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Jensen TSR, Olsen MH, Lelkaitis G, Kjaer A, Binderup T, Fugleholm K. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor: An Important Focal Player in Chronic Subdural Hematoma? Inflammation 2024; 47:1015-1027. [PMID: 38236383 PMCID: PMC11147925 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) development involves inflammatory, angiogenetic, and fibrinolytic mechanisms, several components of which are now unraveled through intensive research. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is part of the plasminogen activator system and possesses inflammatory, angiogenetic, and fibrinolytic capabilities. As a first, this study aims to identify uPAR in the hematoma fluid, hematoma membrane, dura mater, and systemic blood from patients with CSDH and, if present, to investigate if the uPAR level at the time of surgery may be a predictor for later developing recurrent CSDH. uPAR expression in the hematoma membrane and dura mater was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and presented as the H-score of the positive immunostaining. The uPAR levels in the hematoma fluid and systemic blood were determined using a multiplex antibody bead kit (Luminex). Samples were collected at the time of the first CSDH surgery, and in the case of recurrent CSDH within 90 days, the samples were again collected at reoperation. A comparison of uPAR expression between the hematoma membrane and dura mater, as well as uPAR levels in systemic blood and hematoma fluid, was performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. We included 112 patients, 26 of whom had recurrent CSDH. The median hematoma uPAR level was 22,125 (14,845-33,237) and significantly higher than the median systemic blood level of 789 pg/L (465-2,088) (p < 0.001). Similarly, the uPAR level of the hematoma membrane was 14.3 (7.54-44.8) and significantly higher than the dural uPAR level of 0.81 (0.3-1.98) (p < 0.001). For the first time, we identified uPAR in the subdural fluid, hematoma membrane, dura mater, and systemic blood from patients with CSDH. The high expression of uPAR in the subdural fluid and hematoma membrane indicates that the mechanisms of CSDH are predominantly in the subdural fluid collection and surrounding hematoma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjørn Søren Rønn Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanesthesiology, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | | | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Binderup
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Fugleholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Meng Z, Li Z, Guo S, Wu D, Wei R, Liu J, Hu L, Sui L. MED1 Ablation Promotes Oral Mucosal Wound Healing via JNK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13414. [PMID: 36362197 PMCID: PMC9655393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) is a coactivator of multiple transcription factors and plays a key role in regulating epidermal homeostasis as well as skin wound healing. It is unknown, however, whether it plays a role in healing oral mucosal wounds. In this study, we investigate MED1's functional effects on oral mucosal wound healing and its underlying mechanism. The epithelial-specific MED1 null (Med1epi-/-) mice were established using the Cre-loxP system with C57/BL6 background. A 3 mm diameter wound was made in the cheek mucosa of the 8-week-old mice. In vivo experiments were conducted using HE staining and immunostaining with Ki67 and uPAR antibodies. The in vitro study used lentiviral transduction, scratch assays, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ablation of MED1 accelerated oral mucosal wound healing in 8-week-old mice. As a result of ablation of MED1, Activin A/Follistatin expression was altered, resulting in an activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway. Similarly, knockdown of MED1 enhanced the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in vitro, promoting re-epithelialization, which accelerates the healing of oral mucosal wounds. Our study reveals a novel role for MED1 in oral keratinocytes, providing a new molecular therapeutic target for accelerated wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosong Meng
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Shuling Guo
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Danfeng Wu
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
| | - Lei Sui
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300014, China
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3
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Stefanova V, Crowley VM, Weckman AM, Kain KC. suPAR to Risk-Stratify Patients With Malaria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931321. [PMID: 35757694 PMCID: PMC9226448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria (SM) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, particularly in children in sub-Saharan Africa. However, existing malaria diagnostic tests do not reliably identify children at risk of severe and fatal outcomes. Dysregulated host immune and endothelial activation contributes to the pathogenesis of SM. Current research suggests that measuring markers of these pathways at presentation may have clinical utility as prognostic indicators of disease progression and risk of death. In this review, we focus on the available evidence implicating soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a novel and early predictor of severe and fatal malaria and discuss its potential utility for malaria triage and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Stefanova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Lin JC, Chen XD, Xu ZR, Zheng LW, Chen ZH. Association of the Circulating Supar Levels with Inflammation, Fibrinolysis, and Outcome in Severe Burn Patients. Shock 2021; 56:948-955. [PMID: 34779798 PMCID: PMC8579993 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperfibrinolysis and pro/anti-inflammatory imbalance usually occur in the early stage of severe burns. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is involved in fibrinolysis and inflammation. To date, the levels of circulating suPAR in non-survivors with severe burns remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the early association between circulating suPAR levels and biomarkers of fibrinolysis, pro/anti-inflammatory, and prognosis. METHODS Sixty-four consecutive Chinese patients with severe burns and 26 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected prospectively. Blood samples were collected at 48 h post-burn, and suPAR and biomarkers of pro/anti-inflammatory and fibrinolysis were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Important indicators between non-survivors and survivors were compared. Linear regression analysis was performed to screen variables associated with suPAR. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of suPAR. RESULT Compared with the control group, the circulating suPAR levels in the survivors (P < 0.001) and non-survivors (P = 0.017) were higher. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had lower circulating suPAR levels at 48 h post-burn, and they showed a higher degree of fibrinolysis (higher D-dimer) and a lower TNF-α/IL-10 ratio. According to linear regression analysis, the variables independently associated with a lower suPAR level were lower platelet factor 4 (PF-4), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and TNF-α/IL-10 levels and a higher D-dimer level. Logistic regression and ROC analyses indicated that a suPAR level ≤ 4.70 μg/L was independently associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION Low circulating suPAR levels at 48 h post-burn in severe burn patients may reflect decreased TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and increased hyperfibrinolysis. suPAR can predict 30-day mortality in patients with severe burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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5
