1
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Evans MJ, Mullins J, Mondal R, Jones C. Reductions of Arenes using a Magnesium-Dinitrogen Complex. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401005. [PMID: 38622992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, we present "Birch-type", and other reductions of simple arenes by the potassium salt of an anionic magnesium dinitrogen complex, [{K(TCHPNON)Mg}2(μ-N2)] (TCHPNON=4,5-bis(2,4,6-tricyclohexylanilido)-2,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene), which acts as a masked dimagnesium(I) diradical in these reactions. This reagent is non-hazardous, easy-to-handle, and in some cases provides access to 1,4-cyclohexadiene reduction products under relatively mild reaction conditions. This system works effectively to reduce benzene, naphthalene and anthracene through magnesium-bound "Birch-type" reduction intermediates. Cyclohexadiene products can be subsequently released from the magnesium centres by protonolysis with methanol. In contrast, the reduction of substituted arenes is less selective and involves competing reaction pathways. For toluene and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, the structural authentication of "Birch-type" reduction intermediates is conclusive, although the formation of corresponding 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives was low yielding. Reduction of anisole did not yield an isolable "Birch-type" intermediate, but instead gave a C-O activation product. Treating triphenylphosphine with [{K(TCHPNON)Mg}2(μ-N2)] resulted in the extrusion of both biphenyl and dinitrogen to afford a magnesium(II) phosphanide [{K(TCHPNON)Mg(μ-PPh2)}2]. Reduction of fluorobenzene proceeded via C-F activation of the arene, and isolation of the magnesium(II) fluoride [{K(TCHPNON)Mg(μ-F)}2]. Finally, the two-electron reduction of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) with [{K(TCHPNON)Mg}2(μ-N2)] yielded a complex, [{K(TCHPNON)Mg}2(μ-COT)], incorporating the aromatic dianion (COT2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, 3800, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Mullins
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, 3800, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, 3800, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, 3800, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Bourne C, Dong H, McKain K, Mayer LC, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Stasch A. Alkyl backbone variations in common β-diketiminate ligands and applications to N-heterocyclic silylene chemistry. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9887-9895. [PMID: 38807511 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the extension of the common β-diketimine proligand class, RArnacnacH (HC(RCNAr)2H), where R is an alkyl group such as Et or iPr, plus Ph, and Ar is a sterically demanding aryl substituent such as Dip = 2,6-diispropylphenyl, Dep = 2,6-diethylphenyl, Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl or mesityl, Xyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl, via one-pot condensation procedures. When a condensation reaction is carried out using the chemical dehydrating agent PPSE (polyphosphoric acid trimethylsilylester), β-diketiminate phosphorus(V) products such as (iPrMesnacnac)PO2 can also be obtained, which can be converted to the respective proligand iPrMesnacnacH via alkaline hydrolysis. The RArnacnacH proligands can be converted to their alkali metal complexes with common methods and we have found that deprotonation of iPrDipnacnacH is significantly more sluggish than that of related β-diketimines with smaller backbone alkyl groups. The basicity of the RArnacnac- anions can play a role in the success of their salt metathesis chemistry and we have prepared and structurally characterised the EtDipnacnac-derived silicon(II) compounds (EtDipnacnac)SiBr and (EtDipnacnac')Si, where EtDipnacnac' is the deprotonated variant MeCHC(NDip)CHC(NDip)Et.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Bourne
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Katharine McKain
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Lena C Mayer
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Aidan P McKay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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3
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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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4
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Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Richards E. [{SiN Dipp}MgNa] 2: A Potent Molecular Reducing Agent. Organometallics 2024; 43:879-888. [PMID: 38665773 PMCID: PMC11041119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The bimetallic species, [{SiNDipp}MgNa]2 [{SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2; (Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)], is shown to be a potent reducing agent, able to effect one- or two-electron reduction of either dioxygen, TEMPO, anthracene, benzophenone, or diphenylacetylene. In most cases, the bimetallic reaction products imply that the dissimilar alkaline metal centers react with a level of cooperativity. EPR analysis of the benzophenone-derived reaction and the concurrent isolation of [{SiNDipp}Mg(OCPh2)2], however, illustrate that treatment with such reducible, but O-basic, species can also result in reactivity in which the metals provide independent reaction products. The notable E-stereochemistry of the diphenylacetylene reduction product prompted a computational investigation of the PhC≡CPh addition. This analysis invokes a series of elementary steps that necessitate ring-opening via Mg+ → Na+ amido group migration of the SiNDipp ligand, providing insight into the previously observed lability of the bidentate dianion and its consequent proclivity toward macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Samuel E. Neale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Emma Richards
