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Lu G, Tang R, Nie J, Zhu X. Photocuring 3D Printing of Hydrogels: Techniques, Materials, and Applications in Tissue Engineering and Flexible Devices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300661. [PMID: 38271638 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, with sophisticated, delicate structures and biocompatibility, attracts significant attention by researchers and possesses promising application in the fields of tissue engineering and flexible devices. After years of development, photocuring 3D printing technologies and hydrogel inks make great progress. Herein, the techniques of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, including direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM), and two photon polymerization (TPP) are reviewed. Further, the raw materials for hydrogel inks (photocurable polymers, monomers, photoinitiators, and additives) and applications in tissue engineering and flexible devices are also reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruifen Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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2
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Curti C, Kirby DJ, Russell CA. Systematic screening of photopolymer resins for stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of solid oral dosage forms: Investigation of formulation factors on printability outcomes. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123862. [PMID: 38307399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing (3DP) is now in its golden age. Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the research in 3D printed pharmaceuticals due to their potential to deliver highly personalised medicines, thus revolutionising the way medicines are designed, manufactured, and dispensed. A particularly attractive 3DP technology used to manufacture medicines is stereolithography (SLA), which features key advantages in terms of printing resolution and compatibility with thermolabile drugs. Nevertheless, the enthusiasm for pharmaceutical SLA has not been followed by the introduction of novel excipients specifically designed for the fabrication of medicines; hence, the choice of biocompatible polymers and photoinitiators available is limited. This work provides an insight on how to maximise the usefulness of the limited materials available by evaluating how different formulation factors affect printability outcomes of SLA 3D printed medicines. 156 photopolymer formulations were systematically screened to evaluate the influence of factors including photoinitiator amount, photopolymer molecular size, and type and amount of liquid filler on the printability outcomes. Collectively, these factors were found highly influential in modulating the print quality of the final dosage forms. Findings provide enhanced understanding of formulation parameters informing the future of SLA 3D printed medicines and the personalised medicines revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Curti
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Daniel J Kirby
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Craig A Russell
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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3
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Ihlenburg RBJ, Petracek D, Schrank P, Davari MD, Taubert A, Rothenstein D. Identification of the First Sulfobetaine Hydrogel-Binding Peptides via Phage Display Assay. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200896. [PMID: 36703485 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using the M13 phage display, a series of 7- and 12-mer peptides which interact with new sulfobetaine hydrogels are identified. Two peptides each from the 7- and 12-mer peptide libraries bind to the new sulfobetaine hydrogels with high affinity compared to the wild-type phage lacking a dedicated hydrogel binding peptide. This is the first report of peptides binding to zwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogels and the study therefore opens up the pathway toward new phage or peptide/hydrogel hybrids with high application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona B J Ihlenburg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Petracek
- Department Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Schrank
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Rothenstein
- Department Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lin W, Wei X, Liu S, Zhang J, Yang T, Chen S. Recent Advances in Mechanical Reinforcement of Zwitterionic Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090580. [PMID: 36135292 PMCID: PMC9498500 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a nonspecific protein adsorption material, a strong hydration layer provides zwitterionic hydrogels with excellent application potential while weakening the interaction between zwitterionic units, leading to poor mechanical properties. The unique anti-polyelectrolyte effect in ionic solution further restricts the application value due to the worsening mechanical strength. To overcome the limitations of zwitterionic hydrogels that can only be used in scenarios that do not require mechanical properties, several methods for strengthening mechanical properties based on enhancing intermolecular interaction forces and polymer network structure design have been extensively studied. Here, we review the works on preparing tough zwitterionic hydrogel. Based on the spatial and molecular structure design, tough zwitterionic hydrogels have been considered as an important candidate for advanced biomedical and soft ionotronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sihang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Poly Pharm Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Tian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.C.)
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Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant component of mammalian extracellular matrices. As such, the development of materials that mimic the biological and mechanical properties of collagenous tissues is an enduring goal of the biomaterials community. Despite the development of molded and 3D printed collagen hydrogel platforms, their use as biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds is hindered by either low stiffness and toughness or processing complexity. Here, we demonstrate the development of stiff and tough biohybrid composites by combining collagen with a zwitterionic hydrogel through simple mixing. This combination led to the self-assembly of a nanostructured fibrillar network of collagen that was ionically linked to the surrounding zwitterionic hydrogel matrix, leading to a composite microstructure reminiscent of soft biological tissues. The addition of 5-15 mg mL-1 collagen and the formation of nanostructured fibrils increased the elastic modulus of the composite system by 40% compared to the base zwitterionic matrix. Most notably, the addition of collagen increased the fracture energy nearly 11-fold ([Formula: see text] 180 J m-2) and clearly delayed crack initiation and propagation. These composites exhibit elastic modulus ([Formula: see text] 0.180 MJ) and toughness ([Formula: see text]0.617 MJ m-3) approaching that of biological tissues such as articular cartilage. Maintenance of the fibrillar structure of collagen also greatly enhanced cytocompatibility, improving cell adhesion more than 100-fold with >90% cell viability.
