1
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Ishiguro H, Ushiki T, Honda A, Yoshimatsu Y, Ohashi R, Okuda S, Kawasaki A, Cho K, Tamura S, Suwabe T, Katagiri T, Ling Y, Iijima A, Mikami T, Kitagawa H, Uemura A, Sango K, Masuko M, Igarashi M, Sone H. Reduced chondroitin sulfate content prevents diabetic neuropathy through transforming growth factor-β signaling suppression. iScience 2024; 27:109528. [PMID: 38595797 PMCID: PMC11002665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is one of the most important extracellular matrix components and is known to interact with various diffusible factors; however, its role in DN pathology has not been examined. Therefore, we generated CSGalNAc-T1 knockout (T1KO) mice, in which CS levels were reduced. We demonstrated that diabetic T1KO mice were much more resistant to DN than diabetic wild-type (WT) mice. We also found that interactions between pericytes and vascular endothelial cells were more stable in T1KO mice. Among the RNA-seq results, we focused on the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway and found that the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was less upregulated in T1KO mice than in WT mice under hyperglycemic conditions. Taken together, a reduction in CS level attenuates DN progression, indicating that CS is an important factor in DN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ishiguro
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Departments of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuko Honda
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Research Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riuko Ohashi
- Divisions of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaori Cho
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - Suguru Tamura
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwabe
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Division of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Iijima
- Neurophysiology & Biomedical Engineering Lab, Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Masuko
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, , Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Departments of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Shibata Y, Tanaka Y, Sasakura H, Morioka Y, Sassa T, Fujii S, Mitsuzumi K, Ikeno M, Kubota Y, Kimura K, Toyoda H, Takeuchi K, Nishiwaki K. Endogenous chondroitin extends the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4813. [PMID: 38413743 PMCID: PMC10899230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin, a class of glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides, is found as proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix, plays a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis during development and axonal regeneration. Ingestion of chondroitin prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans. However, the roles of endogenous chondroitin in regulating lifespan and healthspan mostly remain to be investigated. Here, we demonstrate that a gain-of-function mutation in MIG-22, the chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF), results in elevated chondroitin levels and a significant extension of both the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Importantly, the remarkable longevity observed in mig-22(gf) mutants is dependent on SQV-5/chondroitin synthase (ChSy), highlighting the pivotal role of chondroitin in controlling both lifespan and healthspan. Additionally, the mig-22(gf) mutation effectively suppresses the reduced healthspan associated with the loss of MIG-17/ADAMTS metalloprotease, a crucial for factor in basement membrane (BM) remodeling. Our findings suggest that chondroitin functions in the control of healthspan downstream of MIG-17, while regulating lifespan through a pathway independent of MIG-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasakura
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Morioka
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Shion Fujii
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kaito Mitsuzumi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeno
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kubota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Nishiwaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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3
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Braz CU, Passamonti MM, Khatib H. Characterization of genomic regions escaping epigenetic reprogramming in sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2023; 10:dvad010. [PMID: 38496251 PMCID: PMC10944287 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian genome undergoes two global epigenetic reprogramming events during the establishment of primordial germ cells and in the pre-implantation embryo after fertilization. These events involve the erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation marks. However, imprinted genes and transposable elements (TEs) maintain their DNA methylation signatures to ensure normal embryonic development and genome stability. Despite extensive research in mice and humans, there is limited knowledge regarding environmentally induced epigenetic marks that escape epigenetic reprogramming in other species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and locations of genomic regions that evade epigenetic reprogramming in sheep, as well as to explore the biological functions of the genes within these regions. In a previous study, we identified 107 transgenerationally inherited differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) in the F1 and F2 generations in response to a paternal methionine-supplemented diet. These DMCs were found in TEs, non-repetitive regions, and imprinted and non-imprinted genes. Our findings suggest that genomic regions, rather than TEs and imprinted genes, have the propensity to escape reprogramming and serve as potential candidates for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Notably, 34 transgenerational methylated genes influenced by paternal nutrition escaped reprogramming, impacting growth, development, male fertility, cardiac disorders, and neurodevelopment. Intriguingly, among these genes, 21 have been associated with neural development and brain disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disease, and intellectual disability. This suggests a potential genetic overlap between brain and infertility disorders. Overall, our study supports the concept of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of environmentally induced marks in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila U Braz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matilde Maria Passamonti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Universit’a Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Tamura S, Ishiguro H, Suwabe T, Katagiri T, Cho K, Fuse K, Shibasaki Y, Mikami T, Shindo T, Kitagawa H, Igarashi M, Sone H, Masuko M, Ushiki T. Genetic manipulation resulting in decreased donor chondroitin sulfate synthesis mitigates hepatic GVHD via suppression of T cell activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13098. [PMID: 37567982 PMCID: PMC10421903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration are the major steps involved in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) development following bone marrow transplantation. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and causes immune modulation by interacting with cell growth factors and inducing cell adhesion. However, its precise effects on immune function are unclear than those of other proteoglycan families. Thus, we investigated the significance of CS within donor cells in acute GVHD development utilizing CSGalNAc T1-knockout (T1KO) mice. To determine the effects of T1KO, the mice underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation from major histocompatibility complex-mismatched donors. While transplantation resulted in hepatic GVHD with inflammatory cell infiltration of both CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells, transplantation in T1KO-donors showed milder cell infiltration and improved survival with fewer splenic effector T cells. In vitro T-cell analyses showed that the ratio of effector memory T cells was significantly lower via phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin stimulation. Moreover, quantitative PCR analyses showed significantly less production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and CCL-2, in splenocytes of T1KO mice. These results suggest that reduction of CS in donor blood cells may suppress the severity of acute GVHD after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Tamura
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishiguro
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwabe
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kaori Cho
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fuse
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shibasaki
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takero Shindo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Masuko
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- Department of Hematology, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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5
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Steiger H, Booij L, Thaler L, St-Hilaire A, Israël M, Casey KF, Oliverio S, Crescenzi O, Lee V, Turecki G, Joober R, Szyf M, Breton É. DNA methylation in people with anorexia nervosa: Epigenome-wide patterns in actively ill, long-term remitted, and healthy-eater women. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:254-259. [PMID: 35703085 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2089731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have reported altered methylation levels at disorder-relevant DNA sites in people who are ill with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) compared to findings in people with no eating disorder (ED) or in whom AN has remitted. The preceding implies state-related influences upon gene expression in people with AN. This study further examined this notion. METHODS We measured genome-wide DNA methylation in 145 women with active AN, 49 showing stable one-year remission of AN, and 64 with no ED. RESULTS Comparisons revealed 205 differentially methylated sites between active and no ED groups, and 162 differentially methylated sites between active and remitted groups (Q < 0.01). Probes tended to map onto genes relevant to psychiatric, metabolic and immune functions. Notably, several of the genes identified here as being differentially methylated in people with AN (e.g. SYNJ2, PRKAG2, STAT3, CSGALNACT1, NEGR1, NR1H3) have figured in previous studies on AN. Effects also associated illness chronicity and lower BMI with more pronounced DNA methylation alterations, and remission of AN with normalisation of DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Findings corroborate earlier results suggesting reversible DNA methylation alterations in AN, and point to particular genes at which epigenetic mechanisms may act to shape AN phenomenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lea Thaler
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie St-Hilaire
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mimi Israël
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kevin F Casey
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie Oliverio
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivia Crescenzi
