1
|
Czarnota M, Mames A, Pietrzak M, Jopa S, Theiß F, Buntkowsky G, Ratajczyk T. A Straightforward Method for the Generation of Hyperpolarized Orthohydrogen with a Partially Negative Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202309188. [PMID: 37727926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen molecule, which exists in two spin isomers (ortho- and parahydrogen), is a highly studied system due to its fundamental properties and practical applications. Parahydrogen is used for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance signal enhancement, which is hyperpolarization of other molecules, including biorelevant ones. Hyperpolarization can be achieved by using Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE). SABRE can also convert parahydrogen into orthohydrogen, and surprisingly, in some cases, it has been discovered that orthohydrogen's resonance has the Partially Negative Line (PNL) pattern. Here, an approach for obtaining orthohydrogen with a PNL signal is presented for two catalysts: Ir-IMes, and Ir-IMesBn. The type of solvent in which SABRE is conducted is crucial for the observation of PNL. Specifically, a PNL signal can be easily generated in benzene using both catalysts, but it is more intense for Ir-IMesBn. In acetone, PNL is observed only for Ir-IMesBn. In methanol, no PNL is detected. The PNL effect is only detectable during the initial steps of pre-catalyst activation, and disappears as the activation process progresses. We have proposed a working hypothesis that explains our results. The presented data may facilitate the further investigation of PNL and its applications in material science and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Czarnota
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pietrzak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jopa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franziska Theiß
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong HJ, Min S, Baek J, Kim J, Chung J, Jeong K. Real-Time Reaction Monitoring of Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions Using Benchtop NMR-Based Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE). ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:134-142. [PMID: 37090259 PMCID: PMC10120034 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rufinamide, possessing a triazole ring, is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) relatively well-absorbed in the lower dose range (10 mg/kg per day) and is currently being used in antiepileptic medications. Triazole derivatives can interact with various enzymes and receptors in biological systems via diverse non-covalent interactions, thus inducing versatile biological effects. Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) is a significant method for obtaining triazoles, even under physiological conditions, in the absence of a copper catalyst. To confirm the progress of chemical reactions under biological conditions, research on reaction monitoring at low concentrations is essential. This promising strategy is gaining acceptance for applications in fields such as drug development and nanoscience. We investigated the optimum Ir catalyst and magnetic field for achieving maximum proton hyperpolarization transfer in triazole derivatives. These reactions were analyzed using signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) to overcome the limitations of low sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, when monitoring copper-free click reactions in real time. Finally, a more versatile copper-catalyzed click reaction was monitored in real time, using a 60 MHz benchtop NMR system, in order to analyze the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sein Min
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Juhee Baek
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Jean Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military
Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saul P, Schröder L, Schmidt AB, Hövener JB. Nanomaterials for hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1879. [PMID: 36781151 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an important role in the development and application of hyperpolarized materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this context they can not only act as hyperpolarized materials which are directly imaged but also play a role as carriers for hyperpolarized gases and catalysts for para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) to generate hyperpolarized substrates for metabolic imaging. Those three application possibilities are discussed, focusing on carbon-based materials for the directly imaged particles. An overview over recent developments in all three fields is given, including the early developments in each field as well as important steps towards applications in MRI, such as making the initially developed methods more biocompatible and first imaging experiments with spatial resolution in either phantoms or in vivo studies. Focusing on the important features nanomaterials need to display to be applicable in the MRI context, a wide range of different approaches to that extent is covered, giving the reader a general idea of different possibilities as well as recent developments in those different fields of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown E, Mandzhieva I, TomHon PM, Theis T, Castellano FN. Triplet Photosensitized para-Hydrogen Induced Polarization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1548-1556. [PMID: 36439314 PMCID: PMC9686209 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite its enormous utility in structural characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is inherently limited by low spin polarization. One method to address the low polarization is para-hydrogen (p-H2) induced polarization (PHIP) which uses the singlet spin isomer of H2 to generate disparate nuclear spin populations to amplify the associated NMR signals. PHIP often relies on thermal catalysis or, more infrequently, UV-activated catalytic hydrogenation. Light-activated hydrogenation enables direct and timed control over the hyperpolarization of target substrates, critical for identifying short-lived intermediates. Here, we use an established Ir(III) triplet photosensitizer (PS) to visible light sensitize the triplet ligand-field states in the d6-transition metal dihydride Ru(CO)(PPh3)3(H)2 (1). Excitation inside a 9.4 T NMR spectrometer with the PS and a 420 nm blue LED, under 3 atm of p-H2, successfully photosensitized hyperpolarization in 1 and in a range of unsaturated substrates at and below room temperature, up to 1630-fold. In otherwise identical experimental conditions without light activation, no polarization was realized in 1 or the substrates evaluated. We believe triplet-sensitized PHIP (Trip-PHIP) represents a facile experimental means for probing triplet sensitized light activation in transition metal catalysts possessing low-lying triplet ligand-field states, providing mechanistic insight of potentially tremendous value in chemical catalysis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Salnikov OG, Burueva DB, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV. Mechanisms of Methylenecyclobutane Hydrogenation over Supported Metal Catalysts Studied by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization Technique. