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Vásquez W, Toro CA, Cardozo CP, Cea LA, Sáez JC. Pathophysiological role of connexin and pannexin hemichannels in neuromuscular disorders. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39173050 DOI: 10.1113/jp286173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research has provided evidence that de novo expression of connexin hemichannels and upregulation of pannexin hemichannels (Cx HCs and Panx HCs, respectively) in the cytoplasmic membrane of skeletal muscle (sarcolemma) are critical steps in the pathogenesis of muscle dysfunction of many genetic and acquired muscle diseases. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of Cx and Panx HCs in skeletal muscle, as well as their roles in both muscle physiology and pathologies. Additionally, it addresses existing gaps in knowledge and outlines future challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vásquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario De Neurociencia De Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos A Toro
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis A Cea
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario De Neurociencia De Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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McKendry J, Coletta G, Nunes EA, Lim C, Phillips SM. Mitigating disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in ageing: Resistance exercise as a critical countermeasure. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39106083 DOI: 10.1113/ep091937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The gradual deterioration of physiological systems with ageing makes it difficult to maintain skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia), at least partly due to the presence of 'anabolic resistance', resulting in muscle loss. Sarcopenia can be transiently but markedly accelerated through periods of muscle disuse-induced (i.e., unloading) atrophy due to reduced physical activity, sickness, immobilisation or hospitalisation. Periods of disuse are detrimental to older adults' overall quality of life and substantially increase their risk of falls, physical and social dependence, and early mortality. Disuse events induce skeletal muscle atrophy through various mechanisms, including anabolic resistance, inflammation, disturbed proteostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which tip the scales in favour of a negative net protein balance and subsequent muscle loss. Concerningly, recovery from disuse atrophy is more difficult for older adults than their younger counterparts. Resistance training (RT) is a potent anabolic stimulus that can robustly stimulate muscle protein synthesis and mitigate muscle losses in older adults when implemented before, during and following unloading. RT may take the form of traditional weightlifting-focused RT, bodyweight training and lower- and higher-load RT. When combined with sufficient dietary protein, RT can accelerate older adults' recovery from a disuse event, mitigate frailty and improve mobility; however, few older adults regularly participate in RT. A feasible and practical approach to improving the accessibility and acceptability of RT is through the use of resistance bands. Moving forward, RT must be prescribed to older adults to mitigate the negative consequences of disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Inoue M, Kubota A, Takazawa Y, Nakagawara K, Ishige K, Suzuki Y. 5'-UMP inhibited muscle atrophy due to detraining: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1403215. [PMID: 39076851 PMCID: PMC11284071 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1403215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A short period of disuse of 1-2 weeks due to factors such as illness or injury can lead to muscle atrophy, affecting both athletic performance and health. Recent research has shown that uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-UMP) can counteract disuse-induced muscle atrophy by increasing PGC-1α expression and inhibiting atrogin-1 expression. However, the effect of 5'-UMP on disuse muscle atrophy in humans remains unknown. Therefore, the aimed of this study was to explore the effects of 5'-UMP supplementation during detraining on short-term disuse muscle atrophy in healthy men. Methods Following a 6-week resistance training program on upper arm, healthy men were randomized to either a UMP group (n = 11) or a placebo group (n = 10), taking their respective supplements during the 2-week detraining period. Muscle thickness, an indicator of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy, was measured at 3 positions (MT50, MT60, and MT70) at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks after detraining. Results Both groups showed a significant decrease in muscle thickness at MT70. The relative decrease was greater in the placebo group (2.4 ± 2.8%) than in the UMP group (0.0 ± 2.0%), significantly (p = 0.034) at 1 week. However, no significant difference was observed at MT50 and MT60. Conclusion After the hypertrophy, 5'-UMP may prevent muscle atrophy due to the detraining within the first week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Inoue
- Juntendo Administration for Sports, Health and Medical Sciences, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubota
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Takazawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuya Ishige
- Biochemicals Division, YAMASA Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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Harmon KK, Girts RM, Rodriguez G, Beausejour JP, Pagan JI, Carr JC, Garcia J, Roberts MD, Hahs‐Vaughn DL, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Stock MS. Combined action observation and mental imagery versus neuromuscular electrical stimulation as novel therapeutics during short-term knee immobilization. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1145-1162. [PMID: 38687158 PMCID: PMC11215482 DOI: 10.1113/ep091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Limb immobilization causes rapid declines in muscle strength and mass. Given the role of the nervous system in immobilization-induced weakness, targeted interventions may be able to preserve muscle strength, but not mass, and vice versa. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two distinct interventions during 1 week of knee joint immobilization on muscle strength (isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque), mass (bioimpedance spectroscopy and ultrasonography), and neuromuscular function (transcranial magnetic stimulation and interpolated twitch technique). Thirty-nine healthy, college-aged adults (21 males, 18 females) were randomized into one of four groups: immobilization only (n = 9), immobilization + action observation/mental imagery (AOMI) (n = 10), immobilization + neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (n = 12), or control group (n = 8). The AOMI group performed daily video observation and mental imagery of knee extensions. The NMES group performed twice daily stimulation of the quadriceps femoris. Based on observed effect sizes, it appears that AOMI shows promise as a means of preserving voluntary strength, which may be modulated by neural adaptations. Strength increased from PRE to POST in the AOMI group, with +7.2% (Cohen's d = 1.018) increase in concentric isokinetic peak torque at 30°/s. However, NMES did not preserve muscle mass. Though preliminary, our findings highlight the specific nature of clinical interventions and suggest that muscle strength can be independently targeted during rehabilitation. This study was prospectively registered: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05072652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie K. Harmon
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Ryan M. Girts
- Department of Natural and Health SciencesPfeiffer UniversityMisenheimerNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jonathan P. Beausejour
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jason I. Pagan
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Joshua C. Carr
- Department of KinesiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
- Department of Medical EducationAnne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- School of Sport SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | | | - Debbie L. Hahs‐Vaughn
- Department of Learning Sciences and Educational ResearchUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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Deane C, Piasecki M, Atherton P. Skeletal muscle immobilisation-induced atrophy: mechanistic insights from human studies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:741-756. [PMID: 38895777 PMCID: PMC11186857 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Periods of skeletal muscle disuse lead to rapid declines in muscle mass (atrophy), which is fundamentally underpinned by an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The complex interplay of molecular mechanisms contributing to the altered regulation of muscle protein balance during disuse have been investigated but rarely synthesised in the context of humans. This narrative review discusses human models of muscle disuse and the ensuing inversely exponential rate of muscle atrophy. The molecular processes contributing to altered protein balance are explored, with a particular focus on growth and breakdown signalling pathways, mitochondrial adaptations and neuromuscular dysfunction. Finally, key research gaps within the disuse atrophy literature are highlighted providing future avenues to enhance our mechanistic understanding of human disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Deane
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
| | - Matthew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K
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Girts RM, Harmon KK, Rodriguez G, Beausejour JP, Pagan JI, Carr JC, Garcia J, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Stock MS. Sex differences in muscle-quality recovery following one week of knee joint immobilization and subsequent retraining. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:805-817. [PMID: 38382056 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript represents the second phase of a clinical trial designed to examine the effects of knee joint immobilization and retraining on muscle strength and mass. In Phase 2, we examined sex differences in the recovery of multiple indices of muscle quality after a resistance training-based rehabilitation program. Following 1 week of immobilization, 27 participants (16 males, 11 females) exhibiting weakness underwent twice weekly resistance training sessions designed to re-strengthen their left knee. Unilateral retraining sessions utilizing leg press, extension, and curl exercises were conducted until participants could reproduce their pre-immobilization knee extension isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque. Post-immobilization, both sexes demonstrated impaired MVC peak torque (males = -10.8%, females = -15.2%), specific torque (-9.8% vs. -13.1%), echo intensity of the vastus lateralis (+6.9% vs. +5.9%) and rectus femoris (+5.9% vs. +2.1), and extracellular water/intracellular water ratio (+7.8% vs. +9.0%). The number of retraining sessions for peak torque to return to baseline for males (median = 1, mean = 2.13) versus females (median = 2, mean = 2.91) was not significantly different, though the disparity in recovery times may be clinically relevant. Following retraining, specific torque was the only muscle-quality indicator that improved along with MVC peak torque (males = 20.1%, females = 22.4%). Our findings indicate that measures of muscle quality demonstrate divergent recovery rates following immobilization, with muscle mass lagging behind improvements in strength. Greater immobilization-induced strength loss among females suggests that sex-specific rehabilitation efforts may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Girts