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Viveca Lee
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Édith Breton
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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6
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Takeuchi K, Ohshima H. Role of chondroitin sulfate in the developmental and healing process of the dental pulp in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:133-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Khan S, Sbeity M, Foulquier F, Barré L, Ouzzine M. TMEM165 a new player in proteoglycan synthesis: loss of TMEM165 impairs elongation of chondroitin- and heparan-sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans and triggers early chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:11. [PMID: 34930890 PMCID: PMC8688514 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
TMEM165 deficiency leads to skeletal disorder characterized by major skeletal dysplasia and pronounced dwarfism. However, the molecular mechanisms involved have not been fully understood. Here, we uncover that TMEM165 deficiency impairs the synthesis of proteoglycans by producing a blockage in the elongation of chondroitin-and heparan-sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains leading to the synthesis of proteoglycans with shorter glycosaminoglycan chains. We demonstrated that the blockage in elongation of glycosaminoglycan chains is not due to defect in the Golgi elongating enzymes but rather to availability of the co-factor Mn2+. Supplementation of cell with Mn2+ rescue the elongation process, confirming a role of TMEM165 in Mn2+ Golgi homeostasis. Additionally, we showed that TMEM165 deficiency functionally impairs TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in chondrocytes and in fibroblast cells of TMEM165 deficient patients. Finally, we found that loss of TMEM165 impairs chondrogenic differentiation by accelerating the timing of Ihh expression and promoting early chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. Collectively, our results indicate that TMEM165 plays an important role in proteoglycan synthesis and underline the critical role of glycosaminoglycan chains structure in the regulation of chondrogenesis. Our data also suggest that Mn2+ supplementation may be a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of TMEM165 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Khan
- UMR7365 CNRS-University of Lorraine, Biopôle, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Malak Sbeity
- UMR7365 CNRS-University of Lorraine, Biopôle, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Lydia Barré
- UMR7365 CNRS-University of Lorraine, Biopôle, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mohamed Ouzzine
- UMR7365 CNRS-University of Lorraine, Biopôle, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France.
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9
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Dubail J, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasias With Multiple Dislocations Caused by Defects in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:642097. [PMID: 34220933 PMCID: PMC8242584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations form a group of severe disorders characterized by joint laxity and multiple dislocations, severe short stature of pre- and post-natal onset, hand anomalies, and/or vertebral anomalies. The majority of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations have been associated with mutations in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and transporters implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, long and unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeated disaccharide bond to protein core of proteoglycan. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that occurs mainly in the Golgi and that requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes and transporters as well as an adequate Golgi environment. Any disturbances of this chain of reactions will lead to the incapacity of a cell to construct correct glycanic chains. This review focuses on genetic and glycobiological studies of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations associated with glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defects and related animal models. Strong comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to those disorders, mostly through extensive phenotypic analyses of in vitro and/or in vivo models, is essential for the development of novel biomarkers for clinical screenings and innovative therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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11
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Katagiri T, Uemura S, Ushiki T, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Oshima M, Mikami T, Kawasaki A, Ishiguro H, Tanaka T, Sone H, Kitagawa H, Igarashi M, Iwama A, Masuko M. Distinct effects of chondroitin sulfate on hematopoietic cells and the stromal microenvironment in bone marrow hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2021; 96:52-62.e5. [PMID: 33582241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, known as the BM niche, regulates hematopoiesis but is also affected by interactions with hematopoietic cells. Recent evidence indicates that extracellular matrix components are involved in these interactions. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan, is a major component of the extracellular matrix; however, it is not known whether CS has a physiological role in hematopoiesis. Here, we analyzed the functions of CS in hematopoietic and niche cells. CSGalNAcT1, which encodes CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1), a key enzyme in CS biosynthesis, was highly expressed in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), but not in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in BM. In T1 knockout (T1KO) mice, a greater number of HSPCs existed compared with the wild-type (WT), but HSPCs from T1KO mice showed significantly impaired repopulation in WT recipient mice on serial transplantation. RNA sequence analysis revealed the activation of IFN-α/β signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress in T1KO HSPCs. In contrast, the number of WT HSPCs repopulated in T1KO recipient mice was larger than that in WT recipient mice after serial transplantation, indicating that the T1KO niche supports repopulation of HSPCs better than the WT niche. There was no obvious difference in the distribution of vasculature and MSCs between WT and T1KO BM, suggesting that CS loss alters vascular niche functions without affecting its structure. Our results revealed distinct roles of CS in hematopoietic cells and BM niche, indicating that crosstalk between these components is important to maintain homeostasis in BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katagiri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shun Uemura
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishiguro
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Masuko
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
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12
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Adhikara IM, Yagi K, Mayasari DS, Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Ryanto GRT, Sasaki N, Rikitake Y, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H, Miyata O, Igarashi M, Hirata KI, Emoto N. Chondroitin Sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2 Impacts Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis by Altering Macrophage Glycosaminoglycan Chain. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1076-1091. [PMID: 33504177 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are the primary constituents of the macrophage glycosaminoglycan and extracellular microenvironment. To examine their potential role in atherogenesis, we investigated the biological importance of one of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis gene, ChGn-2 (chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2), in macrophage foam cell formation. Approach and Results: ChGn-2-deficient mice showed decreased and shortened glycosaminoglycans. ChGn-2-/-/LDLr-/- (low-density lipoprotein receptor) mice generated less atherosclerotic plaque after being fed with Western diet despite exhibiting a metabolic phenotype similar to that of the ChGn-2+/+/LDLr-/- littermates. We demonstrated that in macrophages, ChGn-2 expression was upregulated in the presence of oxLDL (oxidized LDL), and glycosaminoglycan was substantially increased. Foam cell formation was significantly altered by ChGn-2 in both mouse peritoneal macrophages and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Mechanistically, ChGn-2 enhanced oxLDL binding on the cell surface, and as a consequence, CD36-an important macrophage membrane scavenger receptor-was differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS ChGn-2 alteration on macrophages conceivably influences LDL accumulation and subsequently accelerates plaque formation. These results collectively suggest that ChGn-2 is a novel therapeutic target amenable to clinical translation in the future. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Manggalya Adhikara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Keiko Yagi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Dyah Samti Mayasari
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Yoko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Koji Ikeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Gusty Rizky Teguh Ryanto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics (N.S., Y.R.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics (N.S., Y.R.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (S.N., H.K.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (S.N., H.K.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Okiko Miyata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (O.M.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan (M.I.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
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13
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Reconsideration of the Semaphorin-3A Binding Motif Found in Chondroitin Sulfate Using Galnac4s-6st-Knockout Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111499. [PMID: 33143303 PMCID: PMC7694144 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate (CS)-rich dense extracellular matrix surrounding neuron cell bodies and proximal dendrites in a mesh-like structure is called a perineuronal net (PNN). CS chains in PNNs control neuronal plasticity by binding to PNN effectors, semaphorin-3A (Sema3A) and orthodenticle homeobox 2. Sema3A recognizes CS-containing type-E disaccharide units (sulfated at O-4 and O-6 of N-acetylgalactosamine). Type-E disaccharide units are synthesized by N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). In this study, we demonstrated that Sema3A accumulates in the PNNs surrounding parvalbumin cells, even in mice deficient in GalNAc4S-6ST. In addition, there were no differences in the number and structure of PNNs visualized by Cat316 antibody and Wisteria floribunda lectin, which recognize CS chains, between wild type and GalNAc4S-6ST knockout mice. Therefore, we re-examined the Sema3A binding motif found in CS chains using chemically synthesized CS tetrasaccharides. As a result, we found that non-sulfated GalNAc residues at the non-reducing termini of CS chains are required for the binding of Sema3A.
