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Meadows V, Yang Z, Basaly V, Guo GL. FXR Friend-ChIPs in the Enterohepatic System. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:267-278. [PMID: 37442156 PMCID: PMC10620036 DOI: 10.1055/a-2128-5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of hepatic maladies that often result in cholestasis or altered bile acid secretion and regulation. Incidence and cost of care for many chronic liver diseases are rising in the United States with few Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs available for patient treatment. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acid homeostasis with an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. FXR has served as an attractive target for management of cholestasis and fibrosis; however, global FXR agonism results in adverse effects in liver disease patients, severely affecting quality of life. In this review, we highlight seminal studies and recent updates on the FXR proteome and identify gaps in knowledge that are essential for tissue-specific FXR modulation. In conclusion, one of the greatest unmet needs in the field is understanding the underlying mechanism of intestinal versus hepatic FXR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Veronia Basaly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
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2
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Luo W, Guo S, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Wang B, Chang B. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel understandings and therapeutic strategies based on bile acids (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:117. [PMID: 35929515 PMCID: PMC9450808 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are the major components of bile and products of cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol is catalyzed by a variety of enzymes in the liver to form primary BAs, which are excreted into the intestine with bile, and secondary BAs are formed under the modification of the gut microbiota. Most of the BAs return to the liver via the portal vein, completing the process of enterohepatic circulation. BAs have an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which may participate in the progression of HCC by recognizing receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and mediating multiple downstream pathways. Certain BAs, such as ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid, were indicated to be able to delay liver injury and HCC progression. In the present review, the structure and function of BAs were introduced and the metabolism of BAs and the process of enterohepatic circulation were outlined. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which BAs participate in the development of HCC were summarized and possible strategies for targeting BAs and key sites of their metabolic processes to treat HCC were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- 104K class 87, The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- 104K class 87, The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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3
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (GC) and is considered an irreversible point of progression for GC. Helicobacter pylori infection can cause GIM, but its eradication still does not reverse the process. Bile reflux is also a pathogenic factor in GIM and can continuously irritate the gastric mucosa, and bile acids in refluxed fluid have been widely reported to be associated with GIM. This paper reviews in detail the relationship between bile reflux and GIM and the mechanisms by which bile acids induce GIM.
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4
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Deng Y, Luo X, Li X, Xiao Y, Xu B, Tong H. Screening of Biomarkers and Toxicity Mechanisms of Rifampicin-Induced Liver Injury Based on Targeted Bile Acid Metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925509. [PMID: 35754491 PMCID: PMC9226894 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin (RIF) is a critical first-line drug for tuberculosis. However, long-term or high-dose treatment with RIF can induce severe liver injury; the underlying mechanism of this effect has not yet been clarified. This study was performed to screen reliable and sensitive biomarkers in serum bile acids (BAs) using targeted BA metabolomics and evaluate the toxicity mechanisms underlying RIF-induced liver injury through the farnesoid x receptor (Fxr)-multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps) signaling pathway. Thirty-two Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly divided into four groups, and normal saline, isoniazid 75 mg/kg + RIF 177 mg/kg (RIF-L), RIF-L, or RIF 442.5 mg/kg (RIF-H) was orally administered by gavage for 21 days. After treatment, changes in serum biochemical parameters, hepatic pathological conditions, BA levels, Fxr expression, and BA transporter levels were measured. RIF caused notable liver injury and increased serum cholic acid (CA) levels. Decline in the serum secondary BAs (deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid) levels led to liver injury in mice. Serum BAs were subjected to metabolomic assessment using partial least squares discriminant and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. CA, DCA, LCA, TDCA, and TUDCA are potential biomarkers for early