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Zou W, Ramanathan R, Urban S, Sinclair C, King K, Tinker R, Bansal V. Sunscreen testing: A critical perspective and future roadmap. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Ruvolo E, Rohr M, Oliveira S, Nogueira L, Carvalho J, Cole C. Multi-laboratory study of hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to assess sunscreen SPF and UVA-PFs. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 37:511-520. [PMID: 34060681 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proof-of-principle studies have established the use of Hybrid Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (HDRS) methods to assess both Ultraviolet-A Protection Factor (UVA-PF) and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) indices in individual laboratories. METHODS Multiple laboratories evaluated 23 emulsions and two spray sunscreen products to evaluate repeatability and accuracy of assessment of SPF and UVA-PF values, using HDRS test systems from various manufacturers using different designs. RESULTS All of the laboratories reported similar SPF and UVA-PF values within a narrow range of values to establish the reliability of the HDRS methodology across laboratories, independent of equipment manufacturer or operator. CONCLUSION HDRS test methodology provides a reliable objective instrumental estimation of sunscreen SPF and UVA-PF. These data were provided to ISO-TC217 WG7 to substantiate the ongoing development of an ISO Standard HDRS Method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias Rohr
- Institut Dr. Schrader Hautphysiologie, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Sergio Oliveira
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Co, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciano Nogueira
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Co, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Kobylinski S, Reble C, Schanzer S, Gersonde I, Wiora G, Lobo Ploch N, Karrer H, Kolbe L, Khazaka G, Lademann J, Meinke MC. Noninvasive measurement of the 308 nm LED-based UVB protection factor of sunscreens. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000453. [PMID: 33423394 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current method for determining the sun protection factor (SPF) requires erythema formation. Noninvasive alternatives have recently been suggested by several groups. Our group previously developed a functional sensor based on diffuse reflectance measurements with one UVB LED, which was previously evaluated on pig ear skin. Here we present the results of a systematic in vivo study using 12 sunscreens on 10 volunteers (skin types [ST] I-III). The relationship of the UVB-LED reflectance of unprotected skin and melanin index was determined for each ST. The spatial variation of the reflectance signal of different positions was analyzed and seems to be mainly influenced by sample inhomogeneity except for high-protection factors (PFs) where signal levels are close to detection noise. Despite the low-signal levels, a correlation of the measured LED-based UVB PF with SPF reference values from test institutes with R2 = 0.57 is obtained, suggesting a strong relationship of SPF and LED-based UVB-PF. Measured PFs tend to be lower for increasing skin pigmentation. The sensor design seems to be suitable for investigations where a fast measurement of relative changes of PFs, such as due to inhomogeneous application, bathing and sweating, is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kobylinski
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Reble
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
- Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Gersonde
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Georg Wiora
- Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neysha Lobo Ploch
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Kolbe
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
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Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:189-244. [PMID: 33721254 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens have now been around for decades to mitigate the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation which, although essential for the existence of life, is a recognized prime carcinogen. Accordingly, have suncreams achieved their intended purposes towards protection against sunburns, skin photo-ageing and the like? Most importantly, however, have they provided the expected protection against skin cancers that current sunscreen products claim to do? In the last two decades, there have been tens, if not hundreds of studies on sunscreens with respect to skin protection against UVB (280‒320 nm)-traditionally sunscreens with rather low sun protection factors (SPF) were intended to protect against this type of radiation-and UVA (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of the last two decades have focused on protection against the more skin-penetrating UVA radiation. This non-exhaustive article reviews some of the important facets of what is currently known about sunscreens with regard (i) to the physical UV filters titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and the mostly photo-unstable chemical UVB/UVA filters (e.g., octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO), among others), (ii) to novel chemical sunscreen agents, (iii) to means that minimize the breakdown of chemical filters and improve their stability when exposed to UV sunlight, (iv) to SPF factors, and (v) to a short discussion on non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Importantly, throughout the article we allude to the safety aspects of sunscreens and at the end ask the question: do active ingredients in sunscreen products pose a risk to human health, and what else can be done to enhance protection? Significant loss of skin protection from two well-known commercial suncreams when exposed to simulated UV sunlight. Cream I: titanium dioxide, ethylhexyl triazone, avobenzone, and octinoxate; Cream II: octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate.