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
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5
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Pearce KG, Hill MS, Mahon MF. Cesium Reduction of a Lithium Diamidochloroberyllate. Organometallics 2024; 43:432-437. [PMID: 38362487 PMCID: PMC10865438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature reaction of elemental cesium with the dimeric lithium chloroberyllate [{SiNDipp}BeClLi]2 [{SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2, where Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl, in C6D6 results in activation of the arene solvent. Although, in contrast to earlier observations of lithium and sodium metal reduction, the generation of a mooted cesium phenylberyllate could not be confirmed, this process corroborates a previous hypothesis that such beryllium-centered solvent activation also necessitates the formation of hydridoberyllium species. These observations are further borne out by the study of an analogous reaction performed in toluene, in which case the proposed generation of formally low oxidation state beryllium radical anion intermediates induces activation of a toluene sp3 C-H bond and the isolation of the polymeric cesium benzylberyllate, [Cs({SiNDipp}BeCH2C6H5)]∞.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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6
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Czernetzki C, Arrowsmith M, Endres L, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H. Tricoordinate Beryllium Radicals and Their Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2670-2678. [PMID: 38259240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of [(CAAC)Be(Dur)Br] (CAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene, Dur = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl = duryl) with lithium sand in diethyl ether yields the first neutral, tricoordinate, and moderately stable beryllium radical, [(CAAC)(Et2O)BeDur]• (2-Et2O), which undergoes a facile second one-electron reduction concomitant with the insertion of the beryllium center into the endocyclic C-NCAAC bond and a cyclopropane-forming C-H bond activation of an adjacent methyl group. In situ generation of 2-Et2O and addition of PMe3 yield the stable analogue, [(CAAC)(Me3P)BeDur]• (2-PMe3), which serves as a platform for PMe3-ligand exchange with stronger donors, generating the radicals [(CAAC)LBeDur]• (2-L, L = isocyanides, pyridines, and N-heterocyclic carbenes). X-ray structural analyses show trigonal-planar beryllium centers and strong π backbonding from the metal to the CAAC ligand. The EPR signals of all six isolated [(CAAC)LBeDur]• radicals display significant, albeit small, hyperfine coupling to the 9Be nucleus. DFT calculations show that the spin density is mostly delocalized over the CAAC π framework and, where present, the isocyanide CN moiety, with only a small proportion (3-6%) on the beryllium center. 2-PMe3 proved thermally unstable at 80 °C, first undergoing radical hydrogen abstraction with the solvent, followed by insertion of beryllium into the endocyclic C-NCAAC bond and PMe3 transfer to the former carbene carbon atom. The reactions with diphenyl disulfide and phenyl azide occur at the beryllium center and yield the corresponding Be(II) phenyl sulfide and amino complexes, respectively, the latter concomitant with radical transfer and hydrogen abstraction by the beryllium-bound nitrogen center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Czernetzki
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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7
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Kazaz S, Billeter E, Longo F, Borgschulte A, Łodziana Z. Why Hydrogen Dissociation Catalysts do not Work for Hydrogenation of Magnesium. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304603. [PMID: 38070182 PMCID: PMC10870026 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Provision of atomic hydrogen by hydrogen dissociation catalysts only moderately accelerates the hydrogenation rate of magnesium. They shed light on this well-known but technically challenging fact through a combined approach using an unconventional surface science technique together with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The calculations demonstrate the drastic electronic structure changes during transformation of Mg to MgH2 , which make fractional hydrogen coverage on the surface, as well as substoichiometric hydrogen content in the bulk energetically unfavorable. Reflecting Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS) is used to measure the surface and bulk plasmon during hydrogen sorption in magnesium. The measurements show that the hydrogenation proceeds via the growth of magnesium hydride without the presence of chemisorbed hydrogen on the metallic magnesium surface exactly as indicated by the calculations. This is due to the low stability of sub-stoichiometric amounts of chemisorbed H correlating with the unfavorable charge state of Mg. They are merely bound to the unchanged adjacent Mg layers, thereby explaining the failure of classical hydrogenation catalysts, which effectively only hydrogenate Mg in their direct vicinity. The acceleration of hydrogen sorption kinetics in Mg must affect the polarization in the interface between Mg and MgH2 during hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Kazaz
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical TechnologiesSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129DübendorfCH‐8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZürichCH‐8057Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Billeter