detection of RIF-induced liver injury. Furthermore, RIF-H reduced hepatic BA levels and elevated serum BA levels by suppressing the expression of Fxr and Mrp2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) while inducing that of Mrp3 and Mrp4 mRNAs. These findings provide evidence for screening additional biomarkers based on targeted BA metabolomics and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of RIF-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China.,The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xilin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China.,The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Yisha Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China.,The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China.,The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, China
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review analyses the main features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and provides an overview of the currently available (bile acid) bile acid related treatments. RECENT FINDINGS In PBC, biliary injury is the consequence of a dysregulated intrahepatic and systemic immune response. Given the close association between PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the microbiota represents an important factor in the development of PSC. Bile acid based pharmacological treatments could represent promising therapeutic strategies in the management of cholangiopathies. SUMMARY Cholangiopathies include a spectrum of diseases resulting in cholestasis, an impairment of bile flow in the biliary tree, leading to biliary obstruction and damage as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. PSC and PBC are highly heterogeneous cholangiopathies and progressive disorders with defined pathophysiological mechanisms. Curative treatments have not been established, and although their prevalence is low, they are a frequent indication for liver transplantation in the advanced stages of cholangiopathies. These diseases still present with unmet therapeutic strategies, also taking into account that on average 30-40% of patients undergoing liver transplantation will have recurrence of the original illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome
| | - Raffaella M. Gadaleta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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6
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Memon N, Lee CW, Herdt A, Weinberger BI, Hegyi T, Carayannopoulos MO, Aleksunes LM, Guo GL, Griffin IJ. Suppression of Bile Acid Synthesis in a Preterm Infant Receiving Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:200-203. [PMID: 35068799 PMCID: PMC8766543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid metabolism is altered in neonates on parenteral nutrition (PN), predisposing them to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid synthesis pathway, is repressed by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and phytosterols (PS). We describe a case of a preterm infant who developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and received exclusive PN for over 2 months. Our objective was to serially assess CYP7A1 activity and plasma FGF19 and PS concentrations in this infant case compared to five healthy preterm infants. We found that CYP7A1 activity increased during the first 2 weeks of life in control infants but was undetectable in the infant case. FGF19 concentrations were high at birth in all infants and subsequently declined and did not differ between the case and control infants. As expected, PS concentrations were elevated in the infant case and continued to increase despite lipid minimization. In conclusion, CYP7A1 activity was gradually upregulated in healthy preterm infants but remained suppressed in the infant requiring prolonged PN. Preterm infants also had elevated FGF19 concentrations at birth, which decreased with advancing postnatal age.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- C4, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholestene-3-one
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- DMG, N, N-dimethylglycine
- DOL, day of life
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- IRB, institutional review board
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NPO, nil per os
- PN, parenteral nutrition
- PNALD, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease
- PS, phytosterols
- bile acid metabolism
- cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase
- farnesoid x receptor
- fibroblast growth factor 19
- intravenous lipid emulsion
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Memon
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA,Address for correspondence: MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ, 07962, USA. Tel.: (973) 971-5488, Fax: +(973) 290 7175.
| | - Chris W. Lee
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Aimee Herdt
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hegyi
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ian J. Griffin
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
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7
