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Liu WS, Ma JE, Li WX, Zhang JG, Wang J, Nie QH, Qiu FF, Fang MX, Zeng F, Wang X, Lin XR, Zhang L, Chen SH, Zhang XQ. The Long Intron 1 of Growth Hormone Gene from Reeves' Turtle (Chinemys reevesii) Correlates with Negatively Regulated GH Expression in Four Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:543. [PMID: 27077853 PMCID: PMC4848999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtles grow slowly and have a long lifespan. Ultrastructural studies of the pituitary gland in Reeves’ turtle (Chinemys reevesii) have revealed that the species possesses a higher nucleoplasmic ratio and fewer secretory granules in growth hormone (GH) cells than other animal species in summer and winter. C. reevesii GH gene was cloned and species-specific similarities and differences were investigated. The full GH gene sequence in C. reevesii contains 8517 base pairs (bp), comprising five exons and four introns. Intron 1 was found to be much longer in C. reevesii than in other species. The coding sequence (CDS) of the turtle’s GH gene, with and without the inclusion of intron 1, was transfected into four cell lines, including DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblasts, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney 293FT cells, and GH4C1 rat pituitary cells; the turtle growth hormone (tGH) gene mRNA and protein expression levels decreased significantly in the intron-containing CDS in these cell lines, compared with that of the corresponding intronless CDS. Thus, the long intron 1 of GH gene in Reeves’ turtle might correlate with downregulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jing-E Ma
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wei-Xia Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jin-Ge Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qing-Hua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Feng-Fang Qiu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Mei-Xia Fang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Fang Zeng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xi-Ran Lin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Shao-Hao Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xi-Quan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Brody MJ, Cho E, Mysliwiec MR, Kim TG, Carlson CD, Lee KH, Lee Y. Lrrc10 is a novel cardiac-specific target gene of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:237-46. [PMID: 23751912 PMCID: PMC3940241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac gene expression is precisely regulated and its perturbation causes developmental defects and heart disease. Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (Lrrc10) is a cardiac-specific factor that is crucial for proper cardiac development and deletion of Lrrc10 in mice results in dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanisms regulating Lrrc10 expression in cardiomyocytes remain unknown. Therefore, we set out to determine trans-acting factors and cis-elements critical for mediating Lrrc10 expression. We identify Lrrc10 as a transcriptional target of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. The Lrrc10 promoter region contains two highly conserved cardiac regulatory elements, which are functional in cardiomyocytes but not in fibroblasts. In vivo, Nkx2-5 and GATA4 endogenously occupy the proximal and distal cardiac regulatory elements of Lrrc10 in the heart. Moreover, embryonic hearts of Nkx2-5 knockout mice have dramatically reduced expression of Lrrc10. These data demonstrate the importance of Nkx2-5 and GATA4 in regulation of Lrrc10 expression in vivo. The proximal cardiac regulatory element located at around -200bp is synergistically activated by Nkx2-5 and GATA4 while the distal cardiac regulatory element present around -3kb requires SRF in addition to Nkx2-5 and GATA4 for synergistic activation. Mutational analyses identify a pair of adjacent Nkx2-5 and GATA binding sites within the proximal cardiac regulatory element that are necessary to induce expression of Lrrc10. In contrast, only the GATA site is functional in the distal regulatory element. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transcription factors Nkx2-5 and GATA4 cooperatively regulate cardiac-specific expression of Lrrc10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew R. Mysliwiec
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tae-gyun Kim
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Clayton D. Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center of Wisconsin, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Sharma V, McNeill JH. Parallel effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on cardiac function and fatty acid oxidation in the diabetic heart: Confronting the maze. World J Cardiol 2011; 3:281-302. [PMID: 21949571 PMCID: PMC3176897 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v3.i9.