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Alam NB, Jain M, Mustafiz A. Pyramiding D-lactate dehydrogenase with the glyoxalase pathway enhances abiotic stress tolerance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108391. [PMID: 38309183 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal is a common cytotoxic metabolite produced in plants during multiple biotic and abiotic stress. To mitigate the toxicity of MG, plants utilize the glyoxalase pathway comprising glyoxalase I (GLYI), glyoxalase II (GLYII), or glyoxalase III (GLYIII). GLYI and GLYII are the key enzymes of glyoxalase pathways that play an important role in abiotic stress tolerance. Earlier research showed that MG level is lower when both GLYI and GLYII are overexpressed together, compared to GLYI or GLYII single gene overexpressed transgenic plants. D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) is an integral part of MG detoxification which metabolizes the end product (D-lactate) of the glyoxalase pathway. In this study, two Arabidopsis transgenic lines were constructed using gene pyramiding technique: GLYI and GLYII overexpressed (G-I + II), and GLYI, GLYII, and D-LDH overexpressed (G-I + II + D) plants. G-I + II + D exhibits lower MG and D-lactate levels and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance than the G-I + II and wild-type plants. Further study explores the stress tolerance mechanism of G-I + II + D plants through the interplay of different regulators and plant hormones. This, in turn, modulates the expression of ABA-dependent stress-responsive genes like RAB18, RD22, and RD29B to generate adaptive responses during stress. Therefore, there might be a potential correlation between ABA and MG detoxification pathways. Furthermore, higher STY46, GPX3, and CAMTA1 transcripts were observed in G-I + II + D plants during abiotic stress. Thus, our findings suggest that G-I + II + D has significantly improved MG detoxification, reduced oxidative stress-induced damage, and provided a better protective mechanism against abiotic stresses than G-I + II or wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmir Binta Alam
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110068, India
| | - Muskan Jain
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110068, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110068, India.
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2
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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Romaldi B, Laudadio E, Galeazzi R, Antognelli C, Armeni T. Glyoxalase 2: Towards a Broader View of the Second Player of the Glyoxalase System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2131. [PMID: 36358501 PMCID: PMC9686547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 2 is a mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase family encoded by the hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) gene. This enzyme is the second enzyme of the glyoxalase system that is responsible for detoxification of the α-ketothaldehyde methylglyoxal in cells. The two enzymes glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2) form the complete glyoxalase pathway, which utilizes glutathione as cofactor in eukaryotic cells. The importance of Glo2 is highlighted by its ubiquitous distribution in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Its function in the system has been well defined, but in recent years, additional roles are emerging, especially those related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on Glo2 by considering its genetics, molecular and structural properties, its involvement in post-translational modifications and its interaction with specific metabolic pathways. The purpose of this review is to focus attention on an enzyme that, from the most recent studies, appears to play a role in multiple regulatory pathways that may be important in certain diseases such as cancer or oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Brenda Romaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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3
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Shimakawa G, Ifuku K, Suzuki Y, Makino A, Ishizaki K, Fukayama H, Morita R, Sakamoto K, Nishi A, Miyake C. Responses of the chloroplast glyoxalase system to high CO 2 concentrations. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:2072-2083. [PMID: 30122118 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1507724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sugar metabolism pathways such as photosynthesis produce dicarbonyls, e.g. methylglyoxal (MG), which can cause cellular damage. The glyoxalase (GLX) system comprises two enzymes GLX1 and GLX2, and detoxifies MG; however, this system is poorly understood in the chloroplast, compared with the cytosol. In the present study, we determined GLX1 and GLX2 activities in spinach chloroplasts, which constituted 40% and 10%, respectively, of the total leaf glyoxalase activity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, five GFP-fusion GLXs were present in the chloroplasts. Under high CO2 concentrations, where increased photosynthesis promotes the MG production, GLX1 and GLX2 activities in A. thaliana increased and the expression of AtGLX1-2 and AtGLX2-5 was enhanced. On the basis of these findings and the phylogeny of GLX in oxygenic phototrophs, we propose that the GLX system scavenges MG produced in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- b Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan.,c Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology , Japan Science and Technology Agency , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- c Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology , Japan Science and Technology Agency , Tokyo , Japan.,d Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,e Faculty of Agriculture , Iwate University , Morioka , Iwate , Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- d Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Ryutaro Morita
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sakamoto
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Akiko Nishi
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan.,c Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology , Japan Science and Technology Agency , Tokyo , Japan
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4
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GLYI and D-LDH play key role in methylglyoxal detoxification and abiotic stress tolerance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5451. [PMID: 29615695 PMCID: PMC5883029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal(MG) is a potent cytotoxin that is produced as a byproduct of various metabolic reactions in the cell. The major enzymes for MG detoxification are Glyoxalase I(GLYI), Glyoxalase II(GLYII) and D-lactate dehydrogenase(D-LDH). These three enzymes work together and convert MG into D-pyruvate, which directly goes to TCA cycle. Here, a comparative study of the ability of MG detoxification of these three enzymes has been done in both E. coli and yeast. Ectopic expression of these three genes from Arabidopsis in E. coli in presence of different abiotic stress revealed the contribution of each of these genes in detoxifying MG. Yeast mutants of MG detoxification enzymes were also grown in different stress conditions to record the effect of each gene. These mutants were also used for complementation assays using the respective MG detoxifying genes from Arabidopsis in presence of various stress conditions. The MG content and the corresponding growth of cells was measured in all the bacterial as well as yeast strains. This study reveals differential contribution of MG detoxification enzymes in mitigating MG levels and alleviating stress in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. GLYI and D-LDH were found to be key enzymes in MG detoxification under various abiotic stresses.