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Yan M, Guo L, Yang Y, Zhang B, Hou Z, Gao Y, Gu H, Gong H. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Protects α-Naphthylisothiocyanate- Induced Cholestasis Through Regulating Transporters, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701240. [PMID: 34630081 PMCID: PMC8497752 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the active metabolic product of Glycyrrhizin (GL) that is the main ingredient of licorice, was reported to protect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)- induced cholestasis. However, its protective mechanism remains unclear. In our work, the cholestatic liver injury in mice was caused by ANIT and GA was used for the treatment. We assessed cholestatic liver injury specific indexes, histopathological changes, bile acid transporters, inflammation and apoptosis. The results of liver biochemical index and histopathological examination showed that GA markedly attenuated ANIT-induced liver injury. Mechanism research suggested that GA could activate the expression of farnesoid x receptor (FXR) and its downstream bile acids transporters Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), as well as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream proteins MRP3, MRP4. These transporters play a vital role in mediating bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes. Moreover, GA could significantly inhibit the ANIT-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration in serum. Also, GA protected against ANIT-induced mitochondrial apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 9. In conclusion, GA alleviates the hepatotoxicity caused by ANIT by regulating bile acids transporters, inflammation and apoptosis, which suggests that GA may be a potential therapeutic agent for cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Miyazaki-Anzai S, Masuda M, Shiozaki Y, Keenan AL, Chonchol M, Kremoser C, Miyazaki M. Free Deoxycholic Acid Exacerbates Vascular Calcification in CKD through ER Stress-Mediated ATF4 Activation. Kidney360 2021; 2:857-868. [PMID: 34423309 PMCID: PMC8378801 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0007502020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our metabolome approach found that levels of circulating, free deoxycholic acid (DCA) is associated with the severity of vascular calcification in patients with CKD. However, it is not known whether DCA directly causes vascular calcification in CKD. METHODS Using various chemicals and animal and cell culture models, we investigated whether the modulation of DCA levels influences vascular calcification in CKD. RESULTS CKD increased levels of DCA in mice and humans by decreasing urinary DCA excretion. Treatment of cultured VSMCs with DCA but no other bile acids (BAs) induced vascular calcification and osteogenic differentiation through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) activation. Treatment of mice with Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-specific agonists selectively reduced levels of circulating cholic acid-derived BAs, such as DCA, protecting from CKD-dependent medial calcification and atherosclerotic calcification. Reciprocal FXR deficiency and DCA treatment induced vascular calcification by increasing levels of circulating DCA and activating the ER stress response. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that DCA plays a causative role in regulating CKD-dependent vascular diseases through ER stress-mediated ATF4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Audrey L. Keenan
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Schumacher JD, Kong B, Wu J, Rizzolo D, Armstrong LE, Chow MD, Goedken M, Lee YH, Guo GL. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 15 and FGF19 on Liver Fibrosis Development. Hepatology 2020; 71:670-685. [PMID: 31206730 PMCID: PMC6918008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) induces fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15; human ortholog FGF19) in the gut to potently inhibit bile acid (BA) synthesis in the liver. FXR activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) reduces liver fibrosis (LF). Fgf15-/- mice develop attenuated LF, but the underlying mechanisms for this protection are unclear. We hypothesized that FGF15/19 functions as a profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs and increased BAs in Fgf15-/- mice leads to enhanced FXR activation in HSCs, subsequently reducing fibrogenesis. In this study, complimentary in vivo and in vitro approaches were used: (1) CCl4 -induced LF model in wild type (WT), Fgf15-/- , and Fgf15 transgenic (TG) mice with BA levels modulated by feeding cholestyramine- or cholic acid-containing diets; (2) analysis of primary HSCs isolated from WT and Fgf15-/- mice; and (3) treatment of a human HSC line, LX-2, with FXR activators and/or recombinant FGF19 protein. The results showed that Fgf15-/- mice had lower basal collagen expression, which was increased by BA sequestration. CCl4 induced fibrosis with similar severity in all genotypes; however, cholestyramine increased fibrosis severity only in Fgf15-/- mice. HSCs from Fgf15-/- mice showed increased FXR activity and reduced expression of profibrotic mediators. In LX-2 cells, FXR activation increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and reduced proliferation. FGF19 activated both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and reduced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling without increasing fibrogenic gene expression or cell proliferation. Conclusion: FGF15/19 does not act as a direct profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs in our models, and the protection against fibrosis by FGF15 deficiency may be mediated through increased BA activation of FXR in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - B Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - J Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - D Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - LE Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - MD Chow