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical TechnologiesSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129DübendorfCH‐8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZürichCH‐8057Switzerland
| | - Filippo Longo
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical TechnologiesSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129DübendorfCH‐8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZürichCH‐8057Switzerland
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical TechnologiesSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EmpaÜberlandstrasse 129DübendorfCH‐8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZürichCH‐8057Switzerland
| | - Zbigniew Łodziana
- Institute of Nuclear PhysicsPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPL‐31342Poland
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8
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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9
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Boronski JT. Alkaline earth metals: homometallic bonding. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:33-39. [PMID: 38031468 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of alkaline earth metal complexes is undergoing a renaissance. Stable molecular species featuring Mg-Mg bonds were reported in 2007 and their reactivity has since been intensively investigated. Motivated by this work, efforts have also been devoted to the synthesis of complexes featuring Be-Be and Ca-Ca bonds. These collective endeavours have revealed that the chemistry of the group 2 metals is richer and more complex than had previously been appreciated. Here, a discussion of the nature of homometallic alkaline earth bonding is presented, recent synthetic advances are described, and future directions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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10
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Townrow OPE, Färber C, Zenneck U, Harder S. Metal Vapour Synthesis of an Organometallic Barium(0) Synthon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202318428. [PMID: 38078903 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A hydrocarbon-soluble barium anthracene complex was prepared by means of metal vapour synthesis. Reaction of 9,10-bis(trimethylsilyl)anthracene (Anth'') with barium vapour gave deep purple Ba(Anth'') which after extraction with diethyl ether crystallised as the cyclic octamer [Ba(Anth'')⋅Et2 O]8 . Dissolution in benzene or toluene led to replacement of the Et2 O ligand with a softer arene ligand and isolation of Ba(Anth'')⋅arene. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR ) measurements in benzene-d6 indicate solution species with a molecular weight that equals a trimeric constitution. Natural population analysis (NPA) assigned charges of +1.70 and -1.70 to Ba and Anth'', respectively, relating to highly ionic Ba2+ /Anth''2- bonding. Preliminary reactivity studies with air, Ph2 C=NPh, or H2 show that the complex reacts as a Ba0 synthon by release of neutral Anth''. This soluble molecular Ba0 /BaII redox synthon provides new routes for the syntheses of barium complexes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zenneck
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Li Y, Chen P, Zhu Q, Zhu C. Magnesium complexes supported by a dianionic double layer nitrogen-phosphorus ligand: a synthesis and reactivity study. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15467-15474. [PMID: 37486332 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
A heterobimetallic complex [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2MgLiCl(THF)]2 (1) supported by a dianionic double layer nitrogen-phosphorus ligand was synthesized by the reaction of H2L1 (H2L1 = MeN(CH2CH2NHPiPr)2) with MgCl2 in the presence of n-BuLi. Reactions of complex 1 with 2 equivalents of CuI, AgI and AuCl·SMe2 led to the formation of heterobimetallic clusters [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2MgCuI]2 (2), [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2MgAgI]2 (3) and [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2MgAuCl]2 (4), respectively. X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis revealed that these complexes are dimers, which are composed of two [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2Mg] units connected by coinage metals (i.e., Cu, Ag, and Au). The reactivity of 1 was further investigated and it was found that complex 1 could react with 4 equivalents of MeI, giving a complex [CH3N(CH2CH2NPiPr2Me)2MgI]+[I]- (5), which can be viewed as a magnesium complex supported by a neutral double layer nitrogen-phosphorus ligand (CH3N(CH2CH2NPiPr2Me)2). Complex 1 could also react with 2 equivalents of NaNH2, leading to the isolation of an amido anion bridged magnesium-sodium heterobimetallic cluster [MeN(CH2CH2NPiPr)2MgNaNH2]2 (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Polaczek J, Kieca K, Oszajca M, Impert O, Katafias A, Chatterjee D, Ćoćić D, Puchta R, Stochel G, Hubbard CD, van Eldik R. A Personal Account on Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms. CHEM REC 2023:e202300278. [PMID: 37821418 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The presented Review is focused on the latest research in the field of inorganic chemistry performed by the van Eldik group and his collaborators. The first part of the manuscript concentrates on the interaction of nitric oxide and its derivatives with biologically important compounds. We summarized mechanistic information on the interaction between model porphyrin systems (microperoxidase) and NO as well as the recent studies on the formation of nitrosylcobalamin (CblNO). The following sections cover the characterization of the Ru(II)/Ru(III) mixed-valence ion-pair complexes, including Ru(II)/Ru(III)(edta) complexes. The last part concerns the latest mechanistic information on the DFT techniques applications. Each section presents the most important results with the mechanistic interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kieca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Kraków, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Impert