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Zhao XO, Lampinen M, Rollman O, Sommerhoff CP, Paivandy A, Pejler G. Mast cell chymase affects the functional properties of primary human airway fibroblasts: implications for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:718-727. [PMID: 34331992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have a profound impact on allergic asthma. Under such conditions, mast cells undergo degranulation, resulting in the release of exceptionally large amounts of mast cell-restricted proteases. However, the role of these proteases in asthma is only partially understood. OBJECTIVES Here we hypothesized that the mast cell proteases can influence the functionality of human lung fibroblasts. METHODS Primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were treated with mast cell chymase or tryptase, followed by assessment of parameters related to fibroblast function. RESULTS HLFs underwent major morphological changes in response to chymase, showing signs of cellular contraction, but were refractory to tryptase. However, no effects of chymase on HLF viability or proliferation were seen. Chymase, but not tryptase, had a major impact on the output of extracellular matrix-associated compounds from the HLFs, including degradation of fibronectin and collagen-1, and activation of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2. Further, chymase induced the release of various chemotactic factors from HLFs. In line with this, conditioned medium from chymase-treated HLFs showed chemotactic activity on neutrophils. Transcriptome analysis revealed that chymase induced a pro-inflammatory gene transcription profile in HLFs, whereas tryptase had minimal effects. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that chymase, but not tryptase, has a major impact on the phenotype of primary airway fibroblasts, by modifying their output of extracellular matrix components and by inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CLINICAL IMPLICATION This study shows that mast cell chymase has a major impact on airway fibroblasts, thereby providing insight into how mast cells can influence the manifestations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran O Zhao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Rollman
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Aida Paivandy
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kwiecien JM, Zhang L, Yaron JR, Schutz LN, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Awo EA, Burgin M, Dabrowski W, Lucas AR. Local Serpin Treatment via Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogel after Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Tissue Damage and Improves Neurologic Function. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1221. [PMID: 32340262 PMCID: PMC7230793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in massive secondary damage characterized by a prolonged inflammation with phagocytic macrophage invasion and tissue destruction. In prior work, sustained subdural infusion of anti-inflammatory compounds reduced neurological deficits and reduced pro-inflammatory cell invasion at the site of injury leading to improved outcomes. We hypothesized that implantation of a hydrogel loaded with an immune modulating biologic drug, Serp-1, for sustained delivery after crush-induced SCI would have an effective anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. Rats with dorsal column SCI crush injury, implanted with physical chitosan-collagen hydrogels (CCH) had severe granulomatous infiltration at the site of the dorsal column injury, which accumulated excess edema at 28 days post-surgery. More pronounced neuroprotective changes were observed with high dose (100 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH implanted rats, but not with low dose (10 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH. Rats treated with Serp-1 CCH implants also had improved motor function up to 20 days with recovery of neurological deficits attributed to inhibition of inflammation-associated tissue damage. In contrast, prolonged low dose Serp-1 infusion with chitosan did not improve recovery. Intralesional implantation of hydrogel for sustained delivery of the Serp-1 immune modulating biologic offers a neuroprotective treatment of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Enkidia A. Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
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7
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Anwer M, Bolkvadze T, Puhakka N, Ndode-Ekane XE, Pitkänen A. Genotype and Injury Effect on the Expression of a Novel Hypothalamic Protein Sushi Repeat-Containing Protein X-Linked 2 (SRPX2). Neuroscience 2019; 415:184-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Ziliotto N, Bernardi F, Jakimovski D, Zivadinov R. Coagulation Pathways in Neurological Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 31068896 PMCID: PMC6491577 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the complex interactions between the coagulation system and inflammation and autoimmunity. Increased blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, a key event in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to the irruption into the central nervous system of blood components that include virtually all coagulation/hemostasis factors. Besides their cytotoxic deposition and role as a possible trigger of the coagulation cascade, hemostasis components cause inflammatory response and immune activation, sustaining neurodegenerative events in MS. Early studies showing the contribution of altered hemostasis in the complex pathophysiology of MS have been strengthened by recent studies using methodologies that permitted deeper investigation. Fibrin(ogen), an abundant protein in plasma, has been identified as a key contributor to neuroinflammation. Perturbed fibrinolysis was found to be a hallmark of progressive MS with abundant cortical fibrin(ogen) deposition. The immune-modulatory function of the intrinsic coagulation pathway still remains to be elucidated in MS. New molecular details in key hemostasis components participating in MS pathophysiology, and particularly involved in inflammatory and immune responses, could favor the development of novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate the evolution of MS. This review article introduces essential information on coagulation factors, inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic pathway, and highlights key aspects of their involvement in the immune system and inflammatory response. It discusses how hemostasis components are (dys)regulated in MS, and summarizes histopathological