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - M Goedken
- Research pathology services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - YH Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - GL Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ,Corresponding author: Grace L. Guo, MBBS, PhD, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854; ; phone - 848-445-8186
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10
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Rizzolo D, Buckley K, Kong B, Zhan L, Shen J, Stofan M, Brinker A, Goedken M, Buckley B, Guo GL. Bile Acid Homeostasis in a Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase and Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Double Knockout Mouse Model. Hepatology 2019; 70:389-402. [PMID: 30864232 PMCID: PMC7893641 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are diverse molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. The synthesis of BAs has traditionally been shown to occur through two pathways. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) performs the initial and rate-limiting step in the classical pathway, and sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) initiates the hydroxylation of cholesterol in the alternative pathway. While the role of individual BA species as physiological detergents is relatively ubiquitous, their endocrine functions as signaling molecules and roles in disease pathogenesis have been emerging to be BA species-specific. In order to better understand the pharmacologic and toxicologic roles of individual BA species in an in vivo model, we created cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27a1) double knockout (DKO) mice by cross-breeding single knockout mice (Cyp7a1-/- and Cyp27a1-/- ). BA profiling and quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of serum, gallbladder, liver, small intestine, and colon of wild-type, Cyp7a1-/- , Cyp27a1-/- , and DKO mice showed that DKO mice exhibited a reduction of BAs in the plasma (45.9%), liver (60.2%), gallbladder (76.3%), small intestine (88.7%), and colon (93.6%), while maintaining a similar BA pool composition compared to wild-type mice. The function of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in DKO mice was lower, revealed by decreased mRNA expression of well-known FXR target genes, hepatic small heterodimer partner, and ileal fibroblast growth factor 15. However, response to FXR synthetic ligands was maintained in DKO mice as treatment with GW4064 resulted in similar changes in gene expression in all strains of mice. Conclusion: We provide a useful tool for studying the role of individual BAs in vivo; DKO mice have a significantly reduced BA pool, have a similar BA profile, and maintained response to FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Kyle Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Le Zhan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
| | - Julia Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Mary Stofan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Anita Brinker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Michael Goedken
- Office of Research and Economic Development, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Brian Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, United States
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, United States.,VA NJ Health Care Systems, East Orange NJ 07018, United States.,Corresponding Author Information: Grace L. Guo; EOHSI Room 322, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854; ; Phone: 848-445-8186; Fax: 732-445-4161
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11
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Denton C, Price A, Friend J, Manithody C, Blomenkamp K, Westrich M, Kakarla V, Phillips W, Krebs J, Abraham Munoz S, Osei H, Jain AK. Role of the Gut⁻Liver Axis in Driving Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Injury. Children (Basel) 2018; 5:E136. [PMID: 30257520 DOI: 10.3390/children5100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, parenteral nutrition (PN) has been a successful method for intravenous delivery of nutrition and remains an essential therapy for individuals with intolerance of enteral feedings or impaired gut function. Although the benefits of PN are evident, its use does not come without a significant risk of complications. For instance, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD)—a well-described cholestatic liver injury—and atrophic changes in the gut have both been described in patients receiving PN. Although several mechanisms for these changes have been postulated, data have revealed that the introduction of enteral nutrition may mitigate this injury. This observation has led to the hypothesis that gut-derived signals, originating in response to the presence of luminal contents, may contribute to a decrease in damage to the liver and gut. This review seeks to present the current knowledge regarding the modulation of what is known as the “gut–liver axis” and the gut-derived signals which play a role in PN-associated injury.