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Debabrata Chatterjee
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
- Vice-Chancellor's Research Group, Zoology Department, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, India
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Central Institute for Scientific Computing (CISC), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 5a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Colin D Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824, USA
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
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13
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Burnett S, Ferns R, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Low-Coordinate Magnesium Sulfide and Selenide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16443-16450. [PMID: 37747417 PMCID: PMC10565804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2] 1 (iPrDipnacnac = HC(iPrCNDip)2) with Ph3P═O at 100 °C afforded the phosphinate complex [(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(OPPh3)(OPPh2)] 3. Reactions of 1 with Ph3P═E (E = S, Se) proceeded rapidly at room temperature to low-coordinate chalcogenide complexes [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-S)] 4 and [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-Se)] 5, respectively. Similarly, reactions of RNHC═S ((MeCNR)2C═S with R = Me, Et, or iPr) with 1 afforded NHC adducts of magnesium sulfide complexes, [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(RNHC)}(μ-S){Mg(iPrDipNacNac)}] 6, that could alternatively be obtained by adding the appropriate RNHC to sulfide complex 4. Complex 4 reacted with 1-adamantylazide (AdN3) to give [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-SN3Ad)] 7 and can form various simple donor adducts in solution, of which [(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(OAd)}2(μ-S)] 8a (OAd = 2-adamantanone) was structurally characterized. The nature of the ionic Mg-E-Mg unit is described by solution and solid-state studies of the complexes and by DFT computational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Rochelle Ferns
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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14
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Wu L, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chen L, Ren W. A 2,2'-bipyridyl calcium complex: synthesis, structure and reactivity studies. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7175-7181. [PMID: 37162257 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A 2,2'-bipyridyl calcium complex based on a tridentate ligand [CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]Ca(bipy)(THF) (1) was prepared by the reduction of {[CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]CaI(THF)}2 with potassium graphite in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy). Complex 1 is a good Ca(I)synthon, as shown by its reactivity with I2, PhCH2SSCH2Ph, PhCH2SeSeCH2Ph and 9-fluorenone, yielding the calcium iodide complex [CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]CaI(bipy) (2), calcium thiolate [CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]Ca(SCH2Ph)(bipy) (3), calcium selenolate [CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]Ca(SeCH2Ph)(bipy) (4), and calcium ketyl complex [CH3C(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2]Ca[O-(9-C13H8˙)](bipy)·2THF (5·2THF), respectively. In addition, reactions of complex 5 with CS2, CH2CHCH2Br and PhCH2Br give the corresponding dimeric bis(thiolate) complex {[S2CC(CMe(NAr))C(Me)NCH2CH2NMe2]Ca(DME)}2 (6), dimeric calcium bromide complex {[(9-CH2CHCH2-C13H8-9)-O]CaBr(THF)(bipy)}2 (7) and {[(9-C6H5CH2-C13H8-9)-O]CaBr[O-(9-C13H8)](bipy)}2 (8). These results demonstrated that the calcium ketyl complex 5 can also be employed as a single-electron transfer reagent. All the new compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, and their solid-state structures were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yumiao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wenshan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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15
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Buchner MR, Ćoćić D, Ivlev SI, Spang N, Müller M, Puchta R. Ligand exchange at tetra-coordinated beryllium centres. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5287-5296. [PMID: 36988038 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00713h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Mono and dinuclear phosphine complexes of beryllium halides [(PMe3)2BeX2], [(PMe3)BeX2]2 and [(PCy3)BeX2]2 (X = Cl, Br, I) were synthesised and characterised via NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Dissociation and ligand exchange processes at these complexes were investigated through variable temperature NMR experiments in combination with line shape analysis and complemented by quantum chemical calculations. The PMe3 dissociation energy is smallest in [(PMe3)2BeCl2], while PMe3 exchange is similar in energy in all mononuclear [(PMe3)2BeX2] complexes and follows an interchange mechanism. While [(PMe3)BeX2]2 dissociates homolytically, [(PCy3)BeX2]2 cleaves one phosphine ligand. These distinctive dissociation processes account for the different chemical behaviour of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Hauptgruppenmetallchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Hauptgruppenmetallchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nils Spang