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5
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Bythell-Douglas R, Suttisansanee U, Flematti GR, Challenor M, Lee M, Panjikar S, Honek JF, Bond CS. The Crystal Structure of a HomodimericPseudomonasGlyoxalase I Enzyme Reveals Asymmetric Metallation Commensurate with Half-of-Sites Activity. Chemistry 2014; 21:541-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Scavenging Systems for Reactive Carbonyls in the CyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. PCC 6803. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2441-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Devanathan S, Erban A, Perez-Torres R, Kopka J, Makaroff CA. Arabidopsis thaliana glyoxalase 2-1 is required during abiotic stress but is not essential under normal plant growth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95971. [PMID: 24760003 PMCID: PMC3997514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase pathway, which consists of the two enzymes, GLYOXALASE 1 (GLX 1) (E.C.: 4.4.1.5) and 2 (E.C.3.1.2.6), has a vital role in chemical detoxification. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are at least four different isoforms of glyoxalase 2, two of which, GLX2-1 and GLX2-4 have not been characterized in detail. Here, the functional role of Arabidopsis thaliana GLX2-1 is investigated. Glx2-1 loss-of-function mutants and plants that constitutively over-express GLX2-1 resemble wild-type plants under normal growth conditions. Insilico analysis of publicly available microarray datasets with ATTEDII, Mapman and Genevestigator indicate potential role(s) in stress response and acclimation. Results presented here demonstrate that GLX2-1 gene expression is up-regulated in wild type Arabidopsis thaliana by salt and anoxia stress, and by excess L-Threonine. Additionally, a mutation in GLX2-1 inhibits growth and survival during abiotic stresses. Metabolic profiling studies show alterations in the levels of sugars and amino acids during threonine stress in the plants. Elevated levels of polyamines, which are known stress markers, are also observed. Overall our results suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana GLX2-1 is not essential during normal plant life, but is required during specific stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Devanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Perez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Makaroff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
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8
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Why don't plants have diabetes? Systems for scavenging reactive carbonyls in photosynthetic organisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:543-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we review the toxicity of sugar- and lipid-derived RCs (reactive carbonyls) and the RC-scavenging systems observed in photosynthetic organisms. Similar to heterotrophs, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to the danger of RCs produced in sugar metabolism during both respiration and photosynthesis. RCs such as methylglyoxal and acrolein have toxic effects on the photosynthetic activity of higher plants and cyanobacteria. These toxic effects are assumed to occur uniquely in photosynthetic organisms, suggesting that RC-scavenging systems are essential for their survival. The aldo–keto reductase and the glyoxalase systems mainly scavenge sugar-derived RCs in higher plants and cyanobacteria. 2-Alkenal reductase and alkenal/alkenone reductase catalyse the reduction of lipid-derived RCs in higher plants. In cyanobacteria, medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases are the main scavengers of lipid-derived RCs.
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9
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Deponte M. Glutathione catalysis and the reaction mechanisms of glutathione-dependent enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3217-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Suttisansanee U, Honek JF. Bacterial glyoxalase enzymes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Mustafiz A, Sahoo KK, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. Metabolic engineering of glyoxalase pathway for enhancing stress tolerance in plants. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 639:95-118. [PMID: 20387042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase system consists of two enzymes glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II). Gly I detoxifies methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis, to S-lactoylglutathione (SLG) where it uses one molecule of reduced glutathione. Subsequently, SLG is converted to lactate by Gly II and one molecule of reduced glutathione is recycled back into the system. The level of MG, which is produced ubiquitously in all living organisms, is enhanced upon exposure to different abiotic stresses in plants. Overexpression of glyoxalase pathway genes in transgenic plants has been found to keep a check on the MG level under stress conditions, regulate glutathione homeostasis, and the transgenic plants are able to survive and grow under various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Urscher M, Deponte M. Plasmodium falciparum glyoxalase II: Theorell-Chance product inhibition patterns, rate-limiting substrate binding via Arg257/Lys260, and unmasking of acid-base catalysis. Biol Chem 2009; 390:1171-83. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glyoxalase II (GloII) is a ubiquitous thioester hydrolase catalyzing the last step of the glutathione-dependent conversion of 2-oxoaldehydes to 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids. Here, we present a detailed structure-function analysis of cGloII from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The activity of the enzyme was salt-sensitive and pH-log k
cat and pH-log k
cat/K
m profiles revealed acid-base catalysis. An acidic pK
a
app value of approximately 6 probably reflects hydroxide formation at the metal center. The glutathione-binding site was analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitution of residue Arg154 caused a 2.5-fold increase of K
m
app, whereas replacements of Arg257 or Lys260 were far more detrimental. Although the glutathione-binding site and the catalytic center are separated, six of six single mutations at the substrate-binding site decreased the k
cat
app value. Furthermore, product inhibition studies support a Theorell-Chance Bi Bi mechanism with glutathione as the second product. We conclude that the substrate is predominantly bound via ionic interactions with the conserved residues Arg257 and Lys260, and that correct substrate binding is a pH- and salt-dependent rate-limiting step for catalysis. The presented mechanistic model is presumably also valid for GloII from many other organisms. Our study could be valuable for drug development strategies and enhances the understanding of the chemistry of binuclear metallohydrolases.
