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Sivokhin A, Orekhov D, Kazantsev O, Otopkova K, Sivokhina O, Chuzhaykin I, Ovchinnikov A, Zamyshlyayeva O, Pavlova I, Ozhogina O, Chubenko M. Amide-Containing Bottlebrushes via Continuous-Flow Photoiniferter Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization: Micellization Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:134. [PMID: 38201799 PMCID: PMC10780833 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of ternary amphiphilic amide-containing bottlebrushes were synthesized by photoiniferter (PI-RAFT) polymerization of macromonomers in continuous-flow mode using trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. Visible light-mediated polymerization of macromonomers under mild conditions enabled the preparation of thermoresponsive copolymers with low dispersity and high yields in a very short time, which is not typical for the classical reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer process. Methoxy oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and alkoxy(C12-C14) oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate were used as the basic monomers providing amphiphilic and thermoresponsive properties. The study investigated how modifying comonomers, acrylamide (AAm), methacrylamide (MAAm), and N-methylacrylamide (-MeAAm) affect the features of bottlebrush micelle formation, their critical micelle concentration, and loading capacity for pyrene, a hydrophobic drug model. The results showed that the process is scalable and can produce tens of grams of pure copolymer per day. The unmodified copolymer formed unimolecular micelles at temperatures below the LCST in aqueous solutions, as revealed by DLS and SLS data. The incorporation of AAm, MAAm, and N-MeAAm units resulted in an increase in micelle aggregation numbers. The resulting bottlebrushes formed uni- or bimolecular micelles at extremely low concentrations. These micelles possess a high capacity for loading pyrene, making them a promising choice for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sivokhin
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry Orekhov
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Oleg Kazantsev
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ksenia Otopkova
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Sivokhina
- V.A. Kargin Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers with Pilot Plant, 606000 Dzerzhinsk, Nizhegorodskaya obl., Russia
| | - Ilya Chuzhaykin
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Ovchinnikov
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Zamyshlyayeva
- Department of High Molecular Compounds and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University, Gagarina pr. 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Irina Pavlova
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Ozhogina
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maria Chubenko
- Research Laboratory “New Polymeric Materials”, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Mazzotta E, Di Giulio T, Mariani S, Corsi M, Malitesta C, Barillaro G. Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Nanostructured Materials at Room-Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302274. [PMID: 37222612 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have recently emerged as robust and versatile artificial receptors. MIP synthesis is carried out in liquid phase and optimized on planar surfaces. Application of MIPs to nanostructured materials is challenging due to diffusion-limited transport of monomers within the nanomaterial recesses, especially when the aspect ratio is >10. Here, the room temperature vapor-phase synthesis of MIPs in nanostructured materials is reported. The vapor phase synthesis leverages a >1000-fold increase in the diffusion coefficient of monomers in vapor phase, compared to liquid phase, to relax diffusion-limited transport and enable the controlled synthesis of MIPs also in nanostructures with high aspect ratio. As proof-of-concept application, pyrrole is used as the functional monomer thanks to its large exploitation in MIP preparation; nanostructured porous silicon oxide (PSiO2 ) is chosen to assess the vapor-phase deposition of PPy-based MIP in nanostructures with aspect ratio >100; human hemoglobin (HHb) is selected as the target molecule for the preparation of a MIP-based PSiO2 optical sensor. High sensitivity and selectivity, low detection limit, high stability and reusability are achieved in label-free optical detection of HHb, also in human plasma and artificial serum. The proposed vapor-phase synthesis of MIPs is immediately transferable to other nanomaterials, transducers, and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Martina Corsi
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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Paruli EI, Montagna V, García-Soto M, Haupt K, Gonzato C. A general photoiniferter approach to the surface functionalization of acrylic and methacrylic structures written by two-photon stereolithography. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2860-2870. [PMID: 36688734 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon stereolithography (TPS) is an established additive fabrication technique allowing the voxel-by-voxel direct writing of even intricate 3D nano/microstructures via the polymerization of a photoresin. An obvious way to tune the chemical functionalities of such nano/microstructures is formulating a photoresin with the desired functional monomer(s). Unfortunately, this makes every photoresin "unique" in terms of viscosity and reactivity, thus requiring a tedious and often time-consuming optimization of its printing parameters. In this work, we describe a general approach for the chemical functionalization of TPS-written structures based on two commercial photoresins. Our strategy entailed the grafting of functional polymer layers via an innovative approach based on photoiniferter coupling to unreacted double bonds and photopolymerization. After writing woodpiles as 3D model structures, we demonstrated the viability of this approach by anchoring a photoiniferter via its photoinduced addition to the residual CC on the structure's surface triggered by green light. This in turn allowed for the blue light-mediated, surface-initiated photopolymerization of functional monomers. Molecularly imprinted polymer films were also easily synthesized by using the same approach on model honeycombs. The imprinted layers resulted in only a minimal increase in size with no effect on the geometrical features of the honeycombs. Overall, this strategy offers a general approach for the surface modification of TPS-written (meth)acrylic structures with a wide variety of functional polymers via photoiniferter polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Iii Paruli
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Valentina Montagna
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Mariano García-Soto
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Fabrication of chemiresistive nanosensor using molecularly imprinted polymers for acetone detection in gaseous state. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mazzotta E, Di Giulio T, Malitesta C. Electrochemical sensing of macromolecules based on molecularly imprinted polymers: challenges, successful strategies, and opportunities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5165-5200. [PMID: 35277740 PMCID: PMC8916950 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLooking at the literature focused on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for protein, it soon becomes apparent that a remarkable increase in scientific interest and exploration of new applications has been recorded in the last several years, from 42 documents in 2011 to 128 just 10 years later, in 2021 (Scopus, December 2021). Such a rapid threefold increase in the number of works in this field is evidence that the imprinting of macromolecules no longer represents a distant dream of optimistic imprinters, as it was perceived until only a few years ago, but is rapidly becoming an ever more promising and reliable technology, due to the significant achievements in the field. The present critical review aims to summarize some of them, evidencing the aspects that have contributed to the success of the most widely used strategies in the field. At the same time, limitations and drawbacks of less frequently used approaches are critically discussed. Particular focus is given to the use of a MIP for protein in the assembly of electrochemical sensors. Sensor design indeed represents one of the most active application fields of imprinting technology, with electrochemical MIP sensors providing the broadest spectrum of protein analytes among the different sensor configurations.
Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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A linear-polymer-based lactoferrin-selective recognition element for an ELISA mimic: A proof of concept. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339309. [PMID: 35033252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers with tailored properties for the recognition of macromolecules such as proteins is challenging. In this work, the synthesis of a new polymer format, a linear polymer (LP), as the selective recognition element for the globular protein lactoferrin (LF) is proposed as a proof-of-concept study. For the synthesis, a solid-phase strategy using the reversible deactivation radical polymerisation (RDRP) mechanism is proposed. This approach, which is usually used in molecular imprinting, involves the immobilisation of LF on the surface of a solid support, but, unlike classical imprinting, a cross-linker in the polymerisation mixture is not required. Consequently, the copolymer is soluble and flexible, thus overcoming the drawbacks associated with traditional synthetic polymers for macromolecule imprinting. This new polymer format has great potential for replacing natural antibodies in bioassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), dot blot, western blot, or pull-down. In our case, the linear polymer was used as a recognition element to replace natural antibodies in a LF-selective ELISA. The responses of the linear polymer between LF concentrations of 0.1 nM and 0.25 μM were studied, and a significant difference was observed between the non-specific signals and the signals measured in the presence of the polymeric material. Further, the response versus log concentration curves were fitted to a logistic equation, allowing estimation of the EC50 value: 11.8 ± 1.4 nM. We also confirmed the selective detection of LF using the competitive inhibition of the selective LF-biotin conjugate (LF-Bi) binding to the plastic receptor (LP) for closely related proteins (e.g. those having similar molecular weights or isoelectric points) such as human lysozyme, trypsin, and albumin, which are present in human body fluids. The system presents a cross-reactivity value or selectivity of 1.95% for lysozyme, 0.028% for trypsin, and 0.016% for albumin. The applicability of this method for the determination of urine LF levels in inflammatory and infectious diseases of the human urinary tract is also demonstrated.
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Reville EK, Sylvester EH, Benware SJ, Negi SS, Berda EB. Customizable molecular recognition: advancements in design, synthesis, and application of molecularly imprinted polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01472b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are unlocking the door to synthetic materials that are capable of molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn K. Reville
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Sarah J. Benware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 54706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shreeya S. Negi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 93410, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Erik B. Berda
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, NH, USA
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Sivokhin A, Orekhov D, Kazantsev O, Sivokhina O, Orekhov S, Kamorin D, Otopkova K, Smirnov M, Karpov R. Random and Diblock Thermoresponsive Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Based Copolymers Synthesized via Photo-Induced RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:137. [PMID: 35012157 PMCID: PMC8747269 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic random and diblock thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-based (co)polymers were synthesized via photoiniferter polymerization under visible light using trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. The effect of solvent, light intensity and wavelength on the rate of the process was investigated. It was shown that blue and green LED light could initiate RAFT polymerization of macromonomers without an exogenous initiator at room temperature, giving bottlebrush polymers with low dispersity at sufficiently high conversions achieved in 1-2 h. The pseudo-living mechanism of polymerization and high chain-end fidelity were confirmed by successful chain extension. Thermoresponsive properties of the copolymers in aqueous solutions were studied via turbidimetry and laser light scattering. Random copolymers of methoxy- and alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates of a specified length formed unimolecular micelles in water with a hydrophobic core consisting of a polymer backbone and alkyl groups and a hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) shell. In contrast, the diblock copolymer formed huge multimolecular micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sivokhin
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Dmitry Orekhov
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Oleg Kazantsev
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Olga Sivokhina
- V.A. Kargin Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers with Pilot Plant, 606000 Dzerzhinsk, Russia;
| | - Sergey Orekhov
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Denis Kamorin
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Chromatography Laboratory, Department of Production Control and Chromatography Methods, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk Branch, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ksenia Otopkova
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Michael Smirnov
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rostislav Karpov
- Laboratory of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers, Department of Chemical and Food Technologies, Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (D.O.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (D.K.); (K.O.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
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Chen X, Shen Z, Jia H, Gao Y, Zhang M, Luo Y, Luo Z. Understanding the Self‐Healing Mechanism of Polyurethane Elastomer Based on Hydrogen Bonding Interactions through Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Chen
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhihua Shen
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Huan Jia
