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Yan S, Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang Q, Wu Y, Sui Y, Wang S, Che Q, Zhou N, Chen L, Chen L. Cavity-Like Silver Aggregates-Based Colloidal SERS Microfluidic Platform for Highly Reproducible Online Reaction Process Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025:e2501338. [PMID: 40424064 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202501338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) is a key tool in the chemical and biological production industry. However, it is still desirable to develop online PAT enabling rapid and sensitive detection of various reaction intermediates, to meet the requirements of precise and green chemistry. Here these challenges are addressed by developing a cavity-like silver aggregate (Ag cavity)-based colloidal surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) microfluidic platform, which exhibits a reproducible flow detection window, enabling sensitive online monitoring and identification of the organic reaction intermediates of the model flow photochemical reactions. The key element of the platform is the colloidal Ag cavity prepared through a template-mediated method. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation and molecular adsorption measurements indicate the increased electromagnetic field and the high surface area contribute to the high SERS sensitivity of the cavity-like silver aggregates. Moreover, the Ag cavity shows a long-term flow detection window in the microfluidic channel with high reproducibility (RSD = 3.72%). This platform is successfully used to monitor and analyze the photodegradation intermediates of the model antibiotics, indicating the promising practical applications. This study contributes to the advancement of online chemistry studies and provides an effective tool for online reaction monitoring across diverse organic production fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyang Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qiaoning Wang
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yanzhou Wu
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yifan Sui
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Quande Che
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Coastal Zone Ecological Environment Monitoring Technology and Equipment Shandong Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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2
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Ran L, Feng N, Dong Y, Cai H, Chen Y, Teng H. Rational Design of MOF-Based Multifunctional Bio-Nanoreactor for Efficient Detection and Photo-Degradation of Chloramphenicol. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025:e2414866. [PMID: 40367402 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202414866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
Food safety have received increasing attention in recent years, and rapid detection and thorough removal of organic contaminants is an important part of food safety control. In this work, a novel multi-functional photo-enzymatic nanoreactor HRP@Fe-NU-1003 is developed through the co-immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and FeCl2 on a photosensitive metal-organic frameworks (MOF) NU-1003. The bio-nanocluster can serve as an efficient biosensor in the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP), with a detection limit of 15.38 pg mL-1, which is 62 times greater than that of the conventional HRP- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Besides its detecting capability, the nanoreactor also exhibits high efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of CAP, which can remove 50 µg mL-1 of CAP thoroughly within 30 min, and the mineralization efficiency of CAP reaches 61%. In this material, Fe-NU-1003 not only acts as a protecting shell to prevent HRP from deactivation, but improves detecting sensitivity and photocatalytic performance. Mechanism studies show that FeCl2 enhances its photocatalytic performance through promoting electron (e-)-hole (h+) separation and photocurrent transfer. More importantly, the heterogeneous material possesses high stability and can be recycled at least five rounds while its photocatalytic performance maintained at a high level. This strategy provides a new approach for the detection and degradation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ran
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Niu Feng
- College of food science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiming Dong
- College of food science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- School of food science and technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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3