- Department of Natural and Health Sciences, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan P Beausejour
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jason I Pagan
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Joshua C Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- School of Sport Sciences West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Holwerda AM, Weijzen MEG, Zorenc A, Senden J, Jetten GHJ, Houben LHP, Verdijk LB, VAN Loon LJC. One Week of Single-Leg Immobilization Lowers Muscle Connective Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy, Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:612-622. [PMID: 37994085 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short periods of limb immobilization lower myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Within skeletal muscle, the extracellular matrix of connective proteins is recognized as an important factor determining the capacity to transmit contractile force. Little is known regarding the impact of immobilization and subsequent recovery on muscle connective protein synthesis rates. This study examined the impact of 1 wk of leg immobilization and 2 wk of subsequent ambulant recovery on daily muscle connective protein synthesis rates. METHODS Thirty healthy, young (24 ± 5 yr) men were subjected to 7 d of one-legged knee immobilization followed by 14 d of ambulant recovery. Deuterium oxide ingestion was applied over the entire period, and muscle biopsy samples were collected before immobilization, after immobilization, and after recovery to measure muscle connective protein synthesis rates and mRNA expression of key extracellular matrix proteins (collagen I, collagen III), glycoproteins (fibronectin, tenascin-C), and proteoglycans (fibromodulin, and decorin). A two-way repeated-measures (time-leg) ANOVA was used to compare changes in muscle connective protein synthesis rates during immobilization and recovery. RESULTS During immobilization, muscle connective protein synthesis rates were lower in the immobilized (1.07 ± 0.30%·d -1 ) compared with the nonimmobilized (1.48 ± 0.44%·d -1 ; P < 0.01) leg. When compared with the immobilization period, connective protein synthesis rates in the immobilized leg increased during subsequent recovery (1.48 ± 0.64%·d -1 ; P < 0.01). After recovery, skeletal muscle collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, fibromodulin, and decorin mRNA expression increased when compared with the postimmobilization time point (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS One week of leg immobilization lowers muscle connective protein synthesis rates. Muscle connective protein synthesis rates increase during subsequent ambulant recovery, which is accompanied by increased mRNA expression of key extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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Sayed RKA, Hibbert JE, Jorgenson KW, Hornberger TA. The Structural Adaptations That Mediate Disuse-Induced Atrophy of Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2023; 12:2811. [PMID: 38132132 PMCID: PMC10741885 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a fundamental role in health and issues associated with quality of life. Mechanical signals are one of the most potent regulators of muscle mass, with a decrease in mechanical loading leading to a decrease in muscle mass. This concept has been supported by a plethora of human- and animal-based studies over the past 100 years and has resulted in the commonly used term of 'disuse atrophy'. These same studies have also provided a great deal of insight into the structural adaptations that mediate disuse-induced atrophy. For instance, disuse results in radial atrophy of fascicles, and this is driven, at least in part, by radial atrophy of the muscle fibers. However, the ultrastructural adaptations that mediate these changes remain far from defined. Indeed, even the most basic questions, such as whether the radial atrophy of muscle fibers is driven by the radial atrophy of myofibrils and/or myofibril hypoplasia, have yet to be answered. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is known about the macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural adaptations that mediated disuse-induced atrophy and highlight some of the major gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Jamie E. Hibbert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kent W. Jorgenson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Pavis GF, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB, Dirks ML. Short-term disuse does not affect postabsorptive or postprandial muscle protein fractional breakdown rates. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2064-2075. [PMID: 37431714 PMCID: PMC10570083 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) does not quantitatively account for muscle atrophy during uncomplicated, short-term disuse, when atrophy rates are the highest. We sought to determine whether 2 days of unilateral knee immobilization affects mixed muscle protein fractional breakdown rates (FBR) during postabsorptive and simulated postprandial conditions. METHODS Twenty-three healthy, male participants (age: 22 ± 1 year; height: 179 ± 1 cm; body mass: 73.4 ± 1.5 kg; body mass index 22.8 ± 0.5 kg·m-2 ) took part in this randomized, controlled study. After 48 h of unilateral knee immobilization, primed continuous intravenous l-[15 N]-phenylalanine and l-[ring-2 H5 ]-phenylalanine infusions were used for parallel determinations of FBR and FSR, respectively, in a postabsorptive (saline infusion; FAST) or simulated postprandial state (67.5 mg·kg body mass-1 ·h-1 amino acid infusion; FED). Bilateral m. vastus lateralis biopsies from the control (CON) and immobilized (IMM) legs, and arterialized-venous blood samples, were collected throughout. RESULTS Amino acid infusion rapidly increased plasma phenylalanine (59 ± 9%), leucine (76 ± 5%), isoleucine (109 ± 7%) and valine (42 ± 4%) concentrations in FED only (all P < 0.001), which was sustained for the remainder of infusion. Serum insulin concentrations peaked at 21.8 ± 2.2 mU·L-1 at 15 min in FED only (P < 0.001) and were 60% greater in FED than FAST (P < 0.01). Immobilization did not influence FBR in either FAST (CON: 0.150 ± 0.018; IMM: 0.143 ± 0.017%·h-1 ) or FED (CON: 0.134 ± 0.012; IMM: 0.160 ± 0.018%·h-1 ; all effects P > 0.05). However, immobilization decreased FSR (P < 0.05) in both FAST (0.071 ± 0.004 vs. 0.086 ± 0.007%·h-1 ; IMM vs CON, respectively) and FED (0.066 ± 0.016 vs. 0.119 ± 0.016%·h-1 ; IMM vs CON, respectively). Consequently, immobilization decreased net muscle protein balance (P < 0.05) and to a greater extent in FED (CON: -0.012 ± 0.025; IMM: -0.095 ± 0.023%·h-1 ; P < 0.05) than FAST (CON: -0.064 ± 0.020; IMM: -0.072 ± 0.017%·h-1 ). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that merely 2 days of leg immobilization does not modulate postabsorptive and simulated postprandial muscle protein breakdown rates. Instead, under these conditions the muscle negative muscle protein balance associated with brief periods of experimental disuse is driven near exclusively by reduced basal muscle protein synthesis rates and anabolic resistance to amino acid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F. Pavis
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Sealy Center of AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Sealy Center of AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Marlou L. Dirks
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Carroll CC, Burd NA, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Lambert BS, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Moro T, Volpi E, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Rasmussen BB. Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis is higher in outpatients as compared to inpatients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E113-E118. [PMID: 37315157 PMCID: PMC10393319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several factors affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the postabsorptive state. Extreme physical inactivity (e.g., bedrest) may reduce basal MPS, whereas walking may augment basal MPS. We hypothesized that outpatients would have a higher postabsorptive MPS than inpatients. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis. We compared 152 outpatient participants who arrived at the research site the morning of the MPS assessment with 350 Inpatient participants who had an overnight stay in the hospital unit before the MPS assessment the following morning. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies ∼2 to 3 h apart to assess mixed MPS. MPS was ∼12% higher (P < 0.05) for outpatients than inpatients. Within a subset of participants, we discovered that after instruction to limit activity, outpatients (n = 13) took 800 to 900 steps in the morning to arrive at the unit, seven times more steps than inpatients (n = 12). We concluded that an overnight stay in the hospital as an inpatient is characterized by reduced morning activity and causes a slight but significant reduction in MPS compared with participants studied as outpatients. Researchers should be aware of physical activity status when designing and interpreting MPS results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate is lower in the morning after an overnight inpatient hospital stay compared with an outpatient visit. Although only a minimal amount of steps was conducted by outpatients (∼900), this was enough to increase postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael S Borack
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Bradley S Lambert
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - David M Gundermann
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
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11
