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Vasconez Martinez MG, Reihs EI, Stuetz HM, Hafner A, Brandauer K, Selinger F, Schuller P, Bastus N, Puntes V, Frank J, Tomischko W, Frauenlob M, Ertl P, Resch C, Bauer G, Povoden G, Rothbauer M. Using Rapid Prototyping to Develop a Cell-Based Platform with Electrical Impedance Sensor Membranes for In Vitro RPMI2650 Nasal Nanotoxicology Monitoring. Biosensors (Basel) 2024; 14:107. [PMID: 38392026 PMCID: PMC10886737 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Due to advances in additive manufacturing and prototyping, affordable and rapid microfluidic sensor-integrated assays can be fabricated using additive manufacturing, xurography and electrode shadow masking to create versatile platform technologies aimed toward qualitative assessment of acute cytotoxic or cytolytic events using stand-alone biochip platforms in the context of environmental risk assessment. In the current study, we established a nasal mucosa biosensing platform using RPMI2650 mucosa cells inside a membrane-integrated impedance-sensing biochip using exclusively rapid prototyping technologies. In a final proof-of-concept, we applied this biosensing platform to create human cell models of nasal mucosa for monitoring the acute cytotoxic effect of zinc oxide reference nanoparticles. Our data generated with the biochip platform successfully monitored the acute toxicity and cytolytic activity of 6 mM zinc oxide nanoparticles, which was non-invasively monitored as a negative impedance slope on nasal epithelial models, demonstrating the feasibility of rapid prototyping technologies such as additive manufacturing and xurography for cell-based platform development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Gabriel Vasconez Martinez
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Eva I. Reihs
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene M. Stuetz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Astrid Hafner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Konstanze Brandauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Florian Selinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Neus Bastus
- Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, UAB Campus, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, UAB Campus, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Johannes Frank
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.); (W.T.)
| | - Wolfgang Tomischko
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.); (W.T.)
| | - Martin Frauenlob
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.); (W.T.)
| | - Christian Resch
- Science, Research, and Development Division, Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Bauer
- Science, Research, and Development Division, Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- CBRN-Defence-Centre, Austrian Armed Forces, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Guenter Povoden
- CBRN-Defence-Centre, Austrian Armed Forces, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department for Legal Philosophy, Law of Religion and Culture, University Vienna, Freyung 6, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), IFA Building 1, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.V.M.); (E.I.R.); (K.B.); (P.S.); (M.F.); (P.E.)
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Killinger M, Kratochvilová A, Reihs EI, Matalová E, Klepárník K, Rothbauer M. Microfluidic device for enhancement and analysis of osteoblast differentiation in three-dimensional cell cultures. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:77. [PMID: 38098075 PMCID: PMC10722696 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are to date the gold standard in biomedical research fields due to their enhanced biological functions compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. 3D cell spheroids, as well as organoids, are better suited to replicate tissue functions, which enables their use both as in vitro models for basic research and toxicology, as well as building blocks used in tissue/organ biofabrication approaches. Culturing 3D spheroids from bone-derived cells is an emerging technology for both disease modelling and drug screening applications. Bone tissue models are mainly limited by the implementation of sophisticated devices and procedures that can foster a tissue-specific 3D cell microenvironment along with a dynamic cultivation regime. In this study, we consequently developed, optimized and characterized an advanced perfused microfluidic platform to improve the reliability of 3D bone cell cultivation and to enhance aspects of bone tissue maturation in vitro. Moreover, biomechanical stimulation generated by fluid flow inside the arrayed chamber, was used to mimic a more dynamic cell environment emulating a highly vascularized bone we expected to improve the osteogenic 3D microenvironment in the developed multifunctional spheroid-array platform. The optimized 3D cell culture protocols in our murine bone-on-a-chip spheroid model exhibited increased mineralization and viability compared to static conditions. As a proof-of-concept, we successfully confirmed on the beneficial effects of a dynamic culture environment on osteogenesis and used our platform for analysis of bone-derived spheroids produced from primary human pre-osteoblasts. To conclude, the newly developed system represents a powerful tool for studying human bone patho/physiology in vitro under more relevant and dynamic culture conditions converging the advantages of microfluidic platforms with multi-spheroid array technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Killinger
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Kratochvilová
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ingeborg Reihs
- Cell Chip Group, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Matalová
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Cell Chip Group, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Despicht C, Munkboel CH, Chou HN, Ertl P, Rothbauer M, Kutter JP, Styrishave B, Kretschmann A. Towards a microfluidic H295R steroidogenesis assay-biocompatibility study and steroid detection on a thiol-ene-based chip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5421-5436. [PMID: 37438566 PMCID: PMC10444685 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell-based microfluidic assays offers exciting new opportunities in toxicity testing, allowing for integration of new functionalities, automation, and high throughput in comparison to traditional well-plate assays. As endocrine disruption caused by environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals represents a growing global health burden, the purpose of the current study was to contribute towards the miniaturization of the H295R steroidogenesis assay, from the well-plate to the microfluidic format. Microfluidic chip fabrication with the established well-plate material polystyrene (PS) is expensive and complicated; PDMS and thiol-ene were therefore tested as potential chip materials for microfluidic H295R cell culture, and evaluated in terms of cell attachment, cell viability, and steroid synthesis in the absence and presence of collagen surface modification. Additionally, spike-recovery experiments were performed, to investigate potential steroid adsorption to chip materials. Cell aggregation with poor steroid recoveries was observed for PDMS, while cells formed monolayer cultures on the thiol-ene chip material, with cell viability and steroid synthesis comparable to cells grown on a PS surface. As thiol-ene overall displayed more favorable properties for H295R cell culture, a microfluidic chip design and corresponding cell seeding procedure were successfully developed, achieving repeatable and uniform cell distribution in microfluidic channels. Finally, H295R perfusion culture on thiol-ene chips was investigated at different flow rates (20, 10, and 2.5 µL/min), and 13 steroids were detected in eluting cell medium over 48 h at the lowest flow rate. The presented work and results pave the way for a time-resolved microfluidic H295R steroidogenesis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Despicht
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Cecilie H Munkboel
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Hua Nee Chou
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Microscale Analytical Systems, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Univeristy of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Kretschmann
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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Kohl Y, William N, Elje E, Backes N, Rothbauer M, Srancikova A, Rundén-Pran E, El Yamani N, Korenstein R, Madi L, Barbul A, Kozics K, Sramkova M, Steenson K, Gabelova A, Ertl P, Dusinska M, Nelson A. Rapid identification of in vitro cell toxicity using an electrochemical membrane screening platform. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108467. [PMID: 37244203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the performance and output of an electrochemical phospholipid membrane platform against respective in vitro cell-based toxicity testing methods using three toxicants of different biological action (chlorpromazine (CPZ), colchicine (COL) and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS)). Human cell lines from seven different tissues (lung, liver, kidney, placenta, intestine, immune system) were used to validate this physicochemical testing system. For the cell-based systems, the effective concentration at 50 % cell death (EC50) values are calculated. For the membrane sensor, a limit of detection (LoD) value was extracted as a quantitative parameter describing the minimum concentration of toxicant which significantly affects the structure of the phospholipid sensor membrane layer. LoD values were found to align well with the EC50 values when acute cell viability was used as an end-point and showed a similar toxicity ranking of the tested toxicants. Using the colony forming efficiency (CFE) or DNA damage as end-point, a different order of toxicity ranking was observed. The results of this study showed that the electrochemical membrane sensor generates a parameter relating to biomembrane damage, which is the predominant factor in decreasing cell viability when in vitro models are acutely exposed to toxicants. These results lead the way to using electrochemical membrane-based sensors for rapid relevant preliminary toxicity screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach 66280, Germany.
| | - Nicola William
- School of Chemistry and Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2007, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Oslo 0372, Norway.
| | - Nadine Backes
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach 66280, Germany
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Annamaria Srancikova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84505, Slovakia.
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2007, Norway.
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2007, Norway
| | - Rafi Korenstein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Lea Madi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Alexander Barbul
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84505, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84505, Slovakia.
| | - Karen Steenson
- School of Chemistry and Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84505, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2007, Norway.
