1
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Kurogi K, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Evolution and multiple functions of sulfonation and cytosolic sulfotransferases across species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:368-380. [PMID: 38271594 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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2
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Langford L, Shah DD. Bioinformatic Analysis of Sulfotransferases from an Unexplored Gut Microbe, Sutterella wadsworthensis 3_1_45B: Possible Roles towards Detoxification via Sulfonation by Members of the Human Gut Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2983. [PMID: 38474230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation, primarily facilitated by sulfotransferases, plays a crucial role in the detoxification pathways of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, promoting metabolism and elimination. Traditionally, this bioconversion has been attributed to a family of human cytosolic sulfotransferases (hSULTs) known for their high sequence similarity and dependence on 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a sulfo donor. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of PAPS-dependent sulfotransferases within gut commensals, indicating that the gut microbiome may harbor a diverse array of sulfotransferase enzymes and contribute to detoxification processes via sulfation. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sulfotransferases in members of the human gut microbiome. Interestingly, we stumbled upon PAPS-independent sulfotransferases, known as aryl-sulfate sulfotransferases (ASSTs). Our bioinformatics analyses revealed that members of the gut microbial genus Sutterella harbor multiple asst genes, possibly encoding multiple ASST enzymes within its members. Fluctuations in the microbes of the genus Sutterella have been associated with various health conditions. For this reason, we characterized 17 different ASSTs from Sutterella wadsworthensis 3_1_45B. Our findings reveal that SwASSTs share similarities with E. coli ASST but also exhibit significant structural variations and sequence diversity. These differences might drive potential functional diversification and likely reflect an evolutionary divergence from their PAPS-dependent counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Langford
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Dhara D Shah
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
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3
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Dou Y, Pei S, Li Y, Wang M, Liu Z, Li J, Cao J, Qin J, Zhang M, Hou L, Sun H. Farnesoid X receptor represses human sulfotransferase 1A3 expression through direct binding to the promoter. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1014-1023. [PMID: 37487659 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Human sulfotransferases 1A3 (SULT1A3) has received particular interest, due to their functions of catalyzing the sulfonation of numerous phenolic substrates, including bioactive endogenous molecules and therapeutic agents. However, the regulation of SULT1A3 expression and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulation effects of bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on SULT1A3 expression, and to shed light on the mechanism thereof. Our results demonstrated that FXR agonists (CDCA and GW4064) significantly inhibit the expression of SULT1A3 at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, overexpression of FXR led to decrease in SULT1A3 expression and knockdown of FXR significantly induced the expression of SULT1A3 in protein and mRNA levels, confirming that FXR expression manifestly showed negative regulatory effect on basal SULT1A3 expression. Furthermore, a combination of luciferase reporter gene and CHIP assays showed that FXR repressed SULT1A3 transcription through direct binding to the region at base pair positions -664 to -654. In conclusion, this study for the first time confirmed FXR was a negative transcriptional regulator of human SULT1A3 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuhua Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | | | - Jiqin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jia Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hua Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for advanced interdisciplinary studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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4
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Stern S, Kurian R, Wang H. Clinical Relevance of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1010-1018. [PMID: 35236665 PMCID: PMC11022901 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (NR1I3), a xenobiotic receptor, has long been considered a master mediator of drug disposition and detoxification. Accumulating evidence indicates that CAR also participates in various physiologic and pathophysiological pathways regulating the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and bile acids, and contributing to cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and repair, as well as cancer development. The expression and activity of CAR can be regulated by various factors, including small molecular modulators, CAR interaction with other transcription factors, and naturally occurring genetic variants. Given that the influence of CAR has extended beyond the realm of drug metabolism and disposition and has expanded into a potential modulator of human diseases, growing efforts have centered on understanding its clinical relevance and impact on human pathophysiology. This review highlights the current information available regarding the contribution of CAR to various metabolic disorders and cancers and ponders the possible challenges that might arise from pursuing CAR as a potential therapeutic target for these diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The growing importance of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as its potential implication in cell proliferation emphasizes a need to keenly understand the biological function and clinical impact of CAR. This minireview captures the clinical relevance of CAR by highlighting its role in metabolic disorders and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ritika Kurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BILE ACID HOMEOSTASIS. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:425-455. [PMID: 34686523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have been known for decades to aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. The development of gene knockout mice models and transgenic humanized mouse models have helped us understand other function of bile acids, such as their role in modulating fat, glucose, and energy metabolism, and in the molecular regulation of the synthesis, transport, and homeostasis of bile acids. The G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 regulates the bile acid induced alterations of intermediary metabolism, while the nuclear receptor FXR regulates bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. However, this review indicates that unidentified factors in addition to FXR must exist to aid in the regulation of bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. Significance Statement This review captures the present understanding of bile acid synthesis, the role of bile acid transporters in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the role of the nuclear receptor FXR on the regulation of bile acid synthesis and bile acid transporters, and the importance of bile acids in activating GPCR signaling via TGR5 to modify intermediary metabolism. This information is useful for developing drugs for the treatment of various hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Univ Washington, United States
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6
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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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7
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Teramoto T, Nishio T, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Kakuta Y. The crystal structure of mouse SULT2A8 reveals the mechanism of 7α-hydroxyl, bile acid sulfation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:15-20. [PMID: 34030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids play essential roles in facilitating the intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients as well as regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis via activation of some receptors. Bile acids are cytotoxic, and consequently their concentrations are tightly controlled. A critical pathway for bile acid elimination and detoxification is sulfation. The pattern of bile acid sulfation differs by species. Sulfation preferentially occurs at the 3α-OH of bile acids in humans, but at the 7α-OH in mice. A recent study identified mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A8 (mSULT2A8) as the major hepatic 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfating enzyme. To elucidate the 7α-OH specific sulfation mechanism of mSULT2A8, instead of 3α-OH specific sulfation in humans, we determined a crystal structure of mSULT2A8 in complex with cholic acid, a major bile acid, and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate, the sulfate donor product. Our study shows that bile acid-binding mode of mSULT2A8 and how the enzyme holds the 7α-OH group of bile acids at the catalytic center, revealing that the mechanism underlying 7α-OH specific sulfation. The structure shows the substrate binds to mSULT2A8 in an orientation perpendicular to that of human 3α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfotransferase (hSULT2A1). The structure of the complex provides new insight into species different bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeaki Nishio
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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8
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Wang K, Chan YC, So PK, Liu X, Feng L, Cheung WT, Lee SST, Au SWN. Structure of mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT2A8 provides insight into sulfonation of 7α-hydroxyl bile acids. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100074. [PMID: 33872606 PMCID: PMC8134075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the cofactor 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate to a hydroxyl (OH) containing substrate and play a critical role in the homeostasis of endogenous compounds, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and bile acids. In human, SULT2A1 sulfonates the 3-OH of bile acids; however, bile acid metabolism in mouse is dependent on a 7α-OH sulfonating SULT2A8 via unknown molecular mechanisms. In this study, the crystal structure of SULT2A8 in complex with adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate and cholic acid was resolved at a resolution of 2.5 Å. Structural comparison with human SULT2A1 reveals different conformations of substrate binding loops. In addition, SULT2A8 possesses a unique substrate binding mode that positions the target 7α-OH of the bile acid close to the catalytic site. Furthermore, mapping of the critical residues by mutagenesis and enzyme activity assays further highlighted the importance of Lys44 and His48 for enzyme catalysis and Glu237 in loop 3 on substrate binding and stabilization. In addition, limited proteolysis and thermal shift assays suggested that the cofactor and substrates have protective roles in stabilizing SULT2A8 protein. Together, the findings unveil the structural basis of bile acid sulfonation targeting 7α-OH and shed light on the functional diversity of bile acid metabolism across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Yan-Chun Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Pui-Kin So