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Yadav SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. An overview on the role of methylglyoxal and glyoxalases in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:51-68. [PMID: 18533364 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2008.23.1-2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive cytotoxic alpha-oxoaldehyde compound and is formed endogenously via different enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. In plants MG is detoxified mainly via the glyoxalase system that is comprised of two enzymes, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase I converts MG to S-D-lactoylglutathione by utilizing glutathione, while glyoxalase II converts S-D-lactoylglutathione to D-lactic acid, and during this reaction glutathione is regenerated. The presence and characterization of both glyoxalase I and II has been reported in many plants and the genes encoding these have been cloned and found to be regulated under various environmental conditions. In plants, MG has been found to be present during normal growth conditions and it accumulates to higher levels under various environmental stresses. Abiotic and heavy metal stresses induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MG. Overexpression of the glyoxalase pathway in transgenic tobacco and rice plants has been found to check an increase of ROS and MG under stress conditions by maintaining glutathione homeostasis and antioxidant enzyme levels. There is also evidence that in addition to glyoxalase, other pathways, such as the aldose reductase pathway, may also be involved in MG detoxification in plants. To unravel the role of MG and the glyoxalase pathway in signal transduction during environmental stress conditions in plants is a topic of future research interest. In this paper we review work on plant glyoxalases especially with respect to their role under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Singla-Pareek SL, Yadav SK, Pareek A, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Enhancing salt tolerance in a crop plant by overexpression of glyoxalase II. Transgenic Res 2007; 17:171-80. [PMID: 17387627 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we have shown the role of glyoxalase overexpression in conferring salinity tolerance in transgenic tobacco. We now demonstrate the feasibility of same in a crop like rice through overproduction of glyoxalase II. The rice glyoxalase II was cloned in pCAMBIA1304 and transformed into rice (Oryza sativa cv PB1) via Agrobacterium. The transgenic plants showed higher constitutive activity of glyoxalase II that increased further upon salt stress, reflecting the upregulation of endogenous glyoxalase II. The transgenic rice showed higher tolerance to toxic concentrations of methylglyoxal (MG) and NaCl. Compared with non-transgenics, transgenic plants at the T1 generation exhibited sustained growth and more favorable ion balance under salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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15
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O'Young J, Sukdeo N, Honek JF. Escherichia coli glyoxalase II is a binuclear zinc-dependent metalloenzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 459:20-6. [PMID: 17196158 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic methylglyoxal is detoxified by the two-enzyme glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (GlxI) catalyzes conversion of non-enzymatically produced methylglyoxal-glutathione hemithioacetal into its corresponding thioester. Glyoxalase II (Glx II) hydrolyzes the thioester into d-lactate and free glutathione. Glyoxalase I and II are metalloenzymes, which possess mononuclear and binuclear active sites, respectively. There are two distinct classes of GlxI; the first class is Zn2+-dependent and is composed of GlxI from mainly eukaryotic organisms and the second class is composed of non-Zn2+-dependent (but Ni2+ or Co2+-dependent) GlxI enzymes (mainly prokaryotic and leishmanial species). GlxII is typically Zn2+-activated, containing Zn2+ and either Fe3+/Fe2+ or Mn2+ at the active site depending upon the biological source. To address whether two classes of GlxII might exist, glyoxalase II from Escherichia coli was cloned and overexpressed and characterized. Unlike E. coli GlxI, which is non-Zn2+-dependent, Zn2+ activates the E. coli GlxII enzyme, with no evidence for Ni2+ metal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason O'Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1
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Yadav SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Kumar M, Pareek A, Saxena M, Sarin NB, Sopory SK. Characterization and functional validation of glyoxalase II from rice. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 51:126-32. [PMID: 16931048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase II, one of the enzymes of the glyoxalase pathway, cDNA cloned from rice (OsglyII) consists of 1623 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 1010 bp encoding a polypeptide of 336 amino acids and an estimated isoelectric point of 8.08. The recombinant protein purified from Escherichia coli using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography showed molecular mass of approximately 37 kDa. Catalytic parameters of the protein were determined using S-D-lactoylglutathione as a thioester substrate. The K(m) (61 microM) and K(cat) (301 s(-1)) values were lower than those reported for Arabidopsis, human and yeast and showed pH optima at 7.2. The E. coli overexpressing OsglyII were able to grow on higher concentration of methylglyoxal. Transcript analysis in rice showed that OsglyII gene expression is stimulated within 15 min in response to various abiotic stresses as well as treatment with abscisic acid or salicylic acid. This multistress response of OsglyII gene documents its future utility in developing tolerance to various stresses in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
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17