post-mortem human brain evidence, as well as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and serum studies of hemostasis and fibrinolytic pathways in MS. Studies of disease-modifying treatments as potential modifiers of coagulation factor levels, and case reports of autoimmunity affecting hemostasis in MS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Clinical Translational Science Institute, Center for Biomedical Imaging, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Tersteeg C, Joly BS, Gils A, Lijnen R, Deckmyn H, Declerck PJ, Plaimauer B, Coppo P, Veyradier A, Maas C, De Meyer SF, Vanhoorelbeke K. Amplified endogenous plasmin activity resolves acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2432-2442. [PMID: 28981198 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plasmin is able to proteolyse von Willebrand factor. It was unclear if plasmin influences acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Plasmin levels are increased during acute TTP though suppressed via plasmin(ogen) inhibitors. Allowing amplified endogenous plasmin activity in mice results in resolution of TTP signs. SUMMARY Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an acute life-threatening pathology, caused by occlusive von Willebrand factor (VWF)-rich microthrombi that accumulate in the absence of ADAMTS-13. We previously demonstrated that plasmin can cleave VWF and that plasmin is generated in patients during acute TTP. However, the exact role of plasmin in TTP remains unclear. Objectives Investigate if endogenous plasmin-mediated proteolysis of VWF can influence acute TTP episodes. Results In mice with an acquired ADAMTS-13 deficiency, plasmin is generated during TTP as reflected by increased plasmin-α2-antiplasmin (PAP)-complex levels. However, mice still developed TTP, suggesting that this increase is not sufficient to control the pathology. As mice with TTP also had increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels, we investigated whether blocking the plasmin(ogen) inhibitors would result in the generation of sufficient plasmin to influence TTP outcome in mice. Interestingly, when amplified plasmin activity was allowed (α2-antiplasmin-/- mice with inhibited PAI-1) in mice with an acquired ADAMTS-13 deficiency, a resolution of TTP signs was observed as a result of an increased proteolysis of VWF. In line with this, in patients with acute TTP, increased PAP-complex and PAI-1 levels were also observed. However, neither PAP-complex levels nor PAI-1 levels were related to TTP signs and outcome. Conclusions In conclusion, endogenous plasmin levels are increased during acute TTP, although limited via suppression through α2-antiplasmin and PAI-1. Only when amplified plasmin activity is allowed, plasmin can function as a back-up for ADAMTS-13 in mice and resolve TTP signs as a result of an increased proteolysis of VWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - B S Joly
- Hematology Laboratory, French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Hôpital Lariboisière and EA3518 IUH Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - A Gils
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - P J Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - P Coppo
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A Veyradier
- Hematology Laboratory, French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Hôpital Lariboisière and EA3518 IUH Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C Maas
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - K Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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10
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Krieg SM, Voigt F, Knuefermann P, Kirschning CJ, Plesnila N, Ringel F. Decreased Secondary Lesion Growth and Attenuated Immune Response after Traumatic Brain Injury in Tlr2/4-/- Mice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:455. [PMID: 28912751 PMCID: PMC5582067 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Danger-associated molecular patterns are released by damaged cells and trigger neuroinflammation through activation of non-specific pattern recognition receptors, e.g., toll-like receptors (TLRs). Since the role of TLR2 and 4 after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unclear, we examined the outcome and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators after experimental TBI in Tlr2/4−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Tlr2/4−/− and WT mice were subjected to controlled cortical injury and contusion volume and brain edema formation were assessed 24 h thereafter. Expression of inflammatory markers in brain tissue was measured by quantitative PCR 15 min, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI). Contusion volume was significantly attenuated in Tlr2/4−/− mice (29.7 ± 0.7 mm3 as compared to 33.5 ± 0.8 mm3 in WT; p < 0.05) after CCI while brain edema was not affected. Only interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression was increased after CCI in the Tlr2/4−/− relative to WT mice. Inducible nitric oxide synthetase, TNF, IL-6, and COX-2 were similar in injured WT and Tlr2/4−/− mice, while the increase in high-mobility group box 1 was attenuated at 6 h. TLR2 and 4 are consequently shown to potentially promote secondary brain injury after experimental CCI via neuroinflammation and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Voigt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pascal Knuefermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Kiiski H, Jalkanen V, Ala-Peijari M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Peltola J, Tenhunen J. Plasma Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Is Not Associated with Neurological Outcome in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2017; 8:144. [PMID: 28458650 PMCID: PMC5394110 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Object Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a common cause of death or long-term disability. Despite advances in neurocritical care, there is still only a very limited ability to monitor the development of secondary brain injury or to predict neurological outcome after aSAH. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has shown potential as a prognostic and as an inflammatory biomarker in a wide range of critical illnesses since it displays an association with overall immune system activation. This is the first time that suPAR has been evaluated as a prognostic biomarker in aSAH. Methods In this prospective population-based study, plasma suPAR levels were measured in aSAH patients (n = 47) for up to 5 days. suPAR was measured at 0, 12, and 24 h after patient admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and daily thereafter until he/she was transferred from the ICU. The patients’ neurological outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 months after aSAH. Results suPAR levels (n = 47) during the first 24 h after aSAH were comparable in groups with a favorable (mRS 0–2) or an unfavorable (mRS 3–6) outcome. suPAR levels during the first 24 h were not associated with the findings in the primary brain CT, with acute hydrocephalus, or with antimicrobial medication use during 5-days’ follow-up. suPAR levels were associated with generally accepted inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, leukocyte count). Conclusion Plasma suPAR level was not associated with either neurological outcome or selected clinical conditions. While suPAR is a promising biomarker for prognostication in several conditions requiring intensive care, it did not reveal any value as a prognostic biomarker after aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Kiiski