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Chemistry and Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Ferreira DA, Conde JP, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Granja PL, Oliveira C. Bioinspired human stomach-on-a-chip with in vivo like function and architecture. Lab Chip 2023; 23:495-510. [PMID: 36620939 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of biomimetic in vitro models capable of reproducing the complex architecture and the dynamic environment of the gastric mucosa, delay the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Recent advances in microengineering made possible the fabrication of bioinspired microdevices capable of replicating the physiological properties of an organ, inside a microfluidics chip. Herein, a bioinspired stomach-on-a-chip (SoC) device is described, supporting peristalsis-like motion and reconstituting organ-level epithelial architecture and function. The device simulates the upper epithelial interface, representing the three innermost layers of the gastric mucosa, namely the epithelial barrier, the basement membrane and the lamina propria. The dynamic environment imparted by mechanical actuation of the flexible on-chip cell culture substrate, was the main driver in the development of epithelial polarization and differentiation traits characteristic of the native gastric mucosa, and allowed partial recapitulation of gastric barrier function. These traits were not affected by the addition of a mesenchymal population to the system, which was able to remodel the surrounding extracellular matrix, nor by the potential epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk. The engineered platform highlights the importance of addressing the mechanical microenvironment of the native organ, to potentiate an organ-level response of the artificial tissue. The proposed SoC represents an appealing tool in personalized medicine, with bio-relevance for the study of gastric diseases and an alternative to current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Conde
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologia (INESC MN), Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Orthopedic Microsystems, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Cell Chip Group, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidmarkt, 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro L Granja
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Rothbauer M, Reihs EI, Fischer A, Windhager R, Jenner F, Toegel S. A Progress Report and Roadmap for Microphysiological Systems and Organ-On-A-Chip Technologies to Be More Predictive Models in Human (Knee) Osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:886360. [PMID: 35782494 PMCID: PMC9240813 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.886360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic debilitating joint disease affecting hundreds of million people globally, is associated with significant pain and socioeconomic costs. Current treatment modalities are palliative and unable to stop the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage in OA. Scientific attention has shifted from the historical view of OA as a wear-and-tear cartilage disorder to its recognition as a whole-joint disease, highlighting the contribution of other knee joint tissues in OA pathogenesis. Despite much progress in the field of microfluidic systems/organs-on-a-chip in other research fields, current in vitro models in use do not yet accurately reflect the complexity of the OA pathophenotype. In this review, we provide: 1) a detailed overview of the most significant recent developments in the field of microsystems approaches for OA modeling, and 2) an OA-pathophysiology-based bioengineering roadmap for the requirements of the next generation of more predictive and authentic microscale systems fit for the purpose of not only disease modeling but also of drug screening to potentially allow OA animal model reduction and replacement in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopeadic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Mario Rothbauer,
| | - Eva I. Reihs
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopeadic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Fischer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopeadic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopeadic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- Veterinary Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Vienna (VETERM), Equine Surgery Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopeadic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
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Rothbauer M, Eilenberger C, Spitz S, Bachmann BEM, Kratz SRA, Reihs EI, Windhager R, Toegel S, Ertl P. Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing and 3D Bioprinting for Organs-On-A-Chip and Microphysiological Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837087. [PMID: 35252144 PMCID: PMC8891807 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-creation of physiological cellular microenvironments that truly resemble complex in vivo architectures is the key aspect in the development of advanced in vitro organotypic tissue constructs. Among others, organ-on-a-chip technology has been increasingly used in recent years to create improved models for organs and tissues in human health and disease, because of its ability to provide spatio-temporal control over soluble cues, biophysical signals and biomechanical forces necessary to maintain proper organotypic functions. While media supply and waste removal are controlled by microfluidic channel by a network the formation of tissue-like architectures in designated micro-structured hydrogel compartments is commonly achieved by cellular self-assembly and intrinsic biological reorganization mechanisms. The recent combination of organ-on-a-chip technology with three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and additive manufacturing techniques allows for an unprecedented control over tissue structures with the ability to also generate anisotropic constructs as often seen in in vivo tissue architectures. This review highlights progress made in bioprinting applications for organ-on-a-chip technology, and discusses synergies and limitations between organ-on-a-chip technology and 3D bioprinting in the creation of next generation biomimetic in vitro tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Mario Rothbauer, ,
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E. M. Bachmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian R. A. Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva I. Reihs
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Brandauer K, Spitz S, Ehmoser EK, Küpcü S, Ertl P. Screening for Best Neuronal-Glial Differentiation Protocols of Neuralizing Agents Using a Multi-Sized Microfluidic Embryoid Body Array. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020339. [PMID: 35214071 PMCID: PMC8878393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technology and embryonic stem cell models are of great interest in biomedical research since they provide deeper insights into, e.g., neurogenesis and early mammalian brain development. Despite their great scientific potential, the reliable establishment of three-dimensional embryoid bodies (EBs) remains a major challenge, and the current lack of standardization and comparability is still limiting a broader application and translation of stem cell technology. Among others, a vital aspect for the reliable formation of EBs is optimizing differentiation protocols since organized differentiation is influenced by soluble inducers and EB size. A microfluidic biochip array was employed to automate cell loading and optimize directed neuronal and astrocytic differentiation protocols using murine P19 embryoid bodies to facilitate reliable embryonic stem cell differentiation. Our gravity-driven microfluidic size-controlled embryoid body-on-a-chip system allows (a) the robust operation and cultivation of up to 90 EBs in parallel and (b) the reproducible generation of five increasing sizes ranging from 300 µm to 1000 µm diameters. A comparative study adds two differentiation-inducers such as retinoic acid and EC23 to size-controlled embryoid bodies to identify the optimal differentiation protocol. Our study revealed a 1.4 to 1.9-fold higher neuron and astrocyte expression in larger embryoid bodies (above 750 µm) over smaller-sized EBs (below 450 µm), thus highlighting the importance of EB size in the establishment of robust neurodevelopmental in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (M.R.)
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
- Orthopedic Microsystems, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (M.R.)
| | - Konstanze Brandauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.-K.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.-K.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
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9
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Hashemzadeh H, Kelkawi AHA, Allahverdi A, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Naderi-Manesh H. Fingerprinting Metabolic Activity and Tissue Integrity of 3D Lung Cancer Spheroids under Gold Nanowire Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030478. [PMID: 35159286 PMCID: PMC8834455 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequacy of most animal models for drug efficacy assessments has led to the development of improved in vitro models capable of mimicking in vivo exposure scenarios. Among others, 3D multicellular spheroid technology is considered to be one of the promising alternatives in the pharmaceutical drug discovery process. In addition to its physiological relevance, this method fulfills high-throughput and low-cost requirements for preclinical cell-based assays. Despite the increasing applications of spheroid technology in pharmaceutical screening, its application, in nanotoxicity testing is still in its infancy due to the limited penetration and uptake rates into 3D-cell assemblies. To gain a better understanding of gold nanowires (AuNWs) interactions with 3D spheroids, a comparative study of 2D monolayer cultures and 3D multicellular spheroids was conducted using two lung cancer cell lines (A549 and PC9). Cell apoptosis (live/dead assay), metabolic activity, and spheroid integrity were evaluated following exposure to AuNWs at different dose-time manners. Results revealed a distinct different cellular response between 2D and 3D cell cultures during AuNWs treatment including metabolic rates, cell viability, dose–response curves and, uptake rates. Our data also highlighted further need for more physiologically relevant tissue models to investigate in depth nanomaterial–biology interactions. It is important to note that higher concentrations of AuNWs with lower exposure times and lower concentrations of AuNWs with higher exposure times of 3 days resulted in the loss of spheroid integrity by disrupting cell–cell contacts. These findings could help to increase the understanding of AuNWs-induced toxicity on tissue levels and also contribute to the establishment of new analytical approaches for toxicological and drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hashemzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran; (H.H.); (A.H.A.K.)
| | - Ali Hamad Abd Kelkawi
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran; (H.H.); (A.H.A.K.)
| | - Abdollah Allahverdi
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran;
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
- Orthopedic Microsystems Group, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (H.N.-M.)
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran; (H.H.); (A.H.A.K.)
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biosciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran;
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (H.N.-M.)