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Padmanabhan P, Mukherjee A, Madhubala R. Characterization of the gene encoding glyoxalase II from Leishmania donovani: a potential target for anti-parasite drugs. Biochem J 2006; 393:227-34. [PMID: 16159313 PMCID: PMC1383681 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is a ubiquitous detoxification pathway that protects against cellular damage caused by highly reactive oxoaldehydes such as methylglyoxal which is mainly formed as a by-product of glycolysis. The gene encoding GLOII (glyoxalase II) has been cloned from Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis. DNA sequence analysis revealed an ORF (open reading frame) of approximately 888 bp that encodes a putative 295-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 32.5 kDa and a predicted pI of 6.0. The sequence identity between human GLOII and LdGLOII (L. donovani GLOII) is only 35%. The ORF is a single-copy gene on a 0.6-Mb chromosome. A approximately 38 kDa protein was obtained by heterologous expression of LdGLOII in Escherichia coli, and homogeneous enzyme was obtained after affinity purification. Recombinant L. donovani GLOII showed a marked substrate specificity for trypanothione hemithioacetal over glutathione hemithioacetal. Antiserum against recombinant LdGLOII protein could detect a band of anticipated size approximately 32 kDa in promastigote extracts. By overexpressing the GLOII gene in Leishmania donovani using Leishmania expression vector pspalphahygroalpha, we detected elevated expression of GLOII RNA and protein. Overexpression of the GLOII gene will facilitate studies of gene function and its relevance as a chemotherapeutic target. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of glyoxalase II from Leishmania spp. The difference in the substrate specificity of the human and Leishmania donovani glyoxalase II enzyme could be exploited for structure-based drug design of selective inhibitors against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angana Mukherjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Marasinghe GPK, Sander IM, Bennett B, Periyannan G, Yang KW, Makaroff CA, Crowder MW. Structural studies on a mitochondrial glyoxalase II. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40668-75. [PMID: 16227621 PMCID: PMC1343529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 2 is a beta-lactamase fold-containing enzyme that appears to be involved with cellular chemical detoxification. Although the cytoplasmic isozyme has been characterized from several organisms, essentially nothing is known about the mitochondrial proteins. As a first step in understanding the structure and function of mitochondrial glyoxalase 2 enzymes, a mitochondrial isozyme (GLX2-5) from Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned, overexpressed, purified, and characterized using metal analyses, EPR and (1)H NMR spectroscopies, and x-ray crystallography. The recombinant enzyme was shown to bind 1.04 +/- 0.15 eq of iron and 1.31 +/- 0.05 eq of Zn(II) and to exhibit k(cat) and K(m) values of 129 +/- 10 s(-1) and 391 +/- 48 microm, respectively, when using S-d-lactoylglutathione as the substrate. EPR spectra revealed that recombinant GLX2-5 contains multiple metal centers, including a predominant Fe(III)Z-n(II) center and an anti-ferromagnetically coupled Fe(III)Fe(II) center. Unlike cytosolic glyoxalase 2 from A. thaliana, GLX2-5 does not appear to specifically bind manganese. (1)H NMR spectra revealed the presence of at least eight paramagnetically shifted resonances that arise from protons in close proximity to a Fe(III)Fe(II) center. Five of these resonances arose from solvent-exchangeable protons, and four of these have been assigned to NH protons on metal-bound histidines. A 1.74-A resolution crystal structure of the enzyme revealed that although GLX2-5 shares a number of structural features with human GLX2, several important differences exist. These data demonstrate that mitochondrial glyoxalase 2 can accommodate a number of different metal centers and that the predominant metal center is Fe(III)Zn(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gishanthi P. K. Marasinghe
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
| | - Ian M. Sander
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
| | - Brian Bennett
- National Biomedical EPR Center, Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509
| | - Gopalraj Periyannan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
| | - Christopher A. Makaroff
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
| | - Michael W. Crowder
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 160 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 and the
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19
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Saxena M, Bisht R, Roy SD, Sopory SK, Bhalla-Sarin N. Cloning and characterization of a mitochondrial glyoxalase II from Brassica juncea that is upregulated by NaCl, Zn, and ABA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:813-9. [PMID: 16153601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA (1061 bp) Bj glyII was cloned from a mannitol induced library of Brassica juncea. It encoded a protein of 335 amino acids with a molecular weight of 36.52 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the clone showed 92% and 56% identity with Pennisetum and rice glyoxalase II, respectively, and 30% identity was observed with the human glyoxalase II. Search for the identical residues revealed the presence of highly conserved THHHXDH domain which is involved in zinc binding. p-NN and pSORT analysis of this sequence revealed a N-terminal mitochondrial target peptide. The cDNA was cloned in pMAL and a fusion protein with MBP (78 kDa) was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified approximately sixfold by affinity purification on amylose column and showed its pH optima at 7.0. The K(m) was determined to be 120 microM using S-d-lactoylglutathione as substrate. The expression of Bj glyII under various abiotic stress conditions showed that it is upregulated by salinity, heavy metal stress, and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Saxena