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Xing Liu
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Feng
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Tai Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna Sau-Tuen Lee
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shannon Wing-Ngor Au
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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9
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Wang K, Chan MYC, Xu J, Li PS, Liu X, Lee AYF, Lee SST, Cheung WT. Male-biased fasting-induced changes in hepatic tauro-cholic acid and plasma cholesterol in Sult2a8-haplodeficient mice. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:499-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Xie Y, Xie W. The Role of Sulfotransferases in Liver Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:742-749. [PMID: 32587100 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are phase II conjugating enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to a nucleophilic group of their substrates to generate hydrophilic products. Sulfation has a major effect on the chemical and functional homeostasis of substrate chemicals. SULTs are widely expressed in metabolically active or hormonally responsive tissues, including the liver and many extrahepatic tissues. The expression of SULTs exhibits isoform-, tissue-, sex-, and development-specific regulations. SULTs display a broad range of substrates including xenobiotics and endobiotics. The expression of SULTs has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α These nuclear receptors can be activated by numerous xenobiotics and endobiotics, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols, many of which are substrates of SULTs. Due to their metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics, SULTs and their regulations are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This review is aimed to summarize the central role of major SULTs, including the SULT1 and SULT2 subfamilies, in the pathophysiology of liver and liver-related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are indispensable in the homeostasis of xenobiotics and endobiotics. Knowing SULTs and their regulations are implicated in human diseases, it is hoped that genetic or pharmacological manipulations of the expression and/or activity of SULTs can be used to affect the clinical outcome of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.X., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (W.X.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.X., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (W.X.)
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11
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Wang P, Song Y, Zhong H, Lin S, Zhang X, Li J, Che L, Feng B, Lin Y, Xu S, Zhuo Y, Wu D, Burrin DG, Fang Z. Transcriptome Profiling of Placenta through Pregnancy Reveals Dysregulation of Bile Acids Transport and Detoxification Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174099. [PMID: 31443432 PMCID: PMC6747679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta performs the function of several adult organs for the fetus during intrauterine life. Because of the dramatic physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy and the strong association between maternal metabolism and placental function, the possibility that variation in gene expression patterns during pregnancy might be linked to fetal health warrants investigation. Here, next-generation RNA sequencing was used to investigate the expression profile, including mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of placentas on day 60 of gestation (G60), day 90 of gestation (G90), and on the farrowing day (L0) in pregnant swine. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs consistently showed dysregulation of bile acids transport and detoxification as pregnancy progress. We found the differentially expressed mRNAs, particularly bile salt export pump (ABCB11), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2), carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), Na+-HCO3− cotransporter (NBC1), and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases (SULT2A1) play an important role in bile acids transport and sulfation in placentas during pregnancy. We also found the potential regulation role of ALDBSSCG0000000220 and XLOC_1301271 on placental SULT2A1. These findings have uncovered a previously unclear function and its genetic basis for bile acids metabolism in developing placentas and have important implications for exploring the potential physiological and pathological pathway to improve fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yumo Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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12
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Mao F, Liu T, Hou X, Zhao H, He W, Li C, Jing Z, Sui J, Wang F, Liu X, Han J, Borchers CH, Wang JS, Li W. Increased sulfation of bile acids in mice and human subjects with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide deficiency. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11853-11862. [PMID: 31201272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP, encoded by Slc10a1/SLC10A1) deficiency can result in hypercholanemia but no obvious symptoms in both mice and humans. However, the consequence of and response to long-term hypercholanemia caused by NTCP deficiency remain largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed lifelong dynamics of serum total bile acid (TBA) levels in Slc10a1 -/- mice, and we also assessed changes of TBA levels in 33 young individuals with SLC10A1 loss-of-function variant p.Ser267Phe. We found that overall serum TBA levels tended to decrease gradually with age in both Slc10a1 -/- mice and p.Ser267Phe individuals. Liver mRNA profiling revealed notable transcription alterations in hypercholanemic Slc10a1 -/- mice, including inhibition of bile acid (BA) synthesis, enhancement of BA detoxification, and altered BA transport. Members of the sulfotransferase (SULT) family showed the most dramatic increases in livers of hypercholanemic Slc10a1 -/- mice, and one of their BA sulfates, taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, significantly increased. Importantly, consistent with the mouse studies, comprehensive profiling of 58 BA species in sera of p.Ser267Phe individuals revealed a markedly increased level of BA sulfates. Together, our findings indicate that the enhanced BA sulfation is a major mechanism for BA detoxification and elimination in both mice and humans with Slc10a1/SLC10A1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200333, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201512, China
| | - Xinfeng Hou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cong Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhiyi Jing
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jun Han
- UVic-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 5N3, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- UVic-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 5N3, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3T2, Canada.,Proteomics Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Jian-She Wang
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China .,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200333, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China
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13
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Li J, Woolbright BL, Zhao W, Wang Y, Matye D, Hagenbuch B, Jaeschke H, Li T. Sortilin 1 Loss-of-Function Protects Against Cholestatic Liver Injury by Attenuating Hepatic Bile Acid Accumulation in Bile Duct Ligated Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:34-47. [PMID: 28453831 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin 1 (Sort1) is an intracellular trafficking receptor that mediates protein sorting in the endocytic or secretory pathways. Recent studies revealed a role of Sort1 in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study further investigated the role of Sort1 in modulating BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in bile duct ligated mice. We found that Sort1 knockout (KO) mice had attenuated liver injury 24 h after bile duct ligation (BDL), which was mainly attributed to less bile infarct formation. Sham-operated Sort1 KO mice had about 20% larger BA pool size than sham-operated wildtype (WT) mice, but 24 h after BDL Sort1 KO mice had significantly attenuated hepatic BA accumulation and smaller BA pool size. After 14 days BDL, Sort1 KO mice showed significantly lower hepatic BA concentration and reduced expression of inflammatory and fibrotic marker genes, but similar degree of liver fibrosis compared with WT mice. Unbiased quantitative proteomics revealed that Sort1 KO mice had increased hepatic BA sulfotransferase 2A1, but unaltered phase-I BA metabolizing cytochrome P450s or phase-III BA efflux transporters. Consistently, Sort1 KO mice showed elevated plasma sulfated taurocholate after BDL. Finally, we found that liver Sort1 was repressed after BDL, which may be due to BA activation of farnesoid x receptor. In conclusion, we report a role of Sort1 in the regulation of hepatic BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in mice. The mechanisms underlying increased hepatic BA elimination in Sort1 KO mice after BDL require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - David Matye
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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14
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Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. The critical role of His48 in mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT2A8 for the 7α-hydroxyl sulfation of bile acids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1359-1365. [PMID: 29685090 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1464897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT2A subfamily are known to be critically involved in the homeostasis of steroids and bile acids. SULT2A8, a 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-preferring mouse SULT, has been identified as the major enzyme responsible for the mouse-specific 7-O-sulfation of bile acids. Interestingly, SULT2A8 lacks a conservative catalytic His residue at position 99th. The catalytic mechanism underlying the SULT2A8-mediated 7-O-sulfation of bile acids thus remained unclear. In this study, we performed a mutational analysis in order to gain insight into this yet-unresolved issue. Results obtained revealed two amino acid residues, His48 and Leu99, that are unique to the mouse SULT2A8, but not other SULTs, are essential for its 7-O-sulfating activity toward bile acids. These findings suggested that substitutions of two amino acids, which might have occurred during the evolution of the mouse SULT2A8 gene, endowed mouse SULT2A8 the capacity to catalyze the 7-O-sulfation of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shimohira