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12
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Akinrotimi O, Riessen R, VanDuyne P, Park JE, Lee YK, Wong LJ, Zavacki AM, Schoonjans K, Anakk S. Small heterodimer partner deletion prevents hepatic steatosis and when combined with farnesoid X receptor loss protects against type 2 diabetes in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:1854-1865. [PMID: 28586124 PMCID: PMC5696047 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) are important regulators of bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. Here, we show that global Fxr -/- Shp-/- double knockout (DKO) mice are refractory to weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis when challenged with high-fat diet. DKO mice display an inherently increased capacity to burn fat and suppress de novo hepatic lipid synthesis. Moreover, DKO mice were also very active and that correlated well with the observed increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression, type IA fibers, and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that liver-specific Shp deletion protects against fatty liver development by suppressing expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 and lipid-droplet protein fat-specific protein 27 beta. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Fxr and Shp inactivation may be beneficial to combat diet-induced obesity and uncover that hepatic SHP is necessary to promote fatty liver disease. (Hepatology 2017;66:1854-1865).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludemilade Akinrotimi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Philip VanDuyne
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Yoon Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Ann M Zavacki
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801,To whom correspondence should be addressed
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Kobayashi Y, Hara N, Sugimoto R, Mifuji-Moroka R, Tanaka H, Eguchi A, Iwasa M, Hasegawa H, Iwata K, Takei Y, Taguchi O. The Associations between Circulating Bile Acids and the Muscle Volume in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Intern Med 2017; 56:755-762. [PMID: 28381740 PMCID: PMC5457917 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Bile acids (BAs) bind to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), which are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. The present study aimed to determine associations between the circulating BAs and the skeletal muscle volume (SMV), and lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with NAFLD. Methods Serum BAs and metabolic parameters were measured in 55 patients with NAFLD (median age, 55 years). The changes (Δ) in serum BA (ΔBA) and metabolic parameters were determined in 17 patients (male, n=10; female, n=7) who received nutritional counseling for 12 months. Results Spearman's test revealed that the levels of 12α-hydroxysterol (12α-OH) BAs, including deoxycholic acid (DCA), were inversely correlated with the SMV of the upper and lower limbs and the total SMV. A multivariate analysis revealed that the level of DCA was correlated with a reduced total SMV, whereas non-12α-OH BAs, including chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), were correlated with an increased SMV of the lower limbs. Changes in CDCA were positively correlated with the ΔSMV of the lower limbs, and inversely correlated with the Δwaist-hip ratio and Δtotal cholesterol. Changes in the total non-12α-OH BA level were positively correlated with the ΔSMV of the lower limbs. Conclusion Circulating BAs were associated with SMV. The 12α-OH BAs, including DCA were associated with reduced SMV levels, whereas non-12α-OH BAs including CDCA were associated with increased SMV levels. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between the BA levels and the SMV remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Kobayashi
- Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates the synthesis, transport and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BA) by modulating the expression of related genes in the liver and small intestine. The composition of the gut microbiota is correlated with metabolic diseases, notably obesity and non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD). Recent studies revealed that bacterial metabolism of BA can modulate FXR signaling in the intestine by altering the composition and concentrations of FXR agonist and antagonist. FXR agonist enhances while FXR antagonist suppresses obesity, NAFLD and insulin resistance. The role of intestinal FXR in metabolic disease was firmly established by the analysis of mice lacking FXR that are metabolic resistant to HFD-induced metabolic disease. This is mediated by FXR modulating in part the expression of genes involved in ceramide synthesis in the small intestine. In ileum of obese mice due to the presence of endogenous FXR agonists produced in the liver, these genes are activated, while in mice with altered levels of specific gut bacteria, levels of an FXR antagonist, tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) increase and FXR signaling and ceramide synthesis are repressed. T-β-MCA, which is metabolized in wild-type mice, led to the discovery of glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) that is stable in the intestine and a potent inhibitor of FXR signaling. These studies reveal that ceramides produced in the ileum under the control of FXR, influence metabolic disease, and suggest that novel FXR antagonist such as Gly-MCA that specifically inhibit intestine FXR, could serve as potential drug for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., USA
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16
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Koutsounas I, Theocharis S, Delladetsima I, Patsouris E, Giaginis C. Farnesoid x receptor in human metabolism and disease: the interplay between gene polymorphisms, clinical phenotypes and disease susceptibility. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:523-32. [PMID: 25553772 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.999664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid x receptor (FXR) belongs to the group of nuclear receptors (NRs), which regulate the expression of various genes by binding to DNA either as a monomer or a heterodimer with retinoid x receptor. AREAS COVERED FXR affects several metabolic pathways through its specific target genes, regulating bile acid (BA) synthesis and homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, also exhibiting a crucial role in intestinal bacterial growth and liver regeneration. Additionally, FXR is involved in the pathogenesis of different cholestatic diseases, as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and primary idiopathic BA malabsorption. EXPERT OPINION Analyses of certain FXR polymorphisms revealed associations with clinical phenotypes and susceptibility to various human diseases. FXR single-nucleotide polymorphisms seem to be correlated with differences in glucose homeostasis, gallstone formation, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, IBD and therapeutic response to hypolipidemic therapy, among studied populations. Unfortunately, little data are still available and more studies remain to be done to determine the contribution of FXR polymorphisms in estimating risk factors and clinical outcomes for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Koutsounas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, First Department of Pathology, Medical School , Athens , Greece