- Critical Care Medicine Research Group, Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Jalkanen
- Critical Care Medicine Research Group, Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marika Ala-Peijari
- Critical Care Medicine Research Group, Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Peltola
- Department of Neurology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jyrki Tenhunen
- Critical Care Medicine Research Group, Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Feng Z, Tan Q, Tang J, Li L, Tao Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Luo C, Feng H, Zhu G, Chen Q, Chen Z. Intraventricular administration of urokinase as a novel therapeutic approach for communicating hydrocephalus. Transl Res 2017; 180:77-90.e2. [PMID: 27614013 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the subarachnoid space (SAS) after infection, inflammation, or hemorrhage can impair cerebrospinal fluid absorption and circulation, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that urokinase (also known as urokinase-type plasminogen activator [uPA]), a fibrinolytic agent, attenuates fibrosis and ventriculomegaly in a rat model of kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus and thus may have potential as a therapy for these conditions. Thirty microliters of sterile 25% kaolin suspension was injected into the basal cisterns of adult Sprague-Dawley rats to induce hydrocephalus, and 2 intraventricular injections of either uPA or vehicle (saline) were administered immediately and 3 days thereafter. Ventricular volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on days 3, 14, and 28 after kaolin injection. Fibrosis and reactive astrogliosis were evaluated on day 28 by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Neurocognitive features were tested using the Morris water maze from days 23 to 28. MRI analysis demonstrated that kaolin administration successfully induced hydrocephalus in rats and that uPA treatment significantly attenuated ventricular enlargement. In addition, uPA inhibited the deposition of laminin and fibronectin, extracellular matrix molecules, in the SAS, attenuated gliosis, and improved learning and memory in kaolin-treated rats. Therefore, we concluded that uPA prevents the development of kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus by preventing the development of subarachnoid fibrosis and by eliciting improvements in neurocognition. The results of this study indicate that uPA may be a novel clinical therapy for communicating hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Leshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Bolkvadze T, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury in Plaur-deficient mice. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 60:187-196. [PMID: 27208924 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the extracellular matrix proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor, uPAR, regulates tissue remodeling during development and after injury in different organs, including the brain. Accordingly, mutations in the Plaur gene, which encodes uPAR, have been linked to language deficits, autism, and epilepsy, both in mouse and human. Whether uPAR deficiency modulates epileptogenesis and comorbidogenesis after brain injury, however, is unknown. To address this question, we induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in 10 wild-type (Wt-CCI) and 16 Plaur-deficient (uPAR-CCI) mice. Sham-operated mice served as controls (10 Wt-sham, 10 uPAR-sham). During the 4-month follow-up, the mice were neurophenotyped by assessing the somatomotor performance with the composite neuroscore test, emotional learning and memory with fear conditioning to tone and context, and epileptogenesis with videoelectroencephalography monitoring and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure susceptibility test. At the end of the testing, the mice were perfused for histology to analyze cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration and mossy fiber sprouting. Fourteen percent (1/7) of the mice in the Wt-CCI and 0% in the uPAR-CCI groups developed spontaneous seizures (p>0.05; chi-square). Both the Wt-CCI and uPAR-CCI groups showed increased seizure susceptibility in the PTZ test (p<0.05), impaired recovery of motor function (p<0.001), and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and cortex (p<0.05) compared with the corresponding sham-operated controls. Motor recovery and emotional learning showed a genotype effect, being more impaired in uPAR-CCI than in Wt-CCI mice (p<0.05). The findings of the present study indicate that uPAR deficiency does not increase susceptibility to epileptogenesis after CCI injury but has an unfavorable comorbidity-modifying effect after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuna Bolkvadze
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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The predictive value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (SuPAR) regarding 90-day mortality and 12-month neurological outcome in critically ill patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data from the prospective FINNRESUSCI study. Resuscitation 2014; 85:1562-7. [PMID: 25193800 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM The whole body ischaemia-reperfusion after cardiac arrest (CA) induces a systemic inflammation-reperfusion response. The expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is known to be induced after hypoxia and increased levels of soluble form suPAR have been measured after hypoxia and ischaemia. Our aim was to evaluate, whether ischaemia/reperfusion injury after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) increases suPAR concentrations in serum and to evaluate the prognostic value of suPAR regarding 90-day mortality and 12-month neurological outcome. METHODS This is a pre-determined substudy of prospective FINNRESUSCI study. Total of 287 patients treated in the intensive care units after OHCA and with consent from the next-of-kin and serum samples between baseline and day 4 were included. Outcome and neurological outcome were evaluated according the Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC). Kaplan-Meier survival curves, areas under receiver operational characteristics curves and positive likelihood ratios for mortality and poor neurological outcome were calculated. RESULTS Non-survivors had higher levels of suPAR after OHCA. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated high 90-day mortality in the highest concentration quintiles. LR+ for 1-year CPC 3-5 was 1.8-2.7 for the whole patient cohort and in shockable rhythms 2.0-2.4. In therapeutic hypothermia prognostic value remained. CONCLUSIONS We found that high SuPAR concentrations were associated with poor outcome in patients with OHCA admitted to critical care. However, suPAR alone had inadequate predictive value for poor outcome and did not associate with 12-month neurological outcome.
