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Chen Y, Zhao Z, Liu J, Fan C, Zhang Z. Identification, diversity, and evolution analysis of thioester-containing protein family in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109330. [PMID: 38159874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) play a vital role in the innate immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the TEPs in C. gigas were identified, and their gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, collinearity relationships, expression profiles, sequence diversity, and alternative splicing were analyzed. Eight Tep genes were identified in C. gigas genome. Functional analysis and evolutionary relationships indicated a high level of homology to other mollusks TEPs. The transcriptome quantitative analysis results showed that the Tep genes in C. gigas respond to heat stress and Vibrio stress. Alternative splicing analysis revealed four Tep genes (designated A2M_1, CD109_3, CD109_5, complement C3) encode multiple alternative splice variants. Analysis of gene structure and multiple alignments revealed that seven CD109_5 variants are produced through the alternative splicing of the 19th exon, which encodes the highly variable central region. Sequence diversity analysis revealed thirteen missense variants within the 19th exon region of these seven CD109_5 alternative splice variants. Furthermore, the differential alternative splicing analysis showed significant induction of CD109_5, A2M_1 and A2M_2 variants after infection with V. parahaemolyticus. This study explores the Tep genes of C. gigas, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of C. gigas TEPs in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Ziping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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2
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Marquez J, Dinguirard N, Gonzalez A, Kane A, Joffe N, Yoshino T, Castillo M. Molecular characterization of thioester-containing proteins in Biomphalaria glabrata and their differential gene expression upon Schistosoma mansoni exposure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903158. [PMID: 35967434 PMCID: PMC9363628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by trematode parasites of the genus Schistosoma that affects approximately 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomiasis has been a persistent problem in endemic areas as there is no vaccine available, currently used anti-helmintic medications do not prevent reinfection, and most concerning, drug resistance has been documented in laboratory and field isolates. Thus, alternative approaches to curtail this human disease are warranted. Understanding the immunobiology of the obligate intermediate host of these parasites, which include the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, may facilitate the development of novel methods to stop or reduce transmission to humans. Molecules from the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily have been shown to be involved in immunological functions in many animals including corals and humans. In this study we identified, characterized, and compared TEP transcripts and their expression upon S. mansoni exposure in resistant and susceptible strains of B. glabrata snails. Results showed the expression of 11 unique TEPs in B. glabrata snails. These transcripts present high sequence identity at the nucleotide and putative amino acid levels between susceptible and resistant strains. Further analysis revealed differences in several TEPs’ constitutive expression levels between resistant and susceptible snail strains, with C3-1, C3-3, and CD109 having higher constitutive expression levels in the resistant (BS90) strain, whereas C3-2 and TEP-1 showed higher constitutive expression levels in the susceptible (NMRI) strain. Furthermore, TEP-specific response to S. mansoni miracidia exposure reiterated their differential expression, with resistant snails upregulating the expression of both TEP-4 and TEP-3 at 2 h and 48 h post-exposure, respectively. Further understanding the diverse TEP genes and their functions in invertebrate animal vectors will not only expand our knowledge in regard to this ancient family of immune proteins, but also offer the opportunity to identify novel molecular targets that could aid in the efforts to develop control methods to reduce schistosomiasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N. Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - A.E. Kane
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - N.R. Joffe
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - T.P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M.G. Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: M.G. Castillo,
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Adler A, Manivel VA, Fromell K, Teramura Y, Ekdahl K, Nilsson B. A Robust Method to Store Complement C3 With Superior Ability to Maintain the Native Structure and Function of the Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891994. [PMID: 35592325 PMCID: PMC9110808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement components have a reputation to be very labile. One of the reasons for this is the spontaneous hydrolysis of the internal thioester that is found in both C3 and C4 (but not in C5). Despite the fact that ≈20,000 papers have been published on human C3 there is still no reliable method to store the protein without generating C3(H2O), a fact that may have affected studies of the conformation and function of C3, including recent studies on intracellular C3(H2O). The aim of this work was to define the conditions for storage of native C3 and to introduce a robust method that makes C3 almost resistant to the generation of C3(H2O). Here, we precipitated native C3 at the isoelectric point in low ionic strength buffer before freezing the protein at -80°C. The formation of C3(H2O) was determined using cation exchange chromatography and the hemolytic activity of the different C3 preparations was determined using a hemolytic assay for the classical pathway. We show that freezing native C3 in the precipitated form is the best method to avoid loss of function and generation of C3(H2O). By contrast, the most efficient way to consistently generate C3(H2O) was to incubate native C3 in a buffer at pH 11.0. We conclude that we have defined the optimal storage conditions for storing and maintaining the function of native C3 without generating C3(H2O) and also the conditions for consistently generating C3(H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adler