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14
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Wei L, Cao P, Xu C, Zhong H, Wang X, Bai M, Hu B, Wang R, Liu N, Tian Y, Chen H, Li J, Yuan W. Chondroitin synthase‐3 regulates nucleus pulposus degeneration through actin‐induced YAP signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:16581-16600. [PMID: 33089528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leixin Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Huajian Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Xiukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Meizhu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
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15
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Inada R, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Kadomatsu K, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M, Kusunoki S. Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosyltransferase-1 knockout shows milder phenotype in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than in wild type. Glycobiology 2020; 31:260-265. [PMID: 32839819 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the main components in the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which is composed of major PGs. Similar to keratin sulfate (KS), another GAG, CS inhibits axon regeneration. However, the influence of these GAGs on the pathogenicity of neuroimmunological diseases is unclear. Here, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice lacking CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT1-KO), an important enzyme for CS synthesis. In our study, CSGalNAcT1-KO mice showed milder EAE symptoms than those in wild-type (WT) mice. The recall response of antigen-specific lymphocytes showed that CSGalNAcT1-KO-derived lymphocytes had a milder cell proliferation response than that in WT-derived lymphocytes. These results suggest that CS contributes toward the induction phase of EAE. We previously performed EAE experiments in GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase KO (GlcNAc6ST-KO) and C6ST1-KO mice, which had reduced KS and reduced CS-C, respectively. EAE in CSGalNAcT1-KO mice was more similar to that in GlcNAc6ST-KO mice than in C6ST1-KO mice. In conclusion, the distinct GAG sugar chains are associated with severe or mild phenotypes of EAE and are therefore potential new therapeutic targets for neuroimmunological diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Inada
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kota Moriguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
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16
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Mizumoto S, Janecke AR, Sadeghpour A, Povysil G, McDonald MT, Unger S, Greber‐Platzer S, Deak KL, Katsanis N, Superti‐Furga A, Sugahara K, Davis EE, Yamada S, Vodopiutz J. CSGALNACT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation: A mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:655-667. [PMID: 31705726 PMCID: PMC7027858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) comprise a large number of inherited metabolic defects that affect the biosynthesis and attachment of glycans. CDGs manifest as a broad spectrum of disease, most often including neurodevelopmental and skeletal abnormalities and skin laxity. Two patients with biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants and a mild skeletal dysplasia have been described previously. We investigated two unrelated patients presenting with short stature with advanced bone age, facial dysmorphism, and mild language delay, in whom trio-exome sequencing identified novel biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants: compound heterozygosity for c.1294G>T (p.Asp432Tyr) and the deletion of exon 4 that includes the start codon in one patient, and homozygosity for c.791A>G (p.Asn264Ser) in the other patient. CSGALNACT1 encodes CSGalNAcT-1, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Biochemical studies demonstrated significantly reduced CSGalNAcT-1 activity of the novel missense variants, as reported previously for the p.Pro384Arg variant. Altered levels of chondroitin, dermatan, and heparan sulfate moieties were observed in patients' fibroblasts compared to controls. Our data indicate that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CSGALNACT1 disturb glycosaminoglycan synthesis and cause a mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age, CSGALNACT1-CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Clinical Genetics Group, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics IMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Division of Human GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Azita Sadeghpour
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Gundula Povysil
- Institute of BioinformaticsJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Marie T. McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical GeneticsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Susanne Greber‐Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kristen L. Deak
- Department of PathologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Andrea Superti‐Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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17
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Meyer R, Schacht S, Buschmann L, Begemann M, Kraft F, Haag N, Kochs A, Schulze A, Kurth I, Elbracht M. Biallelic CSGALNACT1-mutations cause a mild skeletal dysplasia. Bone 2019; 127:446-451. [PMID: 31325655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of skeletal disorders are manifold and affect, among others, enzymes of bone and connective tissue synthesis pathways. We present a twelve-year-old boy with a mild skeletal dysplasia, hypermobility of joints and axial malalignment of lower limbs and feet. Exome sequencing revealed a biallelic loss of function mutation in CSGALNACT1, which encodes chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 and plays a major role in the chondroitin sulfate chain biosynthesis and therefore in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Recently, the first case of a pediatric patient with a mild skeletal dysplasia due to a compound heterozygous large intragenic deletion and a damaging missense variant in CSGALNACT1 was reported. We here identify a second case and the first juvenile patient with a homozygous frameshift variant in CSGALNACT1 which corroborates its role in mild and non-progressive skeletal dysplasia with joint laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schacht
- Department for Radiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Buschmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Haag
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kochs
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. Kochs/Dr. Rode, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Schulze
- Department for Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - I Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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19
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Alteration of the Total Cellular Glycome during Late Differentiation of Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143546. [PMID: 31331074 PMCID: PMC6678350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal articular cartilage, chondrocytes do not readily proliferate or terminally differentiate, and exhibit a low level of metabolism. Hypertrophy-like changes of chondrocytes have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by inducing protease-mediated cartilage degradation and calcification; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Glycans are located on the outermost cell surface. Dynamic cellular differentiation can be monitored and quantitatively characterized by profiling the glycan structures of total cellular glycoproteins. This study aimed to clarify the alterations in glycans upon late differentiation of chondrocytes, during which hypertrophy-like changes occur. Primary mouse chondrocytes were differentiated using an insulin-induced chondro-osteogenic differentiation model. Comprehensive glycomics, including N-glycans, O-glycans, free oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycan, and glycosphingolipid, were analyzed for the chondrocytes after 0-, 10- and 20-days cultivation. The comparison and clustering of the alteration of glycans upon hypertrophy-like changes of primary chondrocytes were performed. Comprehensive glycomic analyses provided complementary alterations in the levels of various glycans derived from glycoconjugates during hypertrophic differentiation. In addition, expression of genes related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolic processes was significantly correlated with glycan alterations. Our results indicate that total cellular glycan alterations are closely associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and help to describe the glycophenotype by chondrocytes and their hypertrophic differentiation. our results will assist the identification of diagnostic and differentiation biomarkers in the future.