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Lim C, McKendry J, Giacomin T, Mcleod JC, Ng SY, Currier BS, Coletta G, Phillips SM. Fortetropin supplementation prevents the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men with limb immobilization: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286222. [PMID: 37220119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Fortetropin® (FOR), a naturally occurring component from fertilized egg yolks, reduces circulating myostatin concentration. We hypothesized that FOR would mitigate muscle atrophy during immobilization. We examined the effect of FOR supplementation on muscle size and strength during 2-wk of single-leg immobilization and recovery. Twenty-four healthy young men (22 ± 2 yrs; BMI = 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to either a Fortetropin® supplement (FOR-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming 19.8 g/d of FOR or placebo (PLA-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming energy- and macronutrient-matched cheese powder for 6-wk. The 6-wk period consisted of 2-wk run-in, 2-wk single-leg immobilization, and 2-wk recovery phase returning to habitual physical activities. Ultrasonography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle biopsies and isometric peak torque assessments were performed prior to and following each phase (days 1, 14, 28, and 42) to measure vastus lateralis and muscle fiber cross-section area (CSA), leg lean mass (LM), and muscular strength. Blood samples were taken on days 1 and 42 for measurement of plasma myostatin concentration, which increased in PLA-SUPP (4221 ± 541 pg/mL to 6721 ± 864 pg/mL, P = 0.013) but not in FOR-SUPP (5487 ± 489 pg/mL to 5383 ± 781 pg/mL, P = 0.900). After the immobilization phase, vastus lateralis CSA, LM, and isometric peak torque were decreased by 7.9 ± 1.7% (P < 0.001), -1.6 ± 0.6% (P = 0.037), and -18.7 ± 2.7% (P < 0.001) respectively, with no difference between groups. The decreased peak torque was recovered after 2-wk of normal activity (vs. day 1, P = 0.129); however, CSA and LM were not recovered (vs. day 1, P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no differences between groups. Supplementation with FOR prevented the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men after 2-wk of single-leg immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Giacomin
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Saveko A, Bekreneva M, Ponomarev I, Zelenskaya I, Riabova A, Shigueva T, Kitov V, Abu Sheli N, Nosikova I, Rukavishnikov I, Sayenko D, Tomilovskaya E. Impact of different ground-based microgravity models on human sensorimotor system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1085545. [PMID: 36875039 PMCID: PMC9974674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1085545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review includes current and updated information about various ground-based microgravity models and their impact on the human sensorimotor system. All known models of microgravity are imperfect in a simulation of the physiological effects of microgravity but have their advantages and disadvantages. This review points out that understanding the role of gravity in motion control requires consideration of data from different environments and in various contexts. The compiled information can be helpful to researchers to effectively plan experiments using ground-based models of the effects of space flight, depending on the problem posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Saveko
- Russian Federation State Scientific Center—Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Weijzen ME, Holwerda AM, Jetten GH, Houben LH, Kerr A, Davis H, Keogh B, Khaldi N, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Vicia Faba peptide network supplementation does not differ from milk protein in modulating changes in muscle size during short-term immobilization and subsequent remobilization, but increases muscle protein synthesis rates during remobilization in healthy young men. J Nutr 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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14
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Rozhkov SV, Sharlo KA, Shenkman BS, Mirzoev TM. Inhibition of mTORC1 differentially affects ribosome biogenesis in rat soleus muscle at the early and later stages of hindlimb unloading. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109411. [PMID: 36155780 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscles due to limb immobilization, bedrest, and exposure to microgravity results in a significant muscle atrophy. Inactivity-induced muscle atrophy is caused by a downregulation of protein synthesis (PS) and increased proteolysis. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is considered to be one of the main regulators of translational capacity (quantity of ribosomes), a key determinant of PS. Using a specific mTORC1 inhibitor (rapamycin) we aimed to determine if mTORC1 activity would influence ribosome biogenesis in rat soleus muscle at both early and later stages of mechanical unloading. Wistar rats were subjected to 1- and 7-day hindlimb suspension (HS) with and without rapamycin injections (1.5 mg/kg) and compared to weight-bearing control animals. The key markers of ribosome biogenesis were assessed by RT-PCR or agarose gel electrophoresis. The rate of PS was measured by SUnSET method. Both 1-day and 7-day HS resulted in a significant downregulation of ribosome biogenesis markers (c-Myc, 47S pre-rRNA, 18S + 28S rRNAs) and the rate of PS. Rapamycin administration during 1-day HS fully prevented a decrease in 47S pre-rRNA expression and amount of 18S + 28S rRNAs (without affecting c-Myc mRNA expression) and partially attenuated a decline in PS. Rapamycin treatment during 7-day HS significantly decreased p70S6K phosphorylation but failed to rescue a reduction in both the markers of ribosome biogenesis and the rate of PS. All together, our results suggest that mTORC1 inhibition at the initial (1 day), but not later (7 days) stage of HS can be beneficial for the maintenance of translational capacity (ribosome biogenesis) and the rate of PS in rat soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Rozhkov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina A Sharlo
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Nunes EA, Stokes T, McKendry J, Currier BS, Phillips SM. Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in disease and non-disease states in humans: mechanisms, prevention, and recovery strategies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1068-C1084. [PMID: 35476500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle contractile activity (disuse) or unloading leads to muscle mass loss, also known as muscle atrophy. The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is the primary determinant of skeletal muscle mass. A reduced mechanical load on skeletal muscle is one of the main external factors leading to muscle atrophy. However, endocrine and inflammatory factors can act synergistically in catabolic states, amplifying the atrophy process and accelerating its progression. Additionally, older individuals display aging-induced anabolic resistance, which can predispose this population to more pronounced effects when exposed to periods of reduced physical activity or mechanical unloading. Different cellular mechanisms contribute to the regulation of muscle protein balance during skeletal muscle atrophy. This review summarizes the effects of muscle disuse on muscle protein balance and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy in the absence or presence of disease. Finally, a discussion of the current literature describing efficient strategies to prevent or improve the recovery from muscle atrophy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Investigation of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Durhan G, Erdemir A, Konan A. Evaluation of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Atrophy via Computed Tomography in Patients with Breast Cancer After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-02883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson RS. Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:835-861. [PMID: 35112929 PMCID: PMC8934676 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00607.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caitlin C Fermoyle
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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18
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Lee PHU, Chung M, Ren Z, Mair DB, Kim DH. Factors mediating spaceflight-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C567-C580. [PMID: 35171699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00203.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a well-known consequence of spaceflight. Because of the potential significant impact of muscle atrophy and muscle dysfunction on astronauts and to their mission, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of this atrophy and the development of effective countermeasures is critical. Spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy is similar to atrophy seen in many terrestrial conditions, and therefore our understanding of this form of atrophy may also contribute to the treatment of atrophy in humans on Earth. The unique environmental features humans encounter in space include the weightlessness of microgravity, space radiation, and the distinctive aspects of living in a spacecraft. The disuse and unloading of muscles in microgravity are likely the most significant factors that mediate spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy, and have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there are numerous other direct and indirect effects on skeletal muscle that may be contributing factors to the muscle atrophy and dysfunction seen as a result of spaceflight. This review offers a novel perspective on the issue of muscle atrophy in space by providing a comprehensive overview of the unique aspects of the spaceflight environment and the various ways in which they can lead to muscle atrophy. We systematically review the potential contributions of these different mechanisms of spaceflight-induced atrophy and include findings from both actual spaceflight and ground-based models of spaceflight in humans, animals, and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H U Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southcoast Health, Fall River, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Zhanping Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Devin B Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Sharlo K, Tyganov SA, Tomilovskaya E, Popov DV, Saveko AA, Shenkman BS. Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010468. [PMID: 35008893 PMCID: PMC8745071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of changing its structural parameters, metabolic rate and functional characteristics within a wide range when adapting to various loading regimens and states of the organism. Prolonged muscle inactivation leads to serious negative consequences that affect the quality of life and work capacity of people. This review examines various conditions that lead to decreased levels of muscle loading and activity and describes the key molecular mechanisms of muscle responses to these conditions. It also details the theoretical foundations of various methods preventing adverse muscle changes caused by decreased motor activity and describes these methods. A number of recent studies presented in this review make it possible to determine the molecular basis of the countermeasure methods used in rehabilitation and space medicine for many years, as well as to identify promising new approaches to rehabilitation and to form a holistic understanding of the mechanisms of gravity force control over the muscular system.