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10
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Zirath H, Spitz S, Roth D, Schellhorn T, Rothbauer M, Müller B, Walch M, Kaur J, Wörle A, Kohl Y, Mayr T, Ertl P. Bridging the academic-industrial gap: application of an oxygen and pH sensor-integrated lab-on-a-chip in nanotoxicology. Lab Chip 2021; 21:4237-4248. [PMID: 34605521 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Translation of advanced cell-based assays exhibiting a higher degree of automation, miniaturization, and integration of complementary sensing functions is mainly limited by the development of industrial-relevant prototypes that can be readily produced in larger volumes. Despite the increasing number of academic publications in recent years, the manufacturability of these microfluidic cell cultures systems is largely ignored, thus severely restricting their implementation in routine toxicological applications. We have developed a dual-sensor integrated microfluidic cell analysis platform using industrial specifications, materials, and fabrication methods to conduct risk assessment studies of engineered nanoparticles to overcome this academic-industrial gap. Non-invasive and time-resolved monitoring of cellular oxygen uptake and metabolic activity (pH) in the absence and presence of nanoparticle exposure is accomplished by integrating optical sensor spots into a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)-based microfluidic platform. Results of our nanotoxicological study, including two physiological cell barriers that are essential in the protection from exogenous factors, the intestine (Caco-2) and the vasculature (HUVECs) showed that the assessment of the cells' total energy metabolism is ideally suited to rapidly detect cytotoxicities. Additional viability assay verification using state-of-the-art dye exclusion assays for nanotoxicology demonstrated the similarity and comparability of our results, thus highlighting the benefits of employing a compact and cost-efficient microfluidic dual-sensor platform as a pre-screening tool in nanomaterial risk assessment and as a rapid quality control measure in medium to high-throughput settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Zirath
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Roth
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Schellhorn
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Müller
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Walch
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Alexander Wörle
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Rothbauer M, Byrne RA, Schobesberger S, Olmos Calvo I, Fischer A, Reihs EI, Spitz S, Bachmann B, Sevelda F, Holinka J, Holnthoner W, Redl H, Toegel S, Windhager R, Kiener HP, Ertl P. Establishment of a human three-dimensional chip-based chondro-synovial coculture joint model for reciprocal cross talk studies in arthritis research. Lab Chip 2021; 21:4128-4143. [PMID: 34505620 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by a progressive, intermittent inflammation at the synovial membrane, which ultimately leads to the destruction of the synovial joint. The synovial membrane as the joint capsule's inner layer is lined with fibroblast-like synoviocytes that are the key player supporting persistent arthritis leading to bone erosion and cartilage destruction. While microfluidic models that model molecular aspects of bone erosion between bone-derived cells and synoviocytes have been established, RA's synovial-chondral axis has not yet been realised using a microfluidic 3D model based on human patient in vitro cultures. Consequently, we established a chip-based three-dimensional tissue coculture model that simulates the reciprocal cross talk between individual synovial and chondral organoids. When co-cultivated with synovial organoids, we could demonstrate that chondral organoids induce a higher degree of cartilage physiology and architecture and show differential cytokine response compared to their respective monocultures highlighting the importance of reciprocal tissue-level cross talk in the modelling of arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (KCLOB), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ruth A Byrne
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Schobesberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabel Olmos Calvo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Fischer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (KCLOB), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva I Reihs
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (KCLOB), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Sevelda
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Holinka
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (KCLOB), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (KCLOB), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans P Kiener
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Selinger F, Gerhartl A, Jordan C, Harasek M, Schädl B, Grillari J, Weghuber J, Neuhaus W, Küpcü S, Ertl P. A Microfluidic Multisize Spheroid Array for Multiparametric Screening of Anticancer Drugs and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Properties. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2004856. [PMID: 34105271 PMCID: PMC8188192 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological-relevant in vitro tissue models with their promise of better predictability have the potential to improve drug screening outcomes in preclinical studies. Despite the advances of spheroid models in pharmaceutical screening applications, variations in spheroid size and consequential altered cell responses often lead to nonreproducible and unpredictable results. Here, a microfluidic multisize spheroid array is established and characterized using liver, lung, colon, and skin cells as well as a triple-culture model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to assess the effects of spheroid size on (a) anticancer drug toxicity and (b) compound penetration across an advanced BBB model. The reproducible on-chip generation of 360 spheroids of five dimensions on a well-plate format using an integrated microlens technology is demonstrated. While spheroid size-related IC50 values vary up to 160% using the anticancer drugs cisplatin (CIS) or doxorubicin (DOX), reduced CIS:DOX drug dose combinations eliminate all lung microtumors independent of their sizes. A further application includes optimizing cell seeding ratios and size-dependent compound uptake studies in a perfused BBB model. Generally, smaller BBB-spheroids reveal an 80% higher compound penetration than larger spheroids while verifying the BBB opening effect of mannitol and a spheroid size-related modulation on paracellular transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Anna Gerhartl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaStelzhamerstraße 23Wels4600Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH‐Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food QualitySafety and InnovationTechnopark 1CTulln3430Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 11Vienna1190Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
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13
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Khodayari Bavil A, Sticker D, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Kim J. A microfluidic microparticle-labeled impedance sensor array for enhancing immunoassay sensitivity. Analyst 2021; 146:3289-3298. [PMID: 33999058 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An impedimetric biosensor is used to measure electrical impedance changes in the presence of biomolecules from sinusoidal input voltages. In this paper, we present a new portable impedance-based biosensor platform to improve the sensitivity of immunoassays with microparticles as a label. Using a 2 × 4 interdigitated electrode array with a 10/10 μm electrode/gap and a miniaturized impedance analyzer, we performed immunoassays with microparticles by integrating a microfluidic channel to evaluate signal enhancement. First, to understand the material dependency of microparticles on the sensor array, magnetic, silica, and polystyrene microparticles were tested. Among these microparticles, magnetic microparticles presented a high signal enhancement with relevant stability from the sensor array. With the magnetic microparticles, we demonstrate a series of immunoassays to detect human tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and compare the level of signal enhancement by measuring the limit of detection (LOD). With the microparticles, we achieved over ten times improvement of LOD from sandwich immunoassays. By incorporating with sample preparation and flow manipulation systems, this impedance sensor array can be utilized for digital diagnostics for a real sample-in answer-out system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari Bavil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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14
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Rothbauer M, Bachmann BE, Eilenberger C, Kratz SR, Spitz S, Höll G, Ertl P. A Decade of Organs-on-a-Chip Emulating Human Physiology at the Microscale: A Critical Status Report on Progress in Toxicology and Pharmacology. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:470. [PMID: 33919242 PMCID: PMC8143089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to accelerate pharmaceutical drug development, improve the clinical translation of basic research, and provide personalized intervention strategies. In the last decade, big pharma has engaged in many academic research cooperations to develop organ-on-a-chip systems for future drug discoveries. Although most organ-on-a-chip systems present proof-of-concept studies, miniaturized organ systems still need to demonstrate translational relevance and predictive power in clinical and pharmaceutical settings. This review explores whether microfluidic technology succeeded in paving the way for developing physiologically relevant human in vitro models for pharmacology and toxicology in biomedical research within the last decade. Individual organ-on-a-chip systems are discussed, focusing on relevant applications and highlighting their ability to tackle current challenges in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E.M. Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian R.A. Kratz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Drug Delivery and 3R-Models Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Bhaskara V, Leal MT, Seigner J, Friedrich T, Kreidl E, Gadermaier E, Tesarz M, Rogalli A, Stangl L, Wallwitz J, Hammel K, Rothbauer M, Moll H, Ertl P, Hahn R, Himmler G, Bauer A, Casanova E. Efficient production of recombinant secretory IgA against Clostridium difficile toxins in CHO-K1 cells. J Biotechnol 2021; 331:1-13. [PMID: 33689865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the essential role secretory IgAs play in the defense against pathogenic invasion and the proposed value of recombinant secretory IgAs as novel therapeutics, currently there are no IgA-based therapies in clinics. Secretory IgAs are complex molecules and the major bottleneck limiting their therapeutic potential is a reliable recombinant production system. In this report, we addressed this issue and established a fast and robust production method for secretory IgAs in CHO-K1 cells using BAC-based expression vectors. As a proof of principle, we produced IgAs against Clostridium difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB. Recombinant secretory IgAs produced using our expression system showed comparable titers to IgGs, widely used as therapeutic biologicals. Importantly, secretory IgAs produced using our method were functional and could efficiently neutralize Clostridium difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB. These results show that recombinant secretory IgAs can be efficiently produced, thus opening the possibility to use them as therapeutic agents in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Bhaskara