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- c Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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15
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Yip CKY, Bansal S, Wong SY, Lau AJ. Identification of Galeterone and Abiraterone as Inhibitors of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfonation Catalyzed by Human Hepatic Cytosol, SULT2A1, SULT2B1b, and SULT1E1. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:470-482. [PMID: 29436390 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galeterone and abiraterone acetate are antiandrogens developed for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of these drugs on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfonation catalyzed by human liver and intestinal cytosols and human recombinant sulfotransferase enzymes (SULT2A1, SULT2B1b, and SULT2E1) and compared their effects to those of other antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and danazol). Each of these chemicals (10 μM) inhibited DHEA sulfonation catalyzed by human liver and intestinal cytosols. Enzyme kinetic analysis showed that galeterone and abiraterone acetate inhibited human liver cytosolic DHEA sulfonation with apparent Ki values at submicromolar concentrations, whereas cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and danazol inhibited it with apparent Ki values at low micromolar concentrations. The temporal pattern of abiraterone formation and abiraterone acetate depletion suggested that the metabolite abiraterone, not the parent drug abiraterone acetate, was responsible for the inhibition of DHEA sulfonation in incubations containing human liver cytosol and abiraterone acetate. Consistent with this proposal, similar apparent Ki values were obtained, regardless of whether abiraterone or abiraterone acetate was added to the enzymatic incubation. Abiraterone was more effective than abiraterone acetate in inhibiting DHEA sulfonation when catalyzed by human recombinant SULT2A1 or SULT2B1b. In conclusion, galeterone and abiraterone are novel inhibitors of DHEA sulfonation, as determined in enzymatic incubations containing human tissue cytosol (liver or intestinal) or human recombinant SULT enzyme (SULT2A1, SULT2B1b, or SULT1E1). Our findings on galeterone and abiraterone may have implications in drug-drug interactions and biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Keng Yan Yip
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science (C.K.Y.Y., S.B., S.Y.W., A.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (A.J.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumit Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science (C.K.Y.Y., S.B., S.Y.W., A.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (A.J.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Ying Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science (C.K.Y.Y., S.B., S.Y.W., A.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (A.J.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science (C.K.Y.Y., S.B., S.Y.W., A.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (A.J.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:111-128. [PMID: 29018272 PMCID: PMC5899973 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 982] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to a strong association between the gut microbiota and the risk, development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bile acids, produced in the liver, are metabolized by enzymes derived from intestinal bacteria and are critically important for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, balanced lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity and innate immunity. Given the complexity of bile acid signalling and the direct biochemical interactions between the gut microbiota and the host, a systems biology perspective is required to understand the liver-bile acid-microbiota axis and its role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis to reverse the microbiota-mediated alterations in bile acid metabolism that occur in disease states. An examination of recent research progress in this area is urgently needed. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic links between bile acids and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in CRC and HCC, which involve two major bile acid-sensing receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). We also highlight the strategies and cutting-edge technologies to target gut-microbiota-dependent alterations in bile acid metabolism in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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17
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Kurogi K, Yoshihama M, Horton A, Schiefer IT, Krasowski MD, Hagey LR, Williams FE, Sakakibara Y, Kenmochi N, Suiko M, Liu MC. Identification and characterization of 5α-cyprinol-sulfating cytosolic sulfotransferases (Sults) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:120-127. [PMID: 28807679 PMCID: PMC5675747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
5α-Cyprinol 27-sulfate is the major biliary bile salt present in cypriniform fish including the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The current study was designed to identify the zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferase (Sult) enzyme(s) capable of sulfating 5α-cyprinol and to characterize the zebrafish 5α-cyprinol-sulfating Sults in comparison with human SULT2A1. Enzymatic assays using zebrafish homogenates showed 5α-cyprinol-sulfating activity. A systematic analysis, using a panel of recombinant zebrafish Sults, revealed two Sult2 subfamily members, Sult2st2 and Sult2st3, as major 5α-cyprinol-sulfating Sults. Both enzymes showed higher activities using 5α-cyprinol as the substrate, compared to their activity with DHEA, a representative substrate for mammalian SULT2 family members, particularly SULT2A1. pH-Dependence and kinetics experiments indicated that the catalytic properties of zebrafish Sult2 family members in mediating the sulfation of 5α-cyprinol were different from those of either zebrafish Sult3st4 or human SULT2A1. Collectively, these results imply that both Sult2st2 and Sult2st3 have evolved to sulfate specifically C27-bile alcohol, 5α-cyprinol, in Cypriniform fish, whereas the enzymatic characteristics of zebrafish Sult3 members, particularly Sult3st4, correlated with those of human SULT2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshihama
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Frontier Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Austin Horton
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, RCP 6233, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kenmochi
- Frontier Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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18
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Udhane SS, Legeza B, Marti N, Hertig D, Diserens G, Nuoffer JM, Vermathen P, Flück CE. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses of metformin effects reveal novel links between metabolic networks in steroidogenic systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8652. [PMID: 28819133 PMCID: PMC5561186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is an antidiabetic drug, which inhibits mitochondrial respiratory-chain-complex I and thereby seems to affect the cellular metabolism in many ways. It is also used for the treatment of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women. In addition, metformin possesses antineoplastic properties. Although metformin promotes insulin-sensitivity and ameliorates reproductive abnormalities in PCOS, its exact mechanisms of action remain elusive. Therefore, we studied the transcriptome and the metabolome of metformin in human adrenal H295R cells. Microarray analysis revealed changes in 693 genes after metformin treatment. Using high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS-NMR), we determined 38 intracellular metabolites. With bioinformatic tools we created an integrated pathway analysis to understand different intracellular processes targeted by metformin. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data analysis showed that metformin affects a broad range of cellular processes centered on the mitochondrium. Data confirmed several known effects of metformin on glucose and androgen metabolism, which had been identified in clinical and basic studies previously. But more importantly, novel links between the energy metabolism, sex steroid biosynthesis, the cell cycle and the immune system were identified. These omics studies shed light on a complex interplay between metabolic pathways in steroidogenic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Balazs Legeza
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nesa Marti
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damian Hertig
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Diserens
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of vitamin D3-related compounds-identification and characterization of the responsible human cytosolic sulfotransferases. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2417-2425. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toledo Health Science Campus; OH USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toledo Health Science Campus; OH USA
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20
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Δ 4-3-ketosteroids as a new class of substrates for the cytosolic sulfotransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2883-2890. [PMID: 28782626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfation is generally known to involve the transfer of a sulfonate group from the active sulfate, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), to a hydroxyl group or an amino group of a substrate compound. We report here that human SULT2A1, in addition to being able to sulfate dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and other hydroxysteroids, could also catalyze the sulfation of Δ4-3-ketosteroids, which carry no hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure. Among a panel of Δ4-3-ketosteroids tested as substrates, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and progesterone were found to be sulfated by SULT2A1. Mass spectrometry analysis and structural modeling supported a reaction mechanism which involves the isomerization of Δ4-3-ketosteroids from the keto form to an enol form, prior to being subjected to sulfation. Results derived from this study suggested a potential role of SULT2A1 as a Δ4-3-ketosteroid sulfotransferase in steroid metabolism.