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20
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Stroh AM, Lynch CE, Lester BE, Minchev K, Chambers TL, Montenegro CF, Chavez Martinez C, Fountain WA, Trappe TA, Trappe SW. Human adipose and skeletal muscle tissue DNA, RNA, and protein content. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1370-1379. [PMID: 34435508 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00343.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to provide a profile of DNA, RNA, and protein content in adipose tissue, which is relatively understudied in humans, to gain more insight into the amount of tissue that may be required for various analyses. Skeletal muscle tissue was also investigated to provide a direct comparison into potential differences between these two highly metabolically active tissues. Basal adipose and skeletal muscle tissue samples were obtained from 10 (7 M, 3 W) recreationally active participants [25 ± 1 yr; 84 ± 3 kg, maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max): 3.5 ± 0.2 L/min, body fat: 29 ± 2%]. DNA, RNA, and protein were extracted and subsequently analyzed for quantity and quality. DNA content of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue was 52 ± 14 and 189 ± 44 ng DNA·mg tissue-1, respectively (P < 0.05). RNA content of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue was 46 ± 14 and 537 ± 72 ng RNA·mg tissue-1, respectively (P < 0.05). Protein content of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue was 4 ± 1 and 177 ± 10 µg protein·mg tissue-1, respectively (P < 0.05). In summary, human adipose had 28% of the DNA, 9% of the RNA, and 2% of the protein found in skeletal muscle per mg of tissue. This information should be useful across a wide range of human clinical investigation designs and various laboratory analyses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation studied DNA, RNA, and protein contents of adipose and skeletal muscle tissues from young active individuals. A series of optimization steps were investigated to aid in determining the optimal approach to extract high-yield and high-quality biomolecules. These findings contribute to the knowledge gap in adipose tissue requirements for molecular biology assays, which is of increasing importance due to the growing interest in adipose tissue research involving human exercise physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Stroh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Colleen E Lynch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bridget E Lester
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Toby L Chambers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | | | | | | | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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21
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Thot GK, Berwanger C, Mulder E, Lee JK, Lichterfeld Y, Ganse B, Giakoumaki I, Degens H, Duran I, Schönau E, Clemen CS, Brachvogel B, Rittweger J. Effects of long-term immobilisation on endomysium of the soleus muscle in humans. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2038-2045. [PMID: 34387385 DOI: 10.1113/ep089734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? While muscle fibre atrophy in response to immobilisation has been extensively examined, intramuscular connective tissue, particularly endomysium, has been largely neglected: does endomysium content of the soleus muscle increase during bed rest? What is the main finding and its importance? Absolute endomysium content did not change, and previous studies reporting an increase are explicable by muscle fibre atrophy. It must be expected that even a relative connective tissue accumulation will lead to an increase in muscle stiffness. ABSTRACT Muscle fibres atrophy during conditions of disuse. Whilst animal data suggest an increase in endomysium content with disuse, that information is not available for humans. We hypothesised that endomysium content increases during immobilisation. To test this hypothesis, biopsy samples of the soleus muscle obtained from 21 volunteers who underwent 60 days of bed rest were analysed using immunofluorescence-labelled laminin γ-1 to delineate individual muscle fibres as well as the endomysium space. The endomysium-to-fibre-area ratio (EFAr, as a percentage) was assessed as a measure related to stiffness, and the endomysium-to-fibre-number ratio (EFNr) was calculated to determine whether any increase in EFAr was absolute, or could be attributed to muscle fibre shrinkage. As expected, we found muscle fibre atrophy (P = 0.0031) that amounted to shrinkage by 16.6% (SD 28.2%) on day 55 of bed rest. ENAr increased on day 55 of bed rest (P < 0.001). However, when analysing EFNr, no effect of bed rest was found (P = 0.62). These results demonstrate that an increase in EFAr is likely to be a direct effect of muscle fibre atrophy. Based on the assumption that the total number of muscle fibres remains unchanged during 55 days of bed rest, this implies that the absolute amount of connective tissue in the soleus muscle remained unchanged. The increased relative endomysium content, however, could be functionally related to an increase in muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina K Thot
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Berwanger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessica K Lee
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Yannick Lichterfeld
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Department of Surgery, Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ifigeneia Giakoumaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ibrahim Duran
- Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, Cologne University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, Cologne University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph S Clemen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Teixeira EL, de Salles Painelli V, Silva-Batista C, de Souza Barros T, Longo AR, Lasevicius T, Schoenfeld BJ, Aihara AY, de Almeida Peres B. Blood Flow Restriction Does Not Attenuate Short-Term Detraining-Induced Muscle Size and Strength Losses After Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2082-2088. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Moreira-Pais A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Duarte JA. Sarcopenia versus cancer cachexia: the muscle wasting continuum in healthy and diseased aging. Biogerontology 2021; 22:459-477. [PMID: 34324116 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is one of the major health problems in older adults and is traditionally associated to sarcopenia. Nonetheless, muscle loss may also occur in older adults in the presence of cancer, and in this case, it is associated to cancer cachexia. The clinical management of these conditions is a challenge due to, at least in part, the difficulties in their differential diagnosis. Thus, efforts have been made to better comprehend the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia, envisioning the improvement of their clinical discrimination and treatment. To add insights on this topic, this review discusses the current knowledge on key molecular players underlying sarcopenia and cancer cachexia in a comparative perspective. Data retrieved from this analysis highlight that while sarcopenia is characterized by the atrophy of fast-twitch muscle fibers, in cancer cachexia an increase in the proportion of fast-twitch fibers appears to happen. The molecular drivers for these specificmuscle remodeling patterns are still unknown; however, among the predominant contributors to sarcopenia is the age-induced neuromuscular denervation, and in cancer cachexia, the muscle disuse experienced by cancer patients seems to play an important role. Moreover, inflammation appears to be more severe in cancer cachexia. Impairment of nutrition-related mediators may also contribute to sarcopenia and cancer cachexia, being distinctly modulated in each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moreira-Pais
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José A Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
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24
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Avey AM, Baar K. Muscle-tendon Crosstalk During Muscle Wasting. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C559-C568. [PMID: 34319830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00260.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In organisms from flies to mammals, the initial formation of a functional tendon is completely dependent on chemical signals from muscle (myokines). However, how myokines affect the maturation, maintenance, and regeneration of tendons as a function of age is completely unstudied. Here we discuss the role of four myokines - fibroblast growth factors (FGF), myostatin, the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and miR-29 - in tendon development and hypothesize a role for these factors in the progressive changes in tendon structure and function as a result of muscle wasting (disuse, aging and disease). Because of the close relationship between mechanical loading and muscle and tendon regulation, disentangling muscle-tendon crosstalk from simple mechanical loading is experimentally quite difficult. Therefore, we propose an experimental framework that hopefully will be useful in demonstrating muscle-tendon crosstalk in vivo. Though understudied, the promise of a better understanding of muscle-tendon crosstalk is the development of new interventions that will improve tendon development, regeneration, and function throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M Avey
- Functional Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Keith Baar
- Functional Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.,Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
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25
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McKendry J, Stokes T, Mcleod JC, Phillips SM. Resistance Exercise, Aging, Disuse, and Muscle Protein Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2249-2278. [PMID: 34190341 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the organ of locomotion, its optimal function is critical for athletic performance, and is also important for health due to its contribution to resting metabolic rate and as a site for glucose uptake and storage. Numerous endogenous and exogenous factors influence muscle mass. Much of what is currently known regarding muscle protein turnover is owed to the development and use of stable isotope tracers. Skeletal muscle mass is determined by the meal- and contraction-induced alterations of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown. Increased loading as resistance training is the most potent nonpharmacological strategy by which skeletal muscle mass can be increased. Conversely, aging (sarcopenia) and muscle disuse lead to the development of anabolic resistance and contribute to the loss of skeletal muscle mass. Nascent omics-based technologies have significantly improved our understanding surrounding the regulation of skeletal muscle mass at the gene, transcript, and protein levels. Despite significant advances surrounding the mechanistic intricacies that underpin changes in skeletal muscle mass, these processes are complex, and more work is certainly needed. In this article, we provide an overview of the importance of skeletal muscle, describe the influence that resistance training, aging, and disuse exert on muscle protein turnover and the molecular regulatory processes that contribute to changes in muscle protein abundance. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2249-2278, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Molecular Transducers of Human Skeletal Muscle Remodeling under Different Loading States. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107980. [PMID: 32755574 PMCID: PMC7408494 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading of skeletal muscle changes the tissue phenotype reflecting altered metabolic and functional demands. In humans, heterogeneous adaptation to loading complicates the identification of the underpinning molecular regulators. A within-person differential loading and analysis strategy reduces heterogeneity for changes in muscle mass by ∼40% and uses a genome-wide transcriptome method that models each mRNA from coding exons and 3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs). Our strategy detects ∼3-4 times more regulated genes than similarly sized studies, including substantial UTR-selective regulation undetected by other methods. We discover a core of 141 genes correlated to muscle growth, which we validate from newly analyzed independent samples (n = 100). Further validating these identified genes via RNAi in primary muscle cells, we demonstrate that members of the core genes were regulators of protein synthesis. Using proteome-constrained networks and pathway analysis reveals notable relationships with the molecular characteristics of human muscle aging and insulin sensitivity, as well as potential drug therapies.