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Zhou T, Zhang Z. Centrifugation-Induced Stable Colloidal Silver Nanoparticle Aggregates for Reproducible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection. BIOSENSORS 2025; 15:298. [PMID: 40422037 DOI: 10.3390/bios15050298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Colloidal noble metal nanoparticle aggregates have demonstrated significant advantages in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis, particularly for online detection, due to their excellent optical properties, spatial homogeneity, and fluidic compatibility. However, conventional chemically induced aggregation methods (such as salt-induced nanoparticle aggregation) suffer from uncontrolled aggregation, limited stability, and narrow detection windows, which restrict their quantitative and long-term applications. In this study, we developed a non-chemical method for fabricating stable colloidal aggregates from uniform β-cyclodextrin-stabilized silver nanoparticles (β-CD@AgNPs) via centrifugation. By precisely controlling the addition rate of silver nitrate, we synthesized β-cyclodextrin-stabilized silver nanoparticles with a uniform size. Surprisingly, these nanoparticles can form highly dispersed and homogeneous colloidal aggregates simply via centrifugation, which is completely different from the behavior of traditional ligand-modified nanoparticles. Notably, the resulting aggregates exhibit excellent SERS enhancement, enabling the sensitive detection of various dyes at nanomolar levels. Furthermore, they maintain a stable SERS signal (RSD = 6.99%) over a detection window exceeding 1 h, markedly improving signal stability and reproducibility compared with salt-induced aggregates. Additionally, using pyocyanin as a model analyte, we evaluated the quantitative performance of these aggregates (LOD = 0.2 nM), achieving satisfactory recovery (82-117%) in spiked samples of drinking water, lake water, and tap water. This study provides a facile strategy for fabricating stable colloidal SERS substrates and paves the way for the advancement of SERS applications in analytical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Zhou J, Gao W, Jiang H, Xiang Z, Li J, Cao D, Zeng J, Wang B, Xu J. Sensitive and Stable Detection of Pesticide Residues Using Flexible 3D Nanocellulose-Based SERS Substrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:8026-8039. [PMID: 40114362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has gained attention as a sensitive technique for the detection of pesticide residues. However, constructing homogeneous, stable, and large-volume "hot spots" is a challenge. In this study, D-T-CNFs@Ag SERS substrates were fabricated by decorating a flexible dialdehyde TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (D-T-CNF) film with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Carboxylate groups and aldehyde groups on cellulose nanofibrils were used as the growth sites for AgNPs and the main reducing agents for forming three-dimensional "hot spots", respectively. D-T-CNFs provided protection and immobilization for the AgNPs, allowing SERS substrates to withstand intense ultrasonic treatment, and had a shelf life of over 60 days. In addition, thiram and thiabendazole could be detected at a concentration as low as 10-9 M. The D-T-CNFs@Ag SERS substrate could be used to test thiram on the surface of apples, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.047 ng/cm2, realizing the integration of collection and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hanbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daxian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Yan S, Chen L, Zhang Z. Utilizing Freeze-Thaw-Ultrasonication to Prepare Mesoporous Silica-Encapsulated Colloidal Silver Nanoaggregates with Long-Term Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Activity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1840. [PMID: 40292994 PMCID: PMC11946070 DOI: 10.3390/s25061840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2025] [Revised: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is widely employed due to its high sensitivity and distinctive fingerprinting capabilities. Colloidal nanoaggregates are commonly used as SERS substrates because of their mobility and the abundance of "hotspots". Although the reagent-free "freeze-thaw-ultrasonication" method for preparing Ag nanoaggregates (AgNAs) does not introduce additional background interference and maintains the original interfacial properties of AgNAs, their unstable physical nanostructure limits SERS detection to just 7 days. Herein, we demonstrate mesoporous silica-encapsulated colloidal Ag nanoaggregates (AgNAs@m-SiO2) by combining a freeze-thaw-ultrasonication method and a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted silanization reaction, achieving long-term SERS stability of more than two months. The prepared AgNAs@m-SiO2 serve a dual capability: (1) preserving electromagnetic "hotspots" for ultra-sensitive detection (e.g., malachite green detection limit: 3.60 × 10-8 M), and (2) maintaining structural stability under harsh conditions. The AgNAs@m-SiO2 substrate exhibited superior structural stability after 50 min of ultrasonic treatment, with an initial SERS signal retention of 91.8%, which is twice that of the bare AgNAs (retention of 45%). The long-term performance further highlighted its superiority: after 70 days of storage, the composite maintained 84.3% of its original signal strength, outperforming the uncoated controls by over ten times (which retained only 8%). Crucially, the substrate's robust design enables the direct detection of contaminants in real environmental matrices (river and seawater) for qualitative analyses and water quality assessments, thus validating its suitability for environmental sensing applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyang Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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6
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Xu C, Li J, Liu J, Ma Y, Wang X, Xie Y, Chen C, Ji W. Rapid construction of interfacial plasmonic nanoarray for SERS sensing of flavonoids. Biosens Bioelectron 2025; 271:117044. [PMID: 39653010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.117044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