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17
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Abstract
Bile salts play crucial roles in allowing the gastrointestinal system to digest, transport and metabolize nutrients. They function as nutrient signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, Vitamin D) and G-protein coupled receptors [TGR5, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), muscarinic receptors]. Bile acids and insulin appear to collaborate in regulating the metabolism of nutrients in the liver. They both activate the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Bile acid induction of the FXR-α target gene, small heterodimer partner (SHP), is highly dependent on the activation PKCζ, a branch of the insulin signaling pathway. SHP is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. One might hypothesize that chronic low grade inflammation which is associated with insulin resistance, may inhibit bile acid signaling and disrupt lipid metabolism. The disruption of these signaling pathways may increase the risk of fatty liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, conjugated bile acids appear to promote cholangiocarcinoma growth via the activation of S1PR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
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18
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Schaap FG, Leclercq IA, Jansen PLM, Olde Damink SW. Prometheus' little helper, a novel role for fibroblast growth factor 15 in compensatory liver growth. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1121-3. [PMID: 23867316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the physiologic sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, to a nucleophilic substrate to generate a polar product that is more amenable to elimination from the body. As catalysts of both xenobiotic and endogenous metabolism, the SULTs are major points of contact between the external and physiological environments, and modulation of SULT-catalyzed metabolism can not only affect xenobiotic disposition, but it can also alter endogenous metabolic processes. Therefore, it is not surprising that SULT expression is regulated by numerous members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that function as sensors of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols. These NRs include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, and estrogen-related receptors. This review summarizes current information about NR regulation of SULT expression. Because species differences in SULT subfamily composition and tissue-, sex-, development-, and inducer-dependent regulation are prominent, these differences will be emphasized throughout the review. In addition, because of the central role of the SULTs in cellular physiology, the effect of NR-mediated SULT regulation on physiological and pathophysiological processes will be discussed. Gaps in current knowledge that require further investigation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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20
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Su H, Ma C, Liu J, Li N, Gao M, Huang A, Wang X, Huang W, Huang X. Downregulation of nuclear receptor FXR is associated with multiple malignant clinicopathological characteristics in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1245-53. [PMID: 23042943 PMCID: PMC3532459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00439.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) acts as a liver protector by regulating normal liver homeostasis. Spontaneously developed liver tumors have been found in FXR-null mice. However, the role of FXR in the tumorigenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poorly understood. In this study, we measured the expression of FXR and its primary target gene, small heterodimer partner, and analyzed the clinical significance of FXR expression in HCC patients. A lentiviral vector that selectively overexpresses FXR was used to investigate the function of FXR in HCC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that in human HCC, FXR expression was significantly reduced and was positively correlated with multiple malignant clinicopathological characteristics. Lentivirus-mediated exogenous FXR expression resulted in a marked increase of small heterodimer partner expression, significant repression of liver cancer cell proliferation, and tumor growth in nude mice. These results suggest that FXR may be of clinical and pharmacological importance as a promising biomarker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Su
- 1Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Preclinical School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Chuang Ma
- 2Liver Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- 2Liver Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Ningbo Li
- 1Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Preclinical School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Meiqin Gao
- 1Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Preclinical School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Aimin Huang
- 1Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Preclinical School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Xichun Wang
- 4Division of Cellular and Molecular Diabetes, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Wendong Huang
- 4Division of Cellular and Molecular Diabetes, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- 1Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Preclinical School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; ,3Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; and
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21
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Stojancevic M, Stankov K, Mikov M. The impact of farnesoid X receptor activation on intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26:631-7. [PMID: 22993736 PMCID: PMC3441172 DOI: 10.1155/2012/538452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most important function of the intestinal mucosa is to form a barrier that separates luminal contents from the intestine. Defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier have been observed in several intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies have identified a number of factors that contribute to development of IBD including environmental triggers, genetic factors, immunoregulatory defects and microbial exposure. The current review focuses on the influence of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on the inhibition of intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD. The development and investigation of FXR agonists provide strong support for the regulatory role of FXR in mucosal innate immunity. Activation of FXR in the intestinal tract decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, thus contributing to a reduction in inflammation and epithelial permeability. In addition, intestinal FXR activation induces the transcription of multiple genes involved in enteroprotection and the prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. These data suggest that FXR agonists are potential candidates for exploration as a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stojancevic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova, Serbia.