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Wang Y, Yuan X, Yao B, Zhu S, Zhu P, Huang S. Tailoring bioinks of extrusion-based bioprinting for cutaneous wound healing. Bioact Mater 2022; 17:178-194. [PMID: 35386443 PMCID: PMC8965032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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Wang M, Huang H, Ma X, Huang C, Peng X. Copper metal-organic framework embedded carboxymethyl chitosan-g-glutathione/polyacrylamide hydrogels for killing bacteria and promoting wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:699-709. [PMID: 34331983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and its induced oxidative stress as major clinical challenge during wound healing call for an urgent response for the development of medical dressings with multi-functions, such as antioxidant and antibacterial. To meet this demand, copper metal organic framework nanoparticles (HKUST NPs) and carboxymethyl chitosan-g-glutathione (CMCs-GSH) were synthesized and characterized. By embedding HKUST NPs into PAM/CMCs-GSH hydrogel (AOH), we developed a novel hydrogel dressing (HKUST-Hs) with dual effects of antibacterial and antioxidant. The morphology, swelling behavior, oxidation resistance and antibacterial properties of HKUST-Hs were investigated as well as the slow-release behavior of copper ions. Full-thickness cutaneous wound model of rats was created to assess the promoting effect of HKUST-Hs on wound healing. We found that HKUST NPs could be well dispersed in HKUST-Hs by shielding the positive charge of copper ions, and thus copper ions released were uniformly distributed and chelated with CMCs-GSH to promote the swelling stability of HKUST-Hs. Also, HKUST-Hs exhibited good free radical scavenging ability in vitro antioxidant assay. Meanwhile, a gradient sustained-release system of copper ions was formed in HKUST-Hs owing to the inhibition of HKUST NPs to copper release and the chelation of CMCs-GSH, which effectively inhibited the explosive release of copper ions and prolonged the release period, thereby reducing cytotoxicity. In vitro antibacterial test demonstrated there was synergistic antibacterial effect between the slow-released copper ions and CMCs-GSH, which improved the antibacterial activity and antibacterial persistence of HKUST-Hs. Finally, HKUST-Hs accelerated wound healing in vivo by continuously killing bacteria and inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, PR China
| | - Huihua Huang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, PR China
| | - Chaokang Huang
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, PR China.
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Champion A, Metral B, Schuller A, Croutxé‐Barghorn C, Ley C, Halbardier L, Allonas X. A Simple and Efficient Model to Determine the Photonic Parameters of a Photopolymerizable Resin Usable in 3D Printing. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Champion
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
- Mäder Group 130 rue de la Mer Rouge 68200 Mulhouse France
| | - Boris Metral
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Schuller
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé‐Barghorn
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Lucile Halbardier
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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Muthukrishnan L. Imminent antimicrobial bioink deploying cellulose, alginate, EPS and synthetic polymers for 3D bioprinting of tissue constructs. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117774. [PMID: 33712131 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
3D printing, one of its kinds has been a recent technological trend to fabricate complex and patterned biomaterial with controlled precision. With the conventional kick-start of printing metals and plastics, advancements in printing viable cells, polysaccharides or microbes themselves have been achieved. The additive antimicrobial properties in bioinks sourced from organic and inorganic materials have profound implications in tissue engineering. Cellulose, alginate, exopolysaccharides, ceramics and synthetic polymers are integrated as a viable component in inks and used for bio-printing. To date, bacterial infection and immunogenicity pose a potential health risk during a tissue implant or bone substitution. In order to mitigate microbial infection, antimicrobial bioinks with significant antimicrobial potential have been the much sought after strategies. This approach could be an effective frontline defense against microbial interference in tissue engineering and biomedical applications. An overview on the antimicrobial potential of polysaccharides as bioinks for 3D bioprinting has been critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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Liu H, Zhang H, Han W, Lin H, Li R, Zhu J, Huang W. 3D Printed Flexible Strain Sensors: From Printing to Devices and Signals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004782. [PMID: 33448066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The revolutionary and pioneering advancements of flexible electronics provide the boundless potential to become one of the leading trends in the exploitation of wearable devices and electronic skin. Working as substantial intermediates for the collection of external mechanical signals, flexible strain sensors that get intensive attention are regarded as indispensable components in flexible integrated electronic systems. Compared with conventional preparation methods including complicated lithography and transfer printing, 3D printing technology is utilized to manufacture various flexible strain sensors owing to the low processing cost, superior fabrication accuracy, and satisfactory production efficiency. Herein, up-to-date flexible strain sensors fabricated via 3D printing are highlighted, focusing on different printing methods based on photocuring and materials extrusion, including Digital Light Processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW). Sensing mechanisms of 3D printed strain sensors are also discussed. Furthermore, the existing bottlenecks and future prospects are provided for further progressing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruizi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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12
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Riboflavin-mediated radical polymerization – Outlook for eco-friendly synthesis of functional materials. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Song Y, Wang B, Altemose P, Kowall C, Li L. 3D-Printed Membranes with a Zwitterionic Hydrogel Coating for More Robust Oil–Water Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Song
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Bingchen Wang
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Patrick Altemose
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Cliff Kowall
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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