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disease process in which diabetes produces a direct and continuous myocardial insult even in the absence of ischemic, hypertensive or valvular disease. The β-blocking agents bisoprolol, carvedilol and metoprolol have been shown in large-scale randomized controlled trials to reduce heart failure mortality. In this review, we summarize the results of our studies investigating the effects of β-blocking agents on cardiac function and metabolism in diabetic heart failure, and the complex inter-related mechanisms involved. Metoprolol inhibits fatty acid oxidation at the mitochondrial level but does not prevent lipotoxicity; its beneficial effects are more likely to be due to pro-survival effects of chronic treatment. These studies have expanded our understanding of the range of effects produced by β-adrenergic blockade and show how interconnected the signaling pathways of function and metabolism are in the heart. Although our initial hypothesis that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation would be a key mechanism of action was disproved, unexpected results led us to some intriguing regulatory mechanisms of cardiac metabolism. The first was upstream stimulatory factor-2-mediated repression of transcriptional master regulator PGC-1α, most likely occurring as a consequence of the improved function; it is unclear whether this effect is unique to β-blockers, although repression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1 has not been reported with other drugs which improve function. The second was the identification of a range of covalent modifications which can regulate CPT-1 directly, mediated by a signalome at the level of the mitochondria. We also identified an important interaction between β-adrenergic signaling and caveolins, which may be a key mechanism of action of β-adrenergic blockade. Our experience with this labyrinthine signaling web illustrates that initial hypotheses and anticipated directions do not have to be right in order to open up meaningful directions or reveal new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Sharma
- Vijay Sharma, John H McNeill, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3.F, Canada
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Takami G, Ota M, Nakashima A, Kaneko YS, Mori K, Nagatsu T, Ota A. Effects of atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol on PC12 cells: only aripiprazole phosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1139-53. [PMID: 20686905 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
By converting changes in intracellular energy status to changes in cell membrane polarization, ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in hypothalamic appetite-regulating neurons play a critical role in linking neuronal electrochemical function, metabolic and energy status, and feeding behavior. Most atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) increase the appetite of patients with schizophrenia and thus cause obesity. This study aimed to explain the mechanism underlying AAP-induced appetite stimulation, based on the fact that the efficiency of fatty acid uptake into mitochondria generating ATP through β-oxidation is determined by the rate of fatty acid synthesis. Using PC12 cells exposed to clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and haloperidol, we measured intracellular ATP and mRNA and protein expression of enzymes and related substances involved in fatty acid synthesis and K(ATP) channel function. Forty-eight-hour treatment of cells with 50 μM aripiprazole in 5.6 mM glucose decreased intracellular ATP. Only 50 μM aripiprazole phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); none of the other antipsychotics did so to a detectable level. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, uncoupling protein 2, and sulfonylurea receptor 1 was unaffected by the antipsychotics, although expression of their mRNA was affected by AAPs. Pyrilamine (H(1) receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5HT(2) receptor antagonist), and raclopride (D(2) receptor antagonist) alone or in combination had no effect on expression of the aforementioned proteins. Therefore, although this study did not differentiate orexigenic and non-orexigenic AAPs, it suggests that aripiprazole is unique in its ability to activate AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Takami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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Sharma V, Dhillon P, Parsons H, Allard MF, McNeill JH. Metoprolol represses PGC1α-mediated carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B expression in the diabetic heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 607:156-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lockridge JB, Sailors ML, Durgan DJ, Egbejimi O, Jeong WJ, Bray MS, Stanley WC, Young ME. Bioinformatic profiling of the transcriptional response of adult rat cardiomyocytes to distinct fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1395-408. [PMID: 18387886 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700517-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia increase risk for cardiovascular disease, and expose the heart to high plasma fatty acid (FA) levels. Recent studies suggest that distinct FA species are cardiotoxic (e.g., palmitate), while others are cardioprotective (e.g., oleate), although the molecular mechanisms mediating these observations are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differential