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20
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IGARASHI M. Molecular basis of the functions of the mammalian neuronal growth cone revealed using new methods. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:358-377. [PMID: 31406059 PMCID: PMC6766448 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal growth cone is a highly motile, specialized structure for extending neuronal processes. This structure is essential for nerve growth, axon pathfinding, and accurate synaptogenesis. Growth cones are important not only during development but also for plasticity-dependent synaptogenesis and neuronal circuit rearrangement following neural injury in the mature brain. However, the molecular details of mammalian growth cone function are poorly understood. This review examines molecular findings on the function of the growth cone as a result of the introduction of novel methods such superresolution microscopy and (phospho)proteomics. These results increase the scope of our understating of the molecular mechanisms of growth cone behavior in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro IGARASHI
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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21
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Craniofacial abnormality with skeletal dysplasia in mice lacking chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17134. [PMID: 30459452 PMCID: PMC6244165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays an important part in organogenesis. To elucidate the roles of CS for craniofacial development, we analyzed the craniofacial morphology in CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1) gene knockout (KO) mice. T1KO mice showed the impaired intramembranous ossification in the skull, and the final skull shape of adult mice included a shorter face, higher and broader calvaria. Some of T1KO mice exhibited severe facial developmental defect, such as eye defects and cleft lip and palate, causing embryonic lethality. At the postnatal stages, T1KO mice with severely reduced CS amounts showed malocclusion, general skeletal dysplasia and skin hyperextension, closely resembling Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-like connective tissue disorders. The production of collagen type 1 was significantly downregulated in T1KO mice, and the deposition of CS-binding molecules, Wnt3a, was decreased with CS in extracellular matrices. The collagen fibers were irregular and aggregated, and connective tissues were dysorganized in the skin and calvaria of T1KO mice. These results suggest that CS regulates the shape of the craniofacial skeleton by modulating connective tissue organization and that the remarkable reduction of CS induces hypoplasia of intramembranous ossification and cartilage anomaly, resulting in skeletal dysplasia.
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Li J, Liu J, Campanile G, Plastow G, Zhang C, Wang Z, Cassandro M, Gasparrini B, Salzano A, Hua G, Liang A, Yang L. Novel insights into the genetic basis of buffalo reproductive performance. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:814. [PMID: 30419816 PMCID: PMC6233259 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fertility is a complex trait that has a major impact on the development of the buffalo industry. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has increased the ability to detect genes influencing complex traits, and many important genes related to reproductive traits have been identified in ruminants. However, reproductive traits are influenced by many factors. The development of the follicle is one of the most important internal processes affecting fertility. Genes found by GWAS to be associated with follicular development may directly affect fertility. The present study combined GWAS and RNA-seq of follicular granulosa cells to identify important genes which may affect fertility in the buffalo. Results The 90 K Affymetrix Axiom Buffalo SNP Array was used to identify the SNPs, genomic regions, and genes that were associated with reproductive traits. A total of 40 suggestive loci (related to 28 genes) were identified to be associated with six reproductive traits (first, second and third calving age, calving interval, the number of services per conception and open days). Interestingly, the mRNA expressions of 25 of these genes were also observed in buffalo follicular granulosa cells. The IGFBP7 gene showed high level of expression during whole antral follicle growth. The knockdown of IGFBP7 in buffalo granulosa cells promoted cell apoptosis and hindered cell proliferation, and increased the production of progesterone and estradiol. Furthermore, a notable signal was detected at 2.3–2.7 Mb on the equivalent of bovine chromosome 5 associated with age at second calving, calving interval, and open days. Conclusions The genes associated with buffalo reproductive traits in this study may have effect on fertility by regulating of follicular growth. These results may have important implications for improving buffalo breeding programs through application of genomic information. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5208-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bianca Gasparrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Guohua Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aixin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Liguo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Increased Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Response to Enriched Environment. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8496-8513. [PMID: 30126967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0632-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to specify the functional significance of CSPG in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using male mice. Here, we showed that neural stem cells and neuronal progenitors in the dentate gyrus were covered in part by CSPG. Pharmacological depletion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus reduced the densities of neuronal progenitors and newborn granule cells. 3D reconstruction of newborn granule cells showed that their maturation was inhibited by CSPG digestion. The novel object recognition test revealed that CSPG digestion caused cognitive memory impairment. Western blot analysis showed that expression of β-catenin in the dentate gyrus was decreased by CSPG digestion. The amount of CSPG in the dentate gyrus was increased by enriched environment (EE) and was decreased by forced swim stress. In addition, EE accelerated the recovery of CSPG expression in the dentate gyrus from the pharmacological depletion and promoted the restoration of granule cell production. Conversely, the densities of newborn granule cells were also decreased in mice that lacked chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGalNAcT1), a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and improve cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. These findings indicate that CSPG is involved in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG by CSGalNacT1 may mediate promotion of granule cell production and improvement of cognitive memory in response to EE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we specified the role of CSPG in adult neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus. Digestion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus impaired granule cell production and cognitive memory. Enriched environment (EE) promoted the recovery of CSPG expression and granule cell production from the CSPG digestion. Additionally, adult neurogenesis was impaired in mice that lacked a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that CSPG underlies adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG may mediate promotion of granule cell production in response to EE.
