1
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Shymborska Y, Budkowski A, Raczkowska J, Donchak V, Melnyk Y, Vasiichuk V, Stetsyshyn Y. Switching it Up: The Promise of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Systems in Biomedical Science. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300217. [PMID: 37668274 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Responsive polymer systems have the ability to change properties or behavior in response to external stimuli. The properties of responsive polymer systems can be fine-tuned by adjusting the stimuli, enabling tailored responses for specific applications. These systems have applications in drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, and more, as their ability to adapt and respond to dynamic environments leads to improved performance. However, challenges such as synthesis complexity, sensitivity limitations, and manufacturing issues need to be addressed for successful implementation. In our review, we provide a comprehensive summary on stimuli-responsive polymer systems, delving into the intricacies of their mechanisms and actions. Future developments should focus on precision medicine, multifunctionality, reversibility, bioinspired designs, and integration with advanced technologies, driving the dynamic growth of sensitive polymer systems in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shymborska
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Donchak
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Melnyk
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Vasiichuk
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
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2
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Peussa H, Fedele C, Tran H, Marttinen M, Fadjukov J, Mäntylä E, Priimägi A, Nymark S, Ihalainen TO. Light-Induced Nanoscale Deformation in Azobenzene Thin Film Triggers Rapid Intracellular Ca 2+ Increase via Mechanosensitive Cation Channels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206190. [PMID: 37946608 PMCID: PMC10724422 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are in continuous dynamic biochemical and physical interaction with their extracellular environment. Ultimately, this interplay guides fundamental physiological processes. In these interactions, cells generate fast local and global transients of Ca2+ ions, which act as key intracellular messengers. However, the mechanical triggers initiating these responses have remained unclear. Light-responsive materials offer intriguing possibilities to dynamically modify the physical niche of the cells. Here, a light-sensitive azobenzene-based glassy material that can be micropatterned with visible light to undergo spatiotemporally controlled deformations is used. Real-time monitoring of consequential rapid intracellular Ca2+ signals reveals that the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 has a major role in generating the Ca2+ transients after nanoscale mechanical deformation of the cell culture substrate. Furthermore, the studies indicate that Piezo1 preferably responds to shear deformation at the cell-material interphase rather than to absolute topographical change of the substrate. Finally, the experimentally verified computational model suggests that Na+ entering alongside Ca2+ through the mechanosensitive cation channels modulates the duration of Ca2+ transients, influencing differently the directly stimulated cells and their neighbors. This highlights the complexity of mechanical signaling in multicellular systems. These results give mechanistic understanding on how cells respond to rapid nanoscale material dynamics and deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Peussa
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Chiara Fedele
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityKorkeakoulunkatu 3Tampere33720Finland
| | - Huy Tran
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Julia Fadjukov
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Arri Priimägi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityKorkeakoulunkatu 3Tampere33720Finland
| | - Soile Nymark
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- BioMediTechFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
- Tampere Institute for Advanced StudyTampere UniversityArvo Ylpön katu 34Tampere33520Finland
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3
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Ji Y, Yang B, Cai F, Yu H. Regulate Surface Topography of Liquid‐Crystalline Polymer by External Stimuli. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bowen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Feng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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4
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Leistner AL, Kistner DG, Fengler C, Pianowski ZL. Reversible photodissipation of composite photochromic azobenzene-alginate supramolecular hydrogels. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4771-4776. [PMID: 35425487 PMCID: PMC8981262 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular smart materials can quickly elicit macroscopic changes upon external stimulation. Here we report that an azobenzene-containing cyclic dipeptide can form composite supramolecular hydrogels with alginate based on the charge complementarity, at lower loading than the critical gelation concentrations of either component. The gels can reversibly dissipate to fluids with UV light. They can also encapsulate and photorelease fluorescent cargo. Upon treatment of the gels with aqueous calcium salts, the alginate component is permanently cross-linked and the photochromic component is solubilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Campus Süd, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - David Georg Kistner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Campus Süd, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christian Fengler
- Institut für Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Campus Süd, Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Campus Süd, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany .,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - FMS Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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5