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Trinidad Leal
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Seigner
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Friedrich
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Stangl
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Hammel
- Department for Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Moll
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hahn
- Department for Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anton Bauer
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; The Antibody Lab GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Purtscher M, Rothbauer M, Kratz SRA, Bailey A, Lieberzeit P, Ertl P. A microfluidic impedance-based extended infectivity assay: combining retroviral amplification and cytopathic effect monitoring on a single lab-on-a-chip platform. Lab Chip 2021; 21:1364-1372. [PMID: 33566877 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detection, quantification and monitoring of virus - host cell interactions are of great importance when evaluating the safety of pharmaceutical products. With the wide usage of viral based vector systems in combination with mammalian cell lines for the production of biopharmaceuticals, the presence of replication competent viral particles needs to be avoided and potential hazards carefully assessed. Consequently, regulatory agencies recommend viral clearance studies using plaque assays or TCID50 assays to evaluate the efficiency of the production process in removing viruses. While plaque assays provide reliable information on the presence of viral contaminations, they are still tedious to perform and can take up to two weeks to finish. To overcome some of these limitations, we have automated, miniaturized and integrated the dual cell culture bioassay into a common lab-on-a-chip platform containing embedded electrical sensor arrays to enrich and detect infectious viruses. Results of our microfluidic single step assay show that a significant reduction in assay time down to 3 to 4 days can be achieved using simultaneous cell-based viral amplification, release and detection of cytopathic effects in a target cell line. We further demonstrate the enhancing effect of continuous fluid flow on infection of PG-4 reporter cells by newly formed and highly active virions by M. dunni cells, thus pointing to the importance of physical relevant viral-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Purtscher
- University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, Höchstädtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Ferreira DA, Rothbauer M, Conde JP, Ertl P, Oliveira C, Granja PL. A Fast Alternative to Soft Lithography for the Fabrication of Organ-on-a-Chip Elastomeric-Based Devices and Microactuators. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2003273. [PMID: 33898174 PMCID: PMC8061392 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology promises to revolutionize how pre-clinical human trials are conducted. Engineering an in vitro environment that mimics the functionality and architecture of human physiology is essential toward building better platforms for drug development and personalized medicine. However, the complex nature of these devices requires specialized, time consuming, and expensive fabrication methodologies. Alternatives that reduce design-to-prototype time are needed, in order to fulfill the potential of these devices. Here, a streamlined approach is proposed for the fabrication of organ-on-a-chip devices with incorporated microactuators, by using an adaptation of xurography. This method can generate multilayered, membrane-integrated biochips in a matter of hours, using low-cost benchtop equipment. These devices are capable of withstanding considerable pressure without delamination. Furthermore, this method is suitable for the integration of flexible membranes, required for organ-on-a-chip applications, such as mechanical actuation or the establishment of biological barrier function. The devices are compatible with cell culture applications and present no cytotoxic effects or observable alterations on cellular homeostasis. This fabrication method can rapidly generate organ-on-a-chip prototypes for a fraction of cost and time, in comparison to conventional soft lithography, constituting an interesting alternative to the current fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Ferreira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversidade do PortoRua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228Porto4050‐313Portugal
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryKarl Chiari Lab for Orthopedic BiologyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel, 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of Technology (TUW)Getreidmarkt, 9/163Vienna1060Austria
| | - João P. Conde
- Department of BioengineeringInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAv. Rovisco Pais, 1Lisboa1049‐001Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologia (INESC MN)Rua Alves Redol, 9Lisboa1000‐029Portugal
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of Technology (TUW)Getreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversidade do PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200‐135Portugal
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
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18
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Zanetti C, Spitz S, Berger E, Bolognin S, Smits LM, Crepaz P, Rothbauer M, Rosser JM, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Schwamborn JC, Ertl P. Monitoring the neurotransmitter release of human midbrain organoids using a redox cycling microsensor as a novel tool for personalized Parkinson's disease modelling and drug screening. Analyst 2021; 146:2358-2367. [PMID: 33625407 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have aimed at developing a novel electrochemical sensing approach capable of detecting dopamine, the main biomarker in Parkinson's disease, within the highly complex cell culture matrix of human midbrain organoids in a non-invasive and label-free manner. With its ability to generate organotypic structures in vitro, induced pluripotent stem cell technology has provided the basis for the development of advanced patient-derived disease models. These include models of the human midbrain, the affected region in the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease. Up to now, however, the analysis of so-called human midbrain organoids has relied on time-consuming and invasive strategies, incapable of monitoring organoid development. Using a redox-cycling approach in combination with a 3-mercaptopropionic acid self-assembled monolayer modification enabled the increase of sensor selectivity and sensitivity towards dopamine, while simultaneously reducing matrix-mediated interferences. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to detect and monitor even small differences in dopamine release between healthy and Parkinson`s disease-specific midbrain organoids over prolonged cultivation periods, which was additionally verified using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the detection of a phenotypic rescue in midbrain organoids carrying a pathogenic mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, upon treatment with the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor II underlines the practical implementability of our sensing approach for drug screening applications as well as personalized disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Zanetti
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Eilenberger C, Selinger F, Rothbauer M, Lin Y, Limbeck A, Schädl B, Grillari J, Kavok NS, Klochkov VK, Malyukin YV, Margitich V, Ertl P. Cytotoxicity, Retention, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of a CeO 2 Nanoparticle-Based Supramolecular Complex in a 3D Liver Cell Culture Model. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 4:101-106. [PMID: 33615164 PMCID: PMC7887746 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Both cerium oxide (CeOx) nanoparticles
and mefenamic acid (MFA)
are known anti-inflammatory agents with hepatoprotective properties
and are therefore prescribed for one of the major diseases in the
world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To study the potential
cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects as well as drug retention
of a potential therapeutic CeOx/MFA supramolecular complex, a well-standardized
hepatic (HepG2) spheroid model was used. Results showed that the highest
cytotoxicity for the CeOx/MFA supramolecular complex was found at
50 μg/mL, while effective doses of 0.1 and 1 μg/mL yielded
a significant decrease of TNF-α and IL-8 secretion. Time-resolved
analysis of HepG2 spheroids revealed a spatiotemporal distribution
of the supramolecular complex and limited clearance from the internal
microtissue over a period of 8 days in cultivation. In summary, our
results point at rapid uptake, distribution, and biostability of the
supramolecular complex within the HepG2 liver spheroid model as well
as a significant anti-inflammatory response at noncytotoxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,SAICO Biosystems KG, Gumpendorferstraße 5/8, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,SAICO Biosystems KG, Gumpendorferstraße 5/8, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,SAICO Biosystems KG, Gumpendorferstraße 5/8, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Währingergürtel 18-19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiji Lin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Dept. of Biotechnology, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nataliya S Kavok
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, STC "Institute for Single Crystals", 60 Science Avenue, 61001 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir K Klochkov
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, STC "Institute for Single Crystals", 60 Science Avenue, 61001 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuri V Malyukin
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, STC "Institute for Single Crystals", 60 Science Avenue, 61001 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,SAICO Biosystems KG, Gumpendorferstraße 5/8, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Totaro D, Radoman B, Schmelzer B, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Sauer M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Microscale Perfusion-Based Cultivation for Pichia pastoris Clone Screening Enables Accelerated and Optimized Recombinant Protein Production Processes. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000215. [PMID: 32935449 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris has emerged in the past years as a promising host for recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical production. In the establishment of high cell density fed-batch biomanufacturing, screening phase and early bioprocess development (based on microplates and shake flasks) still represent a bottleneck due to high-cost and time-consuming procedures as well as low experiment complexity. In the present work, a screening protocol developed for P. pastoris clone selection is implemented in a multiplexed microfluidic device with 15 μL cultivation chambers able to operate in perfusion mode and monitor dissolved oxygen content in the culture in a non-invasive way. The setup allowed us to establish carbon-limited conditions and evaluate strain responses to different input variables. Results from micro-scale perfusion cultures are then compared with 1L fed-batch fermentation. The best producer in terms of titer and productivity is rapidly identified after 12 h from inoculation and the results confirmed by lab-scale fermentation. Moreover, the physiological analyses of the strains under different conditions suggested how more complex experimental conditions are achievable despite the relatively easy, straight-forward, and cost-effective experimental setup. Implementation and standardization of these micro-scale protocols could reduce the demand for lab-scale bioreactor cultivations thus accelerating the development of protein production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Bojana Radoman