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200072. [PMID: 35099100 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work the mechanism of methylenecyclobutane hydrogenation over titania-supported Rh, Pt and Pd catalysts was investigated using parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) technique. It was found that methylenecyclobutane hydrogenation leads to formation of a mixture of reaction products including cyclic (1-methylcyclobutene, methylcyclobutane), linear (1-pentene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, pentane) and branched (isoprene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, isopentane) compounds. Generally, at lower temperatures (150-350 °C) the major reaction product was methylcyclobutane while higher temperature of 450 °C favors formation of branched products isoprene, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. PHIP effects were detected for all reaction products except methylenecyclobutane isomers 1-methylcyclobutene and isoprene implying that the corresponding compounds can incorporate two atoms from the same parahydrogen molecule in a pairwise manner in the course of the reaction in particular positions. The mechanisms were proposed for the formation of these reaction products based on PHIP results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, 3A Institutskaya street, 630090, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dudari B Burueva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS: Mezdunarodnyj tomograficeskij centr SO RAN, Laboratory of magnetic resonance microimaging, 630090, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Larisa M Kovtunova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS: FGBUN Institut kataliza im G K Boreskova Sibirskogo otdelenia Rossijskoj akademii nauk, Department of physico-chemical methods of research, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS: FGBUN Institut kataliza im G K Boreskova Sibirskogo otdelenia Rossijskoj akademii nauk, Administration, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS: Mezdunarodnyj tomograficeskij centr SO RAN, Laboratory of magnetic resonance microimaging, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS: Mezdunarodnyj tomograficeskij centr SO RAN, Laboratory of magnetic resonance microimaging, Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt AB, Bowers CR, Buckenmaier K, Chekmenev EY, de Maissin H, Eills J, Ellermann F, Glöggler S, Gordon JW, Knecht S, Koptyug IV, Kuhn J, Pravdivtsev AN, Reineri F, Theis T, Them K, Hövener JB. Instrumentation for Hydrogenative Parahydrogen-Based Hyperpolarization Techniques. Anal Chem 2022; 94:479-502. [PMID: 34974698 PMCID: PMC8784962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Schmidt
- Department of Radiology – Medical Physics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - C. Russell Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 2001 Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospect, 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Henri de Maissin
- Department of Radiology – Medical Physics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frowin Ellermann
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group Max Planck Institutefor Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Jule Kuhn
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Francesca Reineri
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Via Nizza 52, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Thomas Theis
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics and Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kolja Them
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pokochueva EV, Burueva DB, Salnikov OG, Koptyug IV. Heterogeneous Catalysis and Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1421-1440. [PMID: 33969590 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parahydrogen-induced polarization with heterogeneous catalysts (HET-PHIP) has been a subject of extensive research in the last decade since its first observation in 2007. While NMR signal enhancements obtained with such catalysts are currently below those achieved with transition metal complexes in homogeneous hydrogenations in solution, this relatively new field demonstrates major prospects for a broad range of advanced fundamental and practical applications, from providing catalyst-free hyperpolarized fluids for biomedical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to exploring mechanisms of industrially important heterogeneous catalytic processes. This review covers the evolution of the heterogeneous catalysts used for PHIP observation, from metal complexes immobilized on solid supports to bulk metals and single-atom catalysts and discusses the general visions for maximizing the obtained NMR signal enhancements using HET-PHIP. Various practical applications of HET-PHIP, both for catalytic studies and for potential production of hyperpolarized contrast agents for MRI, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Pokochueva
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dudari B Burueva
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song B, Choi D, Xin Y, Bowers CR, Hagelin‐Weaver H. Ultra‐Low Loading Pt/CeO
2
Catalysts: Ceria Facet Effect Affords Improved Pairwise Selectivity for Parahydrogen Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4038-4042. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Diana Choi
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song B, Choi D, Xin Y, Bowers CR, Hagelin‐Weaver H. Ultra‐Low Loading Pt/CeO
2
Catalysts: Ceria Facet Effect Affords Improved Pairwise Selectivity for Parahydrogen Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Diana Choi
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kovtunov KV, Salnikov OG, Skovpin IV, Chukanov NV, Burueva DB, Koptyug IV. Catalytic hydrogenation with parahydrogen: a bridge from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysis. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the essential themes in modern catalysis is that of bridging the gap between its homogeneous and heterogeneous counterparts to combine their individual advantages and overcome shortcomings. One more incentive can now be added to the list, namely the ability of transition metal complexes to provide strong nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal enhancement upon their use in homogeneous hydrogenations of unsaturated compounds with parahydrogen in solution. The addition of both H atoms of a parahydrogen molecule to the same substrate, a prerequisite for such effects, is implemented naturally with metal complexes that operate via the formation of a dihydride intermediate, but not with most heterogeneous catalysts. Despite that, it has been demonstrated in recent years that various types of heterogeneous catalysts are able to perform the required pairwise H2 addition at least to some extent. This has opened a major gateway for developing highly sensitive and informative tools for mechanistic studies of heterogeneous hydrogenations and other processes involving H2. Besides, production of catalyst-free fluids with NMR signals enhanced by 3-4 orders of magnitude is essential for modern applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including biomedical research and practice. The ongoing efforts to design heterogeneous catalysts which can implement the homogeneous (pairwise) hydrogenation mechanism are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , SB RAS , 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - Ivan V. Skovpin
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , SB RAS , 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - Nikita V. Chukanov
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - Dudari B. Burueva
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center , SB RAS , Institutskaya St. 3A , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 1 , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , SB RAS , 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. , Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|