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Thai LD, Guimaraes TR, Spann S, Goldmann AS, Golberg D, Mutlu H, Barner-Kowollik C. Photoswitchable block copolymers based on main chain α-bisimines. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00994c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce linear diblock copolymers (BCPs) consisting of readily accessable and photoswitchable α-bisimine units in the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Duy Thai
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thiago R. Guimaraes
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sebastian Spann
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 (IBG-4), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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6
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Kamaliardakani M, Vapaavuori J, Wang X, Sabat RG, Bazuin CG, Pellerin C. Molecular-Level Photo-Orientation Insights into Macroscopic Photo-Induced Motion in Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7871-7885. [PMID: 34255516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of continuing efforts to deepen the understanding of photo-induced mass transport in azo-containing polymers, we compared the diffraction efficiency (DE) during surface-relief grating (SRG) inscription, photo-induced molecular orientation (<P2>), and thermal stability in two sets of supramolecular azopolymer complexes, namely, hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) and ionically bonded (i-bonded) complexes, both as a function of the polymer degree of polymerization (DP). To that end, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) polymers with DPs of 41, 480, and 1900 were H-bonded at an equimolar ratio with 4-hydroxy-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene (azoOH), and the fully quaternized derivatives of the three P4VPs (P4VPMe) were i-bonded via ion exchange to sodium 4-[(4-dimethylamino)-phenylazo]benzene sulfonate (azoSO3), also known as methyl orange, where the OH functionality of azoOH is replaced by a sulfonate group. The i-bonded complexes show much better DE performances and <P2> levels than those of H-bonded complexes, which we relate to the liquid crystal structure of the former complexes. Fitting the <P2> curves by a biexponential equation leads to two parameters associated with a fast trans-cis or angular hole burning (AHB) process and a slow angular redistribution (AR) process of the azo, respectively. It is found that AHB is predominant in the H-bonded complexes, whereas the AR contribution is much greater in the i-bonded complexes, assuring their superior SRG efficiency that is enabled by the anisotropic free volume created mainly by the AR process. In each set of complexes, the SRG efficiency is much better for the lowest DP complex, while the AR contribution is constant (and low) for the H-bonded complexes and increases roughly linearly with the decrease in DP for the i-bonded complexes. The latter difference might be related to the presence of entanglements in the complexes with DPs 480 and 1900, which slow down the macroscopic movement during SRG inscription but not the molecular-scale movement in photo-orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Kamaliardakani
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Ribal Georges Sabat
- Department of Physics and Space Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston K7K 7B4, ON, Canada
| | - C Geraldine Bazuin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
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7
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Daghigh Shirazi H, Dong Y, Niskanen J, Fedele C, Priimagi A, Jokinen VP, Vapaavuori J. Multiscale Hierarchical Surface Patterns by Coupling Optical Patterning and Thermal Shrinkage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15563-15571. [PMID: 33756081 PMCID: PMC8041256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a simple hierarchical surface patterning method is presented by effectively combining buckling instability and azopolymer-based surface relief grating inscription. In this technique, submicron patterns are achieved using azopolymers, whereas the microscale patterns are fabricated by subsequent thermal shrinkage. The wetting characterization of various topographically patterned surfaces confirms that the method permits tuning of contact angles and choosing between isotropic and anisotropic wetting. Altogether, this method allows efficient fabrication of hierarchical surfaces over several length scales in relatively large areas, overcoming some limitations of fabricating multiscale roughness in lithography and also methods of creating merely random patterns, such as black silicon processing or wet etching of metals. The demonstrated fine-tuning of the surface patterns may be useful in optimizing surface-related material properties, such as wetting and adhesion, producing substrates that are of potential interest in mechanobiology and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Daghigh Shirazi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka Niskanen
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Chiara Fedele
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville P. Jokinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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8
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Murase N, Ando T, Ajiro H. Synthesis of spiropyran with methacrylate at the benzopyran moiety and control of the water repellency and cell adhesion of its polymer film. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:1489-1495. [PMID: 31998931 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials have been actively researched over the past few decades. Among such materials, spiropyran is one of the most attractive compounds because the structure and polarity of the material are dramatically changed after photo irradiation, unlike other materials. In this work, we designed and synthesized a spiropyran derivative (SpMA) with a methacryloyl group on the nitrobenzene ring of a spiropyran skeleton. The UV spectra of the newly synthesized SpMA showed the photo-isomerization of spiropyran. The maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of SpMA was 616 nm in n-hexane, a nonpolar solvent, although λmax of SpMA was 532 nm in methanol, a polar protic solvent, which resulted in an 84 nm blue-shift. SpMA was successfully polymerized by ruthenium (Ru)-catalyzed living radical polymerization. Poly(SpMA) (PSpMA) was then spin-coated on a PET substrate in order to control the surface properties of water repellency and cell adhesion. The water repellency was decreased approximately 10° under UV irradiation, because of the polarity change of PSpMA caused by photo-isomerization from the spiropyran (SP) type to the merocyanine (MC) type. In addition, NIH3T3 cells were spread only on 6% of the surface of the PSpMA thin film after UV irradiation compared with no UV irradiation. The polarity change of PSpMA by photo-isomerization is also believed to be the reason for this behavior. As a result, we successfully synthesized a photo-controllable cell culture scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Murase