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Reis JS, Corrêa MA, Ribeiro CA, Dos Santos JL. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as sunscreens useful to prevent skin cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126755. [PMID: 31732408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers such as non-melanoma skin cancer and malignant melanoma has increased in the last few years mainly because of chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Sunscreens protect the skin against harmful UV radiations; however, some limitations of these products justify the discovery of new UV filters. Novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives (12a-h) obtained by the optimization of prototype resveratrol were synthesized and characterized. All compounds exhibited sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVAPF) in the range of 3-17 and 3-13, respectively. These values were superior to resveratrol and the UV filter ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) currently available on the market. In addition, all compounds demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activity and thermal stability with the decomposition at temperatures above 236 °C. In conclusion, the novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives have emerged as new UV filters with antioxidant effect useful to prevent skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Santana Reis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Corrêa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Clovis Augusto Ribeiro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
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6
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Cole C, Silverman J, Bonitatibus M. Evaluating sunscreen ultraviolet protection using a polychromatic diffuse reflectance device. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:436-441. [PMID: 31206814 PMCID: PMC6900164 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA‐PF) are determined using in vivo tests, with high exposures of subjects to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (HDRS) enables estimation of both indices using only trace amounts UVB. However, the equipment requires two expensive monochromators that must synchronously scan the spectrum. Methods An alternate approach was developed using a polychromatic source that illuminates the skin via a custom light guide array, and the diffuse reflected light is measured with a photomultiplier. The ratio of the diffuse reflectance with and without the sunscreen on the skin determines the polychromatic diffuse reflectance UVA‐PF (PDRS UVA‐PF0). This factor was used to adjust in vitro UV spectroscopy scans of the sunscreen (with and without UV exposure to assess photostability), to calculate SPF and UVA protection factors. Ten sunscreens were evaluated and compared to in vivo SPF and UVA‐PF values. Results The data show an excellent correlation with known in vivo determinations. Conclusion This polychromatic HDRS approach uses simpler, faster, and less expensive equipment to determine both UVA‐PF and SPFs without high doses of UV radiation to the test subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Cole
- Sun & Skin Consulting, LLC, New Holland, Pennsylvania
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7
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Rohr M, Ernst N, Schrader A. Hybrid Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: Non-Erythemal in vivo Testing of Sun Protection Factor. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:220-228. [DOI: 10.1159/000488249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Reble C, Gersonde I, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Helfmann J, Lademann J. Evaluation of detection distance-dependent reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of the sun protection factor using pig ear skin. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201600257. [PMID: 28516475 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of sun protection factors (SPFs) is currently an invasive method, which is based on erythema formation (phototest). Here we describe an optical setup and measurement methodology for the determination of SPFs based on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which measures UV-reflectance spectra at 4 distances from the point of illumination. Due to a high spatial variation of the reflectance data, most likely due to inhomogeneities of the sunscreen distribution, data of 50 measurement positions are averaged. A dependence of the measured SPF on detection distance is significant for 3 sunscreens, while being inconclusive for 2 sunscreens due to high inter-sample variations. Using pig ear skin samples (n=6), the obtained SPF of 5 different commercial sunscreens corresponds to the SPF values of certified test institutes in 3 cases and is lower for 2 sunscreens of the same manufacturer, suggesting a formulation specific reason for the discrepancy. The results demonstrate that the measurement can be performed with a UV dose below the minimal erythema dose. We conclude the method may be considered as a potential noninvasive in vivo alternative to the invasive in vivo phototest, but further tests on different sunscreen formulations are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Reble
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Gersonde
- Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin GmbH, Berlin (LMTB), Fabeckstraße 60-62, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Helfmann
- Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin GmbH, Berlin (LMTB), Fabeckstraße 60-62, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Ou-Yang H, Shyr T. Dose-response of SPF values: linear or exponential? PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2016; 32:52-54. [PMID: 26409119 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ou-Yang
