randomly Distributed K14 + Breast Tumor Cells Polarize to the Leading Edge and Guide Collective Migration in Response to Chemical and Mechanical Environmental Cues. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1899-1912. [PMID: 30862718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is an adaptive, coordinated interactive process involving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironmental interactions. A critical aspect of collective migration is the sensing and establishment of directional movement. It has been proposed that a subgroup of cells known as leader cells localize at the front edge of a collectively migrating cluster and are responsible for directing migration. However, it is unknown how and when leader cells arrive at the front edge and what environmental cues dictate leader cell development and behavior. Here, we addressed these questions by combining a microfluidic device design that mimics multiple tumor microenvironmental cues concurrently with biologically relevant primary, heterogeneous tumor cell organoids. Prior to migration, breast tumor leader cells (K14+) were present throughout a tumor organoid and migrated (polarized) to the leading edge in response to biochemical and biomechanical cues. Impairment of either CXCR4 (biochemical responsive) or the collagen receptor DDR2 (biomechanical responsive) abrogated polarization of leader cells and directed collective migration. This work demonstrates that K14+ leader cells utilize both chemical and mechanical cues from the microenvironment to polarize to the leading edge of collectively migrating tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that pre-existing, randomly distributed leader cells within primary tumor organoids use CXCR4 and DDR2 to polarize to the leading edge and direct migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Y Hwang
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Audrey Brenot
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ashley C King
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. .,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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15
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Garcia-Arcos JM, Chabrier R, Deygas M, Nader G, Barbier L, Sáez PJ, Mathur A, Vargas P, Piel M. Reconstitution of cell migration at a glance. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/4/jcs225565. [PMID: 30745333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cells migrate in a myriad of physiological contexts, such as tissue patrolling by immune cells, and during neurogenesis and tissue remodeling, as well as in metastasis, the spread of cancer cells. To understand the basic principles of single-cell migration, a reductionist approach can be taken. This aims to control and deconstruct the complexity of different cellular microenvironments into simpler elementary constrains that can be recombined together. This approach is the cell microenvironment equivalent of in vitro reconstituted systems that combine elementary molecular players to understand cellular functions. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we present selected experimental setups that mimic different events that cells undergo during migration in vivo These include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices to deform whole cells or organelles, micro patterning, nano-fabricated structures like grooves, and compartmentalized collagen chambers with chemical gradients. We also outline the main contribution of each technique to the understanding of different aspects of single-cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Garcia-Arcos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Chabrier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mathieu Deygas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Barbier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo José Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Aastha Mathur
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France .,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
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16
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Abstract
The systematic emergence of drug resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases (antibiotics) and cancer (chemotherapy), with possible common fundamental origins linking bacterial antibiotic resistance and emergence of chemotherapy resistance. The common link may be evolution in a complex fitness landscape with connected small population niches. We report a detailed method for observing bacterial adaptive behavior in heterogeneous microfluidic environment designed to mimic the environmental heterogeneity found in natural microbial niches. First, the device is structured with multiple connected micro-chambers that allow the cell population to communicate and organize into smaller populations. Second, bacteria evolve within an antibiotic gradient generated throughout the micro-chambers that creates a wide range of fitness landscapes. High-resolution images of the adaptive response to the antibiotic stress are captured by epifluorescence microscopy at various levels of the bacterial organization for quantitative analysis. Thus, the experimental setup we have developed provides a powerful frame for visualizing evolution at work: bacterial movement, survival and death. It also presents a basis for exploring the rates at which drug resistance arises in bacteria and other biological contexts such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bos
- Pasteur Institute, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.
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17
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Bachmann B, Spitz S, Rothbauer M, Jordan C, Purtscher M, Zirath H, Schuller P, Eilenberger C, Ali SF, Mühleder S, Priglinger E, Harasek M, Redl H, Holnthoner W, Ertl P. Engineering of three-dimensional pre-vascular networks within fibrin hydrogel constructs by microfluidic control over reciprocal cell signaling. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042216. [PMID: 29983840 PMCID: PMC6010359 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reengineering functional vascular networks in vitro remains an integral part in tissue engineering, since the incorporation of non-perfused tissues results in restricted nutrient supply and limited waste removal. Microfluidic devices are routinely used to mimic both physiological and pathological vascular microenvironments. Current procedures either involve the investigation of growth factor gradients and interstitial flow on endothelial cell sprouting alone or on the heterotypic cell-cell interactions between endothelial and mural cells. However, limited research has been conducted on the influence of flow on co-cultures of these cells. Here, we exploited the ability of microfluidics to create and monitor spatiotemporal gradients to investigate the influence of growth factor supply and elution on vascularization using static as well as indirect and direct flow setups. Co-cultures of human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells embedded in fibrin hydrogels were found to be severely affected by diffusion limited growth factor gradients as well as by elution of reciprocal signaling molecules during both static and flow conditions. Static cultures formed pre-vascular networks up to a depth of 4 mm into the construct with subsequent decline due to diffusion limitation. In contrast, indirect flow conditions enhanced endothelial cell sprouting but failed to form vascular networks. Additionally, complete inhibition of pre-vascular network formation was observable for direct application of flow through the hydrogel with decline of endothelial cell viability after seven days. Using finite volume CFD simulations of different sized molecules vital for pre-vascular network formation into and out of the hydrogel constructs, we found that interstitial flow enhances growth factor supply to the cells in the bulk of the chamber but elutes cellular secretome, resulting in truncated, premature vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Purtscher
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Zirath
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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18
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Nano-scale microfluidics to study 3D chemotaxis at the single cell level. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198330. [PMID: 29879160 PMCID: PMC5991685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed migration of cells relies on their ability to sense directional guidance cues and to interact with pericellular structures in order to transduce contractile cytoskeletal- into mechanical forces. These biomechanical processes depend highly on microenvironmental factors such as exposure to 2D surfaces or 3D matrices. In vivo, the majority of cells are exposed to 3D environments. Data on 3D cell migration are mostly derived from intravital microscopy or collagen-based in vitro assays. Both approaches offer only limited controllability of experimental conditions. Here, we developed an automated microfluidic system that allows positioning of cells in 3D microenvironments containing highly controlled diffusion-based chemokine gradients. Tracking migration in such gradients was feasible in real time at the single cell level. Moreover, the setup allowed on-chip immunocytochemistry and thus linking of functional with phenotypical properties in individual cells. Spatially defined retrieval of cells from the device allows down-stream off-chip analysis. Using dendritic cells as a model, our setup specifically allowed us for the first time to quantitate key migration characteristics of cells exposed to identical gradients of the chemokine CCL19 yet placed on 2D vs in 3D environments. Migration properties between 2D and 3D migration were distinct. Morphological features of cells migrating in an in vitro 3D environment were similar to those of cells migrating in animal tissues, but different from cells migrating on a surface. Our system thus offers a highly controllable in vitro-mimic of a 3D environment that cells traffic in vivo.
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19
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Clark AG, Simon A, Aizel K, Bibette J, Bremond N, Vignjevic DM. 3D cell migration in the presence of chemical gradients using microfluidics. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 147:133-147. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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