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vivek Anand Manivel
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Fromell
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hui KM, Magnadóttir B, Schifferli JA, Inal JM. CRIT peptide interacts with factor B and interferes with alternative pathway activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:308-14. [PMID: 16600177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning (CRIT) inhibits the classical pathway (CP) C3 convertase formation by competing with C4b for the binding of C2. The C-terminal 11-amino-acid of the first CRIT-extracellular domain (CRIT-H17) has a strong homology with a sequence in the C4beta chain, which is responsible for the binding of C2. Since the CP and alternative pathway (AP) C3 convertases have many functional and structural similarities, we further investigated the effects of CRIT-H17 on the AP. The factor D-mediated cleavage of factor B (FB) was blocked by CRIT-H17. By ELISA and immunoblot, CRIT-H17 was shown to bind FB. CRIT-H17 had no decay activity on the C3bBb complex as compared to decay-accelerating factor. Binding of CRIT-H17 to FB did not interfere with the assembly of C3bB complex. In a haemolytic assay using C2-deficient serum, CRIT-H17 interfered with AP complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Min Hui
- University Hospital Basel, Immunonephrology, Department of Research, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Manderson AP, Pickering MC, Botto M, Walport MJ, Parish CR. Continual low-level activation of the classical complement pathway. J Exp Med 2001; 194:747-56. [PMID: 11560991 PMCID: PMC2195964 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.6.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that the classical complement pathway may be activated via a "C1-tickover" mechanism, analogous to the C3-tickover of the alternative pathway. We have quantitated and characterized this pathway of complement activation. Analysis of freshly collected mouse and human plasma revealed that spontaneous C3 activation rapidly occurred with the generation of C3 fragments in the plasma. By the use of complement- and Ig-deficient mice it was found that C1q, C4, C2, and plasma Ig were all required for this spontaneous C3 activation, with the alternative complement pathway further amplifying C3 fragment generation. Study of plasma from a human with C1q deficiency before and after therapeutic C1q infusion confirmed the existence of a similar pathway for complement activation in humans. Elevated levels of plasma C3 were detected in mice deficient in complement components required for activation of either the classical or alternative complement pathways, supporting the hypothesis that there is continuous complement activation and C3 consumption through both these pathways in vivo. Blood stasis was found to stimulate C3 activation by classical pathway tick-over. This antigen-independent mechanism for classical pathway activation may augment activation of the complement system at sites of inflammation and infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Manderson
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Mark J. Walport
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Dreja H, Annenkov A, Chernajovsky Y. Soluble complement receptor 1 (CD35) delivered by retrovirally infected syngeneic cells or by naked DNA injection prevents the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:1698-709. [PMID: 10943859 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1698::aid-anr5>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complement system is important in the development of autoimmune inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Complement receptor 1 (CR1) is involved in regulation of complement activity. Studies on models of autoimmunity have demonstrated that soluble CR1 (sCR1) is a potent therapeutic agent. The present study was thus undertaken to investigate the feasibility of antiinflammatory gene therapy to prevent CIA by delivery of genes encoding truncated sCR1 (tsCR1) and dimeric tsCR1-Ig. METHODS Syngeneic fibroblasts or arthritogenic splenocytes, engineered to express tsCR1 using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, were injected into DBA/1 recipients that had been immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII). In separate experiments, naked DNA containing tsCR1 and tsCR1-Ig genes was injected intramuscularly into the immunized animals. The clinical development of arthritis was monitored, anti-CII levels measured, and antigenic T cell response studied. Affinity-purified tsCR1-Ig was assayed for its inhibitory effect on the alternative complement pathway in mouse serum. RESULTS Treatment of CII-immunized mice with the tsCR1-expressing cells inhibited development of CIA, reduced anti-CII antibody levels, and inhibited T cell response to CII in vitro. Intramuscular injections of DNA encoding the CR1 genes prevented the progression of disease. Furthermore, compared with full-length sCR1, purified tsCR1-Ig was more active in inhibiting the murine alternative complement pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that tsCR1 and tsCR1-Ig, when delivered via gene therapy, had a beneficial effect on autoimmune inflammation. These results indicate that targeting the complement system in RA patients may be of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dreja
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, and St. Bartholomew's and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, UK
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Sahu A, Sunyer JO, Moore WT, Sarrias MR, Soulika AM, Lambris JD. Structure, functions, and evolution of the third complement component and viral molecular mimicry. Immunol Res 1998; 17:109-21. [PMID: 9479573 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The third component of the complement system, C3, is a common denominator in the activation of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. The ability of C3 molecule to interact with at least 20 different proteins makes it the most versatile component of this system. Since these interactions are important for phagocytic, immunoregulatory, and immune evasion mechanisms, the analysis of its structure and functions has been a subject of intense research. Here we review our current work on the C3-ligand interactions, C3-related viral molecular mimicry, evolution of the complement system, and identification of C3-based complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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8