A rapid, low-cost and reliable interfacial plasmonic nanoarray is presented as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing platform for preliminary quantification and identification of flavonoids. Here, CTAB-modified Au colloidal nanoparticles self-assemble at the cyclohexane/acetone-water interface to form a uniform interfacial plasmonic nanoarray. The target hydrophobic analytes including organic dye methyl red and water-insoluble flavonoids, are effectively captured at the air-water interface and enter the "hot spots" between nanoparticles during the evaporation of the oil phase, which contributes to sensitive and reproducible SERS signals. Furthermore, this remarkable SERS performance enables the quantitative determination of water-insoluble flavonoids such as kaempferol, luteolin and naringenin with low detection limits of 10-10 M, and an approximately linear correlation between SERS signals and analytical concentrations, as well as rapid multiplex analysis of flavonoids with similar structural characteristics. Additionally, directly relative content detection of crude extracts from lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) is achieved on the plasmonic nanoarray, serving as a proof-of-concept demonstration for practical applications. Compared to conventional analyses of flavonoids, the proposed SERS platform circumvents complex and time-consuming pretreatments, thereby opening avenues for the analysis of oil-soluble samples and other secondary metabolites, which will facilitate widespread evaluation of quality and medical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaxin Ma
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wang
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Wei Ji
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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7
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Mu S, Tian Z, Ren W, Liu C. Laser-Induced Thermophoretic SERS Enhancement on Paper for Facile Pesticide and Nanoplastic Sensing. Anal Chem 2024; 96:19840-19846. [PMID: 39572373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for contamination detection. Fabricating efficient nanostructures with hotspots for signal enhancement and concentrating diluted target analyte molecules to the hotspots are critical for ultrasensitive SERS detection, which generally requires advanced instruments and intricate manipulations. Herein, we report a simple, low-cost, and high-efficiency paper device that can simultaneously concentrate the analytes and generate SERS hotspots rapidly with the assistance of laser-induced thermophoresis. After dropping the target- and plasmonic nanoparticle-containing solution on a paper substrate, the evaporative gradient created by the laser-induced thermophoresis can promote the delivery of the analytes and plasmonic nanoparticles simultaneously to the tiny area of the laser spot, forming compact SERS hotspots to significantly amplify the analyte's Raman scattering signals. This convenient thermophoretic strategy can be accomplished rapidly within ∼4 min and exhibits more than 104-times higher sensitivity than that without the assistance of laser-based thermophoresis. This elegant paper device is successfully applied to the detection of contaminants such as pesticides and nanoplastics in fruit and water samples, holding the potential to provide a simple, fast, and cost-effective approach for on-site detection of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Institute of New Concept Sensors and Molecular Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Institute of New Concept Sensors and Molecular Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Institute of New Concept Sensors and Molecular Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Institute of New Concept Sensors and Molecular Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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8
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Ning L, Li J, Xie Q, Hu J, Liu J, Xu C, Peng J, Chen C, Ji W. Plasmonic Coacervate as a Droplet-Based SERS Platform for Rapid Enrichment and Microanalysis of Hydrophobic Payloads. Anal Chem 2024; 96:18772-18780. [PMID: 39376158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
A novel and simple coacervate microdroplet-based detection platform for the quantification of trace hydrophobic analytes is presented. Herein, taking advantage of the effective encapsulation and enrichment performance of the condensed coacervates, plasmonic metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and target hydrophobic analytes are simultaneously concentrated into a single microdroplet. The coencapsulation of AgNPs within coacervates promotes the formation of aggregates with a lot of "hot spots" for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement, facilitating the sensitive analysis of hydrophobic analytes by SERS technology. Such plasmonic coacervates are easily prepared and exhibit good reproducibility and signal uniformity. Optimized SERS performance by modulating the volume of encapsulated AgNPs enables quantitative determination of hydrophobic analytes of Nile Red, chlorpyrifos, benzo[e]pyrene, 20 and 50 nm polystyrene nanoplastics with low detection limits of 10-12 M, 10-9 M, 10-10 M, 0.05 ppb, and 0.5 ppb, and an approximately linear correlation between SERS signals and the analytical concentrations. This study opens a new convenient SERS platform for the ultrasensitive detection of hydrophobic hazardous substances, potentially becoming a rapid analysis method for extensive applications ranging from food safety to environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ning