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166 A, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9 / II + III, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Shabestani Monfared G, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. An on-chip wound healing assay fabricated by xurography for evaluation of dermal fibroblast cell migration and wound closure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16192. [PMID: 33004819 PMCID: PMC7529912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal fibroblast cell migration is a key process in a physiological wound healing. Therefore, the analysis of cell migration is crucial for wound healing research. In this study, lab-on-a-chip technology was used to investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), mitomycin C (MMC), MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and fetal calf serum (FCS) on human dermal fibroblast cell migration. The microdevice was fabricated consisting of microchannels, pneumatic lines and pneumatically-activated actuators by xurographic rapid prototyping. In contrast to current approaches in in vitro wound healing such as scratch assays and silicone inserts in wellplate format, which show high variability and poor reproducibility, the current system aims to automate the wounding procedure at high precision and reproducibility using lab-on-a-chip. Traumatic wounding was simulated on-chip on fibroblast cell monolayers by applying air pressure on the flexible circular membrane actuator. Wound closure was monitored using light microscopy and cell migration was evaluated using image analysis. The pneumatically controlled system generates highly reproducible wound sizes compared to the conventional wound healing assay. As proof-of-principle study wound healing was investigated in the presence of several stimulatory and inhibitory substances and culture including bFGF, MMC, U0126 MEK1/2 inhibitor as well as serum starvation to demonstrate the broad applicability of the proposed miniaturized culture microsystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Shabestani Monfared
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Rothbauer M, Eilenberger C, Spitz S, Bachmann B, Pajenda J, Schwaighofer A, Höll G, Helmke PS, Kohl Y, Lendl B, Ertl P. FTIR spectroscopy as a novel analytical approach for investigation of glucose transport and glucose transport inhibition studies in transwell in vitro barrier models. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 237:118388. [PMID: 32361318 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transport is key for cellular metabolism as well as physiological function and is maintained via passive facilitated and active sodium-glucose linked transport routes. Here, we present for the first time Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel approach for quantification of apical-to-basolateral glucose transport of in vitro cell barrier models using liver, lung, intestinal and placental cancer cell lines. Results of our comparative study revealed that distinct differences could be observed upon subjection to transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Pajenda
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Palle Steen Helmke
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology is ideally suited to cultivate and analyze 2D/3D cell cultures, organoids, and other tissue analogues in vitro, because these microphysiological systems have been shown to generate architectures, structural organization, and functions that closely resemble their respective human tissues and organs. Although great efforts have been undertaken to demonstrate organotypic cell behavior, proper cell-to-cell communication, and tissue interactions in recent years, the integration of biosensing strategies into organ-on-a-chip platforms is still in its infancy. While a multitude of micro-, nano-, and biosensors are well established and could be easily adapted for organ-on-a-chip models, to date only a handful of analytical approaches (aside from microscopical techniques) have been combined with organ-on-a-chip technology. This chapter aims to summarize current efforts and survey the progress that has been made in integrating analytical techniques that are being implemented for organ-, multi-organ-, and body-on-a-chip systems based on electrochemical and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopedic Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Rothbauer M, Höll G, Eilenberger C, Kratz SRA, Farooq B, Schuller P, Olmos Calvo I, Byrne RA, Meyer B, Niederreiter B, Küpcü S, Sevelda F, Holinka J, Hayden O, Tedde SF, Kiener HP, Ertl P. Monitoring tissue-level remodelling during inflammatory arthritis using a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip with non-invasive light scattering biosensing. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1461-1471. [PMID: 32219235 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic joint disease in which an autoimmune response translates into an inflammatory attack resulting in joint damage, disability and decreased quality of life. Despite recent introduction of therapeutic agents such as anti-TNFα, even the best current therapies fail to achieve disease remission in most arthritis patients. Therefore, research into the mechanisms governing the destructive inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis is of great importance and may reveal novel strategies for the therapeutic interventions. To gain deeper insight into its pathogensis, we have developed for the first time a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip system in order to monitor the onset and progression of inflammatory synovial tissue responses. In our study, patient-derived primary synovial organoids are cultivated on a single chip platform containing embedded organic-photodetector arrays for over a week in the absence and presence of tumor-necrosis-factor. Using a label-free and non-invasive optical light-scatter biosensing strategy inflammation-induced 3D tissue-level architectural changes were already detected after two days. We demonstrate that the integration of complex human synovial organ cultures in a lab-on-a-chip provides reproducible and reliable information on how systemic stress factors affect synovial tissue architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Totaro D, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Wang HY, Lin YS, Sauer M, Altvater M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Downscaling screening cultures in a multifunctional bioreactor array-on-a-chip for speeding up optimization of yeast-based lactic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2046-2057. [PMID: 32190900 PMCID: PMC7317386 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for bioprocess engineering is the identification of the optimum process conditions for the production of biochemical and biopharmaceutical compounds using prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cell factories. Shake flasks and bench-scale bioreactor systems are still the golden standard in the early stage of bioprocess development, though they are known to be expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive as well as lacking the throughput for efficient production optimizations. To bridge the technological gap between bioprocess optimization and upscaling, we have developed a microfluidic bioreactor array to reduce time and costs, and to increase throughput compared with traditional lab-scale culture strategies. We present a multifunctional microfluidic device containing 12 individual bioreactors (Vt = 15 µl) in a 26 mm × 76 mm area with in-line biosensing of dissolved oxygen and biomass concentration. Following initial device characterization, the bioreactor lab-on-a-chip was used in a proof-of-principle study to identify the most productive cell line for lactic acid production out of two engineered yeast strains, evaluating whether it could reduce the time needed for collecting meaningful data compared with shake flasks cultures. Results of the study showed significant difference in the strains' productivity within 3 hr of operation exhibiting a 4- to 6-fold higher lactic acid production, thus pointing at the potential of microfluidic technology as effective screening tool for fast and parallelizable industrial bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hsiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Altvater
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Kratz SRA, Höll G, Schuller P, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. Latest Trends in Biosensing for Microphysiological Organs-on-a-Chip and Body-on-a-Chip Systems. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:E110. [PMID: 31546916 PMCID: PMC6784383 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are considered next generation in vitro tools capable of recreating in vivo like, physiological-relevant microenvironments needed to cultivate 3D tissue-engineered constructs (e.g., hydrogel-based organoids and spheroids) as well as tissue barriers. These microphysiological systems are ideally suited to (a) reduce animal testing by generating human organ models, (b) facilitate drug development and (c) perform personalized medicine by integrating patient-derived cells and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into microfluidic devices. An important aspect of any diagnostic device and cell analysis platform, however, is the integration and application of a variety of sensing strategies to provide reliable, high-content information on the health status of the in vitro model of choice. To overcome the analytical limitations of organs-on-a-chip systems a variety of biosensors have been integrated to provide continuous data on organ-specific reactions and dynamic tissue responses. Here, we review the latest trends in biosensors fit for monitoring human physiology in organs-on-a-chip systems including optical and electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rudi Adam Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor Höll