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Morgan BP. Chapter 10 Activation and control of the complement system. Immunobiology 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(96)80078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Wassler M, Esnard F, Fries E. Posttranslational folding of alpha 1-inhibitor 3. Evidence for a compaction process. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:24598-603. [PMID: 7592680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.41.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha 1-inhibitor 3 (alpha 1 I3) is a rodent-specific proteinase inhibitor of about 190 kDa belonging to the alpha 2-macroglobulin family. It consists of five globular domains, three of which are connected by disulfide bridges, and contains an intramolecular thiol ester which can react with attacking proteinases. To explore the folding of newly synthesized alpha 1 I3, we have used rat hepatocytes and pulsechase experiments. In one of the analyses, the radiolabeled protein was isolated from cell lysates by immunoprecipitation and its Asp-Pro bonds cleaved by treatment with formic acid. The size of the major fragment, as assessed by electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, was found to increase from 100 to 150 kDa upon the chasing. This result, together with knowledge of the positions of the cleavage sites and the disulfide arrangement, indicates that one of the interdomain disulfide bonds is formed after the synthesis of the polypeptide. Analysis of the same material by limited proteolysis and by velocity centrifugation showed that the folded regions became larger and that the protein became more compact; the thiol ester was found to be formed after these conformational changes. These results suggest that the domains of alpha 1 I3 are only partially developed directly after the synthesis of the polypeptide and that they acquire their final structure as the protein condenses and the domains interact with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wassler
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center University of Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Sahu A, Pangburn MK. Tyrosine is a potential site for covalent attachment of activated complement component C3. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:711-6. [PMID: 7659097 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)98933-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of C3 results in the generation of metastable C3b, which has been shown to preferentially react with the hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates and with specific serine and threonine residues in proteins. In this study we have examined the reactivity of metastable C3b with the third type of hydroxyl group present in proteins, tyrosine (Tyr). The results demonstrated that Tyr reacts with the thioester of metastable C3b and that this reactivity was 11-fold better than that of threonine, 47-fold better than serine and 50-fold better than the reactivity of carbohydrates. Model peptides containing Tyr showed even higher reactivity than free Tyr, demonstrating that incorporation into peptide structures does not block C3b attachment. The site of attachment was found to be in the alpha'-chain of C3b and the bond was hydroxylamine sensitive, indicating an ester linkage. The stability of the C3b-Tyr complex was measured under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and compared to the stability of other C3b complexes. C3b-Tyr decayed 50% in 19 hr at 37 degrees C, but C3b bound to a Tyr-containing peptide was more stable, exhibiting a t1/2 of 53 hr. The ester linked complexes C3b-IgG and C3b-glycerol were less stable each exhibiting a t1/2 of approximately 8 hr. As yet, only two specific C3b attachment sites on proteins have been identified, Ser1217 in C4b and Thr144 in IgG1. The present evidence demonstrates that Tyr residues are highly reactive and that the C3b-Tyr linkage is stable. The findings suggest that complexes involving tyrosine residues as the site of attachment will also be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler 75710, USA
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11
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Covalent attachment of human complement C3 to IgG. Identification of the amino acid residue involved in ester linkage formation. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Sahu A, Kozel TR, Pangburn MK. Specificity of the thioester-containing reactive site of human C3 and its significance to complement activation. Biochem J 1994; 302 ( Pt 2):429-36. [PMID: 8092994 PMCID: PMC1137246 DOI: 10.1042/bj3020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of the thioester-containing site in three plasma proteins is regulated by elements of their protein structures other than the thioester bond itself. Human C4A and alpha 2-macroglobulin preferentially form amide linkages while human C3 primarily forms ester linkages with hydroxyl groups. We have examined the thioester in C3 and found evidence of strong preferences for certain carbohydrates, indications of selectivity for specific positions on those carbohydrates and a preference for terminal sugars in polysaccharides. A testable set of rules are derived from these findings which predict preferred attachment sites on polysaccharides. A computer model of the effect of different reactivities on activation of the alternative pathway of complement suggested that organisms might greatly alter their susceptibility to complement with small changes in carbohydrate structure. While a random selection of 20 biological particles showed no correlation between activation and C3b attachment efficiency, subsets of related organisms differing primarily in their surface polysaccharide exhibited stronger correlations. The strongest correlation occurred in a series of the yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans) possessing capsular polysaccharides with one, two, three or four branching xylose sugars per repeating unit. These organisms exhibited capture efficiencies for metastable C3b from 12% (one-xylose strain) to 41% (four-xylose strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler 75710
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13
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Pangburn M. Spontaneous reformation of the intramolecular thioester in complement protein C3 and low temperature capture of a conformational intermediate capable of reformation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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