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Ando
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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9
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Zhang Y, Huang Y. Rational Design of Smart Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2021; 8:615665. [PMID: 33614595 PMCID: PMC7889811 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.615665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric three-dimensional network structures with high water content. Due to their superior biocompatibility and low toxicity, hydrogels play a significant role in the biomedical fields. Hydrogels are categorized by the composition from natural polymers to synthetic polymers. To meet the complicated situation in the biomedical applications, suitable host–guest supramolecular interactions are rationally selected. This review will have an introduction of hydrogel classification based on the formulation molecules, and then a discussion over the rational design of the intelligent hydrogel to the environmental stimuli such as temperature, irradiation, pH, and targeted biomolecules. Further, the applications of rationally designed smart hydrogels in the biomedical field will be presented, such as tissue repair, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. Finally, the perspectives and the challenges of smart hydrogels will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fujian Province, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yishun Huang
- Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fujian Province, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
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10
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Zhou ZH, Zhang JG, Chen Q, Luo YL, Xu F, Chen YS. Temperature and Photo Dual-Stimuli Responsive Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Micelles for Cellular Controlled Drug Release. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000291. [PMID: 33326167 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To well adapt to the complicated physiological environments, it is necessary to engineer dual- and/or multi-stimuli responsive drug carriers for more effective drug release. For this, a novel temperature responsive lateral chain photosensitive block copolymer, poly[(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) -block-propyleneacylalkyl-4-azobenzoate] (P(NIPAM-co-DMAA)-b-PAzoHPA), is synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure is characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and laser light scattering gel chromatography system. The self-assembly behavior, morphology, and sizes of micelles are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and laser particle analyzer. Dual responsiveness to light and temperature is explored by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the copolymer micelles take on apparent light and temperature dual responsiveness, and its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is above 37 °C, and changes with the trans-/cis- isomerization of azobenzene structure under UV irradiation. The blank copolymers are nontoxic, whereas the paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded counterparts possessed comparable anticancer activities to free PTX, with entrapment efficiency of 83.7%. The PTX release from the PTX-loaded micelles can be mediated by changing temperature and/or light stimuli. The developed block copolymers can potentially be used for cancer therapy as drug controlled release carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Shao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
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11
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De Martino S, Netti PA. Dynamic azopolymeric interfaces for photoactive cell instruction. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2020; 1:011302. [PMID: 38505629 PMCID: PMC10903377 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The ability to affect a wide range of biophysical properties through the use of light has led to the development of dynamic cell instructive materials. Using photoresponsive materials such as azopolymers, smart systems that use external, minimally damaging, light irradiation can be used to trigger specific surface morpho-physical properties in the presence of living cells. The interaction of light with an azopolymer film induces a mass migration phenomenon, allowing a variety of topographic patterns to be embossed on the polymeric film. Photoisomerization induces conformational changes at the molecular and macroscopic scale, resulting in light-induced variations of substrate morphological, physical, and mechanical properties. In this review, we discuss the photoactuation of azopolymeric interfaces to provide guidelines for the engineering and design of azopolymer films. Laser micropatterning for the modulation of azopolymer surfaces is examined as a way to diversify the capabilities of these polymers in cellular systems. Mass migration effects induced by azopolymer switching provides a foundation for performing a broad range of cellular manipulation techniques. Applications of azopolymers are explored in the context of dynamic culture systems, gaining insight into the complex processes involved in dynamic cell-material interactions. The review highlights azopolymers as a candidate for various applications in cellular control, including cell alignment, migration, gene expression, and others. Recent advances have underlined the importance of these systems in applications regarding three-dimensional cell culture and stem cell morphology. Azopolymers can be used not only to manipulate cells but also to probe for mechanistic studies of cellular crosstalk in response to chemical and mechanical stimuli.