- Skin Care R&D, Johnson and Johnson Consumer Product Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Shyr
- Skin Care R&D, Johnson and Johnson Consumer Product Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
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10
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Piérard GE, Khazaka D, Khazaka G. Sunscreen remanence on the skin: a noninvasive real time in vivo
spectral analysis assessing the quenching of specular ultraviolet A light reflectance. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 15:3-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald E. Piérard
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging (LABIC); Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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11
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Ruvolo Junior E, Kollias N, Cole C. New noninvasive approach assessingin vivosun protection factor (SPF) using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) andin vitrotransmission. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:202-11. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikiforos Kollias
- Johnson&Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Wordwide; Skillman NJ USA
| | - Curtis Cole
- Johnson&Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Wordwide; Skillman NJ USA
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12
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Cole C. Sunscreens - what is the ideal testing model? PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:81-7. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Cole
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Co. Inc.; Skillman NJ USA
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Pelizzo M, Zattra E, Nicolosi P, Peserico A, Garoli D, Alaibac M. In vitro evaluation of sunscreens: an update for the clinicians. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:352135. [PMID: 23227355 PMCID: PMC3514825 DOI: 10.5402/2012/352135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Topical sunscreens contain molecules or molecular complexes that can absorb, reflect, or scatter UV photons. Evaluation of the efficacy of sunscreen products has been made through the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), a mean of quantitatively assessing in vivo the degree of protection offered by sunscreen products against solar radiation. In vivo evaluation of SPF has several drawbacks. First of all, this evaluation method is expensive in terms of money and time. Moreover, it raises several ethical issues concerning the potential damage to skin volunteers. Several in vitro techniques have been developed, but at present there is no broadly accepted method. In this paper, we will discuss some of the recent advances concerning the in vitro evaluation of sunscreens which would be acceptable for replacing in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pelizzo
- Institutes for Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Edoardo Zattra
- Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Via Battisti 206, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Nicolosi
- Institutes for Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Peserico
- Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Via Battisti 206, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Denis Garoli
- Institutes for Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Via Battisti 206, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Ruvolo E, Chu M, Grossman F, Cole C, Kollias N. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for ultraviolet A protection factor measurement: correlation studies between in vitro and in vivo measurements. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2010; 25:298-304. [PMID: 19906164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Assessing the ultraviolet (UVA) protection factor of sunscreen formulations has been discussed for the past 20 years. The purpose of this study is to correlate the measurements of the UVA protection factor value (PFA value) via in vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and to compare this method with the in vitro method of measuring the PFA value, as well as with the in vivo persistent pigment darkening (PPD) and PFA methodologies. METHODS The UVA protection factor via DRS technique was assessed in two clinical studies. The first study was performed in 12 subjects and the second one consisting of 10 subjects. All subjects in these studies had Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II-IV. DRS measurements were performed using a SkinScan spectrofluorimeter (Spex SkinScan, Yvon Horiba). The in vitro PFA measurements were performed using Labsphere UV-1000s UV Transmission Analyzer. RESULTS The results obtained from the non-invasive DRS studies were used to correlate with the in vitro testing and with the in vivo PFA/PPD multicenter study. A positive relationship (regression coefficient r(2)=0.90) of PFA values was found between in vitro PFA testing and the in vivo DRS testing. There was also a very good correlation (regression coefficient r(2)=0.99) between the in vivo PFA/PPD values and UVA protection factor obtained from the DRS method. CONCLUSION This paper presents studies using the DRS technique to assess the UVA protection factor in different sunscreen formulae correlating with in vitro and in vivo PFA/PPD values. It is a fast method, non-invasive and does not involve any subject irradiation. The technique is a good estimator for the in vivo UVA protection factor as well as a way to assess, in vivo, the photostability of sunscreen formulation in the UVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruvolo
- Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Unit of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA.