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinsong Peng
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Center for Innovative Research in Synthetic Chemistry and Resource Utilization, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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9
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Zhang L, Chen H, Sun B, Wang T, Zhang Z, Xiong G. Magnetic-responsive sensors based on polydopamine macromolecules for highly sensitive detection of trace food colorant residues. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135609. [PMID: 39278431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
As a kind of unique biomimetic macromolecule, polydopamine (PDA) have prominent in-situ reduction ability and interfacial adhesion. In this work, combined with in-situ reduction ability of PDA and excellent magnetic response performance of nickel foam (NF), a strategy was designed to fabricate a series of NF@PDA@AgNPs as magnetic-responsive surface enhancement Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for highly sensitive Rhodamine B (RhB) detection in chili powder. With crystal violet (CV) as probe molecule, the detection limit of SERS substrate could achieve 10-10 M, and the enhancement factor was as high as to 2.22 × 107. In addition, the NF@PDA@AgNPs SERS substrates showed excellent magnetic separation efficiency, good SERS uniformity and storage stability. More importantly, these substrates could achieve highly efficient collection and sensitive detection of RhB residues in chili powder by magnetic adsorption method, and the detection of limit was as low as to be 10-6 g/g. These NF@PDA@AgNPs substrates would be a great prospect for rapid and efficient pernicious contaminant detection in the chemical and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hongzhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tangchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Guirong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
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10
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Yang Y, Li Y, Xie Q, Jiang B, Li J, Xie Y, Ji W. Evaluating the Kinetics and Molecular Mechanism for Biomimetic Metabolic Activation of PAHs by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10365-10372. [PMID: 38869249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Biomimetic cytochrome P450 for chemical activation of environmental carcinogens is an efficient in vitro model for evaluating their mutagenicity and ultimately acquiring the metabolites that cannot be easily accessed by conventional routes of organic synthesis. Different kinds of mutagen derived from polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by metalloporphyrin/oxidant model systems have been reported, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we have for the first time demonstrated an effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) protocol to study the dynamics and biomimetic metabolic behaviors of pyrene (Pyr) in the presence of various oxygen donors. Quantitative information on the relative concentration of Pyr and its metabolites in the biomimetic system can be extracted from the SERS spectra. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the oxidative metabolism of Pyr is highly influenced by the types and concentrations of oxygen donors, leading to the formation of 1-hydroxypyrene and dioxygenated products. Besides, the addition of an appropriate amount of an organic solvent can promote the formation of secondary oxidation products. These results offer valuable insights into the dynamics of PAHs metabolism and the regulation of their metabolic pathways in biomimetic activation. In comparison to traditional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the present SERS approach is more suitable for high-throughput evaluation of the metabolic process and kinetics of PAHs. We anticipate that this approach will enable a more general and comprehensive tracking of metabolic dynamics and molecular mechanisms involved in the biomimetic activation of other xenobiotics, such as procarcinogens, promutagens, and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
| | - Junbo Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 145040, China
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11
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Sun Y, Xu G, Wang Y, Song P, Zhang Y, Xia L. Surface plasmon-assisted catalytic reduction of p-nitrothiophenol for the detection of Fe 2+ by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115314. [PMID: 37678582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a concise, time-efficient, and high selective assay for detecting Fe2+ through its triggered surface plasmon-assisted reduction reaction of p-nitrothiophenol (PNTP) to p,p'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. When Fe2+ was added to the PNTP-AuNPs system, the appearance of three characteristic peaks at 1142, 1392, and 1440 cm-1 attributed to DMAB demonstrated that Fe2+ induced the catalytic coupling reaction of PNTP. The Raman intensity ratio of the peak at 1142 cm-1 to the peak at 1336 cm-1 and the concentration of Fe2+ presented a good linear response from 10 to 100 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.35 μM. More importantly, the entire detection process can be completed within 2 min and further successfully used for the detection of Fe2+ in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangda Xu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Song