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12
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Górka-Kumik W, Garbacz P, Lachowicz D, Dąbczyński P, Zapotoczny S, Szuwarzyński M. Tailoring cellular microenvironments using scaffolds based on magnetically-responsive polymer brushes. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10172-10181. [PMID: 33099591 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of polymeric scaffolds with the ability to control cell detachment has been created for cell culture using stimuli-responsive polymers. However, the widely studied and commonly used thermo-responsive polymeric substrates always affect the properties of the cultured cells due to the temperature stimulus. Here, we present a different stimuli-responsive approach based on poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride) (poly(APTAC)) brushes with homogeneously embedded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Neuroblastoma cell detachment was triggered by an external magnetic field, enabling a non-invasive process of controlled transfer into a new place without additional mechanical scratching and chemical/biochemical compound treatment. Hybrid scaffolds obtained in simultaneous surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) working in the magnetic mode, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the magnetic properties and chemical structure. Moreover, neuroblastoma cells were cultured and characterized before and after exposure to a neodymium magnet. Controlled cell transfer triggered by a magnetic field is presented here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Górka-Kumik
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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13
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Huang H, Zhang C, Lan J, Wang Z, Wang X. Photoinduced mass transfer of azo polymers from micrometer to submillimeter studied by a real-time single particle strategy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9746-9757. [PMID: 33000858 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced mass transfer of azo polymers is a fascinating function with potential applications in areas ranging from photonics and nanofabrication to cell biology. However, the true nature of this unique effect still remains elusive in many aspects due to its puzzling mechanism and lack of a way for real-time observation. This work presents a new strategy to study the photoinduced mass transfer through in situ optical microscopic observation and videoing on single particles under laser irradiation. By inspecting the shape evolution processes of the particles from the side view, both the scale and direction of the mass transfer can be well characterized in a real-time manner, which shows great advantages for carrying out the systematic investigation. The mass transfer behaviour was thus investigated using the microspheres with diameters (D) ranging from micrometer to submillimeter. The mass transfer in the direction of the electric vibration was observed to occur in different scales for azo polymers with different degrees of functionalization (DFs) controlled by the light penetration depths. With the varied combinations of particle sizes and DFs, the particles with diversified shape-anisotropy and complex morphologies were generated by the mass transfer. For the microspheres with sizes in micrometer and submillimeter scales, those formed from the azo polymers with extremely high DF (100%) and extremely low DF (1%) respectively exhibited the most efficient mass transfer to cause significant shape deformations. With the optical and thermal simulations, these observations are well rationalized by considering the optical power distribution, energy utilization efficiency and heat dissipation route. This study not only provides deep insight into the photoinduced mass transfer behavior, but also extends the mass transfer scale of the particles from micrometer to submillimeter for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Fedele C, Mäntylä E, Belardi B, Hamkins-Indik T, Cavalli S, Netti PA, Fletcher DA, Nymark S, Priimagi A, Ihalainen TO. Azobenzene-based sinusoidal surface topography drives focal adhesion confinement and guides collective migration of epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15329. [PMID: 32948792 PMCID: PMC7501301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface topography is a key parameter in regulating the morphology and behavior of single cells. At multicellular level, coordinated cell displacements drive many biological events such as embryonic morphogenesis. However, the effect of surface topography on collective migration of epithelium has not been studied in detail. Mastering the connection between surface features and collective cellular behaviour is highly important for novel approaches in tissue engineering and repair. Herein, we used photopatterned microtopographies on azobenzene-containing materials and showed that smooth topographical cues with proper period and orientation can efficiently orchestrate cell alignment in growing epithelium. Furthermore, the experimental system allowed us to investigate how the orientation of the topographical features can alter the speed of wound closure in vitro. Our findings indicate that the extracellular microenvironment topography coordinates their focal adhesion distribution and alignment. These topographic cues are able to guide the collective migration of multicellular systems, even when cell-cell junctions are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedele
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tiama Hamkins-Indik
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Silvia Cavalli
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare @CRIB, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare @CRIB, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Soile Nymark
- BioMediTech and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Teemu O Ihalainen