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22
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Balasubramaniyan N, Ananthanarayanan M, Suchy FJ. Direct methylation of FXR by Set7/9, a lysine methyltransferase, regulates the expression of FXR target genes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G937-47. [PMID: 22345554 PMCID: PMC3362072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00441.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand (bile acid)-dependent nuclear receptor that regulates target genes involved in every aspect of bile acid homeostasis. Upon binding of ligand, FXR recruits an array of coactivators and associated proteins, some of which have intrinsic enzymatic activity that modify histones or even components of the transcriptional complex. In this study, we show chromatin occupancy by the Set7/9 methyltransferase at the FXR response element (FXRE) and direct methylation of FXR in vivo and in vitro at lysine 206. siRNA depletion of Set7/9 in the Huh-7 liver cell line decreased endogenous mRNAs of the FXR target genes, the short heterodimer partner (SHP) and bile salt export pump (BSEP). Mutation of the methylation site at K206 of FXR to an arginine prevented methylation by Set7/9. A pan-methyllysine antibody recognized the wild-type FXR but not the K206R mutant form. An electromobility shift assay showed that methylation by Set7/9 enhanced binding of FXR/retinoic X receptor-α to the FXRE. Interaction between hinge domain of FXR (containing K206) and Set7/9 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation, GST pull down, and mammalian two-hybrid experiments. Set7/9 overexpression in Huh-7 cells significantly enhanced transactivation of the SHP and BSEP promoters in a ligand-dependent fashion by wild-type FXR but not the K206R mutant FXR. A Set7/9 mutant deficient in methyltransferase activity was also not effective in increasing transactivation of the BSEP promoter. These studies demonstrate that posttranslational methylation of FXR by Set7/9 contributes to the transcriptional activation of FXR-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- 1Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Meena Ananthanarayanan
- 2Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frederick J. Suchy
- 1Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
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23
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Schuster D, Markt P, Grienke U, Mihaly-Bison J, Binder M, Noha SM, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Bochkov VN, Wolber G. Pharmacophore-based discovery of FXR agonists. Part I: Model development and experimental validation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7168-80. [PMID: 22018919 PMCID: PMC3254253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, which makes it an attractive target for the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. In order to find novel FXR agonists, a structure-based pharmacophore model collection was developed and theoretically evaluated against virtual databases including the ChEMBL database. The most suitable models were used to screen the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. Biological evaluation of virtual hits led to the discovery of a novel FXR agonist with a piperazine scaffold (compound 19) that shows comparable activity as the endogenous FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, compound 2).