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21
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Dawson PA, Setchell KDR. Will the real bile acid sulfotransferase please stand up? Identification of Sult2a8 as a major hepatic bile acid sulfonating enzyme in mice. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1033-1035. [PMID: 28455387 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.c077420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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22
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Feng L, Yuen YL, Xu J, Liu X, Chan MYC, Wang K, Fong WP, Cheung WT, Lee SST. Identification and characterization of a novel PPARα-regulated and 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-preferring cytosolic sulfotransferase mL-STL (Sult2a8). J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1114-1131. [PMID: 28442498 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARα has been known to play a pivotal role in orchestrating lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism via transcriptional regulation of its target gene expression during energy deprivation. Recent evidence has also suggested that PPARα is involved in bile acid metabolism, but how PPARα modulates the homeostasis of bile acids during fasting is still not clear. In a mechanistic study aiming to dissect the spectrum of PPARα target genes involved in metabolic response to fasting, we identified a novel mouse gene (herein named mL-STL for mouse liver-sulfotransferase-like) that shared extensive homology with the Sult2a subfamily of a superfamily of cytosolic sulfotransferases, implying its potential function in sulfonation. The mL-STL gene expressed predominantly in liver in fed state, but PPARα was required to sustain its expression during fasting, suggesting a critical role of PPARα in regulating the mL-STL-mediated sulfonation during fasting. Functional studies using recombinant His-tagged mL-STL protein revealed its narrow sulfonating activities toward 7α-hydroxyl primary bile acids, including cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and α-muricholic acid, and thus suggesting that mL-STL may be the major hepatic bile acid sulfonating enzyme in mice. Together, these studies identified a novel PPARα-dependent gene and uncovered a new role of PPARα as being an essential regulator in bile acid biotransformation via sulfonation during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yee-Lok Yuen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Martin Yan-Chun Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wing-Tai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna Sau-Tuen Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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23
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An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for quantifying 3-ketocholanoic acid: Application to the human liver microsomal CYP3A-dependent lithocholic acid 3-oxidation assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1023-1024:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Bansal S, Lau AJ. Fast and sensitive quantification of human liver cytosolic lithocholic acid sulfation using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Bansal S, Lau AJ. Human liver cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A1-dependent dehydroepiandrosterone sulfation assay by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Guo Y, Hu B, Xie Y, Billiar TR, Sperry JL, Huang M, Xie W. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes by local and systemic liver injuries. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:245-51. [PMID: 26751558 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1139574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug metabolism and disposition are critical in maintaining the chemical and functional homeostasis of xenobiotics/drugs and endobiotics. The liver plays an essential role in drug metabolism and disposition due to its abundant expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. There is growing evidence to suggest that many hepatic and systemic diseases can affect drug metabolism and disposition by regulating the expression and/or activity of DMEs and transporters in the liver. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the recent progress on the regulation of DMEs by local and systemic liver injuries. Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and sepsis are used as examples of local and systemic injury, respectively. The reciprocal effect of the expression and activity of DMEs on animals' sensitivity to local and systemic liver injuries is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Local and systemic liver injuries have a major effect on the expression and activity of DMEs in the liver. Understanding the disease effect on DMEs is clinically important due to the concern of disease-drug interactions. Future studies are necessary to understand the mechanism by which liver injury regulates DMEs. Human studies are also urgently needed in order to determine whether the results in animals can be replicated in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Bingfang Hu
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yang Xie
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- d Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jason L Sperry
- d Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Min Huang
- c Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wen Xie
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Liver Expression of Sulphotransferase 2A1 Enzyme Is Impaired in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Lack of the Response to Enhanced Expression of PXR. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:571353. [PMID: 26504856 PMCID: PMC4609469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sulphotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) exerts hepatoprotective effects. Transcription of SULT2A1 gene is induced by pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) and can be repressed by miR-378a-5p. We studied the PXR/SULT2A1 axis in chronic cholestatic conditions: primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). MATERIALS/METHODS Western-blot/PCRs for SULT2A1/PXR were performed in PSC (n = 11), PBC (n = 19), and control liver tissues (n = 19). PXR and SULT2A1 mRNA was analyzed in intestinal tissues from 22 PSC patients. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood of PSC patients (n = 120) and an equal number of healthy volunteers. Liver miRNA expression was evaluated using Affymetrix-Gene-Chip miRNA4.0. RESULTS Increased PXR protein was observed in both PSC and PBC compared to controls and was accompanied by a significant increase of SULT2A1 in PBC but not in PSC. Decreased expression of SULT2A1 mRNA was also seen in ileum of patients with PSC. Unlike PBC, miRNA analysis in PSC has shown a substantial increase in liver miR-378a-5p. CONCLUSIONS PSC is characterized by disease-specific impairment of SULT2A1 expression following PXR activation, a phenomenon which is not noted in PBC, and may account for the impaired hepatoprotection in PSC. miRNA analysis suggests that SULT2A1 expression in PSC may be regulated by miR-378a-5p, connoting its pathogenic role.
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Barrett KG, Fang H, Cukovic D, Dombkowski AA, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Upregulation of UGT2B4 Expression by 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-Phosphosulfate Synthase Knockdown: Implications for Coordinated Control of Bile Acid Conjugation. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1061-70. [PMID: 25948711 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During cholestasis, the bile acid-conjugating enzymes, SULT2A1 and UGT2B4, work in concert to prevent the accumulation of toxic bile acids. To understand the impact of sulfotransferase deficiency on human hepatic gene expression, we knocked down 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthases (PAPSS) 1 and 2, which catalyze synthesis of the obligate sulfotransferase cofactor, in HepG2 cells. PAPSS knockdown caused no change in SULT2A1 expression; however, UGT2B4 expression increased markedly (∼41-fold increase in UGT2B4 mRNA content). Knockdown of SULT2A1 in HepG2 cells also increased UGT2B4 expression. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we transfected PAPSS-deficient HepG2 cells with a luciferase reporter plasmid containing ∼2 Kb of the UGT2B4 5'-flanking region, which included a response element for the bile acid-sensing nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR activation or overexpression increased UGT2B4 promoter activity; however, knocking down FXR or mutating or deleting the FXR response element did not significantly decrease UGT2B4 promoter activity. Further evaluation of the UGT2B4 5'-flanking region indicated the presence of distal regulatory elements between nucleotides -10090 and -10037 that negatively and positively regulated UGT2B4 transcription. Pulse-chase analysis showed that increased UGT2B4 expression in PAPSS-deficient cells was attributable to both increased mRNA synthesis and stability. Transfection analysis demonstrated that the UGT2B4 3'-untranslated region decreased luciferase reporter expression less in PAPSS-deficient cells than in control cells. These data indicate that knocking down PAPSS increases UGT2B4 transcription and mRNA stability as a compensatory response to the loss of SULT2A1 activity, presumably to maintain bile acid-conjugating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Barrett
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
| | - Hailin Fang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
| | - Daniela Cukovic
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
| | - Alan A Dombkowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (K.G.B., H.F., T.A.K., M.R.-M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (D.C., A.A.D.)