- BioMediTech and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Wang C, Dong W, Li P, Wang Y, Tu H, Tan S, Wu Y, Watanabe M. Reversible Ion-Conducting Switch by Azobenzene Molecule with Light-Controlled Sol-Gel Transitions of the PNIPAm Ion Gel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42202-42209. [PMID: 32820633 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring a simple, on-demanding method of manipulating ionic conduction of ionic liquids with large amplitudes is a challenging task. Here, a reversible ion-conducting switch was obtained based on photoswitchable sol-gel transitions. The device was successfully applied in an electronic circuit to switch it on/off. The ion gel was prepared by directly mixing following individual components: azobenzene (Azo), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]). The mixture is denoted as Azo/PNIPAm/[C2mim][NTf2]. The framework of this gel structure was particularly designed as an analogue to the physical mode of control theory: sensor/amplification/action. Light-induced isomerization of Azo acts as the light sensor to trigger the macroscopic sol-gel transition of PNIPAm assemblies. Such transition works as the amplification, which significantly affects the ionic movements, resulting in high-amplitude switching behavior. A photoswitchable ionic conductive device was demonstrated as action in this paper. Under UV irradiation, the sol-like state of Azo/PNIPAm/[C2mim][NTf2] provided a higher ion conduction (around 1 mS/cm) while being exposed to visible light, and a lower ion conduction (0.04 mS/cm) was observed in the gel state. This photoswitchable ion conductivity device was integrated to a well-designed logic gate to switch circuits on or off. This confirms the possible practical application of the sol-gel device, which outputs stable and detectable electrical signals. The research here demonstrates a simple but effective strategy to control the ionic movements, which can be applied in optoelectronic devices. The principle can be used to design different types of molecular optoelectronic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weibin Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Peiqi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haiyan Tu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuai Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yong Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Municoy S, Álvarez Echazú MI, Antezana PE, Galdopórpora JM, Olivetti C, Mebert AM, Foglia ML, Tuttolomondo MV, Alvarez GS, Hardy JG, Desimone MF. Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4724. [PMID: 32630690 PMCID: PMC7369929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart or stimuli-responsive materials are an emerging class of materials used for tissue engineering and drug delivery. A variety of stimuli (including temperature, pH, redox-state, light, and magnet fields) are being investigated for their potential to change a material's properties, interactions, structure, and/or dimensions. The specificity of stimuli response, and ability to respond to endogenous cues inherently present in living systems provide possibilities to develop novel tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies (for example materials composed of stimuli responsive polymers that self-assemble or undergo phase transitions or morphology transformations). Herein, smart materials as controlled drug release vehicles for tissue engineering are described, highlighting their potential for the delivery of precise quantities of drugs at specific locations and times promoting the controlled repair or remodeling of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María I. Álvarez Echazú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Pablo E. Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Juan M. Galdopórpora
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Christian Olivetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Andrea M. Mebert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María L. Foglia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María V. Tuttolomondo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Gisela S. Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Martin F. Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
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17
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Jiang J, Dhakal NP, Guo Y, Andre C, Thompson L, Skalli O, Peng C. Controlled Dynamics of Neural Tumor Cells by Templated Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000487. [PMID: 32378330 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the alignment and organization of cell populations has great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A variety of approaches such as nano/microtopographical patterning, mechanical loading, and nanocomposite synthesis have been developed to engineer scaffolds able to control cellular properties and behaviors. In this work, a patterned liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) film is synthesized by using a nematic liquid crystal template in which the molecular orientations are predesigned by photopatterning technique. Various configurations of polymer networks such as linear and circular patterns are created. When neural tumor cells are plated onto the templated LCN films, the cell alignment, migration, and proliferation are directed in both linear and curvilinear fashions following the pattern of the aligned polymer chains. A complex LCN pattern with zigzag geometry is also fabricated and found to be capable of controlling cell alignment and collective cellular organization. The demonstrated control of cell dynamics and organization by LCN films with various molecular alignments opens new opportunities to design scaffolds to control cultured cell organization in a manner resembling that found in tissues and to develop novel advanced materials for nerve repair, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Jiang
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
| | - Netra Prasad Dhakal
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
| | - Yubing Guo
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal InstituteKent State University Kent OH 44242 USA
| | - Christian Andre
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
| | - Lauren Thompson
- Department of BiologyThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of BiologyThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
| | - Chenhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceThe University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 USA
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18
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Salvatore M, Oscurato SL, D’Albore M, Guarino V, Zeppetelli S, Maddalena P, Ambrosio A, Ambrosio L. Quantitative Study of Morphological Features of Stem Cells onto Photopatterned Azopolymer Films. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E8. [PMID: 32075063 PMCID: PMC7151610 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of photolithography for the fabrication of structured substrates with controlled morphological patterns that are able to interact with cells at micrometric and nanometric size scales is strongly growing. A promising simple and versatile microfabrication method is based on the physical mass transport induced by visible light in photosensitive azobenzene-containing polymers (or azopolymers). Such light-driven material transport produces a modulation of the surface of the azopolymer film, whose geometry is controlled by the intensity and the polarization distributions of the irradiated light. Herein, two anisotropic structured azopolymer films have been used as substrates to evaluate the effects of topological signals on the in vitro response of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The light-induced substrate patterns consist of parallel microgrooves, which are produced in a spatially confined or over large-scale areas of the samples, respectively. The analysis of confocal optical images of the in vitro hMSC cells grown on the patterned films offered relevant information about cell morphology-i.e., nuclei deformation and actin filaments elongation-in relation to the geometry and the spatial extent of the structured area of substrates. The results, together with the possibility of simple, versatile, and cost-effective light-induced structuration of azopolymers, promise the successful use of these materials as anisotropic platforms to study the cell guidance mechanisms governing in vitro tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Salvatore
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefano Luigi Oscurato
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Marietta D’Albore
- Former Temporary Researcher at Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Viale Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
| | - Stefania Zeppetelli
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- CNST@POLIMI—Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
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Babakhanova G, Krieger J, Li BX, Turiv T, Kim MH, Lavrentovich OD. Cell alignment by smectic liquid crystal elastomer coatings with nanogrooves. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1223-1230. [PMID: 32034939 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Control of cells behavior through topography of substrates is an important theme in biomedical applications. Among many materials used as substrates, polymers show advantages since they can be tailored by chemical functionalization. Fabrication of polymer substrates with nano- and microscale topography requires processing by lithography, microprinting, etching, and so forth. In this work, we introduce a different approach based on anisotropic elastic properties of polymerized smectic A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). When the SmA liquid crystal coating is deposited onto a substrate with planar alignment of the molecules, it develops nanogrooves at its free surface. After photopolymerization, these nanogrooves show an excellent ability to align human dermal fibroblasts over large areas. The alignment quality is good for both bare SmA LCE substrates and for substrates coated with fibronectin. The SmA LCE nano-topographies show a high potential for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Babakhanova
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Jess Krieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Bing-Xiang Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Taras Turiv
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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Yang PC, Chien YH, Tseng SH, Lin CC, Huang KY. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Multistimulus-Responsive Azobenzene-Containing Diblock Copolymer through RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2028. [PMID: 31817773 PMCID: PMC6960709 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper gathered studies on multistimulus-responsive sensing and self-assembly behavior of a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer through a two-step reverse addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) macromolecular chain transfer agent and diblock copolymer (poly(NIPAM-b-Azo)) were discovered to have moderate thermal decomposition temperatures of 351.8 and 370.8 °C, respectively, indicating that their thermal stability was enhanced because of the azobenzene segments incorporated into the block copolymer. The diblock copolymer was determined to exhibit a lower critical solution temperature of 34.4 °C. Poly(NIPAM-b-Azo) demonstrated a higher photoisomerization rate constant (kt = 0.1295 s-1) than the Azo monomer did (kt = 0.088 s-1). When ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was applied, the intensity of fluorescence gradually increased, suggesting that UV irradiation enhanced the fluorescence of self-assembled cis-isomers of azobenzene. Morphological aggregates before and after UV irradiation are shown in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses of the diblock copolymer. We employed photoluminescence titrations to reveal that the diblock copolymer was highly sensitive toward Ru3+ and Ba2+, as was indicated by the crown ether acting as a recognition moiety between azobenzene units. Micellar aggregates were formed in the polymer aqueous solution through dissolution; their mean diameters were approximately 205.8 and 364.6 nm at temperatures of 25.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Our findings contribute to research on photoresponsive and chemosensory polymer material developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (S.-H.T.); (C.-C.L.); (K.-Y.H.)