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27
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Slysz JT, Boston M, King R, Pignanelli C, Power GA, Burr JF. Blood Flow Restriction Combined with Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Thigh Muscle Disuse Atrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1033-1040. [PMID: 33105390 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on skeletal muscle mass and strength during a period of limb disuse. METHODS Thirty healthy participants (22 ± 3 yr; 23 ± 3 kg·m-2) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), BFR alone (BFR; n = 10), or BFR combined with EMS (BFR + EMS; n = 10). All participants completed unloading of a single leg for 14 d, with no treatment (CON), or while treated with either BFR or BFR + EMS (twice daily, 5 d·wk-1). BFR treatment involved arterial three cycles of 5-min occlusion using suprasystolic pressure, each separated by 5 min of reperfusion. EMS (6 s on, 15 s off; 200 μs; 60 Hz; 15% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) was applied continuously throughout the three BFR cycles. Quadriceps muscle mass (whole-thigh lean mass via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis [VL] muscle thickness via ultrasound) and strength (via knee extension MVC) were assessed before and after the 14-d unloading period. RESULTS After limb unloading, whole-thigh lean mass decreased in the control group (-4% ± 1%, P < 0.001) and BFR group (-3% ± 2%, P = 0.001), but not in the BFR + EMS group (-0.3% ± 3%, P = 0.8). VL muscle thickness decreased in the control group (-4% ± 4%, P = 0.005) and was trending toward a decrease in the BFR group (-8% ± 11%, P = 0.07) and increase in the BFR + EMS group (+5% ± 10%, P = 0.07). Knee extension MVC decreased over time (P < 0.005) in the control group (-18% ± 15%), BFR group (-10% ± 13%), and BFR + EMS group (-18% ± 15%), with no difference between groups (P > 0.5). CONCLUSION Unlike BFR performed in isolation, BFR + EMS represents an effective interventional strategy to attenuate the loss of muscle mass during limb disuse, but it does not demonstrate preservation of strength.
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28
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Standley RA, Distefano G, Trevino MB, Chen E, Narain NR, Greenwood B, Kondakci G, Tolstikov VV, Kiebish MA, Yu G, Qi F, Kelly DP, Vega RB, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH. Skeletal Muscle Energetics and Mitochondrial Function Are Impaired Following 10 Days of Bed Rest in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1744-1753. [PMID: 31907525 PMCID: PMC7494044 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults exposed to periods of inactivity during hospitalization, illness, or injury lose muscle mass and strength. This, in turn, predisposes poor recovery of physical function upon reambulation and represents a significant health risk for older adults. Bed rest (BR) results in altered skeletal muscle fuel metabolism and loss of oxidative capacity that have recently been linked to the muscle atrophy program. Our primary objective was to explore the effects of BR on mitochondrial energetics in muscle from older adults. A secondary objective was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbuturate (HMB) supplementation on mitochondrial energetics. Methods We studied 20 older adults before and after a 10-day BR intervention, who consumed a complete oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with HMB (3.0 g/d HMB, n = 11) or without HMB (CON, n = 9). Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained to determine mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission in permeabilized muscle fibers along with markers of content. RNA sequencing and lipidomics analyses were also conducted. Results We found a significant up-regulation of collagen synthesis and down-regulation of ribosome, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial gene transcripts following BR in the CON group. Alterations to these gene transcripts were significantly blunted in the HMB group. Mitochondrial respiration and markers of content were both reduced and H2O2 emission was elevated in both groups following BR. Conclusions In summary, 10 days of BR in older adults causes a significant deterioration in mitochondrial energetics, while transcriptomic profiling revealed that some of these negative effects may be attenuated by an ONS containing HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle B Trevino
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gongxin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Feng Qi
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rick B Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paul M Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
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29
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Zeng N, D'Souza RF, MacRae CL, Figueiredo VC, Pileggi CA, Markworth JF, Merry TL, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Daily protein supplementation attenuates immobilization-induced blunting of postabsorptive muscle mTORC1 activation in middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C591-C601. [PMID: 33471625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00284.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is accompanied by a blunted postprandial response of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Conflicting observations exist as to whether postabsorptive mTORC1 pathway activation is also blunted by disuse and plays a role in atrophy. It is unknown whether changes in habitual protein intake alter mTORC1 regulatory proteins and how they may contribute to the development of anabolic resistance. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the downstream responsiveness of skeletal muscle mTORC1 activation and its upstream regulatory factors, following 14 days of lower limb disuse in middle-aged men (45-60 yr). The participants were further randomized to receive daily supplementation of 20 g/d of protein (n = 12; milk protein concentrate) or isocaloric carbohydrate placebo (n = 13). Immobilization reduced postabsorptive skeletal muscle phosphorylation of the mTORC1 downstream targets, 4E-BP1, P70S6K, and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), with phosphorylation of the latter two decreasing to a greater extent in the placebo, compared with the protein supplementation groups (37% ± 13% vs. 14% ± 11% and 38% ± 20% vs. 25% ± 8%, respectively). Sestrin2 protein was also downregulated following immobilization irrespective of supplement group, despite a corresponding increase in its mRNA content. This decrease in Sestrin2 protein was negatively correlated with the immobilization-induced change in the in silico-predicted regulator miR-23b-3p. No other measured upstream proteins were altered by immobilization or supplementation. Immobilization downregulated postabsorptive mTORC1 pathway activation, and 20 g/day of protein supplementation attenuated the decrease in phosphorylation of targets regulating muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zeng
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin L MacRae
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vandre C Figueiredo
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James F Markworth
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Troy L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cameron J Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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30
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Bass JJ, Hardy EJO, Inns TB, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Morris RH, Spicer A, Sale C, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Phillips BE. Atrophy Resistant vs. Atrophy Susceptible Skeletal Muscles: "aRaS" as a Novel Experimental Paradigm to Study the Mechanisms of Human Disuse Atrophy. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653060. [PMID: 34017264 PMCID: PMC8129522 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disuse atrophy (DA) describes inactivity-induced skeletal muscle loss, through incompletely defined mechanisms. An intriguing observation is that individual muscles exhibit differing degrees of atrophy, despite exhibiting similar anatomical function/locations. We aimed to develop an innovative experimental paradigm to investigate Atrophy Resistant tibialis anterior (TA) and Atrophy Susceptible medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles (aRaS) with a future view of uncovering central mechanisms. METHOD Seven healthy young men (22 ± 1 year) underwent 15 days unilateral leg immobilisation (ULI). Participants had a single leg immobilised using a knee brace and air-boot to fix the leg (75° knee flexion) and ankle in place. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), MRI and ultrasound scans of the lower leg were taken before and after the immobilisation period to determine changes in muscle mass. Techniques were developed for conchotome and microneedle TA/MG muscle biopsies following immobilisation (both limbs), and preliminary fibre typing analyses was conducted. RESULTS TA/MG muscles displayed comparable fibre type distribution of predominantly type I fibres (TA 67 ± 7%, MG 63 ± 5%). Following 15 days immobilisation, MG muscle volume (-2.8 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05) and muscle thickness decreased (-12.9 ± 1.6%, p < 0.01), with a positive correlation between changes in muscle volume and thickness (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.038). Importantly, both TA muscle volume and thickness remained unchanged. CONCLUSION The use of this unique "aRaS" paradigm provides an effective and convenient means by which to study the mechanistic basis of divergent DA susceptibility in humans, which may facilitate new mechanistic insights, and by extension, mitigation of skeletal muscle atrophy during human DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Bass
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. O. Hardy
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B. Inns
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Morris
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Spicer
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Philip J. Atherton,
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bethan E. Phillips,
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31
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Millward DJ. Limiting deconditioned muscle atrophy and strength loss with appropriate nutrition: can it be done? Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:499-500. [PMID: 32559274 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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32