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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20
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Luo H, Song F, Zheng Z. Overexpression in transgenic tobacco reveals different roles for the rice homeodomain gene OsBIHD1 in biotic and abiotic stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2673-82. [PMID: 16105854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice OsBIHD1 gene encodes a transcriptional factor belonging to the homeodomain class. It had previously been shown to be activated by treatment with benzothiadiazole, a chemical inducer of disease resistance, and in an incompatible interaction between rice and the blast fungus. To allow a better understanding of the function of OsBIHD1 in plant disease resistance response, the OsBIHD1 gene in tobacco was overexpressed by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation with a construct containing the OsBIHD1 ORF under control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of the rice OsBIHD1 gene in some of the transgenic tobacco lines led to some morphological abnormalities in the top buds and roots. The transgenic tobacco plants showed an elevated level of defence-related PR-1 gene expression and enhanced disease resistance against infection by tomato mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. However, the transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing OsBIHD1 showed enhanced sensitivity to salt and oxidative stress as compared with the wild-type plants. The results suggested that the OsBIHD1 protein may be positively involved in activating expression of the defence-related genes in disease resistance responses, and is also important in rice development and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Luo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, PR China
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21
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Irsch T, Krauth-Siegel RL. Glyoxalase II of African Trypanosomes Is Trypanothione-dependent. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22209-17. [PMID: 14976196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401240200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is a ubiquitous pathway catalyzing the glutathione-dependent detoxication of ketoaldehydes such as methylglyoxal, which is mainly formed as a by-product of glycolysis. The gene encoding a glyoxalase II has been cloned from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. The deduced protein sequence contains the highly conserved metal binding motif THXHXDH but lacks three basic residues shown to fix the glutathione-thioester substrate in the crystal structure of human glyoxalase II. Recombinant T. brucei glyoxalase II hydrolyzes lactoylglutathione, but does not show saturation kinetics up to 5 mm with the classical substrate of glyoxalases II. Instead, the parasite enzyme strongly prefers thioesters of trypanothione (bis(glutathionyl)spermidine), which were prepared from methylglyoxal and trypanothione and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mono-(lactoyl)trypanothione and bis-(lactoyl)trypanothione are hydrolyzed by T. brucei glyoxalase II with k(cat)/K(m) values of 5 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1) and 7 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1), respectively, yielding d-lactate and regenerating trypanothione. Glyoxalase II occurs in the mammalian bloodstream and insect procyclic form of T. brucei and is the first glyoxalase II of the order of Kinetoplastida characterized so far. Our results show that the glyoxalase system is another pathway in which the nearly ubiquitous glutathione is replaced by the unique trypanothione in trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Irsch
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Wenzel NF, Carenbauer AL, Pfiester MP, Schilling O, Meyer-Klaucke W, Makaroff CA, Crowder MW. The binding of iron and zinc to glyoxalase II occurs exclusively as di-metal centers and is unique within the metallo-beta-lactamase family. J Biol Inorg Chem 2004; 9:429-38. [PMID: 15067523 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-004-0535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glyoxalase 2 (GLX2-2) from Arabidopsis thaliana is a metalloenzyme that has been shown to bind a mixture of Zn, Fe, or Mn when produced in cells grown in rich media. In an effort to prepare metal-enriched samples, GLX2-2 was over-expressed in minimal media containing either Zn, Fe, or Mn. The resulting enzymes bound an average of 1 equivalent of metal ion and were partially enriched with a specific metal ion. The enzymes produced in minimal media were active towards the substrate S-D-lactoylglutathione, yielding kcat/ Km values similar to those of rich media GLX2-2. EPR studies on minimal media GLX2-2 samples revealed spectra which were identical to those over-expressed in rich media that contained nearly 2 equivalents of metal. The EPR spectra showed the presence of antiferromagnetically and ferromagnetically coupled, dinuclear metal centers. EXAFS spectra on the minimal media GLX2-2 samples over-expressed in the presence of Fe or Zn were also very similar to those of the rich media GLX2-2 samples, indicating the presence of dinuclear metal centers. The EXAFS studies also demonstrate that Zn(II) and Fe (in the Fe-enriched sample) are distributed in the dinuclear site. These data indicate that the minimal media GLX2-2 samples are a mixture of fully loaded, dinuclear metal-containing enzyme and metal-free enzyme. This characteristic of A. thaliana GLX2-2 makes it unique among the other members of the metallo-beta-lactamase family in that it does not ever appear to exist as a mononuclear metal ion containing enzyme and that it exhibits positive cooperativity in metal binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F Wenzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 112 Hughes Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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23