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Hauptgruppenmetallchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Müller
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Hauptgruppenmetallchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Buchner MR, Müller M. Handling Beryllium, the Safe Way. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R. Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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17
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Pearce KG, Hill MS, Mahon MF. Beryllium-centred C-H activation of benzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1453-1456. [PMID: 36655412 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of BeCl2 with the dilithium diamide, [{SiNDipp}Li2] ({SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2), provides the dimeric chloroberyllate, [{SiNDippBeCl}Li]2, en route to the 2-coordinate beryllium amide, [SiNDippBe]. Lithium or sodium reduction of [SiNDippBe] in benzene, provides the relevant organoberyllate products, [{SiNDippBePh}M] (M = Li or Na), via the presumed intermediacy of transient Be(I) radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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18
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Mai J, Morasch M, Jędrzkiewicz D, Langer J, Rösch B, Harder S. Alkaline-Earth Metal Mediated Benzene-to-Biphenyl Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212463. [PMID: 36426597 PMCID: PMC10107259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (C6 H6 ), with a C6 H6 2- dianion bridging two Ca2+ ions, reacts with benzene to yield [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (biphenyl) with a bridging biphenyl2- dianion (DIPeP BDI=HC[C(Me)N-DIPeP]2 ; DIPeP=2,6-CH(Et)2 -phenyl). The biphenyl complex was also prepared by reacting [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (C6 H6 ) with biphenyl or by reduction of [(DIPeP BDI)CaI]2 with KC8 in presence of biphenyl. Benzene-benzene coupling was also observed when the deep purple product of ball-milling [(DIPP BDI)CaI(THF)]2 with K/KI was extracted with benzene (DIPP=2,6-CH(Me)2 -phenyl) giving crystalline [(DIPP BDI)Ca(THF)]2 (biphenyl) (52 % yield). Reduction of [(DIPeP BDI)SrI]2 with KC8 gave highly labile [(DIPeP BDI)Sr]2 (C6 H6 ) as a black powder (61 % yield) which reacts rapidly and selectively with benzene to [(DIPeP BDI)Sr]2 (biphenyl). DFT calculations show that the most likely route for biphenyl formation is a pathway in which the C6 H6 2- dianion attacks neutral benzene. This is facilitated by metal-benzene coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Morasch
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dawid Jędrzkiewicz
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Bastian Rösch
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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19
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Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Richards E. Reduction of Na + within a {Mg 2 Na 2 } Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213670. [PMID: 36382996 PMCID: PMC10107709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionic compounds containing sodium cations are notable for their stability and resistance to redox reactivity unless highly reducing electrical potentials are applied. Here we report that treatment of a low oxidation state {Mg2 Na2 } species with non-reducible organic bases induces the spontaneous and completely selective extrusion of sodium metal and oxidation of the MgI centers to the more conventional MgII state. Although these processes are also characterized by a structural reorganisation of the initially chelated diamide spectator ligand, computational quantum chemical studies indicate that intramolecular electron transfer is abetted by the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO/LUMO) of the {Mg2 Na2 } ensemble, which arise exclusively from the 3s valence atomic orbitals of the constituent sodium and magnesium atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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20
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Liu Y, Zhu K, Chen L, Liu S, Ren W. Azobenzenyl Calcium Complex: Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of a Ca(I) Synthon. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20373-20384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Song Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Wenshan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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21
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Obi AD, Freeman LA, Coates SJ, Alexis AJH, Frey NC, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. Carbene–Calcium Silylamides and Amidoboranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lucas A. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Samuel J. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew J. H. Alexis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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22