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Howard EE, Pasiakos SM, Fussell MA, Rodriguez NR. Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy and the Rehabilitative Role of Protein in Recovery from Musculoskeletal Injury. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:989-1001. [PMID: 32167129 PMCID: PMC7360452 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and weakness occur as a consequence of disuse after musculoskeletal injury (MSI). The slow recovery and persistence of these deficits even after physical rehabilitation efforts indicate that interventions designed to attenuate muscle atrophy and protect muscle function are necessary to accelerate and optimize recovery from MSI. Evidence suggests that manipulating protein intake via dietary protein or free amino acid-based supplementation diminishes muscle atrophy and/or preserves muscle function in experimental models of disuse (i.e., immobilization and bed rest in healthy populations). However, this concept has rarely been considered in the context of disuse following MSI, which often occurs with some muscle activation during postinjury physical rehabilitation. Given that exercise sensitizes skeletal muscle to the anabolic effect of protein ingestion, early rehabilitation may act synergistically with dietary protein to protect muscle mass and function during postinjury disuse conditions. This narrative review explores mechanisms of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy and recent advances delineating the role of protein intake as a potential countermeasure. The possible synergistic effect of protein-based interventions and postinjury rehabilitation in attenuating muscle atrophy and weakness following MSI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Maya A Fussell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Lawrence MM, Van Pelt DW, Confides AL, Hunt ER, Hettinger ZR, Laurin JL, Reid JJ, Peelor FF, Butterfield TA, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Miller BF. Massage as a mechanotherapy promotes skeletal muscle protein and ribosomal turnover but does not mitigate muscle atrophy during disuse in adult rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13460. [PMID: 32125770 PMCID: PMC7293583 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interventions that decrease atrophy during disuse are desperately needed to maintain muscle mass. We recently found that massage as a mechanotherapy can improve muscle regrowth following disuse atrophy. Therefore, we aimed to determine if massage has similar anabolic effects when applied during normal weight bearing conditions (WB) or during atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension (HS) in adult rats. METHODS Adult (10 months) male Fischer344-Brown Norway rats underwent either hindlimb suspension (HS, n = 8) or normal WB (WB, n = 8) for 7 days. Massage was applied using cyclic compressive loading (CCL) in WB (WBM, n = 9) or HS rats (HSM, n = 9) and included four 30-minute bouts of CCL applied to gastrocnemius muscle every other day. RESULTS Massage had no effect on any anabolic parameter measured under WB conditions (WBM). In contrast, massage during HS (HSM) stimulated protein turnover, but did not mitigate muscle atrophy. Atrophy from HS was caused by both lowered protein synthesis and higher degradation. HS and HSM had lowered total RNA compared with WB and this was the result of significantly higher ribosome degradation in HS that was attenuated in HSM, without differences in ribosomal biogenesis. Also, massage increased protein turnover in the non-massaged contralateral limb during HS. Finally, we determined that total RNA degradation primarily dictates loss of muscle ribosomal content during disuse atrophy. CONCLUSION We conclude that massage is an effective mechanotherapy to impact protein turnover during muscle disuse in both the massaged and non-massaged contralateral muscle, but it does not attenuate the loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Lawrence
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Douglas W. Van Pelt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Amy L. Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emily R. Hunt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zachary R. Hettinger
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jaime L. Laurin
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Justin J. Reid
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Frederick F. Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Timothy A. Butterfield
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Abstract
Acute periods of contractile inactivity cause skeletal muscle atrophy along with profound alterations in tissue metabolism. Hind limb unloading via tail suspension is a commonly used rodent model of muscle atrophy. Here, we describe a sample preparation and LC-MS/MS approach for quantifying specific panels of acylcarnitines, amino acids, and organic acids in small (~8 mg) samples of atrophied mouse soleus following a period of hind limb unloading.
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35
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Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Pitchford NW, Kuang J, Roach GD, Garnham A, Stokes T, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy young men. J Physiol 2020; 598:1523-1536. [PMID: 32078168 PMCID: PMC7217042 DOI: 10.1113/jp278828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Sleep restriction has previously been associated with the loss of muscle mass in both human and animal models. The rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) is a key variable in regulating skeletal muscle mass and can be increased by performing high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), although the effect of sleep restriction on MyoPS is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that participants undergoing a sleep restriction protocol (five nights, with 4 h in bed each night) had lower rates of skeletal muscle MyoPS; however, rates of MyoPS were maintained at control levels by performing HIIE during this period. Our data suggest that the lower rates of MyoPS in the sleep restriction group may contribute to the detrimental effects of sleep loss on muscle mass and that HIIE may be used as an intervention to counteract these effects.
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep restriction, with or without high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), on the potential mechanisms underpinning previously‐reported sleep‐loss‐induced reductions to muscle mass. Twenty‐four healthy, young men underwent a protocol consisting of two nights of controlled baseline sleep and a five‐night intervention period. Participants were allocated into one of three parallel groups, matched for age, V˙O2peak, body mass index and habitual sleep duration; a normal sleep (NS) group [8 h time in bed (TIB) each night], a sleep restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB each night), and a sleep restriction and exercise group (SR+EX, 4 h TIB each night, with three sessions of HIIE). Deuterium oxide was ingested prior to commencing the study and muscle biopsies obtained pre‐ and post‐intervention were used to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and molecular markers of protein synthesis and degradation signalling pathways. MyoPS was lower in the SR group [fractional synthetic rate (% day–1), mean ± SD, 1.24 ± 0.21] compared to both the NS (1.53 ± 0.09) and SR+EX groups (1.61 ± 0.14) (P < 0.05). However, there were no changes in the purported regulators of protein synthesis (i.e. p‐AKTser473 and p‐mTORser2448) and degradation (i.e. Foxo1/3 mRNA and LC3 protein) in any group. These data suggest that MyoPS is acutely reduced by sleep restriction, although MyoPS can be maintained by performing HIIE. These findings may explain the sleep‐loss‐induced reductions in muscle mass previously reported and also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of HIIE to maintain myofibrillar remodelling in this context. Sleep restriction has previously been associated with the loss of muscle mass in both human and animal models. The rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) is a key variable in regulating skeletal muscle mass and can be increased by performing high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), although the effect of sleep restriction on MyoPS is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that participants undergoing a sleep restriction protocol (five nights, with 4 h in bed each night) had lower rates of skeletal muscle MyoPS; however, rates of MyoPS were maintained at control levels by performing HIIE during this period. Our data suggest that the lower rates of MyoPS in the sleep restriction group may contribute to the detrimental effects of sleep loss on muscle mass and that HIIE may be used as an intervention to counteract these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Kilroe SP, Fulford J, Holwerda AM, Jackman SR, Lee BP, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC, Wall BT. Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E117-E130. [PMID: 31743039 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00360.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-term muscle disuse has been reported to lower both postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. This study assessed the impact of disuse on daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following short-term (2 and 7 days) muscle disuse under free living conditions. Thirteen healthy young men (age: 20 ± 1 yr; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m-2) underwent 7 days of unilateral leg immobilization via a knee brace, with the nonimmobilized leg acting as a control. Four days before immobilization participants ingested 400 mL of 70% deuterated water, with 50-mL doses consumed daily thereafter. Upper leg bilateral MRI scans and muscle biopsies were collected before and after 2 and 7 days of immobilization to determine quadriceps volume and daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Immobilization reduced quadriceps volume in the immobilized leg by 1.7 ± 0.3 and 6.7 ± 0.6% after 2 and 7 days, respectively, with no changes in the control leg. Over the 1-wk immobilization period, myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 36 ± 4% lower in the immobilized (0.81 ± 0.04%/day) compared with the control (1.26 ± 0.04%/day) leg (P < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in the control leg did not change over time (P = 0.775), but in the immobilized leg they were numerically lower during the 0- to 2-day period (16 ± 6%, 1.11 ± 0.09%/day, P = 0.153) and were significantly lower during the 2- to 7-day period (44 ± 5%, 0.70 ± 0.06%/day, P < 0.001) when compared with the control leg. We conclude that 1 wk of muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Kilroe
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Peninsula National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Facility, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Lee
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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37