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Schilling O, Wenzel N, Naylor M, Vogel A, Crowder M, Makaroff C, Meyer-Klaucke W. Flexible Metal Binding of the Metallo-β-lactamase Domain: Glyoxalase II Incorporates Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in Vivo†. Biochemistry 2003; 42:11777-86. [PMID: 14529289 DOI: 10.1021/bi034672o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase II belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily of proteins, possessing the characteristic dinuclear active site. Within this protein family, glyoxalase II from Arabidopsis thaliana is the first member to be isolated with significant amounts of iron, manganese, and zinc when being recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli. Enzyme preparations with different ratios of these three metals all yield k(cat)/K(M) values in the range of 1.5-1.9 s(-1) microM(-1) with the substrate S-d-lactoylglutathione. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals binding of all three metals to the dinuclear active site with 5-6-fold coordination consisting of 2.5 +/- 0.5 histidine and 2.5 +/- 0.5 oxygen ligands. This model does not distinguish site-specific or distributed binding. The metal-metal distance is determined to be 3.18 +/- 0.06 A. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy gives evidence for several different types of dimetal sites, including spin-coupled Fe(III)Fe(II), Fe(III)Zn(II), and Mn(II)Mn(II) centers. The metal-ligand distances measured by X-ray absorption spectroscopy vary depending on the metal type and comply with their element-specific, characteristic values. This reflects a high degree of structural flexibility within the glyoxalase II dinuclear active site, which is considered as the structural basis for its broad metal selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schilling
- EMBL Outstation Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Yang KW, Sobieski DN, Carenbauer AL, Crawford PA, Makaroff CA, Crowder MW. Explaining the inhibition of glyoxalase II by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-protected glutathione derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:271-8. [PMID: 12781779 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to probe the inhibition of glyoxalase II (GLX2-2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, a series of N- and S-blocked glutathione compounds containing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) and Cbz protecting groups were synthesized and tested. The di-FMOC and di-Cbz compounds were the best inhibitors of GLX2-2 with K(i) values of 0.89+/-0.05 and 2.3+/-0.5 microM, respectively. The removal of protecting groups from either position resulted in comparable, diminished binding affinities. Analyses of site-directed mutants of GLX2-2 demonstrated that tight binding of these inhibitors is not due to interactions of the protecting groups with hydrophobic amino acids on the surface of the enzyme. Instead, MM2 calculations predict that the lowest energy structures of the unbound, doubly substituted inhibitors are similar to those of a bound inhibitor. These studies represent the first systematic attempt to understand the peculiar inhibition of GLX2 by N- and S-blocked glutathiones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 112 Hughes Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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25
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Mearini E, Romani R, Mearini L, Antognelli C, Zucchi A, Baroni T, Porena M, Talesa VN. Differing expression of enzymes of the glyoxalase system in superficial and invasive bladder carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38:1946-50. [PMID: 12204678 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the activities of the glyoxalase system enzymes (glyoxalase I (GI) and glyoxalase II (GII) and their gene expression in human bladder carcinomas compared with the corresponding normal mucosa. Samples of these tissues were collected from 26 patients with superficial (SBC) or invasive bladder cancer (IBC) and used to evaluate enzyme activity and gene expression by northern blot analysis. In keeping with the electrophoretic pattern and the expression level of the respective genes, GI activity significantly increased in SBC samples, while it remained unchanged in IBC samples compared with the normal mucosa. In contrast, GII showed a higher activity in the tumour (either SBC or IBC samples) versus normal tissues. These results confirm the role of the glyoxalases in detoxifying cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MG) in bladder cancer. The differing levels of GI activity level and gene expression of GI between the SBC and IBC samples could help in their differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mearini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Division of Urology, University of Perugia, Policlinico Monteluce, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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26
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Rulli A, Carli L, Romani R, Baroni T, Giovannini E, Rosi G, Talesa V. Expression of glyoxalase I and II in normal and breast cancer tissues. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 66:67-72. [PMID: 11368412 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010632919129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the activities of glyoxalase system enzymes, glyoxalase I (G I) and glyoxalase II (G II), as well as the expression of their genes in human breast carcinoma. Samples of tumoral tissue and normal counterparts were drawn from several patients during surgery. They served either for preparing extracts to be used in enzyme activity evaluations or for RNA extraction and subsequent northern blot analysis. A far higher activity level of G I and G II occurs in the tumor compared with pair-matched normal tissue, as shown by both spectrophotometrical assay and electrophoretic pattern. Such increased activities of G I and G II likely result from an enhanced enzyme synthesis as a consequence of increased expression of the respective genes in the tumoral tissue, as evidenced by northern blot. The present findings confirm a key-role of glyoxalase system to detoxify cytotoxic methylglyoxal and modulate S-D-lactoylglutathione levels in tumor cells. Moreover, they suggest a possible employment of GI inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rulli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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27