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Key Words
- 6-ecdca, 6-ethylchenodeoxycholic acid
- af, activation function
- bsep, bile salt export pump
- ca, cholic acid
- cdca, chenodeoxycholic acid
- dca, deoxycholic acid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- ef, enrichment factor
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- h-bond, hydrogen bond
- hek-293, human embryonic kidney-293
- ibabp, intestinal bile acid-binding protein
- lca, lithocholic acid
- lrh-1, liver receptor homolog 1
- lxr, liver x receptor
- nci, national cancer institute
- pdb, protein data bank
- rxr, 9-cis-retionic acid receptor
- sd file, structure-data file
- shp-1, small heterodimer partner 1
- wdi, world drug index
- farnesoid x receptor
- molecular modeling
- virtual screening
- lead identification
- fxr agonist
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck - CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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24
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Grienke U, Mihály-Bison J, Schuster D, Afonyushkin T, Binder M, Guan SH, Cheng CR, Wolber G, Stuppner H, Guo DA, Bochkov VN, Rollinger JM. Pharmacophore-based discovery of FXR-agonists. Part II: identification of bioactive triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6779-91. [PMID: 22014750 PMCID: PMC3254236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belonging to the metabolic subfamily of nuclear receptors is a ligand-induced transcriptional activator. Its central function is the physiological maintenance of bile acid homeostasis including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Accessible structural information about its ligand-binding domain renders FXR an attractive target for in silico approaches. Integrated to natural product research these computational tools assist to find novel bioactive compounds showing beneficial effects in prevention and treatment of, for example, the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Virtual screening experiments of our in-house Chinese Herbal Medicine database with structure-based pharmacophore models, previously generated and validated, revealed mainly lanostane-type triterpenes of the TCM fungus Ganoderma lucidum Karst. as putative FXR ligands. To verify the prediction of the in silico approach, two Ganoderma fruit body extracts and compounds isolated thereof were pharmacologically investigated. Pronounced FXR-inducing effects were observed for the extracts at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Intriguingly, five lanostanes out of 25 secondary metabolites from G. lucidum, that is, ergosterol peroxide (2), lucidumol A (11), ganoderic acid TR (12), ganodermanontriol (13), and ganoderiol F (14), dose-dependently induced FXR in the low micromolar range in a reporter gene assay. To rationalize the binding interactions, additional pharmacophore profiling and molecular docking studies were performed, which allowed establishing a first structure-activity relationship of the investigated triterpenes.
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Key Words
- cdca, chenodeoxycholic acid
- chm, 3d structural database of chinese herbal medicine
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- hek-293, human embryonic kidney-293
- pdb, protein data bank
- rxr, 9-cis-retionic acid receptor
- shp-1, small heterodimer partner 1
- vh, virtual hit
- farnesoid x receptor
- ganoderma lucidum
- lanostane triterpenes
- ganoderic acids
- molecular modeling
- virtual screening
- natural products
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihály-Bison
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Taras Afonyushkin
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Binder
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shu-hong Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-ru Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Catalano S, Malivindi R, Giordano C, Gu G, Panza S, Bonofiglio D, Lanzino M, Sisci D, Panno ML, Andò S. Farnesoid X receptor, through the binding with steroidogenic factor 1-responsive element, inhibits aromatase expression in tumor Leydig cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:5581-93. [PMID: 20026603 PMCID: PMC2820785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.052670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates bile acid homeostasis. It is expressed in the liver and the gastrointestinal tract, but also in several non-enterohepatic tissues including testis. Recently, FXR was identified as a negative modulator of the androgen-estrogen-converting aromatase enzyme in human breast cancer cells. In the present study we detected the expression of FXR in Leydig normal and tumor cell lines and in rat testes tissue. We found, in rat Leydig tumor cells, R2C, that FXR activation by the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or a synthetic agonist GW4064, through a SHP-independent mechanism, down-regulates aromatase expression in terms of mRNA, protein levels, and its enzymatic activity. Transient transfection experiments, using vector containing rat aromatase promoter PII, evidenced that CDCA reduces basal aromatase promoter activity. Mutagenesis studies, electrophoretic mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveal that FXR is able to compete with steroidogenic factor 1 in binding to a common sequence present in the aromatase promoter region interfering negatively with its activity. Finally, the FXR-mediated anti-proliferative effects exerted by CDCA on tumor Leydig cells are at least in part due to an inhibition of estrogen-dependent cell growth. In conclusion our findings identify for the first time the activators of FXR as negative modulators of the aromatase enzyme in Leydig tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cinzia Giordano
- From the Departments of Pharmaco-Biology and
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Guowei Gu
- From the Departments of Pharmaco-Biology and
| | | | | | | | - Diego Sisci
- From the Departments of Pharmaco-Biology and
| | | | - Sebastiano Andò
- Cell Biology and
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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