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21
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Adeel M, Zhao B, Xu S, Zheng S. Investigation of Azobenzene Photoisomerization Effect on Morphologies and Properties of Nanostructured Thermosets Involving Epoxy and a Diblock Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10110-10123. [PMID: 31644292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the effect of azobenzene photoisomerization on the morphologies and properties of the nanostructured thermosets involving epoxy and a diblock copolymer. First, a diblock copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(6-(4-(4-cyanophenylazo)phenoxy)hexyl methacrylate) (PCPHM) was synthesized, and this diblock copolymer was composed of an epoxy-philic block (i.e., PEO) and an azobenzene moiety-beating block (viz., PCPHM). This diblock copolymer was introduced into epoxy to obtain the nanostructured thermosets via reaction-induced microphase separation approach. To control the configuration of azobenzene moieties of the PCPHM block, the curing reactions were performed in the absence and/or presence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, respectively. It was found that, without UV irradiation, the PCPHM microdomains were generated with the trans isomers of azobenzene. Under UV irradiation, however, the PCPHM microdomains were formed with the cis configuration of azobenzene moieties. The ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectroscopy showed that the trans and cis configurations of azobenzene moieties were significantly fixed with the occurrence of curing reactions. The photoluminescent measurements showed that the nanostructured thermosets with trans-azobenzene moieties can emit fluorescence, which was in sharp contrast to those with cis-azobenzene moieties. The results of small-angle X-ray and atomic force microscopy showed that the nanostructured thermosets with trans and cis isomers of azobenzene moieties had quite different morphologies. It was found that the sizes of the PCPHM microdomains with cis configuration of azobenzene moieties were significantly larger than those with trans configuration. The difference in configuration of azobenzene moieties also resulted in the difference in glass-transition temperatures and dielectric properties of the materials. The results suggest a new approach to modulate the morphologies and physical properties of the nanostructured thermosets by means of photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
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Kang N, Li P, Tan S, Wang C. Azobenzene based inorganic salts for light modulated ionic conductivity in aqueous solution. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7992-7995. [PMID: 31502625 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01411j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene based inorganic salts containing lithium, sodium or potassium cations were prepared and the behaviors of reversible light modulated ionic conductivity were observed based on photoisomerizations of azobenzene salts in aqueous solutions. The highest ionic conductivity was observed in the solution of potassium ionized azobenzene, assisted by the unique formation of a network-like aggregated morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Peiqi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Shuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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23
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Pagliusi P, Audia B, Provenzano C, Piñol M, Oriol L, Cipparrone G. Tunable Surface Patterning of Azopolymer by Vectorial Holography: The Role of Photoanisotropies in the Driving Force. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34471-34477. [PMID: 31433152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The capability to pattern polymer surfaces at different length scales is an important goal in different research fields, including display technologies, microelectronics, optics, as well as biorelated and medical science. However, the ability to optically and dynamically manipulate topography is a key feature enabling remote control of associated effects/processes mediated by the surface. Azopolymers are largely investigated to this aim based on their sensitivity to optical fields and reconfigurability capabilities. In this work, surface relief formation induced by polarization patterns on an amorphous azopolymer structurally engineered to have large photoinduced birefringence has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Based on the different light polarization patterns, depth and shape of the relief grating can be controlled. An optically induced gradient force model that includes both the spatial distribution and the anisotropy of the material permittivity has been theoretically analyzed. The proposed approach is able to explain the experimental results and to overcome the limitation of existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pagliusi
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci 31C , 87036 Rende , CS , Italy
- CNR-Nanotec and Centre of Excellence CEMIF.CAL , Ponte P. Bucci 33B , 87036 Rende, CS , Italy
| | - B Audia
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci 31C , 87036 Rende , CS , Italy
| | - C Provenzano
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci 31C , 87036 Rende , CS , Italy
| | - M Piñol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón , Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , C/Pedro Cerbuna 12 , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - L Oriol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón , Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , C/Pedro Cerbuna 12 , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - G Cipparrone
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci 31C , 87036 Rende , CS , Italy
- CNR-Nanotec and Centre of Excellence CEMIF.CAL , Ponte P. Bucci 33B , 87036 Rende, CS , Italy
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24