effects of distinct FA species (varying carbon length and degree of saturation) on adult rat cardiomyocyte (ARC) gene expression. ARCs were initially challenged with 0.4 mM octanoate (8:0), palmitate (16:0), stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), or linoleate (18:2) for 24 h. Microarray analysis revealed differential regulation of gene expression by the distinct FAs; the order regarding the number of genes whose expression was influenced by a specific FA was octanoate (1,188) > stearate (740) > palmitate (590) > oleate (83) > linoleate (65). In general, cardioprotective FAs (e.g., oleate) increased expression of genes promoting FA oxidation to a greater extent than cardiotoxic FAs (e.g., palmitate), whereas the latter induced markers of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis revealed distinct time- and concentration-dependent effects of these FA species, in a gene-specific manner. For example, stearate- and palmitate-mediated ucp3 induction tended to be transient (i.e., initial high induction, followed by subsequent repression), whereas oleate-mediated induction was sustained. These findings may provide insight into why diets high in unsaturated FAs (e.g., oleate) are cardioprotective, whereas diets rich in saturated FAs (e.g., palmitate) are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lockridge
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston TX, USA
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Camp S, De Jaco A, Zhang L, Marquez M, De La Torre B, Taylor P. Acetylcholinesterase expression in muscle is specifically controlled by a promoter-selective enhancesome in the first intron. J Neurosci 2008; 28:2459-70. [PMID: 18322091 PMCID: PMC2692871 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4600-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression is exquisitely regulated in target tissues and cells during differentiation. An intron located between the first and second exons governs a approximately 100-fold increase in AChE expression during myoblast to myotube differentiation in C2C12 cells. Regulation is confined to 255 bp of evolutionarily conserved sequence containing functional transcription factor consensus motifs that indirectly interact with the endogenous promoter. To examine control in vivo, this region was deleted by homologous recombination. The knock-out mouse is virtually devoid of AChE activity and its encoding mRNA in skeletal muscle, yet activities in brain and spinal cord innervating skeletal muscle are unaltered. The transcription factors MyoD and myocyte enhancer factor-2 appear to be responsible for muscle regulation. Selective control of AChE expression by this region is also found in hematopoietic lineages. Expression patterns in muscle and CNS neurons establish that virtually all AChE activity at the mammalian neuromuscular junction arises from skeletal muscle rather than from biosynthesis in the motoneuron cell body and axoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Camp
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
| | - Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
| | - Michael Marquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
| | - Brian De La Torre
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0650
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Dombrovsky A, Sobolev I, Chejanovsky N, Raccah B. Characterization of RR-1 and RR-2 cuticular proteins from Myzus persicae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:256-64. [PMID: 17196860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA library for Myzus persicae has served to identify sequences coding for cuticular proteins (CPs) with RR-1 and RR-2 consensus. Two putative CPs showed a common RR-2 chitin binding domain (CBD) but differed in their C and N terminals. Two other predicted CPs showed a typical RR-1 CBD but differed in size and sequence of the C and N terminals. An additional sequence encoding for a protein that showed terminal amino acid repeats similar to those of putative CPs from M. persicae, but lacked the R & R consensus, was also described. A comparison of the sequences obtained from the cDNA library with those attained from the genomic DNA, confirmed their identity as cuticular proteins genes. Presence of introns was revealed in the Mpcp4 and Mpcp5 genes coding for CPs with an RR-1 consensus. The Mpcp4 has a single large intron, while the Mpcp5 has two shorter ones. Introns were not found in the Mpcp2 and Mpcp3 genes encoding for CPs with RR-2 consensus. Differences were also noticed for 3' UTR and 5' UTR of both the RR-1 and RR-2 CPs. CPs genes were expressed in bacteria, and the resulting protein was identified as a CP by amino acid sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Dombrovsky