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Squirewell EJ, Duffel MW. The effects of endoxifen and other major metabolites of tamoxifen on the sulfation of estradiol catalyzed by human cytosolic sulfotransferases hSULT1E1 and hSULT1A1*1. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:843-50. [PMID: 25819444 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is successfully used for both treatment and prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, yet side effects and development of resistance remain problematic. Endoxifen is a major active metabolite of tamoxifen that is being investigated for clinical use. We hypothesized that endoxifen and perhaps other major metabolites of tamoxifen may affect the ability of human estrogen sulfotransferase 1E1 (hSULT1E1) and human phenol sulfotransferase 1A1 isoform 1 (hSULT1A1*1) to catalyze the sulfation of estradiol, an important mechanism in termination of estrogen signaling through loss of activity at estrogen receptors. Our results indicated that endoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen (N-desTAM), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHTAM), and tamoxifen-N-oxide were weak inhibitors of hSULT1E1 with Ki values ranging from 10 μM to 38 μM (i.e., over 1000 times higher than the 8.1 nM Km value for estradiol as substrate for the enzyme). In contrast to the results with hSULT1E1, endoxifen and 4-OHTAM were significant inhibitors of the sulfation of 2.0 µM estradiol catalyzed by hSULT1A1*1, with IC50 values (9.9 μM and 1.6 μM, respectively) that were similar to the Km value (1.5 μM) for estradiol as substrate for this enzyme. Additional investigation of the interaction of these metabolites with the two sulfotransferases revealed that endoxifen, 4-OHTAM, and N-desTAM were substrates for hSULT1E1 and hSULT1A1*1, although the relative catalytic efficiencies varied with both the substrate and the enzyme. These results may assist in future elucidation of cell- and tissue-specific effects of tamoxifen and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Squirewell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Ekström L, Rane A. Genetic variation, expression and ontogeny of sulfotransferase SULT2A1 in humans. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:293-7. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ou Z, Jiang M, Hu B, Huang Y, Xu M, Ren S, Li S, Liu S, Xie W, Huang M. Transcriptional regulation of human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 by LXRα. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1684-9. [PMID: 25028566 PMCID: PMC4164974 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) plays an important role in the metabolism and homeostasis of cholesterol, lipids, bile acids, and steroid hormones. In this study, we uncovered a function of LXRα (NR1H3) in regulating the human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1, a phase II conjugating enzyme known to sulfonate bile acids, hydroxysteroid dehydroepiandrosterone, and related androgens. We showed that activation of LXR induced the expression of SULT2A1 at mRNA, protein, and enzymatic levels. A combination of promoter reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that LXRα transactivated the SULT2A1 gene promoter through its specific binding to the -500- to -258-base pair region of the SULT2A1 gene promoter. LXR small interfering RNA knockdown experiments suggested that LXRα, but not LXRβ, played a dominant role in regulating SULT2A1. In primary human hepatocytes, we found a positive correlation between the expression of SULT2A1 and LXRα, which further supported the regulation of SULT2A1 by LXRα. In summary, our results established human SULT2A1 as a novel LXRα target gene. The expression of LXRα is a potential predictor for the expression of SULT2A1 in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Mengxi Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Bingfang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Yixian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Meishu Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Songrong Ren
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Song Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Suhuan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.O., B.H., M.H.); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.O., M.J., B.H., Y.H., M.X., S.R., So.L., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.X.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (Z.O., Su.L.)
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Takeda Y, Kang HS, Lih FB, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Jetten AM. Retinoid acid-related orphan receptor γ, RORγ, participates in diurnal transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolic genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10448-59. [PMID: 25143535 PMCID: PMC4176349 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic circadian clock plays a pivotal role in regulating major aspects of energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. In this study, we show that RORγ robustly regulates the rhythmic expression of several lipid metabolic genes, including the insulin-induced gene 2a, Insig2a, elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like 3, Elovl3 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase, Cyp8b1, by enhancing their expression at ZT20-4. The time-dependent increase in their expression correlates with the rhythmic expression pattern of RORγ. The enhanced recruitment of RORγ to ROREs in their promoter region, increased histone acetylation, and reporter and mutation analysis support the concept that RORγ regulates the transcription of several lipid metabolic genes directly by binding ROREs in their promoter regulatory region. Consistent with the disrupted expression of a number of lipid metabolic genes, loss of RORγ reduced the level of several lipids in liver and blood in a ZT-preferred manner. Particularly the whole-body bile acid pool size was considerably reduced in RORγ−/− mice in part through its regulation of several Cyp genes. Similar observations were made in liver-specific RORγ-deficient mice. Altogether, our study indicates that RORγ functions as an important link between the circadian clock and the transcriptional regulation of several metabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Ekuase EJ, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW, Duffel MW. Binding interactions of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OHPCBs) with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 212:56-64. [PMID: 24508592 PMCID: PMC3994546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants, and exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OHPCBs) has been associated with various adverse health effects. The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of OHPCBs, and the interaction of OHPCBs with both the SULT1 and SULT2 families of these enzymes has received attention both with respect to metabolic disposition of these molecules and the potential mechanisms for their roles in endocrine disruption. We have previously shown that OHPCBs interact with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1, an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), other alcohol-containing steroids, bile acids, and many xenobiotics. The objective of our current studies is to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of hSULT2A1 by OHPCBs by combining inhibition kinetics with determination of equilibrium binding constants and molecular modeling of potential interactions. Examination of the effects of fifteen OHPCBs on the sulfation of DHEA catalyzed by hSULT2A1 showed predominantly noncompetitive inhibition patterns. This was observed for OHPCBs that were substrates for sulfation reactions catalyzed by the enzyme as well as those that solely inhibited the sulfation of DHEA. Equilibrium binding experiments and molecular modeling studies indicated that the OHPCBs bind at the binding site for DHEA on the enzyme, and that the observed noncompetitive patterns of inhibition are consistent with binding in more than one orientation to more than one enzyme complex. These results have implications for the roles of SULTs in the toxicology of OHPCBs, while also providing molecular probes of the complexity of substrate/inhibitor interactions with hSULT2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edugie J Ekuase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Kurogi K, Liu TA, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. The use of zebrafish as a model system for investigating the role of the SULTs in the metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:431-40. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kodama S, Negishi M. Sulfotransferase genes: regulation by nuclear receptors in response to xeno/endo-biotics. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:441-9. [PMID: 24025090 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are two major xeno-sensing transcription factors. They can be activated by a broad range of lipophilic xenobiotics including therapeutics drugs. In addition to xenobiotics, endogenous compounds such as steroid hormones and bile acids can also activate PXR and/or CAR. These nuclear receptors regulate genes that encode enzymes and transporters that metabolize and excrete both xenobiotics and endobiotics. Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a group of these enzymes and sulfate xenobiotics for detoxification. In general, inactivation by sulfation constitutes the mechanism to maintain homeostasis of endobiotics. Thus, deciphering the molecular mechanism by which PXR and CAR regulate SULT genes is critical for understanding the roles of SULTs in the alterations of physiological and pathophysiological processes caused by drug treatment or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan and