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Khan A, Yu H, Wang L, Zhizhko PA, Zarubin DN, Lemenovskiy DA, Haq F, Usman M, Nazir A, Naveed KUR. Synthesis of ferrocene and azobenzene-based copolymers P(FHEMA-co-MAZOHE)s and their redox and photo-responsive properties. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Puliafito A, Ricciardi S, Pirani F, Čermochová V, Boarino L, De Leo N, Primo L, Descrovi E. Driving Cells with Light-Controlled Topographies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801826. [PMID: 31380197 PMCID: PMC6661947 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-substrate interactions can modulate cellular behaviors in a variety of biological contexts, including development and disease. Light-responsive materials have been recently proposed to engineer active substrates with programmable topographies directing cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. However, current approaches are affected by either fabrication complexity, limitations in the extent of mechanical stimuli, lack of full spatio-temporal control, or ease of use. Here, a platform exploiting light to plastically deform micropatterned polymeric substrates is presented. Topographic changes with remarkable relief depths in the micron range are induced in parallel, by illuminating the sample at once, without using raster scanners. In few tens of seconds, complex topographies are instructed on demand, with arbitrary spatial distributions over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Proof-of-concept data on breast cancer cells and normal kidney epithelial cells are presented. Both cell types adhere and proliferate on substrates without appreciable cell damage upon light-induced substrate deformations. User-provided mechanical stimulation aligns and guides cancer cells along the local deformation direction and constrains epithelial colony growth by biasing cell division orientation. This approach is easy to implement on general-purpose optical microscopy systems and suitable for use in cell biology in a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Puliafito
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO‐IRCCSCandioloTurin10060Italy
- Department of OncologyUniversity of TurinTurin10060Italy
| | - Serena Ricciardi
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic University of TurinC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
| | - Federica Pirani
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic University of TurinC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
| | - Viktorie Čermochová
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic University of TurinC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chemical Technology PragueTechnická3166 28 Praha 6Czech Republic
| | - Luca Boarino
- Quantum Research Labs & Nanofacility Piemonte Nanoscience & Materials DivisionIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle Cacce 91Turin10135Italy
| | - Natascia De Leo
- Quantum Research Labs & Nanofacility Piemonte Nanoscience & Materials DivisionIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle Cacce 91Turin10135Italy
| | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO‐IRCCSCandioloTurin10060Italy
- Department of OncologyUniversity of TurinTurin10060Italy
| | - Emiliano Descrovi
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic University of TurinC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
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26
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Liu J, Xiao C. Capability of starch derivative containing azo and carboxylic groups to tune photo-behaviors via LbL-assembly. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:608-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Abdollahi A, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Razavi B, Salami-Kalajahi M. The light-controlling of temperature-responsivity in stimuli-responsive polymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light-controlling of phase separation in temperature-responsive polymer solutions by using light-responsive materials for reversible controlling physical and chemical properties of the media with an out-of-system stimulus with tunable intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abdollahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering
- Sahand University of Technology
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering
- Sahand University of Technology
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials
| | - Bahareh Razavi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering
- Sahand University of Technology
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering
- Sahand University of Technology
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials
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28
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Cimmino C, Rossano L, Netti PA, Ventre M. Spatio-Temporal Control of Cell Adhesion: Toward Programmable Platforms to Manipulate Cell Functions and Fate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:190. [PMID: 30564573 PMCID: PMC6288377 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biophysical and biochemical signals of material surfaces potently regulate cell functions and fate. In particular, micro- and nano-scale patterns of adhesion signals can finely elicit and affect a plethora of signaling pathways ultimately affecting gene expression, in a process known as mechanotransduction. Our fundamental understanding of cell-material signals interaction and reaction is based on static culturing platforms, i.e., substrates exhibiting signals whose configuration is time-invariant. However, cells in-vivo are exposed to arrays of biophysical and biochemical signals that change in time and space and the way cells integrate these might eventually dictate their behavior. Advancements in fabrication technologies and materials engineering, have recently enabled the development of culturing platforms able to display patterns of biochemical and biophysical signals whose features change in time and space in response to external stimuli and according to selected programmes. These dynamic devices proved to be particularly helpful in shedding light on how cells adapt to a dynamic microenvironment or integrate spatio-temporal variations of signals. In this work, we present the most relevant findings in the context of dynamic platforms for controlling cell functions and fate in vitro. We place emphasis on the technological aspects concerning the fabrication of platforms displaying micro- and nano-scale dynamic signals and on the physical-chemical stimuli necessary to actuate the spatio-temporal changes of the signal patterns. In particular, we illustrate strategies to encode material surfaces with dynamic ligands and patterns thereof, topographic relieves and mechanical properties. Additionally, we present the most effective, yet cytocompatible methods to actuate the spatio-temporal changes of the signals. We focus on cell reaction and response to dynamic changes of signal presentation. Finally, potential applications of this new generation of culturing systems for in vitro and in vivo applications, including regenerative medicine and cell conditioning are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cimmino
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Rossano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ventre
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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