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Papazoglou E, Sunkari C, Neidrauer M, Klement JF, Uitto J. Noninvasive assessment of UV-induced skin damage: comparison of optical measurements to histology and MMP expression. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:138-45. [PMID: 19906094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to UV radiation (UVR) causes visible skin damage such as erythema and results in local and systemic immunosuppression while chronic exposure can result in photocarcinogenesis. These deleterious effects can be quantified by histology and by bioassays of key biological markers, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), or tryptophan moieties. We now report our results in quantifying UV skin damage with noninvasive optical methods based on reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy and compare these noninvasive measurements to histopathology and MMP-13 expression. A solar simulator with spectral output nearly identical to that of solar radiation was developed and used in our experiments. SKH1 hairless mice were exposed to solar-simulated UVR at a total dose of 21 MED delivered over 10 weeks. Changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin were measured by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and tryptophan changes were monitored via a fluorescence monitor. Our results show that there is an increase in erythema, skin fluorescence, sunburn cells and MMP-13 after a series of suberythemal doses of UV irradiation on a hairless mouse animal model. Increased skin fluorescence is observed with increasing UV exposure. The levels of MMP-13 increase as the cumulative UV dose increases but their increase does not correspond to noninvasively measured changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Papazoglou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Bleasel MD, Aldous S. In vitroevaluation of sun protection factors of sunscreen agents using a novel UV spectrophotometric technique. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:259-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Papazoglou ES, Weingarten MS, Zubkov L, Neidrauer M, Zhu L, Tyagi S, Pourrezaei K. Changes in optical properties of tissue during acute wound healing in an animal model. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044005. [PMID: 19021333 DOI: 10.1117/1.2960952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Changes of optical properties of wound tissue in hairless rats were quantified by diffuse photon density wave methodology at near-infrared frequencies. The diffusion equation for semi-infinite media was used to calculate the absorption and scattering coefficients based on measurements of phase and amplitude with a frequency domain device. There was an increase in the absorption and scattering coefficients and a decrease in blood saturation of the wounds compared with the nonwounded sites. The changes correlated with the healing stage of the wound. The data obtained were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of wound tissue. These results verified now by two independent animal studies could suggest a noninvasive method to detect the progress of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Papazoglou
- Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Krishnan R, Elmets CA, Nordlund TM. A new method to test the effectiveness of sunscreen ingredients in a novel nano-surface skin cell mimic. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1549-56. [PMID: 17017843 DOI: 10.1562/2006-07-05-ra-961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of sunscreens are commonly studied in solvent media, which do not mimic the skin, or in complex artificial skin systems, which are difficult to handle. In an earlier study, we showed that polystyrene nanosphere suspensions mimic the mixed polarity environment of skin cell systems. This paper presents a new method to quantify the effectiveness of sunscreens in the polystyrene nanosphere environment. This method utilizes the intrinsic UV-B fluorescence of polystyrene nanospheres. We studied three UV-B sunscreens by this new method and compared their extinction coefficients with observed values in solvent. The values follow the trend observed in solvents, but the ratio of their extinction coefficient in solvent to the value obtained by this new method is 1.3-1.8 instead of 1. This difference might be caused by the mixed polarity or the microgeometry of the nanosphere system. Regardless of the difference in the extinction coefficients, this new system can be used to test hundreds of chemicals for their sunscreening potential in a cost-effective way. One marked advantage of this new method is its ability to test both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sunscreening chemicals in the same environment. This is virtually impossible for current solvent-based models, which require different solvents for hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals. The new method also allows the simultaneous evaluation of a host of photophysical properties of sunscreening chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Krishnan
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Krishnan R, Elmets CA, Nordlund TM. A New Method to Test the Effectiveness of Sunscreen Ingredients in a Novel Nano-surface Skin Cell Mimic. Photochem Photobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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