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Barrett KG, Fang H, Gargano MD, Markovich D, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Regulation of murine hepatic hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase expression in hyposulfatemic mice and in a cell model of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate deficiency. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1505-13. [PMID: 23674610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfate conjugation of nucleophilic substrates, and the cofactor for sulfonation, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), is biosynthesized from sulfate and ATP. The phenotype of male knockout mice for the NaS1 sodium sulfate cotransporter includes hyposulfatemia and increased hepatic expression of mouse cytoplasmic sulfotransferase Sult2a and Sult3a1. Here we report that in 8-week-old female NaS1-null mice, hepatic Sult2a1 mRNA levels were ∼51-fold higher than they were in a wild-type liver but expression of no other Sult was affected. To address whether hyposulfatemia-inducible Sult2a1 expression might be due to reduced PAPS levels, we stably knocked down PAPS synthases 1 and 2 in HepG2 cells (shPAPSS1/2 cells). When a reporter plasmid containing at least 233 nucleotides (nt) of Sult2a1 5'-flanking sequence was transfected into shPAPSS1/2 cells, reporter activity was significantly increased relative to the activity that was seen for reporters containing 179 or fewer nucleotides. Mutation of an IR0 (inverted repeat of AGGTCA, with 0 intervening bases) nuclear receptor motif at nt -191 to 180 significantly attenuated the PAPSS1/2 knockdown-mediated increase. PAPSS1/2 knockdown significantly activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid-related orphan receptor, and pregnane X receptor responsive reporters, and treatment with the FXR agonist GW4064 [3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-(3'-carboxy-2-chlorostilben-4-yl)oxymethyl-5-isopropylisoxazole] increased Sult2a1 promoter activity when the IR0 was intact. Transfection of shPAPSS1/2 cells with FXR small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced the Sult2a1 promoter activity. The impact of PAPSS1/2 knockdown on Sult2a1 promoter activity was recapitulated by knocking down endogenous SULT2A1 expression in HepG2 cells. We propose that hyposulfatemia leads to hepatic PAPS depletion, which causes loss of SULT2A1 activity and results in accumulation of nonsulfated bile acids and FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Barrett
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 259 Mack Avenue, Room 4118, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the physiologic sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, to a nucleophilic substrate to generate a polar product that is more amenable to elimination from the body. As catalysts of both xenobiotic and endogenous metabolism, the SULTs are major points of contact between the external and physiological environments, and modulation of SULT-catalyzed metabolism can not only affect xenobiotic disposition, but it can also alter endogenous metabolic processes. Therefore, it is not surprising that SULT expression is regulated by numerous members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that function as sensors of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols. These NRs include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, and estrogen-related receptors. This review summarizes current information about NR regulation of SULT expression. Because species differences in SULT subfamily composition and tissue-, sex-, development-, and inducer-dependent regulation are prominent, these differences will be emphasized throughout the review. In addition, because of the central role of the SULTs in cellular physiology, the effect of NR-mediated SULT regulation on physiological and pathophysiological processes will be discussed. Gaps in current knowledge that require further investigation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Ou Z, Shi X, Gilroy RK, Kirisci L, Romkes M, Lynch C, Wang H, Xu M, Jiang M, Ren S, Gramignoli R, Strom SC, Huang M, Xie W. Regulation of the human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) by RORα and RORγ and its potential relevance to human liver diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:106-15. [PMID: 23211525 PMCID: PMC3545217 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs) were postulated to have functions in tissue development and circadian rhythm. In this study, we revealed a novel function of RORα (NR1F1) and RORγ (NR1F3) in regulating the human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1), a phase II conjugating enzyme known to sulfonate bile acids, hydroxysteroid dehydroepiandrosterone, and related androgens. A combination of promoter reporter gene assay and EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that both RORα and RORγ transactivated the SULT2A1 gene promoter through their binding to a ROR response element found in the SULT2A1 gene promoter. Interestingly, this ROR response element overlaps with a previously reported constitutive androstane receptor response element on the same promoter. Down-regulation of RORα and/or RORγ by small interfering RNA inhibited the expression of endogenous SULT2A1. In primary human hepatocytes and human livers, we found a positive correlation between the expression of SULT2A1 and RORs, which further supported the regulation of SULT2A1 by RORs. We also found that the expression of RORα and RORγ was impaired in several liver disease conditions, such as steatosis/steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The positive regulation of human SULT2A1 by RORs is opposite to the negative regulation of Sult2a1 by RORs in rodents. In summary, our results established SULT2A1 as a novel ROR target gene. The expression of RORs is a potential predictor for the expression of SULT2A1 as well as disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Salman ED, He D, Runge-Morris M, Kocarek TA, Falany CN. Site-directed mutagenesis of human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) 2B1b to phospho-mimetic Ser348Asp results in an isoform with increased catalytic activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:315-23. [PMID: 21855633 PMCID: PMC3220804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human SULT2B1b is distinct from other SULT isoforms due to the presence of unique amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-terminal peptides. Using site-directed mutagenesis, it was determined that phosphorylation of Ser348 was associated with nuclear localization. To investigate the effects of this phosphorylation of Ser348 on activity and cellular localization, an in silico molecular mimic was generated by mutating Ser348 to an Asp. The Asp residue mimics the shape and charge of a phospho-Ser and homology models of SULT2B1b-phospho-S348 and SULT2B1b-S348D suggest a similar significant structural rearrangement in the C-terminal peptide. To evaluate the functional consequences of this post-translational modification and predicted rearrangement, 6His-SULT2B1b-S348D was synthesized, expressed, purified and characterized. The 6His-SULT2B1b-S348D has a specific activity for DHEA sulfation ten-fold higher than recombinant 6His-SULT2B1b (209.6 and 21.8pmolmin(-1)mg(-1), respectively). Similar to native SULT2B1b, gel filtration chromatography showed SULT2B1b-S348D was enzymatically active as a homodimer. Stability assays comparing SULT2B1b and SUL2B1b-S348 demonstrated that SULT2B1b is 60% less thermostable than SULT2B1b-348D. The increased stability and sulfation activity allowed for better characterization of the sulfation kinetics for putative substrates as well as the determination of dissociation constants that were difficult to obtain with wild-type (WT) 6His-SULT2B1b. The K(D)s for DHEA and PAPS binding to 6His-SULT2B1b-S348D were 650±7nM and 265±4nM, respectively, whereas K(D)s for binding of substrates to the WT enzyme could not be determined. Characterization of the molecular mimic SULT2B1b-S348D provides a better understanding for the role of the unique structure of SULT2B1b and its effect on sulfation activity, and has allowed for improved kinetic characterization of the SULT2B1b enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Salman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Dongning He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Thomas A. Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Charles N. Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Kurogi K, Krasowski MD, Injeti E, Liu MY, Williams FE, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. A comparative study of the sulfation of bile acids and a bile alcohol by the Zebra danio (Danio rerio) and human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:307-14. [PMID: 21839837 PMCID: PMC3515676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the sulfation of bile acids and bile alcohols by the Zebra danio (Danio rerio) SULTs in comparison with human SULTs. A systematic analysis using the fifteen Zebra danio SULTs revealed that SULT3 ST2 and SULT3 ST3 were the major bile acid/alcohol-sulfating SULTs. Among the eleven human SULTs, only SULT2A1 was found to be capable of sulfating bile acids and bile alcohols. To further investigate the sulfation of bile acids and bile alcohols by the two Zebra danio SULT3 STs and the human SULT2A1, pH-dependence and kinetics of the sulfation of bile acids/alcohols were analyzed. pH-dependence experiments showed that the mechanisms underlying substrate recognition for the sulfation of lithocholic acid (a bile acid) and 5α-petromyzonol (a bile alcohol) differed between the human SULT2A1 and the Zebra danio SULT3 ST2 and ST3. Kinetic analysis indicated that both the two Zebra danio SULT3 STs preferred petromyzonol as substrate compared to bile acids. In contrast, the human SULT2A1 was more catalytically efficient toward lithocholic acid than petromyzonol. Collectively, the results imply that the Zebra danio and human SULTs have evolved to serve for the sulfation of, respectively, bile alcohols and bile acids, matching the cholanoid profile in these two vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matthew D. Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, RCP 6233, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elisha Injeti
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Frederick E. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Tel.: +1 419 383 1918; fax: +1 419 383 1909. , (M.-C. Liu)
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Gulcan HO, Duffel MW. Substrate inhibition in human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1: studies on the formation of catalytically non-productive enzyme complexes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 507:232-40. [PMID: 21187059 PMCID: PMC3058861 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferase hSULT2A1 is the major hydroxysteroid (alcohol) sulfotransferase in human liver, and it catalyzes the 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)-dependent sulfation of various endogenous hydroxysteroids as well as many xenobiotics that contain alcohol and phenol functional groups. The hSULT2A1 often displays substrate inhibition, and we have hypothesized that a key element in this response to increasing substrate concentration is the formation of non-productive ternary dead-end enzyme complexes involving the nucleotide product, adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate (PAP). One of these substrates for hSULT2A1 is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a major circulating steroid hormone in humans that serves as precursor to both androgens and estrogens. We have utilized DHEA in both initial velocity studies and equilibrium binding experiments in order to evaluate the potential role of ternary complexes in substrate inhibition of the enzyme. Our results indicate that hSULT2A1 forms non-productive ternary complexes that involve either DHEA or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the formation of these ternary complexes displays negative cooperativity in the binding of DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Huang J, Bathena SP, Tong J, Roth M, Hagenbuch B, Alnouti Y. Kinetic analysis of bile acid sulfation by stably expressed human sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1). Xenobiotica 2010; 40:184-94. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903514607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cook IT, Leyh TS, Kadlubar SA, Falany CN. Structural rearrangement of SULT2A1: effects on dehydroepiandrosterone and raloxifene sulfation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2010; 1:81-87. [PMID: 21822452 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human cytosoloic sulfotransferase (SULT) 2A1 is a major hepatic isoform and sulfates hydroxyl groups in structurally diverse sterols and xenobiotics. SULT2A1 crystal structures resolved in the presence and absence of 3',5'-diphosphoadenosine (PAP) or dehydropeiandrosterone (DHEA) suggest a significant rearrangement of the peptide that forms the surface of the active site in the presence of PAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Molecular modeling was used to examine the effects of the rearrangement in SULT2A1 associated with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) binding on the binding of DHEA and raloxifene. The kinetics of DHEA and raloxifene sulfation was analyzed to investigate the effects of the rearrangement on SULT2A1 activity. RESULTS: Molecular models indicate that DHEA is able to bind to SULT2A1 in both conformations (open, without PAP; closed, with PAP) in a catalytic configuration, whereas raloxifene bound in a catalytic conformation only in the open structure. Raloxifene did not bind in the smaller, closed substrate binding pocket. Kinetic analysis of DHEA sulfation was consistent with a random Bi-Bi reaction mechanism, whereas raloxifene sulfation was more indicative of an ordered reaction mechanism with raloxifene binding first. Initial burst kinetics with DHEA yielded similar results after preincubation of SULT2A1 with DHEA or PAPS. Preincubation of SULT2A1 with raloxifene showed a burst of raloxifene sulfate formation with the addition of PAPS. In contrast, little raloxifene sulfate was formed if SULT2A1 was preincubated with PAPS and the reaction initiated with raloxifene. CONCLUSIONS: The structural rearrangements in SULT2A1 caused by PAPS binding can alter the sulfation mechanism and kinetics of different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Cook
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Campisi I, Granata OM, Cocciadiferro L, Calabrò M, Polito LM, Carruba G. 16alpha-hydroxyestrone inhibits estrogen sulfotransferase activity in human liver cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:237-41. [PMID: 19250210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the impact of estrogen antagonists and of 16alpha-OHE1 (an estrogen derivative that binds to and induces transactivation of estrogen receptors) on estrogen metabolism in malignant HepG2 human liver cells featured by high estrogen sulfotransferase (EST); our aim was to clarify the potential correlation of EST and ER. As expected, the HepG2 cells exhibited a very high EST activity, with the majority of estrogen metabolites (over 86%) being detected as sulfates by 24 h. The coincubation of E2 and the antiestrogen tamoxifen induced a weak inhibition of EST activity (from 85.4% to 81.5%), while the coincubation with the pure antagonist ICI-182 and with 16alpha-OHE1 produced a 50% and 90% decrease of EST, respectively. Interestingly, both selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) TAM and ICI-182, along with the same 16alpha-OHE1, gave rise respectively to a 2.8%, 3.2%, and 4.6% of de novo 16alpha-OHE1 formation. The inhibition of EST and the increase of 16alpha-OHE1 formation were both time- and dose-dependent. Our results suggest that EST activity is tightly associated with ER transactivation and can be regulated by selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including antiestrogens and 16alpha-OHE1. In this framework, 16alpha-OHE1 may have a potential role in human liver carcinogenesis, also through the inhibition of EST and the production of unconjugated, bioavailable estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildegarda Campisi
- Experimental Oncology Units, Department of Oncology, ARNAS-Civico, Palermo, Italy