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24
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Umair M, Eckstein G, Rudolph G, Strom T, Graf E, Hendig D, Hoover J, Alanay J, Meitinger T, Schmidt H, Ahmad W. Homozygous XYLT2 variants as a cause of spondyloocular syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 93:913-918. [PMID: 29136277 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloocular syndrome (SOS) is a rare autosomal recessive, skeletal disorder. Two recent studies have shown that it is the result of biallelic sequence variants in the XYLT2 gene with pleiotropic effects in multiple organs, including retina, heart muscle, inner ear, cartilage, and bone. The XYLT2 gene encodes xylosyltransferase 2, which catalyzes the transfer of xylose (monosaccharide) to the core protein of proteoglycans (PGs) leading to initiating the process of PG assembly. SOS was originally characterized in 2 families A and B of Iraqi and Turkish origin, respectively. Using DNA from affected members of the same 2 families, we performed whole exome sequencing, which revealed 2 novel homozygous missense variants (c.1159C > T, p.Arg387Trp) and (c.2548G > C, p.Asp850His). Our findings extend the body of evidence that SOS is caused by homozygous variants in the XYLT2 gene. In addition, this report has extended the phenotypic description of SOS by adding follow-up data from 5 affected individuals in one of the two families, presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umair
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - G Eckstein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Rudolph
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - T Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Hendig
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes, Center North Rhine-Westphalia, University Hospital of the Ruhr University, Ruhr, Germany
| | - J Hoover
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Munich, Germany
| | - J Alanay
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - T Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Kesselmeier M, Pütter C, Volckmar AL, Baurecht H, Grallert H, Illig T, Ismail K, Ollikainen M, Silén Y, Keski-Rahkonen A, Bulik CM, Collier DA, Zeggini E, Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Hinney A. High-throughput DNA methylation analysis in anorexia nervosa confirms TNXB hypermethylation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:187-199. [PMID: 27367046 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are ideally suited to identify differentially methylated genes in response to starvation. METHODS We examined high-throughput DNA methylation derived from whole blood of 47 females with AN, 47 lean females without AN and 100 population-based females to compare AN with both controls. To account for different cell type compositions, we applied two reference-free methods (FastLMM-EWASher, RefFreeEWAS) and searched for consensus CpG sites identified by both methods. We used a validation sample of five monozygotic AN-discordant twin pairs. RESULTS Fifty-one consensus sites were identified in AN vs. lean and 81 in AN vs. population-based comparisons. These sites have not been reported in AN methylation analyses, but for the latter comparison 54/81 sites showed directionally consistent differential methylation effects in the AN-discordant twins. For a single nucleotide polymorphism rs923768 in CSGALNACT1 a nearby site was nominally associated with AN. At the gene level, we confirmed hypermethylated sites at TNXB. We found support for a locus at NR1H3 in the AN vs. lean control comparison, but the methylation direction was opposite to the one previously reported. CONCLUSIONS We confirm genes like TNXB previously described to comprise differentially methylated sites, and highlight further sites that might be specifically involved in AN starvation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kesselmeier
- a Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Carolin Pütter
- b Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- d Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology , University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- e Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology , Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,f German Center for Diabetes Research , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- e Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology , Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,g Hannover Unified Biobank , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,h Institute of Human Genetics , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Khadeeja Ismail
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Yasmina Silén
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Cynthia M Bulik
- j Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,k Department of Nutrition , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - David A Collier
- l Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.,m Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor , Windlesham , UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- n Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Hinxton , Cambridge , UK
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - André Scherag
- a Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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26
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Miyata S, Nadanaka S, Igarashi M, Kitagawa H. Structural Variation of Chondroitin Sulfate Chains Contributes to the Molecular Heterogeneity of Perineuronal Nets. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29456495 PMCID: PMC5801575 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan, a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, forms lattice-like extracellular matrix structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). Neocortical PNNs primarily ensheath parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (parvalbumin, PV cells) late in brain development. Emerging evidence indicates that PNNs promote the maturation of PV cells by enhancing the incorporation of homeobox protein Otx2 and regulating experience-dependent neural plasticity. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), an N-acetylgalactosamine-specific plant lectin, binds to the CS chains of aggrecan and has been widely used to visualize PNNs. Although PNNs show substantial molecular heterogeneity, the importance of this heterogeneity in neural plasticity remains unknown. Here, in addition to WFA lectin, we used the two monoclonal antibodies Cat315 and Cat316, both of which recognize the glycan structures of aggrecan, to investigate the molecular heterogeneity of PNNs. WFA detected the highest number of PNNs in all cortical layers, whereas Cat315 and Cat316 labeled only a subset of PNNs. WFA+, Cat315+, and Cat316+ PNNs showed different laminar distributions in the adult visual cortex. WFA, Cat315 and Cat316 detected distinct, but partially overlapping, populations of PNNs. Based on the reactivities of these probes, we categorized PNNs into four groups. We found that two subpopulation of PNNs, one with higher and one with lower WFA-staining are differentially labeled by Cat316 and Cat315, respectively. CS chains recognized by Cat316 were diminished in mice deficient in an enzyme involved in the initiation of CS-biosynthesis. Furthermore, WFA+ and Cat316+ aggrecan were spatially segregated and formed microdomains in a single PNN. Otx2 co-localized with Cat316+ but not with WFA+ aggrecan in PNNs. Our results suggest that the heterogeneity of PNNs around PV cells may affect the functional maturation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Laboratory of Molecular Bioregulation, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences and Trans-disciplinary Program, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Ma N, Wang T, Bie L, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Zhang S, Gao L, Xiao J. Comparison of the effects of exercise with chondroitin sulfate on knee osteoarthritis in rabbits. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:16. [PMID: 29357891 PMCID: PMC5778617 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study is to compare the effects of exercise therapy with chondroitin sulfate (CS) therapy in an experimental model of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Twenty-one New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: normal group (N group, n = 3); OA control group (C group, n = 6); OA plus medication group (CS group, n = 6); and OA plus exercise group (E group, n = 6). Four weeks after modeling, the rabbits were subjected to exercise (artificial, 30 min/time, 4 times/week) or medicated with CS (2% CS, 0.3 ml/time, once/week) for 4 weeks. Histopathological changes in treated joints were examined after staining. X-ray and scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the different therapies by examining the surfaces and joint spaces of the articular cartilage. RT-qPCR was used to assess chondrogenic gene expression including Col2, Col10, mmp-13, il-1β, adamats-5, and acan in the experimental groups. Results Histology showed both treatment groups resulted in cartilage that was in good condition, with increased numbers of chondrocytes, and the results of X-ray and scanning electron microscopy showed the therapeutic effect of exercise therapy is equivalent to CS therapy, surface articular cartilage was flat, and the of cartilage layer was thinning. All treated groups induced the expression of Col10 and Col2 and decreased expression of mmp-13, il-1β, and adamats-5 compared with the control groups. The expression of acan was upregulated in the E group and downregulated in the CS group. Furthermore, expression of Col10 was higher and il-1β was lower in the exercise group compared to that of the CS group. Conclusion These results indicate that exercise has a positive effect on OA compare with CS, and it also supplies reference for the movement mode to improve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lianyu Bie
