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Chandran A, Dominique NL, Kaur G, Clark V, Nalaoh P, Ekowo LC, Jensen IM, Aloisio MD, Crudden CM, Arroyo-Currás N, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Forming N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers: not all deposition methods are the same. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:5413-5428. [PMID: 39895613 PMCID: PMC11788998 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr04428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are unrivaled in their ability to form persistent and tunable monolayers on noble metal surfaces, with disciplines from heterogeneous catalysis to microelectronics fabrication rapidly adopting this technology. It is currently assumed that different NHC monolayer preparation protocols yield equivalent surfaces; however, a direct comparison of the leading synthetic protocols is yet to validate this assumption. Herein, we explore the binding of NHC ligands to gold (Au) surfaces prepared using the five most common NHC deposition methods and discover significant differences in the resulting monolayer composition and structure. In this work, NHC-Au systems are prepared according to literature procedures starting from either the free carbene, the CO2 adduct, the bicarbonate salt, or the triflate salt. The resulting surfaces are characterized with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS), electrochemistry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These data indicate that the free carbene, vacuum annealing, and solvent annealing methods form chemisorbed NHC monolayers, as expected; however, the solution phase methods without annealing yield surfaces with a fundamentally different character. Although XPS is widely used to confirm the binding of NHCs to metal surfaces, it does not capture the differences in these deposition procedures and should be used with caution. Taken together, these results reveal a significant variation of the NHC surface structure as a function of deposition procedure and provide a critical benchmark to govern the design and preparation of future NHC monolayer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Chandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Nathaniel L Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Vincent Clark
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Lilian Chinenye Ekowo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Isabel M Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Mark D Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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3
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Chen R, Ma XH, Luo P, Gong CH, Sun JJ, Si YB, Dong XY, Pan F, Zang SQ. Atomically Precise Ternary Cluster: Polyoxometalate Cluster Sandwiched by Gold Clusters Protected by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408310. [PMID: 39210521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Coinage metal (Au, Ag, Cu) cluster and polyoxometalate (POM) cluster represent two types of subnanometer "artificial atoms" with significant potential in catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine. While composite clusters combining Ag/Cu clusters with POM have achieved considerable success, the assembly of gold clusters with POM is still lagging. Herein, we first designedly synthesized two cluster structural units: an Au3O cluster stabilized by diverse N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and an amine-terminated POM linker. The subsequent reaction involved amine substitution in the POM linker for the central O atom in the Au3O cluster, resulting in the first ternary composite cluster-a POM cluster sandwiched by two Au clusters protected by NHCs. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and other characteristic methods characterized their atomically precise structures. Furthermore, altering the NHC ligands decreased the number of gold atoms in the sandwich structures, accompanying the different protonated degrees of amine ligand in the terminal end of the POM linker. These composite clusters showed excellent performances in catalytic H2O2 conversion through the synergistic effect between gold clusters and POM clusters. This work opens a new avenue to functional composite metal clusters and would promote their enhanced catalysis applications through intercluster synergistic interactions within composite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Chun-Hua Gong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun-Jun Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Yu-Bing Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fangfang Pan
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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4
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Stefancu A, Aizpurua J, Alessandri I, Bald I, Baumberg JJ, Besteiro LV, Christopher P, Correa-Duarte M, de Nijs B, Demetriadou A, Frontiera RR, Fukushima T, Halas NJ, Jain PK, Kim ZH, Kurouski D, Lange H, Li JF, Liz-Marzán LM, Lucas IT, Meixner AJ, Murakoshi K, Nordlander P, Peveler WJ, Quesada-Cabrera R, Ringe E, Schatz GC, Schlücker S, Schultz ZD, Tan EX, Tian ZQ, Wang L, Weckhuysen BM, Xie W, Ling XY, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhou RY, Cortés E. Impact of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Catalysis. ACS NANO 2024; 18:29337-29379. [PMID: 39401392 PMCID: PMC11526435 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
Catalysis stands as an indispensable cornerstone of modern society, underpinning the production of over 80% of manufactured goods and driving over 90% of industrial chemical processes. As the demand for more efficient and sustainable processes grows, better catalysts are needed. Understanding the working principles of catalysts is key, and over the last 50 years, surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has become essential. Discovered in 1974, SERS has evolved into a mature and powerful analytical tool, transforming the way in which we detect molecules across disciplines. In catalysis, SERS has enabled insights into dynamic surface phenomena, facilitating the monitoring of the catalyst structure, adsorbate interactions, and reaction kinetics at very high spatial and temporal resolutions. This review explores the achievements as well as the future potential of SERS in the field of catalysis and energy conversion, thereby highlighting its role in advancing these critical areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Stefancu
- Nanoinstitute
Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia, Basque Country Spain
- Department
of Electricity and Electronics, University
of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia, Basque Country Spain
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- INSTM,
UdR Brescia, Via Branze
38, Brescia 25123, Italy
- Department
of Information Engineering (DII), University
of Brescia, Via Branze
38, Brescia 25123, Italy
- INO−CNR, Via Branze 38, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24−25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England U.K.
| | | | - Phillip Christopher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Miguel Correa-Duarte
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
- Biomedical
Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England U.K.
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Renee R. Frontiera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Tokyo, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Technical
University of Munich (TUM) and Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Prashant K. Jain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zee Hwan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Holger Lange
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- The Hamburg
Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State
Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College
of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Ivan T. Lucas
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, IMN, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Technical
University of Munich (TUM) and Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - William J. Peveler
- School of
Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ U.K.
| | - Raul Quesada-Cabrera
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Studies and Natural Resources
(i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Campus de Tafira, Las Palmas de GC 35017, Spain
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical
Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emily Xi Tan
- School of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State
Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College
of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Shanghai
Engineering Research Center for Multi-media Environmental Catalysis
and Resource Utilization, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory
for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory
of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize
Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China University of Science
and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P. R. China
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory
of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable
Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Rd. 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing Yi Ling
- School of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang, 637371, Singapore
- School
of
Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic
of China
- Lee Kong
Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Shanghai
Engineering Research Center for Multi-media Environmental Catalysis
and Resource Utilization, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory
for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory
of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize
Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China University of Science
and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key
Lab
of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and
Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nano Science
and Technology Institute, University of
Science and Technology of China (USTC), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ru-Yu Zhou
- State
Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College
of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitute
Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, 80539 Munich, Germany
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