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Kratz SRA, Eilenberger C, Schuller P, Bachmann B, Spitz S, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. Characterization of four functional biocompatible pressure-sensitive adhesives for rapid prototyping of cell-based lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9287. [PMID: 31243326 PMCID: PMC6594959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the advent of affordable photo- and soft-lithography using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), low cost multi-step microfabrication methods have become available to a broad scientific community today. Although these methods are frequently applied for microfluidic prototype production in academic and industrial settings, fast design iterations and rapid prototyping within a few minutes with a high degree of flexibility are nearly impossible. To reduce microfluidic concept-to-chip time and costs, a number of alternative rapid prototyping techniques have recently been introduced including CNC micromachining, 3D printing and plotting out of numeric CAD designs as well as micro-structuring of thin PDMS sheets and pressure sensitive adhesives. Although micro-structuring of pressure sensitive adhesives promises high design flexibility, rapid fabrication and simple biochip assembly, most adhesives are toxic for living biological systems. Since an appropriate bio-interface and proper biology-material interaction is key for any cell chip and organ-on-a-chip system, only a limited number of medical-grade materials are available for microfluidic prototyping. In this study, we have characterized four functional biomedical-grade pressure sensitive adhesives for rapid prototyping (e.g. less than 1 hour) applications including structuring precision, physical and optical properties as well as biocompatibilities. While similar biocompatibility was found for all four adhesives, significant differences in cutting behavior, bonding strength to glass and polymers as well as gas permeability was observed. Practical applications included stability testing of multilayered, membrane-integrated organ-on-a-chip devices under standard cell culture conditions (e.g. 2-3 weeks at 37 °C and 100% humidity) and a shear-impact up to 5 dynes/cm2. Additionally, time- and shear-dependent uptake of non-toxic fluorescently labelled nanoparticles on human endothelial cells are demonstrated using micro-structured adhesive-bonded devices. Our results show that (a) both simple and complex microdevices can be designed, fabricated and tested in less than 1 hour, (b) these microdevices are stable for weeks even under physiological shear force conditions and (c) can be used to maintain cell monolayers as well as 3D cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R A Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Bachmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Rothbauer M, Charwat V, Bachmann B, Sticker D, Novak R, Wanzenböck H, Mathies RA, Ertl P. Monitoring transient cell-to-cell interactions in a multi-layered and multi-functional allergy-on-a-chip system. Lab Chip 2019; 19:1916-1921. [PMID: 31070645 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly integrated lab-on-a-chip containing embedded electrical microsensors, μdegassers and pneumatically-actuated micropumps to monitor allergic hypersensitivity. Rapid antigen-mediated histamine release (e.g. s to min) and resulting muscle contraction (<30 min) is detected by connecting an immune compartment containing sensitized basophile cells to a vascular co-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Charwat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria and AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Lewis Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Heinz Wanzenböck
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstr. 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Lewis Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Eilenberger C, Spitz S, Bachmann BEM, Ehmoser EK, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. The Usual Suspects 2019: of Chips, Droplets, Synthesis, and Artificial Cells. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E285. [PMID: 31035574 PMCID: PMC6562886 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology aims to understand fundamental biological processes in more detail than possible for actual living cells. Synthetic biology can combat decomposition and build-up of artificial experimental models under precisely controlled and defined environmental and biochemical conditions. Microfluidic systems can provide the tools to improve and refine existing synthetic systems because they allow control and manipulation of liquids on a micro- and nanoscale. In addition, chip-based approaches are predisposed for synthetic biology applications since they present an opportune technological toolkit capable of fully automated high throughput and content screening under low reagent consumption. This review critically highlights the latest updates in microfluidic cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis as well as the progress on chip-based artificial cells. Even though progress is slow for microfluidic synthetic biology, microfluidic systems are valuable tools for synthetic biology and may one day help to give answers to long asked questions of fundamental cell biology and life itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Eva Maria Bachmann
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Kathrin Ehmoser
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Sticker D, Rothbauer M, Ehgartner J, Steininger C, Liske O, Liska R, Neuhaus W, Mayr T, Haraldsson T, Kutter JP, Ertl P. Oxygen Management at the Microscale: A Functional Biochip Material with Long-Lasting and Tunable Oxygen Scavenging Properties for Cell Culture Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:9730-9739. [PMID: 30747515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis, and its partial pressure determines cellular function and fate. Consequently, the ability to control oxygen tension is a critical parameter for recreating physiologically relevant in vitro culture conditions for mammalian cells and microorganisms. Despite its importance, most microdevices and organ-on-a-chip systems to date overlook oxygen gradient parameters because controlling oxygen often requires bulky and expensive external instrumental setups. To overcome this limitation, we have adapted an off-stoichiometric thiol-ene-epoxy polymer to efficiently remove dissolved oxygen to below 1 hPa and also integrated this modified polymer into a functional biochip material. The relevance of using an oxygen scavenging material in microfluidics is that it makes it feasible to readily control oxygen depletion rates inside the biochip by simply changing the surface-to-volume aspect ratio of the microfluidic channel network as well as by changing the temperature and curing times during the fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Josef Ehgartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | | | - Olga Liske
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11 , 1190 Vienna , Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Tommy Haraldsson
- Micro and Nanosystems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Brinellvägen 8 , 114 28 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
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31
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Rothbauer M, Rosser JM, Zirath H, Ertl P. Tomorrow today: organ-on-a-chip advances towards clinically relevant pharmaceutical and medical in vitro models. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:81-86. [PMID: 30189349 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology offers the potential to recapitulate human physiology by keeping human cells in a precisely controlled and artificial tissue-like microenvironment. The current and potential advantages of organs-on-chips over conventional cell cultures systems and animal models have captured the attention of scientists, clinicians and policymakers as well as advocacy groups in the past few years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and stem cell research are also aiding the development of clinically relevant chip-based organ and diseases models with organ level physiology for drug screening, biomedical research and personalized medicine. Here, the latest advances in organ-on-a-chip technology are reviewed and future clinical applications discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie M Rosser
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Zirath
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Eilenberger C, Kratz SRA, Rothbauer M, Ehmoser EK, Ertl P, Küpcü S. Optimized alamarBlue assay protocol for drug dose-response determination of 3D tumor spheroids. MethodsX 2018; 5:781-787. [PMID: 30094205 PMCID: PMC6072978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of drug-dose responses is vital for the prediction of unwanted toxicological effects in modern medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures techniques can provide in vivo-like spheroids and microtissues that resemble natural tumor function. However, formation of necrotic core and diffusion limitation of chemical compounds within these models can reduce the reproducibility and precision of standard bioassay protocols used to test two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Nonetheless, the accurate prediction of detrimental effects of test compounds based on functional bioassays is essential for the development of new efficient therapeutic strategies. For instance, alamarBlue® is a widely-used commercially available redox indicator dye that can evaluate metabolic activity and cellular health status in a single-step procedure however, suitability and optimization of this bioassay must be determined for each individual application scenario. Here, we optimized the standard alamarBlue® proliferation/viability protocol for tumor spheroid cultures to enhance assay precision during toxicological drug screening. We optimized the original protocol of alamarBlue® assay that usually suggests an incubation time of 2-4 hours. The key modifications of the protocol for spheroid cultures are as follows: •Aspiration of cell culture medium before drug exposure.•Replacement of drug-supplemented medium with 10% (v/v) alamarBlue® reagent mixed with culture medium.•Increase of incubation period to 24 h at 37 °C protected from light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Rudi Adam Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Mandt D, Gruber P, Markovic M, Tromayer M, Rothbauer M, Kratz SRA, Ali SF, Hoorick JV, Holnthoner W, Mühleder S, Dubruel P, Vlierberghe SV, Ertl P, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. Fabrication of biomimetic placental barrier structures within a microfluidic device utilizing two-photon polymerization. Int J Bioprint 2018; 4:144. [PMID: 33102920 PMCID: PMC7581993 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v4i2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a transient organ, essential for development and survival of the unborn fetus. It interfaces the body of the pregnant woman with the unborn child and secures transport of endogenous and exogenous substances. Maternal and fetal blood are thereby separated at any time, by the so-called placental barrier. Current in vitro approaches fail to model this multifaceted structure, therefore research in the field of placental biology is particularly challenging. The present study aimed at establishing a novel model, simulating placental transport and its implications on development, in a versatile but reproducible way. The basal membrane was replicated using a gelatin-based material, closely mimicking the composition and properties of the natural extracellular matrix. The microstructure was produced by using a high-resolution 3D printing method - the two-photon polymerization (2PP). In order to structure gelatin by 2PP, its primary amines and carboxylic acids are modified with methacrylamides and methacrylates (GelMOD-AEMA), respectively. High-resolution structures in the range of a few micrometers were produced within the intersection of a customized microfluidic device, separating the x-shaped chamber into two isolated cell culture compartments. Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) seeded on one side of this membrane simulate the fetal compartment while human choriocarcinoma cells, isolated from placental tissue (BeWo B30) mimic the maternal syncytium. This barrier model in combination with native flow profiles can be used to mimic the microenvironment of the placenta, investigating different pharmaceutical, clinical and biological scenarios. As proof-of-principle, this bioengineered placental barrier was used for the investigation of transcellular transport processes. While high molecular weight substances did not permeate, smaller molecules in the size of glucose were able to diffuse through the barrier in a time-depended manner. We envision to apply this bioengineered placental barrier for pathophysiological research, where altered nutrient transport is associated with health risks for the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Mandt