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lidong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Shimbo M, Suzuki R, Fuseya S, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Hagiwara K, Okada R, Wakui H, Tsunakawa Y, Watanabe H, Kimata K, Narimatsu H, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Postnatal lethality and chondrodysplasia in mice lacking both chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 and -2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190333. [PMID: 29287114 PMCID: PMC5747463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. In cartilage, CS plays important roles as the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), existing as side chains of the major cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Six glycosyltransferases are known to coordinately synthesize the backbone structure of CS; however, their in vivo synthetic mechanism remains unknown. Previous studies have suggested that two glycosyltransferases, Csgalnact1 (t1) and Csgalnact2 (t2), are critical for initiation of CS synthesis in vitro. Indeed, t1 single knockout mice (t1 KO) exhibit slight dwarfism and a reduction in CS content in cartilage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To reveal the synergetic roles of t1 and t2 in CS synthesis in vivo, we generated systemic single and double knockout (DKO) mice and cartilage-specific t1 and t2 double knockout (Col2-DKO) mice. DKO mice exhibited postnatal lethality, whereas t2 KO mice showed normal size and skeletal development. Col2-DKO mice survived to adulthood and showed severe dwarfism compared with t1 KO mice. Histological analysis of epiphyseal cartilage from Col2-DKO mice revealed disrupted endochondral ossification, characterized by drastic GAG reduction in the ECM. Moreover, DKO cartilage had reduced chondrocyte proliferation and an increased number of apoptotic chondrocytes compared with WT cartilage. Conversely, primary chondrocyte cultures from Col2-DKO knee cartilage had the same proliferation rate as WT chondrocytes and low GAG expression levels, indicating that the chondrocytes themselves had an intact proliferative ability. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of E18.5 cartilage showed that the expression levels of Col2a1 and Ptch1 transcripts tended to decrease in DKO compared with those in WT mice. The CS content in DKO cartilage was decreased compared with that in t1 KO cartilage but was not completely absent. These results suggest that aberrant ECM caused by CS reduction disrupted endochondral ossification. Overall, we propose that both t1 and t2 are necessary for CS synthesis and normal chondrocyte differentiation but are not sufficient for all CS synthesis in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shimbo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fuseya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsue Kiyohara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kozue Hagiwara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Wakui
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
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29
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Yoshioka N, Miyata S, Tamada A, Watanabe Y, Kawasaki A, Kitagawa H, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M. Abnormalities in perineuronal nets and behavior in mice lacking CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Mol Brain 2017; 10:47. [PMID: 28982363 PMCID: PMC5629790 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an important glycosaminoglycan and is mainly found in the extracellular matrix as CS proteoglycans. In the brain, CS proteoglycans are highly concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround synapses and modulate their functions. To investigate the importance of CS, we produced and precisely examined mice that were deficient in the CS synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1 (T1KO). Biochemical analysis of T1KO revealed that loss of this enzyme reduced the amount of CS by approximately 50% in various brain regions. The amount of CS in PNNs was also diminished in T1KO compared to wild-type mice, although the amount of a major CS proteoglycan core protein, aggrecan, was not changed. In T1KO, we observed abnormalities in several behavioral tests, including the open-field test, acoustic startle response, and social preference. These results suggest that T1 is important for plasticity, probably due to regulation of CS-dependent PNNs, and that T1KO is a good model for investigation of PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamada
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanabe
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Experimental Animal Resource and Development, Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1103, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. .,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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31
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Chondroitin Sulfate Is Required for Onset and Offset of Critical Period Plasticity in Visual Cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12646. [PMID: 28974755 PMCID: PMC5626782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular dominance plasticity is easily observed during the critical period in early postnatal life. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant component in extracellular structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-cells). CS accumulates in PNNs at the critical period, but its function in earlier life is unclear. Here, we show that initiation of ocular dominance plasticity was impaired with reduced CS, using mice lacking a key CS-synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1. Two-photon in vivo imaging showed a weaker visual response of PV-cells with reduced CS compared to wild-type mice. Plasticity onset was restored by a homeoprotein Otx2, which binds the major CS-proteoglycan aggrecan and promotes its further expression. Continuous CS accumulation together with Otx2 contributed bidirectionally to both onset and offset of plasticity, and was substituted by diazepam, which enhances GABA function. Therefore, CS and Otx2 may act as common inducers of both onset and offset of the critical period by promoting PV-cell function throughout the lifetime.
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32
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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33
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Munkley J. Glycosylation is a global target for androgen control in prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R49-R64. [PMID: 28159857 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in glycan composition are common in cancer and can play important roles in all of the recognised hallmarks of cancer. We recently identified glycosylation as a global target for androgen control in prostate cancer cells and further defined a set of 8 glycosylation enzymes (GALNT7, ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, UAP1, PGM3, CSGALNACT1, ST6GAL1 and EDEM3), which are also significantly upregulated in prostate cancer tissue. These 8 enzymes are under direct control of the androgen receptor (AR) and are linked to the synthesis of important cancer-associated glycans such as sialyl-Tn (sTn), sialyl LewisX (SLeX), O-GlcNAc and chondroitin sulfate. Glycosylation has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism. Our results suggest that alterations in patterns of glycosylation via androgen control might modify some or all of these processes in prostate cancer. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Emerging data on these often overlooked glycan modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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34
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Vodopiutz J, Mizumoto S, Lausch E, Rossi A, Unger S, Janocha N, Costantini R, Seidl R, Greber-Platzer S, Yamada S, Müller T, Jilma B, Ganger R, Superti-Furga A, Ikegawa S, Sugahara K, Janecke AR. Chondroitin SulfateN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT-1) Deficiency Results in a Mild Skeletal Dysplasia and Joint Laxity. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:34-38. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Unit of Biochemistry; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Janocha
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Unit of Biochemistry; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Greber-Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Rudolf Ganger
- Paediatric Department; Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising; Vienna Austria
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; RIKEN; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Division of Human Genetics; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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35
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Munkley J, Vodak D, Livermore KE, James K, Wilson BT, Knight B, Mccullagh P, Mcgrath J, Crundwell M, Harries LW, Leung HY, Robson CN, Mills IG, Rajan P, Elliott DJ. Glycosylation is an Androgen-Regulated Process Essential for Prostate Cancer Cell Viability. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:103-116. [PMID: 27428423 PMCID: PMC4919605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid androgen hormones play a key role in the progression and treatment of prostate cancer, with androgen deprivation therapy being the first-line treatment used to control cancer growth. Here we apply a novel search strategy to identify androgen-regulated cellular pathways that may be clinically important in prostate cancer. Using RNASeq data, we searched for genes that showed reciprocal changes in expression in response to acute androgen stimulation in culture, and androgen deprivation in patients with prostate cancer. Amongst 700 genes displaying reciprocal expression patterns we observed a significant enrichment in the cellular process glycosylation. Of 31 reciprocally-regulated glycosylation enzymes, a set of 8 (GALNT7, ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, UAP1, PGM3, CSGALNACT1, ST6GAL1 and EDEM3) were significantly up-regulated in clinical prostate carcinoma. Androgen exposure stimulated synthesis of glycan structures downstream of this core set of regulated enzymes including sialyl-Tn (sTn), sialyl Lewis(X) (SLe(X)), O-GlcNAc and chondroitin sulphate, suggesting androgen regulation of the core set of enzymes controls key steps in glycan synthesis. Expression of each of these enzymes also contributed to prostate cancer cell viability. This study identifies glycosylation as a global target for androgen control, and suggests loss of specific glycosylation enzymes might contribute to tumour regression following androgen depletion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Vodak
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen E Livermore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katherine James
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brian T Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bridget Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, RD&E NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - John Mcgrath