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Zang TM, Hollman DA, Crawford PA, Crowder MW, Makaroff CA. Arabidopsis glyoxalase II contains a zinc/iron binuclear metal center that is essential for substrate binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4788-95. [PMID: 11085979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase II participates in the cellular detoxification of cytotoxic and mutagenic 2-oxoaldehydes. Because of its role in chemical detoxification, glyoxalase II has been studied as a potential anti-cancer and/or anti-protozoal target; however, very little is known about the active site and reaction mechanism of this important enzyme. To characterize the active site and kinetic mechanism of the enzyme, a detailed mutational study of Arabidopsis glyoxalase II was conducted. Data presented here demonstrate for the first time that the cytoplasmic form of Arabidopsis glyoxalase II contains an iron-zinc binuclear metal center that is essential for activity. Both metals participate in substrate binding, transition state stabilization, and the hydrolysis reaction. Subtle alterations in the geometry and/or electrostatics of the binuclear center have profound effects on the activity of the enzyme. Additional residues important in substrate binding have also been identified. An overall reaction mechanism for glyoxalase II is proposed based on the mutational and kinetic data from this study and crystallographic data on human glyoxalase II. Information presented here provides new insights into the active site and reaction mechanism of glyoxalase II that can be used for the rational design of glyoxalase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Zang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
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28
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Ridderström M, Jemth P, Cameron AD, Mannervik B. The active-site residue tyr-175 in human glyoxalase II contributes to binding of glutathione derivatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1481:344-8. [PMID: 11018726 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-175 located in the active site of human glyoxalase II was replaced by phenylalanine in order to study the contribution of this residue to catalysis. The mutation had a marginal effect on the k(cat) value determined using S-D-lactoylglutathione as substrate. However, the Y175F mutant had an 8-fold higher K(m) value than the wild-type enzyme. The competitive inhibitor S-(N-hydroxy-N-bromophenylcarbamoyl)glutathione had a 30-fold higher K(i) value towards the mutant, than that of the wild-type. Pre-equilibrium fluorescence studies with the inhibitor showed that this was due to a significantly increased off-rate for the mutant enzyme. The phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine-175 is within hydrogen bonding distance of the amide nitrogen of the glycine in the glutathione moiety and the present study shows that this interaction makes a significant contribution to the binding of the active-site ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ridderström
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Bito A, Haider M, Briza P, Strasser P, Breitenbach M. Heterologous expression, purification, and kinetic comparison of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial glyoxalase II enzymes, Glo2p and Glo4p, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 17:456-64. [PMID: 10600466 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study are (i) to purify a mitochondrial glyoxalase II to homogeneity for the first time from any organism and (ii) to compare its kinetic properties with those of the cytoplasmic enzyme. Both the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial glyoxalases II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are the products of two distinct genes, GLO2 and GLO4, were purified from yeast and in recombinant form from Escherichia coli. To obtain a higher protein yield (compared to wild-type expression) in yeast, the genes were placed under the control of the strong GAL1 promoter on a multicopy plasmid. Amino-terminal sequencing and molecular mass determination by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of the mitochondrial Glo4 protein revealed Met-11 of the primary translation product of the gene as the N-terminal amino acid. Judged by enzyme kinetic properties the recombinant and natural proteins were equivalent. The cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial enzyme differed in the pH dependence of the kinetic parameters for the main substrate, S-d-lactoylglutathione. Whereas the cytoplasmic protein showed a pronounced peak of enzyme activity between pH 7-8 and a continuous up to fivefold increase of the K(M) value with increasing pH (from 5. 5-9.0), the mitochondrial protein had a nearly constant K(M) value and an activity maximum over a broad pH range (6.5-9.0). The kinetic parameters (at pH 7.5) of both the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial enzyme for S-D-lactoylglutathione were of the same order of magnitude as reported recently for the human and Arabidopsis thaliana enzymes which are presumably of cytoplasmic origin. However, both yeast enzymes showed a severalfold lower preference for the more hydrophobic substrate, S-d-mandeloylglutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bito
- Department for Genetics and General Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria.