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Noh H, Hong S, Huang S. Role of urokinase receptor in tumor progression and development. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:487-95. [PMID: 23843896 PMCID: PMC3706692 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated level of urokinase receptor (uPAR) is detected in various aggressive cancer types and is closely associated with poor prognosis of cancers. Binding of uPA to uPAR triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the subsequent activation of metalloproteinases. These events confer tumor cells with the capability to degrade the components of the surrounding extracellular matrix, thus contributing to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. uPA-uPAR interaction also elicits signals that stimulate cell proliferation/survival and the expression of tumor-promoting genes, thus assisting tumor development. In addition to its interaction with uPA, uPAR also interacts with vitronectin and this interaction promotes cancer metastasis by activating Rac and stimulating cell migration. Although underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, uPAR has been shown to facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induce cancer stem cell-like properties in breast cancer cells. The fact that uPAR lacks intracellular domain suggests that its signaling must be mediated through its co-receptors. Indeed, uPAR interacts with diverse transmembrane proteins including integrins, ENDO180, G protein-coupled receptors and growth factor receptors in cancer cells and these interactions are proven to be critical for the role of uPAR in tumorigenesis. Inhibitory peptide that prevents uPA-uPAR interaction has shown the promise to prolong patients' survival in the early stage of clinical trial. The importance of uPAR's co-receptor in uPAR's tumor-promoting effects implicate that anti-cancer therapeutic agents may also be developed by disrupting the interactions between uPAR and its functional partners.
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16
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Ndode-Ekane XE, Pitkänen A. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor modulates epileptogenesis in mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:914-37. [PMID: 23263886 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in Plaur gene encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) results in epilepsy and autistic phenotype in mice. In humans, a single nucleotide polymorphism in PLAUR gene represents a risk for autism spectrum disorders. Importantly, the expression of uPAR is elevated in the brain after various epileptogenic insults like traumatic brain injury and status epilepticus. So far, the consequences of altered uPAR expression on brain networks are poorly known. We tested a hypothesis that uPAR regulates post-injury neuronal reorganization and consequent functional outcome, particularly epileptogenesis. Epileptogenesis was induced by intrahippocampal injection of kainate in adult male wild type (Wt) or uPAR knockout (uPAR-/-) mice, and animals were monitored with continuous (24/7) video-electroencephalogram for 30 days. The severity of status epilepticus did not differ between the genotypes. The spontaneous electrographic seizures which developed were, however, longer and their behavioral manifestations were more severe in uPAR-/- than Wt mice. The more severe epilepsy phenotype in uPAR-/- mice was associated with delayed but augmented inflammatory response and more severe neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Also, the distribution of newly born cells in the dentate gyrus was more scattered, and the recovery of hippocampal blood vessel length from status epilepticus-induced damage was compromised in uPAR-/- mice as compared to Wt mice. Our data demonstrate that a deficiency in uPAR represents a mechanisms which results in the development of a more severe epilepsy phenotype and progressive brain pathology after status epilepticus. We suggest that uPAR represents a rational target for disease-modifying treatments after epileptogenic brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70 211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Liu B, Zhang B, Wang T, Liang QC, Jing XR, Zheng J, Wang C, Meng Q, Wang L, Wang W, Guo H, You Y, Zhang H, Gao GD. Increased expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in the frontal cortex of patients with intractable frontal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:2747-54. [PMID: 20648659 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and tissue repair and remodeling. Our aim was to investigate uPAR expression in the frontal cortex of patients with intractable frontal lobe epilepsy and to explore the possible role of uPAR in intractable epilepsy. Tissue samples were obtained from the frontal cortex of 25 patients who had undergone surgery for intractable epilepsy and 15 histologically normal frontal cortex tissues from patients with orbital frontal lobe severe contusion (the control group). The frontal cortex expression of uPAR was studied by Western blot and immnohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression of uPAR in astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. The normal frontal cortex uPAR protein level was shown to be low. In the brain tissue of patients with intractable epilepsy, the expression of uPAR protein increased dramatically. Based on the results of double immunofluorescence, many uPAR-positive cells are colocalized with the cell soma of NeuN-positive neurons, whereas only a few GFAP- and CD11b-positive cells colocalized with uPAR staining. These findings provide new information pertaining to the epileptogenesis of intractable epilepsy and suggest that increased expression of uPAR in human brain may be associated with human intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression is elevated during inflammation and tissue remodelling and in many human cancers, in which it frequently indicates poor prognosis. uPAR regulates proteolysis by binding the extracellular protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA; also known as urokinase) and also activates many intracellular signalling pathways. Coordination of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and cell signalling by uPAR underlies its important function in cell migration, proliferation and survival and makes it an attractive therapeutic target in cancer and inflammatory diseases. uPAR lacks transmembrane and intracellular domains and so requires transmembrane co-receptors for signalling. Integrins are essential uPAR signalling co-receptors and a second uPAR ligand, the ECM protein vitronectin, is also crucial for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey W Smith