- The Volcani Center, Department of Virology, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Nocillado JN, Elizur A, Avitan A, Carrick F, Levavi-Sivan B. Cytochrome P450 aromatase in grey mullet: cDNA and promoter isolation; brain, pituitary and ovarian expression during puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 263:65-78. [PMID: 17079073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a study towards elucidating the role of aromatases during puberty in female grey mullet, the cDNAs of the brain (muCyp19b) and ovarian (muCyp19a) aromatase were isolated by RT-PCR and their relative expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The muCyp19a ORF of 1515bp encoded 505 predicted amino acid residues, while that of muCyp19b was 1485 bp and encoded 495 predicted amino acid residues. The expression level of muCyp19b significantly increased in the brain as puberty advanced; however, its expression level in the pituitary increased only slightly with pubertal development. In the ovary, the muCyp19a expression level markedly increased as puberty progressed. The promoter regions of the two genes were also isolated and their functionality evaluated in vitro using luciferase as the reporter gene. The muCyp19a promoter sequence (650 bp) contained a consensus TATA box and putative transcription factor binding sites, including two half EREs, an SF-1, an AhR/Arnt, a PR and two GATA-3 s. The muCyp19b promoter sequence (2500 bp) showed consensus TATA and CCAAT boxes and putative transcription binding sites, namely: a PR, an ERE, a half ERE, a SP-1, two GATA-binding factor, one half GATA-1, two C/EBPs, a GRE, a NFkappaB, three STATs, a PPAR/RXR, an Ahr/Arnt and a CRE. Basal activity of serially deleted promoter constructs transiently transfected into COS-7, alphaT3 and TE671 cells demonstrated the enhancing and silencing roles of the putative transcription factor binding sites. Quinpirole, a dopamine agonist, significantly reduced the promoter activity of muCyp19b in TE671. The results suggest tissue-specific regulation of the muCyp19 genes and a putative alternative promoter for muCyp19b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N Nocillado
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre, 144 North Street, Woorim, Qld 4507, Australia
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Lemoine A, Mathelin J, Braquart-Varnier C, Everaerts C, Delachambre J. A functional analysis of ACP-20, an adult-specific cuticular protein gene from the beetle Tenebrio: role of an intronic sequence in transcriptional activation during the late metamorphic period. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 13:481-493. [PMID: 15373806 DOI: 10.1111/j.0962-1075.2004.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding the adult cuticular protein ACP-20 was isolated in Tenebrio. It consists of three exons interspersed by two introns, intron 1 interrupting the signal peptide. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of ACP-20 expression, ACP-20 promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs were transfected into cultured pharate adult wing epidermis. Transfection assays needed the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone, confirming that ACP-20 is up-regulated by ecdysteroids. Analysis of 5' deletion constructs revealed that three regions are necessary for high levels of transcription. Interaction experiments between intronic fragments and epidermal nuclear proteins confirmed the importance of intron 1 in ACP-20 transcriptional control, which results from the combined activity of regulatory cis-acting elements of the promoter and those of intron 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lemoine
- UMR CNRS 5548, Développement et Communication Chimique chez les Insectes, Université de , Dijon, France.
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Lin CY, Chen YH, Lee HC, Tsai HJ. Novel cis-element in intron 1 represses somite expression of zebrafish myf-5. Gene 2004; 334:63-72. [PMID: 15256256 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myf-5 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that controls muscle differentiation. During early embryogenesis, myf-5 expression is transient, somite- and stage-specific. However, the negative regulation of myf-5 is poorly understood. We constructed a plasmid [(-9977/-1)/E1/I1/E2/GFP] that contains the sequence -9977 to -1, exon 1 (E1), intron 1 (I1), and exon 2 (E2) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) myf-5 and a reporter GFP gene. This plasmid was microinjected into zebrafish zygotes. Surprisingly, the somite-specific expression rate of reporter GFP in the transgenic embryos was extremely low (2%, n=392), compared to that of (-9977/-1)/GFP (92%, n=210). Dramatic repression of myf-5 expression was also observed in embryos microinjected with plasmids in which the sequence -8600/-1, -2937/-1 or -290/-1 was linked to E1/I1/E2/GFP. Thus, intron 1 contains a silencer that specifically represses the activity of myf-5. Functional analysis of intron 1 showed a strong, negative, cis-regulatory element was located at +502/+835. Its function was orientation- and position-dependent. The repressive capability of this silencer was completely dependent on two core motifs, IE1 (+502/+527) and IE2 (+816/+835), and a 156-bp spanning sequence that lies between them. This is the first study to identify a novel, cis-acting silencer in intron 1 that is crucial to negatively regulating zebrafish myf-5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Room 307A, Fisheries Science Building, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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