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30
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Quirino BF, Normanly J, Amasino RM. Diverse range of gene activity during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf senescence includes pathogen-independent induction of defense-related genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 40:267-78. [PMID: 10412905 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006199932265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the range of gene activities associated with leaf senescence, we have identified genes that show preferential transcript accumulation during this developmental stage. The mRNA levels of a diverse array of gene products increases during leaf senescence, including a protease, a ribosomal protein, two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases, a nitrilase and glyoxalase II. Two of the genes identified are known to be pathogen-induced. The senescence specificity of each gene was determined by characterization of transcript accumulation during leaf development and in different tissues. The increased expression of nitrilase in senescent leaves is paralleled by an increase in free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the induction of defense-related genes during leaf senescence is pathogen-independent and that salicylic acid accumulation is not essential for this induction. Our data indicate that the induction of certain genes involved in plant defense responses is a component of the leaf senescence program.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Quirino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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31
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Veena, Reddy VS, Sopory SK. Glyoxalase I from Brassica juncea: molecular cloning, regulation and its over-expression confer tolerance in transgenic tobacco under stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 17:385-95. [PMID: 10205896 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its ubiquitous presence, the role of glyoxalase I has not been well investigated in plants. In order to find out its physiological functions, we have cloned and characterized a cDNA from Brassica juncea encoding glyoxalase I (Gly I) and made transgenic tobacco plants harbouring Gly I in both sense and antisense orientation. The transgenic nature of the plants was confirmed by Southern blotting, and the estimated number of genes inserted ranged from one to six. The transcript and protein levels of glyoxalase I were also monitored in transgenic plants. The expression of glyoxalase I in B. juncea was upregulated in response to salt, water and heavy metal stresses. In response to a high concentration of salt, the transcript level averaged threefold higher in 72 h, and an increase in the protein was also seen by immunoblotting. The transgenic plants over-expressing glyoxalase I showed significant tolerance to methylglyoxal and high salt, as tested in detached leaf disc senescence assay. A comparison of plants expressing high and low levels of glyoxalase I showed that the tolerance to different salt concentrations was correlated with the degree of glyoxalase I expression. Our results suggest an important role of glyoxalase I in conferring tolerance to plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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32
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Melino S, Capo C, Dragani B, Aceto A, Petruzzelli R. A zinc-binding motif conserved in glyoxalase II, beta-lactamase and arylsulfatases. Trends Biochem Sci 1998; 23:381-2. [PMID: 9810225 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0004(98)01264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Dixon DP, Cummins L, Cole DJ, Edwards R. Glutathione-mediated detoxification systems in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 1998; 1:258-66. [PMID: 10066594 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(98)80114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted the presence of diverse glutathione-dependent enzymes in plants with potential roles in the detoxification of both xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. In particular, studies on glutathione transferases are further characterising their role in xenobiotic metabolism, and also raising intriguing possible roles in endogenous metabolism. The solution of their three-dimensional structures together with studies on their molecular diversity and substrate specificity is providing new insights into the function and classification of these enigmatic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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34
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Crowder MW, Maiti MK, Banovic L, Makaroff CA. Glyoxalase II from A. thaliana requires Zn(II) for catalytic activity. FEBS Lett 1997; 418:351-4. [PMID: 9428743 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glyoxalase II from Arabidopsis thaliana, GLX2-2, was overexpressed and purified to homogeneity using Q-sepharose chromatography. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry studies indicated a molecular weight of 28 767 Da. Using steady-state kinetics studies, the purified enzyme exhibited a Km of 660 +/- 100 microM and a kcat of 484 +/- 92 s(-1) at 37 degrees C. Metal analyses demonstrated that the enzyme binds 2.1 +/- 0.5 moles of Zn(II) per monomer; the binding of Zn(II) is essential for enzyme viability and activity. Sequence comparison of glyoxalase II enzymes from human, A. thaliana, and yeast and the metallo-beta-lactamases reveal that all metal binding ligands of the metallo-beta-lactamases are conserved in glyoxalase II enzymes, suggesting that all glyoxalase II enzymes are Zn(II) metalloenzymes. These results and their implications are discussed in light of previous studies on glyoxalase II, and an active site for the glyoxalase II enzymes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Crowder
- Department of Chemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Bito A, Haider M, Hadler I, Breitenbach M. Identification and phenotypic analysis of two glyoxalase II encoding genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GLO2 and GLO4, and intracellular localization of the corresponding proteins. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:21509-19. [PMID: 9261170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.34.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized two genes coding for the glyoxalase II enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The coding region of the GLO2 gene corresponds to a protein with 274 amino acids and a molecular mass of 31,306 daltons. The open reading frame of the GLO4 gene could be translated into a protein with 285 amino acids and a molecular mass of 32,325 daltons. The amino acid sequences of the deduced proteins are 59.1% identical and show high similarities to the sequence of the human glyoxalase II. When grown on either glucose or glycerol as a carbon source, a glo2 glo4 double deletion strain contains no glyoxalase II activity at all and shows no obvious phenotype during vegetative growth. However, this strain showed a similar high sensitivity against exogenous methylglyoxal as compared with a glyoxalase I-deficient strain. Whereas the GLO2 gene is expressed on both glucose and glycerol, the GLO4 gene is only active on glycerol. The active Glo2p protein is localized in the cytoplasm and the active Glo4p in the mitochondrial matrix. Heterologous expression of the full-length GLO2 coding region in Escherichia coli resulted in an active protein. However, to get an active Glo4p protein in E. coli, the putative mitochondrial transit peptide at the N-terminal end had to be removed by shortening the 5' end of the GLO4 open reading frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bito
- Institute for Genetics and General Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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