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, West Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Cunningham O, Campion S, Perry VH, Murray C, Sidenius N, Docagne F, Cunningham C. Microglia and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor/uPA system in innate brain inflammation. Glia 2010; 57:1802-14. [PMID: 19459212 PMCID: PMC2816357 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) is a GPI-linked cell surface protein that facilitates focused plasmin proteolytic activity at the cell surface. uPAR has been detected in macrophages infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) and soluble uPAR has been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid during a number of CNS pathologies. However, its expression by resident microglial cells in vivo remains uncertain. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the murine CNS expression of uPAR and uPA as well as that of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) during insults generating distinct and well-characterized inflammatory responses; acute intracerebral lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acute kainate-induced neurodegeneration, and chronic neurodegeneration induced by prion disease inoculation. All three insults induced marked expression of uPAR at both mRNA and protein level compared to controls (naïve, saline, or control inoculum-injected). uPAR expression was microglial in all cases. Conversely, uPA transcription and activity was only markedly increased during chronic neurodegeneration. Dissociation of uPA and uPAR levels in acute challenges is suggestive of additional proteolysis-independent roles for uPAR. PAI-1 was most highly expressed upon LPS challenge, whereas tissue plasminogen activator mRNA was constitutively present and less responsive to all insults studied. These data are novel and suggest much wider involvement of the uPAR/uPA system in CNS function and pathology than previously supposed.
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Bae MH, Bissonette GB, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK, Achim CL, Depireux DA, Powell EM. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) modulates GABAergic inhibition and seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:129-35. [PMID: 19853606 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted ontogeny of forebrain inhibitory interneurons leads to neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Adult mice lacking the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (Plaur) have decreased numbers of neocortical GABAergic interneurons and spontaneous seizures, attributed to a reduction of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). We report that by increasing endogenous HGF/SF concentration in the postnatal Plaur null mouse brain maintains the interneuron populations in the adult, reverses the seizure behavior and stabilizes the spontaneous electroencephalogram activity. The perinatal intervention provides a pathway to reverse potential birth defects and ameliorate seizures in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun H Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is increased during epileptogenesis in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009; 163:316-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Benton RL, Maddie MA, Dincman TA, Hagg T, Whittemore SR. Transcriptional activation of endothelial cells by TGFβ coincides with acute microvascular plasticity following focal spinal cord ischaemia/reperfusion injury. ASN Neuro 2009; 1:e00015. [PMID: 19663807 PMCID: PMC2810814 DOI: 10.1042/an20090008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction, loss of vascular support, ischaemia and sub-acute vascular instability in surviving blood vessels contribute to secondary injury following SCI (spinal cord injury). Neither the precise temporal profile of the cellular dynamics of spinal microvasculature nor the potential molecular effectors regulating this plasticity are well understood. TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) isoforms have been shown to be rapidly increased in response to SCI and CNS (central nervous system) ischaemia, but no data exist regarding their contribution to microvascular dysfunction following SCI. To examine these issues, in the present study we used a model of focal spinal cord ischaemia/reperfusion SCI to examine the cellular response(s) of affected microvessels from 30 min to 14 days post-ischaemia. Spinal endothelial cells were isolated from affected tissue and subjected to focused microarray analysis of TGFβ-responsive/related mRNAs 6 and 24 h post-SCI. Immunohistochemical analyses of histopathology show neuronal disruption/loss and astroglial regression from spinal microvessels by 3 h post-ischaemia, with complete dissolution of functional endfeet (loss of aquaporin-4) by 12 h post-ischaemia. Coincident with this microvascular plasticity, results from microarray analyses show 9 out of 22 TGFβ-responsive mRNAs significantly up-regulated by 6 h post-ischaemia. Of these, serpine 1/PAI-1 (plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1) demonstrated the greatest increase (>40-fold). Furthermore, uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), another member of the PAS (plasminogen activator system), was also significantly increased (>7.5-fold). These results, along with other select up-regulated mRNAs, were confirmed biochemically or immunohistochemically. Taken together, these results implicate TGFβ as a potential molecular effector of the anatomical and functional plasticity of microvessels following SCI.