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products CAF Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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Loghmani MH, Shojaie AF, Hosseini SA. Glutathione-responsive hydrogel and molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres: New aspect on cisplatin delivery. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lahcen AA, Rauf S, Beduk T, Durmus C, Aljedaibi A, Timur S, Alshareef HN, Amine A, Wolfbeis OS, Salama KN. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors using laser-derived graphene: A comprehensive review. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112565. [PMID: 32927277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Laser-derived graphene (LDG) technology is gaining attention as a promising material for the development of novel electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Compared to established methods for graphene synthesis, LDG provides many advantages such as cost-effectiveness, fast electron mobility, mask-free, green synthesis, good electrical conductivity, porosity, mechanical stability, and large surface area. This review discusses, in a critical way, recent advancements in this field. First, we focused on the fabrication and doping of LDG platforms using different strategies. Next, the techniques for the modification of LDG sensors using nanomaterials, conducting polymers, biological and artificial receptors are presented. We then discussed the advances achieved for various LDG sensing and biosensing schemes and their applications in the fields of environmental monitoring, food safety, and clinical diagnosis. Finally, the drawbacks and limitations of LDG based electrochemical biosensors are addressed, and future trends are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Ait Lahcen
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tutku Beduk
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ceren Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdulrahman Aljedaibi
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Husam N Alshareef
- Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aziz Amine
- Chemical Analysis and Biosensors Group, Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146. Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Otto S Wolfbeis
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Khaled N Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Hand RA, Piletska E, Bassindale T, Morgan G, Turner N. Application of molecularly imprinted polymers in the anti-doping field: sample purification and compound analysis. Analyst 2020; 145:4716-4736. [PMID: 32500888 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00682c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The problem posed by anti-doping requirements is one of the great analytical challenges; multiple compound detection at low ng ml-1 levels from complex samples, with requirements for exceptional confidence in results. This review surveys the design, synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in this field, focusing on the templating of androgenous anabolic steroids (AASs), as the most commonly abused substances, but also other WADA prohibited substances. Commentary on the application of these materials in detection, clean-up and sensing is offered, alongside views on the future of imprinting in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hand
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE2 9BH, UK.
| | - Elena Piletska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Thomas Bassindale
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Geraint Morgan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Nicholas Turner
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE2 9BH, UK.
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Liu KH, O’Hare D, Thomas JL, Guo HZ, Yang CH, Lee MH. Self-assembly Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Determination of Testosterone. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E16. [PMID: 32120922 PMCID: PMC7146556 DOI: 10.3390/bios10030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can often bind target molecules with high selectivity and specificity. When used as MIPs, conductive polymers may have unique binding capabilities; they often contain aromatic rings and functional groups, which can undergo π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions with similarly structured target (or template) molecules. In this work, an electrochemical method was used to optimize the synthetic self-assembly of poly(aniline-co-metanilic acid) and testosterone, forming testosterone-imprinted electronically conductive polymers (TIECPs) on sensing electrodes. The linear sensing range for testosterone was from 0.1 to 100 pg/mL, and the limit of detection was as low as ~pM. Random urine samples were collected and diluted 1000-fold to measure testosterone concentration using the above TIECP sensors; results were compared with a commercial ARCHITECT ci 8200 system. The testosterone concentrations in the tested samples were in the range of 0.33 ± 0.09 to 9.13 ± 1.33 ng/mL. The mean accuracy of the TIECP-coated sensors was 90.3 ± 7.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan;
| | - Danny O’Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2BY, UK;
| | - James L. Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Han-Zhang Guo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Hsin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
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15
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Montagna V, Haupt K, Gonzato C. RAFT coupling chemistry: a general approach for post-functionalizing molecularly imprinted polymers synthesized by radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01629e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a straightforward protocol for the surface functionalization of free-radically synthesized imprinted nanoparticles via polymer grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Montagna
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- UMR CNRS 7025 Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory
- Cedex
- France
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- UMR CNRS 7025 Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory
- Cedex
- France
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- UMR CNRS 7025 Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory
- Cedex
- France
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16
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Ramakers G, Wackers G, Trouillet V, Welle A, Wagner P, Junkers T. Laser-Grafted Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Histamine from Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Ramakers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Universiteit Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gideon Wackers
- Department Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick Wagner
- Department Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Universiteit Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Rainforest Walk 19, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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17
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Włoch M, Datta J. Synthesis and polymerisation techniques of molecularly imprinted polymers. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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