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, Vles GF, Emans PJ, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Kranenburg JMX, van Loon LJC. Protein synthesis rates of muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, and bone tissue in vivo in humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224745. [PMID: 31697717 PMCID: PMC6837426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity is reflected by a dynamic balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, with basal muscle tissue protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.09%/h. Though it is evident that other musculoskeletal tissues should also express some level of plasticity, data on protein synthesis rates of most of these tissues in vivo in humans is limited. Six otherwise healthy patients (62±3 y), scheduled to undergo unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were subjected to primed continuous intravenous infusions with L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine throughout the surgical procedure. Tissue samples obtained during surgery included muscle, tendon, cruciate ligaments, cartilage, bone, menisci, fat, and synovium. Tissue-specific fractional protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine in tissue protein and were compared with muscle tissue protein synthesis rates using a paired t test. Tendon, bone, cartilage, Hoffa’s fat pad, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, and menisci tissue protein synthesis rates averaged 0.06±0.01, 0.03±0.01, 0.04±0.01, 0.11±0.03, 0.07±0.02, 0.04±0.01, and 0.04±0.01%/h, respectively, and did not significantly differ from skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (0.04±0.01%/h; P>0.05). Synovium derived protein (0.13±0.03%/h) and intercondylar notch bone tissue protein synthesis rates (0.03±0.01%/h) were respectively higher and lower compared to skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Basal protein synthesis rates in various musculoskeletal tissues are within the same range of skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, with fractional muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage, ligament, menisci, fat, and synovium protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.13% per hour in vivo in humans. Clinical trial registration: NTR5147
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Georges F Vles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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38
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KILROE SEANP, FULFORD JONATHAN, JACKMAN SARAHR, VAN LOON LUCJC, WALL BENJAMINT. Temporal Muscle-specific Disuse Atrophy during One Week of Leg Immobilization. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:944-954. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Maffiuletti NA, Green DA, Vaz MA, Dirks ML. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1031. [PMID: 31456697 PMCID: PMC6700209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human spaceflight is associated with a substantial loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) evokes involuntary muscle contractions, which have the potential to preserve or restore skeletal muscle mass and neuromuscular function during and/or post spaceflight. This assumption is largely based on evidence from terrestrial disuse/immobilization studies without the use of large exercise equipment that may not be available in spaceflight beyond the International Space Station. In this mini-review we provide an overview of the rationale and evidence for NMES based on the terrestrial state-of-the-art knowledge, compare this to that used in orbit, and in ground-based analogs in order to provide practical recommendations for implementation of NMES in future space missions. Emphasis will be placed on knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles known to be particularly susceptible to deconditioning in space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, HRE-OM, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.,KBRwyle, Wyle Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,King's College London, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Aurelio Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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40
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, Schijns OEMG, Dings JTA, Hoogland G, Gijsen AP, Goessens JPB, Bouwman FG, Wodzig WKWH, Mariman EC, van Loon LJC. Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain. Brain 2019; 141:1122-1129. [PMID: 29432531 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All tissues undergo continuous reconditioning via the complex orchestration of changes in tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Skeletal muscle tissue has been well studied in this regard, and has been shown to turnover at a rate of 1-2% per day in vivo in humans. Few data are available on protein synthesis rates of other tissues. Because of obvious limitations with regard to brain tissue sampling no study has ever measured brain protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Here, we applied stable isotope methodology to directly assess protein synthesis rates in neocortex and hippocampus tissue of six patients undergoing temporal lobectomy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (Clinical trial registration: NTR5147). Protein synthesis rates of neocortex and hippocampus tissue averaged 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01%/h, respectively. Brain tissue protein synthesis rates were 3-4-fold higher than skeletal muscle tissue protein synthesis rates (0.05 ± 0.01%/h; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the protein turnover rate of the human brain is much higher than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim T A Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C Mariman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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41
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Horstman AMH, Backx EMP, Smeets JSJ, Marzuca-Nassr GN, van Kranenburg J, de Boer D, Dolmans J, Snijders T, Verdijk LB, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. Nandrolone decanoate administration does not attenuate muscle atrophy during a short period of disuse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210823. [PMID: 30689637 PMCID: PMC6349315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few days of bed rest or immobilization following injury, disease, or surgery can lead to considerable loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. It has been speculated that such short, successive periods of muscle disuse may be largely responsible for the age-related loss of muscle mass throughout the lifespan. OBJECTIVE To assess whether a single intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate prior to immobilization can attenuate the loss of muscle mass and strength in vivo in humans. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy (22 ± 1 years) men were subjected to 7 days of one-legged knee immobilization by means of a full leg cast with (NAD, n = 15) or without (CON, n = 15) prior intramuscular nandrolone decanoate injection (200 mg). MEASURES Before and immediately after immobilization, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (by means of single-slice computed tomography (CT) scans of the upper leg) and one-legged knee extension strength (one-repetition maximum [1-RM]) were assessed for both legs. Furthermore, muscle biopsies from the immobilized leg were taken before and after immobilization to assess type I and type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. RESULTS Quadriceps muscle CSA decreased during immobilization in both CON and NAD (-6 ± 1% and -6 ± 1%, respectively; main effect of time P<0.01), with no differences between the groups (time × treatment interaction, P = 0.59). Leg muscle strength declined following immobilization (-6 ± 2% in CON and -7 ± 3% in NAD; main effect of time, P<0.05), with no differences between groups (time × treatment interaction, P = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that nandrolone decanoate administration does not preserve skeletal muscle mass and strength during a short period of leg immobilization in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M. H. Horstman
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien M. P. Backx
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S. J. Smeets
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel N. Marzuca-Nassr
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe de Boer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Dolmans
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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42
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Mirzoev TM, Shenkman BS. Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Inactivated Skeletal Muscle: Signal Inputs, Protein Kinase Cascades, and Ribosome Biogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1299-1317. [PMID: 30482143 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disuse atrophy of skeletal muscles is characterized by a significant decrease in the mass and size of muscle fibers. Disuse atrophy develops as a result of prolonged reduction in the muscle functional activity caused by bed rest, limb immobilization, and real or simulated microgravity. Disuse atrophy is associated with the downregulation of protein biosynthesis and simultaneous activation of protein degradation. This review is focused on the key molecular mechanisms regulating the rate of protein synthesis in mammalian skeletal muscles during functional unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mirzoev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
| | - B S Shenkman
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
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43
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Kouw IWK, Groen BBL, Smeets JSJ, Kramer IF, van Kranenburg JMX, Nilwik R, Geurts JAP, Ten Broeke RHM, Poeze M, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. One Week of Hospitalization Following Elective Hip Surgery Induces Substantial Muscle Atrophy in Older Patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 20:35-42. [PMID: 30108034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Short successive periods of skeletal muscle disuse have been suggested to substantially contribute to the observed loss of skeletal muscle mass over the life span. Hospitalization of older individuals due to acute illness, injury, or major surgery generally results in a mean hospital stay of 5 to 7 days, during which the level of physical activity is strongly reduced. We hypothesized that hospitalization following elective total hip arthroplasty is accompanied by substantial leg muscle atrophy in older men and women. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six older patients (75 ± 1 years) undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty participated in this observational study. MEASUREMENTS On hospital admission and on the day of discharge, computed tomographic (CT) scans were performed to assess muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of both legs. During surgery and on the day of hospital discharge, a skeletal muscle biopsy was taken from the m. vastus lateralis of the operated leg to assess muscle fiber type-specific CSA. RESULTS An average of 5.6 ± 0.3 days of hospitalization resulted in a significant decline in quadriceps (-3.4% ± 1.0%) and thigh muscle CSA (-4.2% ± 1.1%) in the nonoperated leg (P < .05). Edema resulted in a 10.3% ± 1.7% increase in leg CSA in the operated leg (P < .05). At hospital admission, muscle fiber CSA was smaller in the type II vs type I fibers (3326 ± 253 μm2 vs 4075 ± 279 μm2, respectively; P < .05). During hospitalization, type I and II muscle fiber CSA tended to increase, likely due to edema in the operated leg (P = .10). CONCLUSIONS Six days of hospitalization following elective total hip arthroplasty leads to substantial leg muscle atrophy in older patients. Effective intervention strategies are warranted to prevent the loss of muscle mass induced by short periods of muscle disuse during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Rachél Nilwik
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A P Geurts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - René H M Ten Broeke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands.