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Key Words
- endothelin
- insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (igfbp-3)
- interleukin-6 (il-6)
- matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp-9)
- plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 (pai-1)
- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa)
- aqp-4, aquaporin-4
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- bscb, blood-spinal cord-barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- ec, endothelial cell
- et, endothelin
- gfap, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- huvec, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- igfbp-3, igf-binding protein 3
- il, interleukin
- lea, lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin
- llc, large latent complex
- map2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- mcao, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- nvu, neurovascular unit
- pa, plasminogen activator
- pai, pa inhibitor
- pas, pa system
- sci, spinal cord injury
- smvec, spinal microvascular ec
- tbs, tris-buffered saline
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor β
- tpa, tissue-type pa
- tsp-1, thrombospondin-1
- upa, urokinase-type pa
- upar, upa receptor
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Benton
- daggerKentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Transcriptomic screening of microvascular endothelial cells implicates novel molecular regulators of vascular dysfunction after spinal cord injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1771-85. [PMID: 18612314 PMCID: PMC2756605 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction is a critical pathology that underlies the evolution of secondary injury mechanisms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little is known of the molecular regulation of endothelial cell (EC) plasticity observed acutely after injury. One reason for this is the relative lack of methods to quickly and efficiently obtain highly enriched spinal microvascular ECs for high-throughput molecular and biochemical analyses. Adult C57Bl/6 mice received an intravenous injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Lycopersicon esculentum lectin, and FITC-lectin-bound spinal microvessels were greatly enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) purification. This technique allows for rapid (<1.5 h postmortem) isolation of spinal cord microvascular ECs (smvECs). The results from cell counting, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analyses show a high degree of EC enrichment at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, a focused EC biology microarray analysis identified multiple mRNAs dramatically increased in the EC compartment 24 h after SCI, which is a time point associated with the pathologic loss of spinal vasculature. These included thrombospondin-1, CCL5/RANTES, and urokinase plasminogen activator, suggesting they may represent targets for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, these novel methodologic approaches will likely facilitate the discovery of molecular regulators of endothelial dysfunction in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases having a vascular component.
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Nagai N, Okada K, Kawao N, Ishida C, Ueshima S, Collen D, Matsuo O. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) augments brain damage in a murine model of ischemic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:46-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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East E, Baker D, Pryce G, Lijnen HR, Cuzner ML, Gverić D. A role for the plasminogen activator system in inflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:545-54. [PMID: 16049338 PMCID: PMC1603566 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early signs of inflammatory demyelination include entry of fibrin(ogen) into the central nervous system (CNS), which is normally excluded by the blood-brain barrier, and up-regulation of components of the plasminogen activator system. Using mice deficient in tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA-/-) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR-/-), we investigated the involvement of the PA system on the clinical and pathological features of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. tPA-/- mice suffered an early and a more severe acute disease characterized by incomplete recovery when compared to wild-type controls, with significantly higher CNS levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. This correlated with fibrin accumulation, which co-localized with nonphosphorylated neurofilament on thickened axons in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis tissue. In contrast, uPAR-/- mice had a delayed, less acute disease reflected in delayed infiltration of inflammatory cells. These animals developed chronic disease as a result of steadily increased inflammation, increased levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and greater degree of demyelination. Thus, the plasminogen activator system can modulate both inflammatory and degenerative events in the CNS through the respective effects of tPA and uPAR on fibrinolysis and cell adhesion/migration, manipulation of which may have therapeutic implications for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma East
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield St., London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
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Dash PK, Kobori N, Moore AN. A molecular description of brain trauma pathophysiology using microarray technology: an overview. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:1275-86. [PMID: 15176484 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000023614.30084.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been estimated that 50% of human transcriptome, the collection of mRNA in a cell, is expressed in the brain, making it one of the most complex organs to understand in terms of genomic responses to injury. The availability of genome sequences for several organisms coupled with the increasing affordability of microarray technologies makes it feasible to monitor the mRNA levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. In this paper, we provide an overview of findings using both cDNA- and oligonucleotide-based microarray analyses after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Specifically, the utility of this methodology as a means of cataloging the biochemical sequelae of brain trauma and elucidating novel genes or pathways for further study is discussed. Furthermore, we offer future directions for the continued evaluation of microarray results and discuss the usefulness of microarray techniques as a testing format for determining the efficacy of mechanism-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, and The Vivian L. Smith Center for Neurologic Research, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.