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Maximillian Tromayer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
| | | | - Syed Faheem Ali
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Brussels Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Brussels Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Ertl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
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34
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Zirath H, Rothbauer M, Spitz S, Bachmann B, Jordan C, Müller B, Ehgartner J, Priglinger E, Mühleder S, Redl H, Holnthoner W, Harasek M, Mayr T, Ertl P. Every Breath You Take: Non-invasive Real-Time Oxygen Biosensing in Two- and Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Cell Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30018569 PMCID: PMC6037982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the availability of dissolved oxygen inside microfluidic cell culture systems is vital for recreating physiological-relevant microenvironments and for providing reliable and reproducible measurement conditions. It is important to highlight that in vivo cells experience a diverse range of oxygen tensions depending on the resident tissue type, which can also be recreated in vitro using specialized cell culture instruments that regulate external oxygen concentrations. While cell-culture conditions can be readily adjusted using state-of-the-art incubators, the control of physiological-relevant microenvironments within the microfluidic chip, however, requires the integration of oxygen sensors. Although several sensing approaches have been reported to monitor oxygen levels in the presence of cell monolayers, oxygen demands of microfluidic three-dimensional (3D)-cell cultures and spatio-temporal variations of oxygen concentrations inside two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture systems are still largely unknown. To gain a better understanding on available oxygen levels inside organ-on-a-chip systems, we have therefore developed two different microfluidic devices containing embedded sensor arrays to monitor local oxygen levels to investigate (i) oxygen consumption rates of 2D and 3D hydrogel-based cell cultures, (ii) the establishment of oxygen gradients within cell culture chambers, and (iii) influence of microfluidic material (e.g., gas tight vs. gas permeable), surface coatings, cell densities, and medium flow rate on the respiratory activities of four different cell types. We demonstrate how dynamic control of cyclic normoxic-hypoxic cell microenvironments can be readily accomplished using programmable flow profiles employing both gas-impermeable and gas-permeable microfluidic biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Zirath
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Müller
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Ehgartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Bachmann B, Spitz S, Rothbauer M, Jordan C, Purtscher M, Zirath H, Schuller P, Eilenberger C, Ali SF, Mühleder S, Priglinger E, Harasek M, Redl H, Holnthoner W, Ertl P. Engineering of three-dimensional pre-vascular networks within fibrin hydrogel constructs by microfluidic control over reciprocal cell signaling. Biomicrofluidics 2018; 12:042216. [PMID: 29983840 PMCID: PMC6010359 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reengineering functional vascular networks in vitro remains an integral part in tissue engineering, since the incorporation of non-perfused tissues results in restricted nutrient supply and limited waste removal. Microfluidic devices are routinely used to mimic both physiological and pathological vascular microenvironments. Current procedures either involve the investigation of growth factor gradients and interstitial flow on endothelial cell sprouting alone or on the heterotypic cell-cell interactions between endothelial and mural cells. However, limited research has been conducted on the influence of flow on co-cultures of these cells. Here, we exploited the ability of microfluidics to create and monitor spatiotemporal gradients to investigate the influence of growth factor supply and elution on vascularization using static as well as indirect and direct flow setups. Co-cultures of human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells embedded in fibrin hydrogels were found to be severely affected by diffusion limited growth factor gradients as well as by elution of reciprocal signaling molecules during both static and flow conditions. Static cultures formed pre-vascular networks up to a depth of 4 mm into the construct with subsequent decline due to diffusion limitation. In contrast, indirect flow conditions enhanced endothelial cell sprouting but failed to form vascular networks. Additionally, complete inhibition of pre-vascular network formation was observable for direct application of flow through the hydrogel with decline of endothelial cell viability after seven days. Using finite volume CFD simulations of different sized molecules vital for pre-vascular network formation into and out of the hydrogel constructs, we found that interstitial flow enhances growth factor supply to the cells in the bulk of the chamber but elutes cellular secretome, resulting in truncated, premature vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Purtscher
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Zirath
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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36
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Charwat V, Olmos Calvo I, Rothbauer M, Kratz SRA, Jungreuthmayer C, Zanghellini J, Grillari J, Ertl P. Combinatorial in Vitro and in Silico Approach To Describe Shear-Force Dependent Uptake of Nanoparticles in Microfluidic Vascular Models. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3651-3655. [PMID: 29478320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we combine experimental and computational methods to define the critical shear stress as an alternative parameter for nanotoxicological and nanomedical evaluations using an in vitro microfluidic vascular model. We demonstrate that our complementary in vitro and in silico approach is well suited to assess the fluid flow velocity above which clathrin-mediated (active) nanoparticle uptake per cell decreases drastically although higher numbers of nanoparticles per cell are introduced. Results of our study revealed a critical shear stress of 1.8 dyn/cm2, where maximum active cellular nanoparticle uptake took place, followed by a 70% decrease in uptake of 249 nm nanoparticles at 10 dyn/cm2, respectively. The observed nonlinear relationship between flow velocity and nanoparticle uptake strongly suggests that fluid mechanical forces also need to be considered in order to predict potential in vivo distribution, bioaccumulation, and clearance of nanomaterials and novel nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Isabel Olmos Calvo
- Department of Medicine III , Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | - Jürgen Zanghellini
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,ACIB - Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
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37
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Abstract
Microfluidic cell cultures are ideally positioned to become the next generation of in vitro diagnostic tools for biomedical research, where key biological processes such as cell signalling and dynamic cell-to-cell interactions can be reliably analysed under reproducible physiological cell culture conditions. In the last decade, a large number of microfluidic cell analysis systems have been developed for a variety of applications including drug target optimization, drug screening and toxicological testing. More recently, advanced in vitro microfluidic cell culture systems have emerged that are capable of replicating the complex three-dimensional architectures of tissues and organs and thus represent valid biological models for investigating the mechanism and function of human tissue structures, as well as studying the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer. In this review, we present the most important developments in single-cell, 2D and 3D microfluidic cell culture systems for studying cell-to-cell interactions published over the last 6 years, with a focus on cancer research and immunotherapy, vascular models and neuroscience. In addition, the current technological development of microdevices with more advanced physiological cell microenvironments that integrate multiple organ models, namely, the so-called body-, human- and multi-organ-on-a-chip, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Rothbauer M, Frauenlob M, Gutkas K, Fischer MB, Sinner EK, Küpcü S, Ertl P. Development of a Multifunctional Nanobiointerface Based on Self-Assembled Fusion-Protein rSbpA/ZZ for Blood Cell Enrichment and Phenotyping. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:34423-34434. [PMID: 28920671 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a multifunctional nanobiointerface for blood cell capture and phenotyping applications that features both excellent antifouling properties and high antibody activity. Multifunctionality is accomplished by modifying polymeric materials using self-assembled S-layer fusion-protein rSbpA/ZZ to immobilize high density antibodies at the two protein A binding sites of the rSbpA/ZZ nanolattice structure. Controlled orientation and alignment of the antibodies reduced antibody consumption 100-fold and increased cell capture efficiency 4-fold over standard methodologies. Cell analysis in complex samples was made possible by the remarkable antifouling properties of the rSbpA domain, while at the same time reducing unspecific binding and forgoing tedious blocking procedures. An automated microfluidic in situ cell analysis platform for isolation and phenotyping of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells was developed as practical application. Results obtained using our automated microfluidic cell analysis platform showed that the multifunctional nanobiointerface can discriminate among T helper and cytotoxic T cells, and thymocytes. Additionally, on-chip cell capture under flow conditions using a high affinity CD 3 selective nanobiointerface preferentially isolated cells with strong surface marker expression. This means that our dynamic microfluidic cell purification method allows the enrichment of 773 CD 8 positive cytotoxic T cells out of a total blood cell population of 7728 PBMCs, which is an increase in cell enrichment of 8-fold with a purity of 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Vienna University of Technology , Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Frauenlob
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Gutkas
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Department of Life Science and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems , Dr. Karl Dorrekstrasse 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Vienna , Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Sinner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Vienna University of Technology , Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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39