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Qiu M, Tang L, Wang J, Xu Q, Zheng S, Weng S. SERS with Flexible β-CD@AuNP/PTFE Substrates for In Situ Detection and Identification of PAH Residues on Fruit and Vegetable Surfaces Combined with Lightweight Network. Foods 2023; 12:3096. [PMID: 37628095 PMCID: PMC10453087 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fruit and vegetable surfaces is important for protecting human health and ensuring food safety. In this study, a method for the in situ detection and identification of PAH residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on a flexible substrate and lightweight deep learning network. The flexible SERS substrate was fabricated by assembling β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (β-CD@AuNPs) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film coated with perfluorinated liquid (β-CD@AuNP/PTFE). The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (Nap), and pyrene (Pyr) residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces could be detected at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 μg/cm2, respectively, and all the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10%, indicating that the β-CD@AuNP/PTFE exhibited high sensitivity and stability. The lightweight network was then used to construct a classification model for identifying various PAH residues. ShuffleNet obtained the best results with accuracies of 100%, 96.61%, and 97.63% for the training, validation, and prediction datasets, respectively. The proposed method realised the in situ detection and identification of various PAH residues on fruit and vegetables with simplicity, celerity, and sensitivity, demonstrating great potential for the rapid, nondestructive analysis of surface contaminant residues in the food-safety field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Qiu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Le Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinghong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Qingshan Xu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Shouguo Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
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13
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Cheng J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Miao J, Chen Y, Zhao R, Liu M, Chen L, Wang X. Size-controllable colloidal Ag nano-aggregates with long-time SERS detection window for on-line high-throughput detection. Talanta 2023; 257:124358. [PMID: 36821962 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Making metal nanoparticle aggregates is a common way to improve surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement via the formation of hot spots between nanoparticles. Here, we propose a "freeze-thaw-ultrasonication" method to obtain stable colloidal Ag nano-aggregates (AgNAs) with controllable sizes, which can remain stable for a few days. Compared with other method using aggregation reagents (e.g., organic molecules and salt), this method can maintain metal surface charges and adsorption affinity, which ensures the excellent SERS stability and sensitivity. The SERS detection window during the experiment can reach more than 25 min, which makes it a prerequisite for accurate SERS detection during a long-time range. Combining the obtained stable AgNAs with microfluidic devices, we established a sequential SERS on-line continuous detection method for the high-throughput detection of multiplex samples. The UV-Fenton degradation process of methylene blue (MB) is continuously on-line monitored through this platform, which is more sensitive than the UV-Vis Spectrum. Moreover, we have realized the sensitive and accurate detection of 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline (5-NQ) with antibacterial and anticancer activities based on chloride-functionalized silver, which paved a way for SERS high-throughput analysis in bioanalysis and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Longfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jiaqi Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongfang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Meichun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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14
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Qiu M, Zheng S, Li P, Tang L, Xu Q, Weng S. Detection of 1-OHPyr in human urine using SERS with injection under wet liquid-liquid self-assembled films of β-CD-coated gold nanoparticles and deep learning. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122238. [PMID: 36592595 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), a typical hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OH-PAH), has been commonly regarded as a urinary biomarker for assessing human exposure and health risks of PAHs. Herein, a fast and sensitive method was developed for the determination of 1-OHPyr in urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with deep learning (DL). After emulsification, urinary 1-OHPyr was separated using simple liquid-liquid extraction. Gold nanoparticles with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD@AuNPs) were synthesized, and homogeneous and ordered β-CD@AuNP films were prepared through a liquid-liquid interface self-assembly process. The separated 1-OHPyr was injected under wet assembled films for SERS detection. Concentration as low as 0.05 μg mL-1 of 1-OHPyr in urine could still be detected, and the relative standard deviation was 5.5 %, and this was ascribed to the adsorption of β-CD and the high-probability contact between 1-OHPyr molecules and the nanogap of assembled films under the action of capillary force. Meanwhile, a convolutional neural network (CNN), a classical DL network architecture, was adopted to build the prediction model, and the model was further simplified by genetic algorithm (GA). CNN combined with a GA obtained optimized results with determination coefficient and a root mean square error of prediction sets of 0.9639 and 0.6327, respectively, outperforming other models. Overall, the proposed method achieves fast and accurate detection of 1-OHPyr in urine, improves the assessment human exposure to PAHs and is expected to have applications in the analysis of other OH-PAHs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Qiu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouguo Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China; Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an 237100, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an 237100, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Kitaw SL, Birhan YS, Tsai HC. Plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering nano-substrates for detection of anionic environmental contaminants: Current progress and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115247. [PMID: 36640935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique of vibrational spectroscopy based on the inelastic scattering of incident photons by molecular species. It has unique properties such as ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, non-destructivity, speed, and fingerprinting properties for analytical and sensing applications. This enables SERS to be widely used in real-world sample analysis and basic plasmonic mechanistic studies. However, the desirable properties of SERS are compromised by the high cost and low reproducibility of the signals. The development of multifunctional, stable and reusable nano-engineered SERS substrates is a viable solution to circumvent these drawbacks. Recently, plasmonic SERS active nano-substrates with various morphologies have attracted the attention of researchers due to promising properties such as the formation of dense hot spots, additional stability, tunable and controlled morphology, and surface functionalization. This comprehensive review focused on the current advances in the field of SERS active nanosubstrates suitable for the detection and quantification of anionic environmental pollutants. The common fabrication methods, including the techniques for morphological adjustments and surface modification, substrate categories, and the design of nanotechnologically fabricated plasmonic SERS substrates for anion detection are systematically presented. Here, the need for the design, synthesis, and functionalization of SERS nano-substrates for anions of great environmental importance is explained in detail. In addition, the broad categories of SERS nano-substrates, namely colloid-based SERS substrates and solid-support SERS substrates are discussed. Moreover, a brief discussion of SERS detection of certain anionic pollutants in the environment is presented. Finally, the prospects in the fabrication and commercialization of pilot-scale handheld SERS sensors and the construction of smart nanosubstrates integrated with novel amplifying materials for the detection of anions of environmental and health concern are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Leshe Kitaw
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Jin R, Liu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Lin B, Liu Y, Qi Z, Zheng M. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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García-García S, Matilla-González H, Peña J, del Nogal Sánchez M, Casas-Ferreira AM, Pérez Pavón JL. Determination of Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine Using Automated Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013089. [PMID: 36293669 PMCID: PMC9602966 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A fast methodology for the determination of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine using a fully automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer is reported. Sample preparation requires simple hydrolysis, centrifugation, filtration, and dilution. The method does not require a derivatization step prior to analysis with gas chromatography and allows the measurement of up to three samples per hour after hydrolysis. Quantitation is carried out by a one-point standard addition allowing the determination of 6 analytes with good limits of detection (10.1-39.6 ng L-1 in water and 0.5-19.4 µg L-1 in urine), accuracy (88-110%) and precision (2.1-23.4% in water and 5.1-19.0% in urine) values. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six urine samples (three from smoker and three from non-smoker subjects), finding significant differences between both types of samples. Results were similar to those found in the literature for similar samples, which proves the applicability of the methodology.