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Sato J, Schorey J, Ploplis VA, Haalboom E, Krahule L, Castellino FJ. The fibrinolytic system in dissemination and matrix protein deposition during a mycobacterium infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:517-31. [PMID: 12875972 PMCID: PMC1868210 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system is known to play an important role in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections. In the present study, relationships between protein components of the fibrinolytic system and infectivity by Mycobacterium avium were analyzed. Infections were initiated through noninvasive intratracheal administration of M. avium 724 in mice individually deficient for plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, along with wild-type control mice. There were no differences in lung colony counts among all mouse genotypes throughout a 10-week infection. However, in tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen-deficient mice an earlier dissemination of M. avium to other organs was observed. Nevertheless, the M. avium growth rates in the liver, spleen, and lung did not differ between the various mouse populations throughout a 10-week infection. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses at 5 and 10 weeks after infection demonstrated that plasminogen-deficient mice, compared to wild-type mice, had enhanced fibrin and fibronectin deposition, as well as increased neutrophil infiltration within liver granulomas. These results suggest that plasmin(ogen) plays a role in the turnover of extracellular matrix proteins within granulomas and has a limited effect in the early dissemination of M. avium from lungs. Thus, plasmin(ogen) functions in limiting progressive fibrosis in the granuloma during a chronic mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN 46556, USA
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Pierleoni C, Castellucci M, Kaufmann P, Lund LR, Schnack Nielsen B. Urokinase receptor is up-regulated in endothelial cells and macrophages associated with fibrinoid deposits in the human placenta. Placenta 2003; 24:677-85. [PMID: 12828926 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of fibrin deposits within the human placenta is an ongoing process during normal placental development. Plasminogen is a circulating fibrinolytic protease zymogen activated in situ by plasminogen activators. We have previously reported that the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is expressed by cells either covering or enmeshed within the perivillous fibrinoid deposits. Whereas these cells seemed likely to be trophoblasts, a definitive identification was lacking, and this question is central to the understanding of the cellular mechanisms directing fibrinolysis in the placenta. In this study we have performed immunohistochemical co-localization studies and found that the uPAR-positive cells covering fibrinoid deposits are immunoreactive for CD31 and vWF, indicating that they are actually endothelial cells. In addition, we found that perivillous fibrinoid deposits not covered with uPAR-positive endothelial cells were covered with platelets identified by integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3)-immunoreactivity. Also surprisingly, the uPAR-positive cells enmeshed within fibrinoid deposits express a cell specific marker indicating that they are macrophages. Both uPAR-positive cell populations also express uPA immunoreactivity. Taken together, the data suggest that both fibrinoid-covering endothelial cells and fibrinoid-enmeshed macrophages can participate in the clearance process of perivillous fibrinoid deposits formed in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierleoni
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy
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Sironi L, Maria Calvio A, Bellosta S, Lodetti B, Guerrini U, Monetti M, Tremoli E, Mussoni L. Endogenous proteolytic activity in a rat model of spontaneous cerebral stroke. Brain Res 2003; 974:184-92. [PMID: 12742636 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression of two extra-cellular protease systems in a model of spontaneous cerebrovascular pathology: spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP). The appearance of brain damage in individual animals was imaged and followed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In situ zymography of brain slices obtained 3 days after the appearance of brain damage showed an increase in plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin activity that co-localised with the cerebral damage detected by MRI; there was also concomitant accumulation/activation of inflammatory cells in the damaged area. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by the urokinase-specific inhibitor amiloride but not by an antibody against tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). SDS-PAGE zymography of brain extracts revealed the presence of 58 kDa plasminogen-dependent lysis areas in the ischemic and non-ischemic tissues, and a 33 kDa lysis area in ischemic tissue only. An antibody against t-PA inhibited the former, whereas the latter was inhibited by amiloride. The specific induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in the damaged tissue was further confirmed by the fact that both u-PA protein mass and mRNA were markedly increased in the damaged cerebral areas. Concomitant metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activation was only observed in the damaged area. These data suggest that u-PA is expressed and selectively catalyses proteolysis in the injured area of spontaneous brain damage in SHRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Italy
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Beach TG. Increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen-activator receptor in amyloid beta peptide-treated human brain microglia and in AD brains. Brain Res 2002; 926:69-79. [PMID: 11814408 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen-activator receptor (uPAR) is involved in many processes in inflammation including the migration of inflammatory-associated cells to sites of tissue damage. This receptor, also designated as CD87, is induced in response to a range of stimuli and is a marker of macrophage activation. Its role in inflammatory responses of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been previously investigated. In this study we demonstrate that uPAR mRNA and protein expression is induced following incubation of human post-mortem brain-derived microglia with fibrillar amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide. This response was stronger with Abeta peptide than with other tested pro-inflammatory agents. Induction of uPAR surface expression by microglia was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine, indicating that this gene may be induced as a result of oxidative stress-related mechanisms. The significance of these findings to AD was investigated. UPAR protein levels were significantly increased in human brain tissues from the hippocampus, superior frontal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus of AD cases compared with similar tissues from non-demented cases. Increased uPAR expression was not demonstrated in AD cerebellum. Finally, increased uPAR immunoreactivity was demonstrated in activated microglia in AD brain samples using two different antibodies to uPAR. These results provide a connection between the induction of oxidative stress in AD and microglial activation, and establish a possible involvement of uPAR in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology, Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA.
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