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, RD&E NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Malcolm Crundwell
- Department of Urology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway; Departments of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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36
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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37
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin 6-Sulfation Regulates Perineuronal Net Formation by Controlling the Stability of Aggrecan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1305801. [PMID: 27057358 PMCID: PMC4738747 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1305801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are lattice-like extracellular matrix structures composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). The appearance of PNNs parallels the decline of neural plasticity, and disruption of PNNs reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain. We previously reported that sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains on CSPGs influenced the formation of PNNs and neural plasticity. However, the mechanism of PNN formation regulated by CS sulfation remains unknown. Here we found that overexpression of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1), which catalyzes 6-sulfation of CS chains, selectively decreased aggrecan, a major CSPG in PNNs, in the aged brain without affecting other PNN components. Both diffuse and PNN-associated aggrecans were reduced by overexpression of C6ST-1. C6ST-1 increased 6-sulfation in both the repeating disaccharide region and linkage region of CS chains. Overexpression of 6-sulfation primarily impaired accumulation of aggrecan in PNNs, whereas condensation of other PNN components was not affected. Finally, we found that increased 6-sulfation accelerated proteolysis of aggrecan by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) protease. Taken together, our results indicate that sulfation patterns of CS chains on aggrecan influenced the stability of the CSPG, thereby regulating formation of PNNs and neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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38
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Horii-Hayashi N, Sasagawa T, Hashimoto T, Kaneko T, Takeuchi K, Nishi M. A newly identified mouse hypothalamic area having bidirectional neural connections with the lateral septum: the perifornical area of the anterior hypothalamus rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26205995 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While previous studies and brain atlases divide the hypothalamus into many nuclei and areas, uncharacterised regions remain. Here, we report a new region in the mouse anterior hypothalamus (AH), a triangular-shaped perifornical area of the anterior hypothalamus (PeFAH) between the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and fornix, that abundantly expresses chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). The PeFAH strongly stained with markers for chondroitin sulfate/CSPGs such as Wisteria floribunda agglutinin and antibodies against aggrecan and chondroitin 6 sulfate. Nissl-stained sections of the PeFAH clearly distinguished it as a region of comparatively low density compared to neighboring regions, the paraventricular nucleus and central division of the anterior hypothalamic area. Immunohistochemical and DNA microarray analyses suggested that PeFAH contains sparsely distributed calretinin-positive neurons and a compact cluster of enkephalinergic neurons. Neuronal tract tracing revealed that both enkephalin- and calretinin-positive neurons project to the lateral septum (LS), while the PeFAH receives input from calbindin-positive LS neurons. These results suggest bidirectional connections between the PeFAH and LS. Considering neuronal subtype and projection, part of PeFAH that includes a cluster of enkephalinergic neurons is similar to the rat perifornical nucleus and guinea pig magnocellular dorsal nucleus. Finally, we examined c-Fos expression after several types of stimuli and found that PeFAH neuronal activity was increased by psychological but not homeostatic stressors. These findings suggest that the PeFAH is a source of enkephalin peptides in the LS and indicate that bidirectional neural connections between these regions may participate in controlling responses to psychological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Horii-Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takayo Sasagawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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39
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Chondroitin sulfate-E mediates estrogen-induced osteoanabolism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8994. [PMID: 25759206 PMCID: PMC4355730 DOI: 10.1038/srep08994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder of bone remodeling in which bone resorption outstrips bone matrix deposition. Although anticatabolic agents are frequently used as first-line therapies for osteoporosis, alternative anabolic strategies that can enhance anabolic, osteogenic potential are actively sought. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, are bidirectional regulators for bone homeostasis; therefore, estrogen-mediated events are important potential targets for such anabolic therapies. Here, we show that estrogen-induced, osteoanabolic effects were mediated via enhanced production of chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E), which could act as an osteogenic stimulant in our cell-based system. Conversely, estrogen deficiency caused reduced expression of CS-E-synthesizing enzymes, including GalNAc4S-6ST, and led to decreased CS-E production in cultures of bone marrow cells derived from ovariectomized mice. Moreover, Galnac4s6st-deficient mice had abnormally low bone mass that resulted from impaired osteoblast differentiation. These results indicated that strategies aimed at boosting CS-E biosynthesis are promising alternative therapies for osteoporosis.
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40
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Izumikawa T, Sato B, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Igarashi M, Kitagawa H. GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate) is the preferred substrate for chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5438-48. [PMID: 25568321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency in chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (ChGn-1) was previously shown to reduce the number of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, leading to skeletal dysplasias in mice, suggesting that ChGn-1 regulates the number of CS chains for normal cartilage development. Recently, we demonstrated that 2-phosphoxylose phosphatase (XYLP) regulates the number of CS chains by dephosphorylating the Xyl residue in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. However, the relationship between ChGn-1 and XYLP in controlling the number of CS chains is not clear. In this study, we for the first time detected a phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage structure, GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate), in ChGn-1(-/-) growth plate cartilage but not in ChGn-2(-/-) or wild-type growth plate cartilage. In contrast, the truncated linkage tetrasaccharide GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl was detected in wild-type, ChGn-1(-/-), and ChGn-2(-/-) growth plate cartilage. Consistent with the findings, ChGn-1 preferentially transferred N-acetylgalactosamine to the phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage in vitro. Moreover, ChGn-1 and XYLP interacted with each other, and ChGn-1-mediated addition of N-acetylgalactosamine was accompanied by rapid XYLP-dependent dephosphorylation during formation of the CS linkage region. Taken together, we conclude that the phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage is the preferred substrate for ChGn-1 and that ChGn-1 and XYLP cooperatively regulate the number of CS chains in growth plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Tamura
- the Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan, and
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- the Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences and Trans-disciplinary Program, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan,
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41
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Mechanisms for modulation of neural plasticity and axon regeneration by chondroitin sulphate. J Biochem 2014; 157:13-22. [PMID: 25381371 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), consisting of core proteins linked to one or more chondroitin sulphate (CS) chains, are major extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the central nervous system (CNS). Multi-functionality of CSPGs can be explained by the diversity in structure of CS chains that undergo dynamic changes during development and under pathological conditions. CSPGs, together with other ECM components, form mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets around a subset of neurons. Enzymatic digestion or genetic manipulation of CSPGs reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain and improves regeneration of damaged axons after CNS injury. Recent studies have shown that CSPGs not only act as non-specific physical barriers that prevent rearrangement of synaptic connections but also regulate neural plasticity through specific interaction of CS chains with its binding partners in a manner that depends on the structure of the CS chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Metabolism of cartilage proteoglycans in health and disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:452315. [PMID: 25105124 PMCID: PMC4106107 DOI: 10.1155/2014/452315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage proteoglycans are extracellular macromolecules with complex structure, composed of a core protein onto which a variable number of glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. Their biosynthesis at the glycosaminoglycan level involves a great number of sugar transferases well-orchestrated in Golgi apparatus. Similarly, their degradation, either extracellular or intracellular in lysosomes, involves a large number of hydrolases. A deficiency or malfunction of any of the enzymes participating in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism may lead to severe disease state. This review summarizes the findings regarding this topic.