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204472. [PMID: 35762819 PMCID: PMC9541192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The new β‐diketimine iPrDipnacnacH, HC(iPrCNDip)2H, Dip=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3, was converted to the magnesium(I) complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2] and reaction with 2‐adamantanone (OAd) afforded the ketone‐1,2‐diide complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2(μ‐OAd)]. The complex contains the first stable dianion of an aliphatic ketone with an electropositive metal and shows an OAd2− unit with long C−O bond and pyramidal carbon centre. DFT studies reveal an anionic charge on both neighbouring C and O atoms. Reductions of aliphatic ketones with magnesium(I) complexes show that these likely proceed via highly reactive dianions and afforded a 1 : 1 mixture of an alkoxide and an enolate when an enolisable ketone was used, and rapid CH activations reactions, e.g., of stabilising ligand moieties, when non‐enolisable ketones were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Connor Bourne
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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23
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Inoue S, Melen RL, Harder S. Main Group Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Wales UK
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Alexander-Friedrich-University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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24
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Burnett S, de Vere-Tucker M, Davitt M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Ferns R, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Magnesium Complexes with Isomeric Pyrazol‐4‐ylidene and Imidazol‐2‐ylidene Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Stasch
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh KY169ST St Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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25
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Connor Bourne
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Tanja van Mourik
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andreas Stasch
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh KY169ST St Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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26
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Vos E, Yildiz CB, Corral I, Jana A, Salvador P, Andrada DM. The oxidation state in low-valent beryllium and magnesium compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6583-6591. [PMID: 35756523 PMCID: PMC9172369 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-valent group 2 (E = Be and Mg) stabilized compounds have been long synthetically pursued. Here we discuss the electronic structure of a series of Lewis base-stabilized Be and Mg compounds. Despite the accepted zero(0) oxidation state nature of the group 2 elements of some recent experimentally accomplished species, the analysis of multireference wavefunctions provides compelling evidence for a strong diradical character with an oxidation state of +2. Thus, we elaborate on the distinction between a description as a donor-acceptor interaction L(0) ⇆ E(0) ⇄ L(0) and the internally oxidized situation, better interpreted as a diradical L(-1) → E(+2) ← L(-1) species. The experimentally accomplished examples rely on the strengthened bonds by increasing the π-acidity of the ligand; avoiding this interaction could lead to an unprecedented low-oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain,General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madridc/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Aksaray UniversityHacilar harmani 268100 AksarayTurkey
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madridc/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad-500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
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27
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Efficient synthesis of α-Nitro-β-Dialdimine ligands via Equilibrium–Controlling approach. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Fabijanczuk KC, Altalhi WAO, Aldajani AMO, Canty AJ, McLuckey SA, O'Hair RAJ. Ion-pairs as a gateway to transmetalation: aryl transfer from boron to nickel and magnesium. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5699-5705. [PMID: 35323833 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-ion reactions between tris-1,10-phenantholine metal dications, [(phen)3M]2+ (where M = Ni and Mg), and the tetraphenylborate anion yield the ion-pairs {[(phen)3M]2+[BPh4]-}+. The ion-pairs undergo transmetalation upon loss of a phen ligand to give the organometallic complexes [(phen)2M(Ph)]+. DFT calculations, used to determine the energy barriers for the transmetalation reactions and the hydrolysis reactions, are entirely consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weam A O Altalhi
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Hotat Bani Tamim, 16511 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma M O Aldajani
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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29
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Jędrzkiewicz D, Mai J, Langer J, Mathe Z, Patel N, DeBeer S, Harder S. Access to a Labile Monomeric Magnesium Radical by Ball-Milling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200511. [PMID: 35108440 PMCID: PMC9306460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to isolate a monometallic Mg radical, the precursor (Am)MgI⋅(CAAC) (1) was prepared (Am=tBuC(N‐DIPP)2, DIPP=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl, CAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene). Reduction of a solution of 1 in toluene with the reducing agent K/KI led to formation of a deep purple complex that rapidly decomposed. Ball‐milling of 1 with K/KI gave the low‐valent MgI complex (Am)Mg⋅(CAAC) (2) which after rapid extraction with pentane and crystallization was isolated in 15 % yield. Although a benzene solution of 2 decomposes rapidly to give Mg(Am)2 (3) and unidentified products, the radical is stable in the solid state. Its crystal structure shows planar trigonal coordination at Mg. The extremely short Mg−C distance of 2.056(2) Å indicates strong Mg−CAAC bonding. Calculations and EPR measurements show that most of the spin density is in a π* orbital located at the C−N bond in CAAC, leading to significant C−N bond elongation. This is supported by calculated NPA charges in 2: Mg +1.73, CAAC −0.82. Similar metal‐to‐CAAC charge transfer was calculated for M0(CAAC)2 and [MI(CAAC)2+] (M=Be, Mg, Ca) complexes in which the metal charges range from +1.50 to +1.70. Although the spin density of the radical is mainly located at the CAAC ligand, complex 2 reacts as a low‐valent MgI complex: reaction with a I2 solution in toluene gave (Am)MgI⋅(CAAC) (1) as the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Jędrzkiewicz