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Alnouti Y. Bile Acid sulfation: a pathway of bile acid elimination and detoxification. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:225-46. [PMID: 19131563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase-2A1 catalyzes the formation of bile acid-sulfates (BA-sulfates). Sulfation of BAs increases their solubility, decreases their intestinal absorption, and enhances their fecal and urinary excretion. BA-sulfates are also less toxic than their unsulfated counterparts. Therefore, sulfation is an important detoxification pathway of BAs. Major species differences in BA sulfation exist. In humans, only a small proportion of BAs in bile and serum are sulfated, whereas more than 70% of BAs in urine are sulfated, indicating their efficient elimination in urine. The formation of BA-sulfates increases during cholestatic diseases. Therefore, sulfation may play an important role in maintaining BA homeostasis under pathologic conditions. Farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and vitamin D receptor are potential nuclear receptors that may be involved in the regulation of BA sulfation. This review highlights current knowledge about the enzymes and transporters involved in the formation and elimination of BA-sulfates, the effect of sulfation on the pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of BAs, the role of BA sulfation in cholestatic diseases, and the regulation of BA sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Pall M, Nguyen M, Magoffin D, Azziz R. Effect of sex steroids and insulin on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production by hepatoma G2 cells. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:2551-6. [PMID: 18554595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that DHEAS production from DHEA occurs in hepatic cells and that this production is augmented by the presence of sex steroids or insulin. DESIGN In vitro prospective experiment. SETTING Academic medical center. INTERVENTION(S) Hepatoma G2 cells cultured in media supplemented with [1] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) only, [2] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) + T (10(-6) mol/L), [3] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) + E(2) (10(-6) mol/L), [4] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) + dihydrotestosterone (10(-6) mol/L), [5] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) + insulin (10 ng/mL), or [6] DHEA (10(-5) mol/L) + insulin (100 ng/mL). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Levels of DHEAS in the media were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after adding treatments at time-point 0. RESULT(S) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was first detected in the hepatoma G2 cell culture media at 12 hours of incubation. The cumulative production rate of DHEAS increased linearly until 72 hours of incubation. When compared with the effect of treatment with DHEA only, treatment with DHEA plus T, dihydrotestosterone, or E(2) delayed the cumulative DHEAS production; alternatively, the addition of insulin did not alter DHEAS production. CONCLUSION(S) These data suggest that although hepatic cells have the ability of converting DHEA to DHEAS, neither sex steroids nor insulin results in the increased hepatic production of DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Pall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Androgen-Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Ingenbleek Y, Young VR. The essentiality of sulfur is closely related to nitrogen metabolism: a clue to hyperhomocysteinaemia. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 17:135-51. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractN and S metabolisms are closely interwoven throughout both the plant and animal kingdoms. The essentiality of S relates to its participation in the structure of S-containing amino acids (SAA), to its inclusion in many sulfonated molecules, and to a myriad of metabolic and catalytic reactions of vital importance. Methionine (Met) is the indispensable SAA supplied by food proteins and its plasma homeostasis is achieved via a number of highly efficient regulatory mechanisms. In all conditions characterised by a negative body protein balance such as in dietary restriction or cytokine-induced hypercatabolic losses, N and S endogenous pools manifest parallel tissue depletion rates. Adaptive conservation of N and S body stores is reached by a functional restraint of the trans-sulfuration cascade, through the depression of cystathionine β-synthase activity. As a result, upstream accumulation of homocysteine favours its re-methylation conversion to Met which helps maintain metabolic pathways of survival value. In addition to the measurement of vitamin indices, that of plasma transthyretin, a sensitive marker of protein nutritional status, is proposed to identify the fluctuations of the total body N component accountable for the alterations of homocysteine concentrations in body fluids.
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Alnouti Y, Klaassen CD. Regulation of Sulfotransferase Enzymes by Prototypical Microsomal Enzyme Inducers in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:612-21. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.129650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Falany JL, Falany CN. Interactions of the human cytosolic sulfotransferases and steroid sulfatase in the metabolism of tibolone and raloxifene. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:202-10. [PMID: 17662596 PMCID: PMC2697607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is important in the metabolism and inactivation of steroidal compounds and hormone replacement therapeutic (HRT) agents in human tissues. Although generally inactive, many steroid sulfates are hydrolyzed to their active forms by sulfatase activity. Therefore, the specific sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms and the levels of steroid sulfatase (STS) activity in tissues are important in regulating the activity of steroidal and HRT compounds. Tibolone (Tib) is metabolized to three active metabolites and all four compounds are readily sulfated. Tib and the Delta4-isomer are sulfated at the 17beta-OH group by SULT2A1 and the 17-sulfates are resistant to hydrolysis by human placental STS. 3alpha-OH and 3beta-OH Tib can form both 3- and 17-monosulfates as well as disulfates. Only the 3beta-sulfates are susceptible to STS hydrolysis. Raloxifene monosulfation was catalyzed by at least seven SULT isoforms and SULT1E1 also synthesizes raloxifene disulfate. SULT1E1 forms both monosulfates in a ratio of approximately 8:1 with the more abundant monosulfate migrating on HPLC identical to the SULT2A1 synthesized monosulfate. The raloxifene monosulfate formed by both SULT isoforms is sensitive to STS hydrolysis whereas the low abundance monosulfate formed by SULT1E1 is resistant. The benzothiophene sulfates of raloxifene and arzoxifene were hydrolyzed by STS whereas the raloxifene 4'-phenolic sulfate was resistant. These results indicate that tissue specific expression of SULT isoforms and STS could be important in the inactivation and regeneration of the active forms of HRT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie L Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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Fang HL, Strom SC, Ellis E, Duanmu Z, Fu J, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Falany CN, Falany JL, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Positive and negative regulation of human hepatic hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) gene transcription by rifampicin: roles of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha and pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:586-98. [PMID: 17687072 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of rifampicin treatment on SULT2A1 mRNA expression were evaluated in 23 preparations of primary cultured human hepatocytes. In contrast to the consistently occurring induction of CYP3A4, a prototypical pregnane X receptor (PXR) target gene, rifampicin treatment increased SULT2A1 mRNA levels in 12 of the hepatocyte preparations, but it produced little change or even suppression in the others. Transient transfection of HepG2 cells with a series of reporter constructs implicated two SULT2A1 5'-flanking regions as containing rifampicin-responsive information. Each of these regions contained a hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) binding site (at nucleotide [nt] -6160 and -54), as demonstrated by in vitro binding and site-directed mutagenesis. HNF4alpha bound to the HNF4-54 region of the endogenous SULT2A1 gene, as indicated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Cotransfection of HepG2 cells with pregnane X receptor (PXR) dose-dependently suppressed reporter expression from SULT2A1 constructs containing the HNF4 sites, and rifampicin treatment augmented the suppression. Rifampicin treatment concentration-dependently suppressed SULT2A1 reporter expression at the same concentrations that progressively induced expression from a PXR-responsive CYP3A4 reporter, whereas higher rifampicin concentrations reversed the SULT2A1 suppression. The suppressive effect of rifampicin was diminished, whereas the activating effect was augmented, in HepG2 cells with RNA interference-mediated PXR knockdown. These results suggest that HNF4alpha plays a central role in the control of SULT2A1 transcription and that rifampicin-liganded PXR suppresses SULT2A1 expression by interfering with HNF4alpha activity. By contrast, the rifampicin-inducible SULT2A1 expression that occurs in many human hepatocyte preparations seems to be mediated through a PXR-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lin Fang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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