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18
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang B, Liu S, Wen M, Bao L, Jiang L. Development of a highly efficient in-tube solid-phase microextraction system coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS for analyzing trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:919-928. [PMID: 34923746 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered active mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are found in extremely low levels (ng/g) in biological samples. As a result, their determination in urine and blood samples is challenging, and a sensitive and effective method for the analysis of trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex biological matrices is required. In this work, a novel macroporous in-tube solid-phase microextraction monolith was prepared via a thiol-yne click reaction, and a highly efficient analytical method based on in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS was developed to determine hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with low detection limits of 0.137-11.0 ng/L in complex biological samples. Four hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, namely, 2-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and 6-hydroxychrysene, were determined in the urine samples of smokers, non-smokers, and whole blood samples of mice. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved in the range of 83.1-113% with relative standard deviations of 3.2-9.7%. It was found that implementation of the macroporous monolith gave a highly efficient approach for enriching trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Zhang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Bingnian Yang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wen
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Linchun Bao
- Clinical Laboratory, Qian Xi Nan People's Hospital, Xingyi, P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food and Environment Pollution of Qian Xi Nan, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, P. R. China
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19
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Rapid and sensitive SERS detection of food contaminants by using nano-Ag aggregates with controllable hydrophobicity. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Yeo J, Lee D, Pang Y. Surface adsorption of hydroxyanthraquinones on CTAB-modified gold nanosurfaces. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119408. [PMID: 33433377 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanosurfaces are widely applied to the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of the biological systems. The surface modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is often required when the analytes do not efficiently adsorb on the surface. In this paper, an aggregation of AuNPs with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was introduced for the efficient surface adsorption and strong SERS enhancement for a number of hydroxyanthraquinones (HAQs). The SERS of HAQs including 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone (alizarin) were strongly enhanced with CTAB-modified AuNPs and deprotonation of alizarin was clearly observed upon the pH change. The CTAB-modified AuNPs are regarded as efficient SERS substrates for many biological molecules with weak surface adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Daedu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Li R, Chen M, Yang H, Hao N, Liu Q, Peng M, Wang L, Hu Y, Chen X. Simultaneous In Situ Extraction and Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Colloidal Gold Superparticles for SERS Detection of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4657-4665. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Miao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Naiying Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Mei Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuyang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
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22
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Wang S, Sun B, Feng J, An F, Li N, Wang H, Tian M. Development of affinity between target analytes and substrates in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for environmental pollutant detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5657-5670. [PMID: 33226038 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has long been a social concern due to the variety of pollutants and their wide distribution, persistence and being detrimental to health. It is therefore necessary to develop rapid and sensitive strategies to trace and detect these compounds. Among various detection methodologies, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become an attractive option as it enables accurate analyte identification, simple sample preparation, rapid detection and ultra-high sensitivity without any interference from water. For SERS detection, an essential yet challenging step is the effective capture of target analytes onto the surface of metal nanostructures with a high intensity of enhanced electromagnetic field. This review has systematically summarized recent advances in developing affinity between targets and the surface of SERS substrates via direct adsorption, hydrophobic functional groups, boronate affinity, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), DNA aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). At the end of this review, technical limitations and outlook have been provided, with suggestions on optimizing SERS techniques for real-world applications in environmental pollutant detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei An
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haozhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
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23
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Zhang Y, Li L, Gao Y, Wang X, Sun L, Ji W, Ozaki Y. Nitrosonaphthol reaction-assisted SERS assay for selective determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Zhang D, Hao R, Zhang L, You H, Fang J. Ratiometric Sensing of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Capturing Ligand Functionalized Mesoporous Au Nanoparticles as a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11366-11373. [PMID: 32877608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The absorption behavior between plasmonic nanostructures and a target molecule plays key roles in effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. However, for analytes with low surface affinity to the metallic surface, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it remains challenging to observe the enhanced Raman signal. In this work, we reported a ratiometric SERS strategy for sensitive PAH detection through the surface functionalization of 3D ordered mesoporous Au nanoparticles (meso-Au NPs). By employing mono-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (HS-β-CD) as capture ligands, the hydrophobic molecules, e.g., anthracene, could be effectively absorbed on the meso-Au NP surface via a host-guest interaction. Besides, a hydrophobic slippery surface is used as a concentrator to deliver and enrich the Au/analyte droplets into a small area. Consequently, the detection limits of anthracene and naphthalene are down to 1 and 10 ppb. The improved SERS enhancement is mainly ascribed to the host-guest effect of HS-β-CD ligands, large surface area and high-density of sub-10 nm mesopores of Au networks, as well as the enrichment effect of hydrophobic slippery surface. Moreover, the HS-β-CD (480 cm-1 band) could serve as an internal standard, leading to the ratiometric determination of anthracene ranging from 1 ppm to 1 ppb. The proposed surface modification strategy in combination with the hydrophobic slippery surface shows great potential for active capture and trace detection of persistent organic pollutants in real-world SERS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann xi 710049, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann xi 710049, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann xi 710049, China