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zachary Mathe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45472, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Neha Patel
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45472, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Jędrzkiewicz D, Mai J, Langer J, Mathe Z, Patel N, DeBeer S, Harder S. Access to a Labile Monomeric Magnesium Radical by Ball‐Milling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Jędrzkiewicz
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Zachary Mathe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 45472 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Neha Patel
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 45472 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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31
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Chapple P, Roisnel T, Cordier M, Carpentier JF, Sarazin Y. Heteroleptic Carbazolato-Barium Hydroborates and a Related Separated Ion Pair. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Synthesis of a Hexameric Magnesium 4-pyridyl Complex with Cyclohexane-like Ring Structure via Reductive C-N Activation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237214. [PMID: 34885796 PMCID: PMC8658945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [{(Arnacnac)Mg}2] (Arnacnac = HC{MeC(NAr)}2, Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Dip, or 2,6-diethylphenyl, Dep) with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) at elevated temperatures afforded the hexameric magnesium 4-pyridyl complex [{(Arnacnac)Mg(4-C5H4N)}6] via reductive cleavage of the DMAP C-N bond. The title compound contains a large s-block organometallic cyclohexane-like ring structure comprising tetrahedral (Arnacnac)Mg nodes and linked by linear 4-pyridyl bridging ligands, and the structure is compared with other ring systems. [(Dipnacnac)Mg(DMAP)(NMe2)] was structurally characterised as a by-product.
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33
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Görlich T, Frost DS, Boback N, Coles NT, Dittrich B, Müller P, Jones WD, Müller C. Photochemical C( sp)-C( sp2) Bond Activation in Phosphaalkynes: A New Route to Reactive Terminal Cyaphido Complexes L nM-C≡P. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19365-19373. [PMID: 34757730 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical activation of the C(sp)-C(sp2) bond in Pt(0)-η2-aryl-phosphaalkyne complexes leads selectively to coordination compounds of the type LnPt(aryl)(C≡P). The oxidative addition reaction is a novel, clean, and atom-economic route for the synthesis of reactive terminal Pt(II)-cyaphido complexes, which can undergo [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with organic azides, yielding the corresponding Pt(II)-triazaphospholato complexes. The C-C bond cleavage reaction is thermodynamically uphill. Upon heating, the reverse and quantitative reductive elimination toward the Pt(0)-phosphaalkyne-π-complex is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Görlich
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel S Frost
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Boback
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan T Coles
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Peter Müller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - William D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Liu HY, Schwamm RJ, Neale SE, Hill MS, McMullin CL, Mahon MF. Reductive Dimerization of CO by a Na/Mg(I) Diamide. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17851-17856. [PMID: 34652134 PMCID: PMC8554760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium reduction of [{SiNDipp}Mg] [{SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3] provides the Mg(I) species, [{SiNDipp}MgNa]2, in which the long Mg-Mg bond (>3.2 Å) is augmented by persistent Na-aryl interactions. Computational assessment indicates that this molecule is best considered to comprise a contiguous tetrametallic core, a viewpoint borne out by its reaction with CO, which results in ethynediolate formation mediated by the dissimilar metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ryan J. Schwamm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Samuel E. Neale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
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35
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Yuvaraj K, Paparo A, Matthews AJR, Jones C. Magnesium(I) Reduction of CO and N
2
Complexes of Cummins’ Molybdenum(III) Tris(anilide), [Mo(L){N(Ar’)Bu
t
}
3
] (L=CO or N
2
; Ar’=3,5‐dimethylphenyl). Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Albert Paparo
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 VIC 3800 Australia
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 VIC 3800 Australia
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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