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Rothbauer M, Patel N, Gondola H, Siwetz M, Huppertz B, Ertl P. A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast-derived cell lines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5892. [PMID: 28724925 PMCID: PMC5517571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta plays a crucial role as the interface between mother and fetus. It represents a unique tissue that undergoes morphological as well as functional changes on the cellular and tissue level throughout pregnancy. To better understand how the placenta works, a variety of techniques has been developed to re-create this complex physiological barrier in vitro. However, due to the low availability of freshly isolated primary cells, choriocarcinoma cell lines remain the usual suspects as in vitro models for placental research. Here, we present a comparative study on the functional aspects of the choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and Jeg-3, as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P as placental in vitro barrier models for endocrine and transport studies. Functional assays including tight junction immunostaining, sodium fluorescein retardation, trans epithelial resistance, glucose transport, hormone secretion as well as size-dependent polystyrene nanoparticle transport were performed using the four cell types to evaluate key functional parameters of each cell line to act a relevant in vitro placental barrier model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nilaykumar Patel
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hajnalka Gondola
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Siwetz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Harrachgasse 21/VII, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Harrachgasse 21/VII, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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40
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Ehgartner J, Strobl M, Bolivar JM, Rabl D, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Borisov SM, Mayr T. Simultaneous Determination of Oxygen and pH Inside Microfluidic Devices Using Core–Shell Nanosensors. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9796-9804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Ehgartner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Strobl
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Rabl
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Sticker D, Rothbauer M, Lechner S, Hehenberger MT, Ertl P. Multi-layered, membrane-integrated microfluidics based on replica molding of a thiol-ene epoxy thermoset for organ-on-a-chip applications. Lab Chip 2015; 15:4542-54. [PMID: 26524977 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated a photosensitive thermoset (OSTEMER 322-40) as a complementary material to readily fabricate complex multi-layered microdevices for applications in life science. Simple, versatile and robust fabrication of multifunctional microfluidics is becoming increasingly important for the development of customized tissue-, organ- and body-on-a-chip systems capable of mimicking tissue interfaces and biological barriers. In the present work key material properties including optical properties, vapor permeability, hydrophilicity and biocompatibility are evaluated for cell-based assays using fibroblasts, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells. The excellent bonding strength of the OSTEMER thermoset to flexible fluoropolymer (FEP) sheets and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membranes further allows for the fabrication of integrated microfluidic components such as membrane-based microdegassers, microvalves and micropumps. We demonstrate the application of multi-layered, membrane-integrated microdevices that consist of up to seven layers and three membranes that specially confine and separate vascular cells from the epithelial barrier and 3D tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Sticker
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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42
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Rothbauer M, Praisler I, Docter D, Stauber RH, Ertl P. Microfluidic Impedimetric Cell Regeneration Assay to Monitor the Enhanced Cytotoxic Effect of Nanomaterial Perfusion. Biosensors (Basel) 2015; 5:736-49. [PMID: 26633532 PMCID: PMC4697142 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the application of nanomaterials (NMs) in technical products and biomedicine has become a rapidly increasing market trend. As the safety and efficacy of NMs are of utmost importance, new methods are needed to study the dynamic interactions of NMs at the nano-biointerface. However, evaluation of NMs based on standard and static cell culture end-point detection methods does not provide information on the dynamics of living biological systems, which is crucial for the understanding of physiological responses. To bridge this technological gap, we here present a microfluidic cell culture system containing embedded impedance microsensors to continuously and non-invasively monitor the effects of NMs on adherent cells under varying flow conditions. As a model, the impact of silica NMs on the vitality and regenerative capacity of human lung cells after acute and chronic exposure scenarios was studied over an 18-h period following a four-hour NM treatment. Results of the study demonstrated that the developed system is applicable to reliably analyze the consequences of dynamic NM exposure to physiological cell barriers in both nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irene Praisler
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominic Docter
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT/University Medical Center Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT/University Medical Center Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Peter Ertl
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Byrne RA, von Dalwigk K, Olmos Calvo I, Kartnig F, Rothbauer M, Charwat V, Karonitsch T, Ertl P, Steiner G, Schöfer C, Holinka J, Smolen JS, Scheinecker C, Kiener HP. A6.8 Tissue chitchat: wired communication between cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207259.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Charwat V, Joksch M, Sticker D, Purtscher M, Rothbauer M, Ertl P. Monitoring cellular stress responses using integrated high-frequency impedance spectroscopy and time-resolved ELISA. Analyst 2014; 139:5271-82. [PMID: 25137192 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a lab-on-a-chip system for continuous and non-invasive monitoring of microfluidic cell cultures using integrated high-frequency contactless impedance spectroscopy. Electrically insulated microfabricated interdigitated electrode structures were embedded into four individually addressable microchambers to reliably and reproducibly detect cell-substrate interactions, cell viability and metabolic activity. While silicon nitride passivated sensor substrates provided a homogeneous cell culture surface that minimized cell orientation along interdigitated electrode structures, the application of high-frequency AC fields reduced the impact of the 300 nm thick passivation layer on sensor sensitivity. The additional implementation of multivariate data analysis methods such as partial least square (PLS) for high-frequency impedance spectra provided unambiguous information on intracellular pathway activation, up and down-regulation of protein synthesis as well as global cellular stress responses. A comparative cell analysis using connective tissue fibroblasts showed that high-frequency contactless impedance spectroscopy and time-resolved quantification of IL-6 secretion using ELISA provided similar results following stimulation with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα. The combination of microfluidics with contactless impedance sensing and time-resolved quantification of stress factor release will provide biologist with a new tool to (a) establish a variety of uniform cell culture surfaces that feature complex biochemistries, micro- and nanopatterns; and (b) to simultaneously characterize cell responses under physiologically relevant conditions using a complementary non-invasive cell analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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45
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Charwat V, Rothbauer M, Tedde SF, Hayden O, Bosch JJ, Muellner P, Hainberger R, Ertl P. Monitoring dynamic interactions of tumor cells with tissue and immune cells in a lab-on-a-chip. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11471-8. [PMID: 24215610 DOI: 10.1021/ac4033406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A complementary cell analysis method has been developed to assess the dynamic interactions of tumor cells with resident tissue and immune cells using optical light scattering and impedance sensing to shed light on tumor cell behavior. The combination of electroanalytical and optical biosensing technologies integrated in a lab-on-a-chip allows for continuous, label-free, and noninvasive probing of dynamic cell-to-cell interactions between adherent and nonadherent cocultures, thus providing real-time insights into tumor cell responses under physiologically relevant conditions. While the study of adherent cocultures is important for the understanding and suppression of metastatic invasion, the analysis of tumor cell interactions with nonadherent immune cells plays a vital role in cancer immunotherapy research. For the first time, the direct cell-to-cell interactions of tumor cells with bead-activated primary T cells were continuously assessed using an effector cell to target a cell ratio of 10:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Donau-City Straβe 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria
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46
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Rothbauer M, Küpcü S, Sticker D, Sleytr UB, Ertl P. Exploitation of S-layer anisotropy: pH-dependent nanolayer orientation for cellular micropatterning. ACS Nano 2013; 7:8020-8030. [PMID: 24004386 DOI: 10.1021/nn403198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a tunable, facile, and reliable cell patterning method using a self-assembled crystalline protein monolayer that, depending on its orientation, can exhibit either cell adhesive (cytophilic) or cell repulsive (cytophobic) surface properties. Our technique exploits, for the first time, the inherent biological anisotropy of the bacterial cell wall protein SbpA capable of interacting with its cytophilic inner side with components of the cell wall, while its outer cytophobic side interacts with the environment. By simply altering the recrystallization protocol from a basic to an acidic condition, the SbpA-protein layer orientation and function can be switched from preventing unspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion to effectively promote cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation. As a result, the same protein solution can be used to form cell adhesive and repulsive regions over large areas on a single substrate using a simple pH-dependent self-assembly procedure. The reliable establishment of cytophobic and cytophilic SbpA layers allows the generation of well-defined surface patterns that exhibit uniform height (9-10 nm), p4 lattice symmetry with center-to-center spacing of the morphological units of 12 nm, as well as similar surface potential and charge distributions under cell culture conditions. The pH-dependent "orientation switch" of the SbpA protein nanolayer was integrated with micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) technology to demonstrate its application for cell patterning using a variety of cell lines including epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, ‡Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, †BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), University of Natural Resources and Life Science , Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria
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