| | - Hongjun You
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann xi 710049, China
| | - Jixiang Fang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann xi 710049, China
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Xu C, Xu K, Yuan XL, Ren GW, Wang XQ, Li W, Deng N, Wang XF, Zhang P. Characterization of diketopiperazine heterodimers as potential chemical markers for discrimination of two dominant black aspergilli, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112399. [PMID: 32408190 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black aspergilli are distributed worldwide and represent one of the most prolific sources of metabolites with biomedical and agrochemical interests. However, due to their similar morphological characteristics and insufficient molecular identification, the taxonomic classification of black aspergilli remains ill-defined. The production of specialised metabolites is often unique for species among black aspergilli and could be used as diagnostic chemical markers for species identification. In this study, chemical investigation of Aspergillus tubingensis OUCMBIII 143291 led to the discovery of the diagnostic chemical marker asperazine, a complex diketopiperazine heterodimer, as well as two previously undescribed analogues, asperazine B and C. In addition, an undescribed 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-one-containing amide, pestalamide D, along with four known related metabolites were isolated. Their chemical structures, including their absolute configurations, were established on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis and chiral HPLC analysis of the acidic hydrolysates. Asperazines B and C can serve as potential chemical markers for distinguishing A. tubingensis from A. niger, two representative species of black aspergilli that are usually incorrectly identified. Moreover, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi including Alternaria alternata, A. brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Fusarium oxysporum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Penicillium digitatum, and Valsa mali. Pestalamide D exhibited significant activities against B. cinerea, C. lagenarium, and V. mali, with MIC values of 4, 8, and 8 μg/mL, respectively, compared with the positive controls carbendazim (MICs = 8, 4, and 4 μg/mL) and prochloraz (MICs = 8, 8, and 4 μg/mL). The results of this study reveal two additional chemical markers and provide a powerful tool for the rapid identification of black aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kuo Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Wei Ren
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Deng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Sun L, Zhu S, Zheng Z, Sun J, Zhao XE, Liu H. 9-Plex ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of free hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Kang Y, Yang F, Wu T, Lu S, Du Y, Yang H. The laser-triggered dynamical plasmonic optical trapping of targets and advanced Raman detection sensitivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13157-13160. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04726k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targets can be captured at hot spots during the laser-induced agglomeration of AgNPs via dynamical plasmonic optical trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Center of Analysis and Test
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Huadong Hospital
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ting Wu
- Center of Analysis and Test
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Siqian Lu
- Center of Analysis and Test
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yiping Du
- Center of Analysis and Test
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
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28
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Ye Z, Li C, Chen Q, Xu Y, Bell SEJ. Ultra-Stable Plasmonic Colloidal Aggregates for Accurate and Reproducible Quantitative SE(R)RS in Protein-Rich Biomedia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:19054-19059. [PMID: 31652024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Au/Ag colloids aggregated with simple salts are amongst the most commonly used substrates in surface-enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy (SE(R)RS). However, salt-induced aggregation is a dynamic process, which means that SE(R)RS enhancements vary with time and that measurements therefore need to be taken at a fixed time point, normally within a short time-window of a few minutes. Here, we present an emulsion templated method which allows formation of densely-packed quasi-spherical Au/Ag colloidal aggregates. Since the particles in the product aggregates retain their weakly adsorbed charged ligands and the ionic strength remains low these charged aggregates resist further aggregation while still providing intense SE(R)RS enhancement which remains stable for days. This eliminates a major source of irreproducibility in conventional colloidal SE(R)RS measurements and paves the way for SE(R)RS analysis in complex systems, such as protein-rich bio-solutions where conventional aggregated colloids fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chunchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Qinglu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yikai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Steven E J Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
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29
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Ye Z, Li C, Chen Q, Xu Y, Bell SEJ. Ultra‐Stable Plasmonic Colloidal Aggregates for Accurate and Reproducible Quantitative SE(R)RS in Protein‐Rich Biomedia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University of Belfast University Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Chunchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University of Belfast University Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Qinglu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University of Belfast University Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Yikai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University of Belfast University Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Steven E. J. Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University of Belfast University Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
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