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44
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Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Jackman SR, Galera Gordo J, Machin DJ, Pulsford RM, van Loon LJC, Wall BT. A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, does not affect skeletal muscle gene expression or insulin sensitivity. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:860-875. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Sarah R. Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Jesús Galera Gordo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - David J. Machin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Richard M. Pulsford
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
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Leucine Supplementation Does Not Attenuate Skeletal Muscle Loss during Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050635. [PMID: 29772844 PMCID: PMC5986514 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short successive periods of physical inactivity occur throughout life and contribute considerably to the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. The maintenance of muscle mass during brief periods of disuse is required to prevent functional decline and maintain metabolic health. OBJECTIVE To assess whether daily leucine supplementation during a short period of disuse can attenuate subsequent muscle loss in vivo in humans. METHODS Thirty healthy (22 ± 1 y) young males were exposed to a 7-day unilateral knee immobilization intervention by means of a full leg cast with (LEU, n = 15) or without (CON, n = 15) daily leucine supplementation (2.5 g leucine, three times daily). Prior to and directly after immobilization, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (computed tomography (CT) scan) and leg strength (one-repetition maximum (1-RM)) were assessed. Furthermore, muscle biopsies were taken in both groups before and after immobilization to assess changes in type I and type II muscle fiber CSA. RESULTS Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) declined in the CON and LEU groups (p < 0.01), with no differences between the two groups (from 7712 ± 324 to 7287 ± 305 mm² and from 7643 ± 317 to 7164 ± 328 mm²; p = 0.61, respectively). Leg muscle strength decreased from 56 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 kg in the CON group and from 63 ± 3 to 55 ± 2 kg in the LEU group (main effect of time p < 0.01), with no differences between the groups (p = 0.052). Type I and II muscle fiber size did not change significantly over time, in both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Free leucine supplementation with each of the three main meals (7.5 g/d) does not attenuate the decline of muscle mass and strength during a 7-day limb immobilization intervention.
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46
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Barreiro E. Models of disuse muscle atrophy: therapeutic implications in critically ill patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:29. [PMID: 29430446 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness is common in the intensive care units (ICU). Approximately 50% of patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days show signs of ICU-acquired muscle weakness. In these patients, muscle weakness may be the result of axonal polyneuropathy, myopathy or a combination of both. The commonest risk factors in patients with ICU-acquired weakness (AW) are the severity and duration of the systemic inflammatory response, duration of the stay in the ICU and of mechanical ventilation, hyperglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, parenteral nutrition, and administration of corticosteroids and of neuromuscular blocking agents. Loss of thick filaments (myosin), atrophy of the myofibers, necrosis, and regeneration features has been consistently shown in muscle samples during critical illness. Moreover, a slow-to-fast fiber type shift, reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the myofibers, alterations in muscle contractility, reduced aerobic capacity and protein synthesis, and the electromechanical properties of the nerve-muscle interface are also relevant features in skeletal muscles of critically ill patients and experimental models. Several diagnostic tools are currently available to identify patients at risk of ICU-AW. Early rehabilitation in combination with nutritional support constitutes the basis of the therapeutic strategies to be implemented in ICU. Future research will need to shed light on additional cellular processes that could also be targeted pharmacologically. An overview of all these aspects has been provided during the Second International Symposium on Acute Pulmonary Injury Translational Research organized by Hospital Universitario de Getafe (Madrid, Spain) in November 2017 and it is being described in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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Mitchell CJ, D'Souza RF, Mitchell SM, Figueiredo VC, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Peelor FF, Coronet M, Pileggi CA, Durainayagam B, Fanning AC, Poppitt SD, Cameron-Smith D. Impact of dairy protein during limb immobilization and recovery on muscle size and protein synthesis; a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:717-728. [PMID: 29122965 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00803.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle disuse results in the loss of muscular strength and size, due to an imbalance between protein synthesis (MPS) and breakdown (MPB). Protein ingestion stimulates MPS, although it is not established if protein is able to attenuate muscle loss with immobilization (IM) or influence the recovery consisting of ambulatory movement followed by resistance training (RT). Thirty men (49.9 ± 0.6 yr) underwent 14 days of unilateral leg IM, 14 days of ambulatory recovery (AR), and a further six RT sessions over 14 days. Participants were randomized to consume an additional 20 g of dairy protein or placebo with a meal during the intervention. Isometric knee extension strength was reduced following IM (-24.7 ± 2.7%), partially recovered with AR (-8.6 ± 2.6%), and fully recovered after RT (-0.6 ± 3.4%), with no effect of supplementation. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area decreased with IM (-4.1 ± 0.5%), partially recovered with AR (-2.1 ± 0.5%), and increased above baseline with RT (+2.2 ± 0.5%), with no treatment effect. Myofibrillar MPS, measured using deuterated water, was unaltered by IM, with no effect of protein. During AR, MPS was increased only with protein supplementation. Protein supplementation did not attenuate the loss of muscle size and function with disuse or potentiate recovery but enhanced myofibrillar MPS during AR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Twenty grams of daily protein supplementation does not attenuate the loss of muscle size and function induced by 2 wk of muscle disuse or potentiate recovery in middle-age men. Average mitochondrial but not myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis was attenuated during immobilization with no effect of supplementation. Protein supplementation increased myofibrillar protein synthesis during a 2-wk period of ambulatory recovery following disuse but without group differences in phenotype recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Fredrick F Peelor
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marcelli Coronet
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Aaron C Fanning
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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48
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 125:850-861. [PMID: 28970205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous situations, such as the recovery from illness or rehabilitation after injury, necessitate a period of muscle disuse in otherwise healthy individuals. Even a few days of immobilization or bed rest can lead to substantial loss of skeletal muscle tissue and compromise metabolic health. The decline in muscle mass is attributed largely to a decline in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Reintroduction of some level of muscle contraction by the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can augment both postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, prevent or attenuate muscle loss during short-term disuse in various clinical populations. Whereas maintenance of habitual dietary protein consumption is a prerequisite for muscle mass maintenance, supplementing dietary protein above habitual intake levels does not prevent muscle loss during disuse in otherwise healthy humans. Combining the anabolic properties of physical activity (or surrogates) with appropriate nutritional support likely further increases the capacity to preserve skeletal muscle mass during a period of disuse. Therefore, effective interventional strategies to prevent or alleviate muscle disuse atrophy should include both exercise (mimetics) and appropriate nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Fisher AG, Seaborne RA, Hughes TM, Gutteridge A, Stewart C, Coulson JM, Sharples AP, Jarvis JC. Transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of disuse atrophy and the return to activity in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2017; 31:5268-5282. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700089rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Fisher
- Institute for Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Seaborne
- Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineKeele University Medical SchoolKeele University Staffordshire United Kingdom
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology Research UnitExercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research GroupResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hughes
- Instituto de Física y AstronomíaUniversidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile
| | | | - Claire Stewart
- Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineKeele University Medical SchoolKeele University Staffordshire United Kingdom
| | - Judy M. Coulson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineKeele University Medical SchoolKeele University Staffordshire United Kingdom
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology Research UnitExercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research GroupResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Jarvis
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology Research UnitExercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research GroupResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom
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