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Chondroitin sulphate N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase-1 inhibits recovery from neural injury. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2740. [PMID: 24220492 PMCID: PMC3831297 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular factors that inhibit axon growth and intrinsic factors that promote it affect neural regeneration. Therapies targeting any single gene have not yet simultaneously optimized both types of factors. Chondroitin sulphate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan, is the most abundant extracellular inhibitor of axon growth. Here we show that mice carrying a gene knockout for CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1), a key enzyme in CS biosynthesis, recover more completely from spinal cord injury than wild-type mice and even chondroitinase ABC-treated mice. Notably, synthesis of heparan sulphate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan promoting axonal growth, is also upregulated in TI knockout mice because HS-synthesis enzymes are induced in the mutant neurons. Moreover, chondroitinase ABC treatment never induces HS upregulation. Taken together, our results indicate that regulation of a single gene, T1, mediates excellent recovery from spinal cord injury by optimizing counteracting effectors of axon regeneration—an extracellular inhibitor of CS and intrinsic promoters, namely, HS-synthesis enzymes. The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulphate inhibits axon growth. Here the authors show that mice deficient in chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis have increased levels of heparan sulphate, which is more efficient than chondroitinase in supporting recovery from spinal cord injury.
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Mis EK, Liem KF, Kong Y, Schwartz NB, Domowicz M, Weatherbee SD. Forward genetics defines Xylt1 as a key, conserved regulator of early chondrocyte maturation and skeletal length. Dev Biol 2014; 385:67-82. [PMID: 24161523 PMCID: PMC3895954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long bones of the vertebrate body are built by the initial formation of a cartilage template that is later replaced by mineralized bone. The proliferation and maturation of the skeletal precursor cells (chondrocytes) within the cartilage template and their replacement by bone is a highly coordinated process which, if misregulated, can lead to a number of defects including dwarfism and other skeletal deformities. This is exemplified by the fact that abnormal bone development is one of the most common types of human birth defects. Yet, many of the factors that initiate and regulate chondrocyte maturation are not known. We identified a recessive dwarf mouse mutant (pug) from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. pug mutant skeletal elements are patterned normally during development, but display a ~20% length reduction compared to wild-type embryos. We show that the pug mutation does not lead to changes in chondrocyte proliferation but instead promotes premature maturation and early ossification, which ultimately leads to disproportionate dwarfism. Using sequence capture and high-throughput sequencing, we identified a missense mutation in the Xylosyltransferase 1 (Xylt1) gene in pug mutants. Xylosyltransferases catalyze the initial step in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain addition to proteoglycan core proteins, and these modifications are essential for normal proteoglycan function. We show that the pug mutation disrupts Xylt1 activity and subcellular localization, leading to a reduction in GAG chains in pug mutants. The pug mutant serves as a novel model for mammalian dwarfism and identifies a key role for proteoglycan modification in the initiation of chondrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Mis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Karel F. Liem
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Miriam Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Pomari E, Stefanon B, Colitti M. Effect of Arctium lappa (burdock) extract on canine dermal fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:159-66. [PMID: 24192279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the biological activities of Arctium lappa (burdock) have been already investigated in human and other species, data evaluating the molecular mechanisms have not been reported in the dog. In this study we analyzed for the first time the effect of a root extract of burdock on molecular responses in canine dermal fibroblasts with H2O2 stimulation (H group), with burdock treatment (B group) and with H2O2 stimulation and burdock treatment (BH group), using RNAseq technology. Differentially expressed genes (P<0.05) of H, B and BH groups in comparison to the untreated sample (negative control, C group) were identified with MeV software and were functional annotated and monitored for signaling pathways and candidate biomarkers using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). The expression profile of canine dermal fibroblasts treated with burdock extract with or without H2O2 stimulation, showed an up-regulation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), disheveled 3 (DVL3) and chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (CSGALNACT2). The data suggested that burdock has implications in cell adhesion and gene expression with the modulation of Wnt/β catenin signaling and Chondroitin Sulphate Biosynthesis that are particularly important for the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pomari
- Department of Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Mikami T, Kitagawa H. Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4719-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Izumikawa T, Saigoh K, Shimizu J, Tsuji S, Kusunoki S, Kitagawa H. A chondroitin synthase-1 (ChSy-1) missense mutation in a patient with neuropathy impairs the elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains initiated by chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4806-12. [PMID: 23811343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we identified two missense mutations in the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 gene in patients with neuropathy. These mutations are associated with a profound decrease in chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 enzyme activity. Here, we describe a patient with neuropathy who is heterozygous for a chondroitin synthase-1 mutation. Chondroitin synthase-1 has two glycosyltransferase activities: it acts as a GlcUA and a GalNAc transferase and is responsible for adding repeated disaccharide units to growing chondroitin sulfate chains. METHODS Recombinant wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 enzyme and the F362S mutant were expressed. These enzymes and cells expressing them were then characterized. RESULTS The mutant chondroitin synthase-1 protein retained approximately 50% of each glycosyltransferase activity relative to the wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 protein. Furthermore, unlike chondroitin polymerase comprised of wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 protein, the non-reducing terminal 4-O-sulfation of GalNAc residues synthesized by chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 did not facilitate the elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains when chondroitin polymerase that consists of the mutant chondroitin synthase-1 protein was used as the enzyme source. CONCLUSIONS The chondroitin synthase-1 F362S mutation in a patient with neuropathy resulted in a decrease in chondroitin polymerization activity and the mutant protein was defective in regulating the number of chondroitin sulfate chains via chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Thus, the progression of peripheral neuropathies may result from defects in these regulatory systems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains may be tightly regulated by the cooperative expression of chondroitin synthase-1 and chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 in peripheral neurons and peripheral neuropathies may result from synthesis of abnormally truncated chondroitin sulfate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Filipek-Górniok B, Holmborn K, Haitina T, Habicher J, Oliveira MB, Hellgren C, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Kreuger J, Ledin J. Expression of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferases during early zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:964-75. [PMID: 23703795 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans present in the extracellular matrix have important structural and regulatory functions. RESULTS Six human genes have previously been shown to catalyze CS/DS polymerization. Here we show that one of these genes, chpf, is represented by two copies in the zebrafish genome, chpfa and chpfb, while the other five human CS/DS glycosyltransferases csgalnact1, csgalnact2, chpf2, chsy1, and chsy3 all have single zebrafish orthologues. The putative zebrafish CS/DS glycosyltransferases are spatially and temporally expressed. Interestingly, overlapping expression of multiple glycosyltransferases coincides with high CS/DS deposition. Finally, whereas the relative levels of the related polysaccharide HS reach steady-state at around 2 days post fertilization, there is a continued relative increase of the CS amounts per larvae during the first 6 days of development, matching the increased cartilage formation. CONCLUSIONS There are 7 CS/DS glycosyltransferases in zebrafish, which, based on homology, can be divided into the CSGALNACT, CHSY, and CHPF families. The overlap between intense CS/DS production and the expression of multiple CS/DS glycosyltransferases suggests that efficient CS/DS biosynthesis requires a combination of several glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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