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Chu CC, Pinney JJ, Whitehead HE, Rivera-Escalera F, VanDerMeid KR, Zent CS, Elliott MR. High-resolution quantification of discrete phagocytic events by live cell time-lapse high-content microscopy imaging. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237883. [PMID: 32005699 PMCID: PMC7075070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process central to immunity and tissue homeostasis. Current methods for quantification of phagocytosis largely rely on indirect or static measurements, such as target clearance or dye uptake, and thus provide limited information about engulfment rates or target processing. Improved kinetic measurements of phagocytosis could provide useful, basic insights in many areas. We present a live-cell, time-lapse and high-content microscopy imaging method based on the detection and quantification of fluorescent dye 'voids' within phagocytes that result from target internalization to quantify phagocytic events with high temporal resolution. Using this method, we measure target cell densities and antibody concentrations needed for optimal antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. We compare void formation and dye uptake methods for phagocytosis detection, and examine the connection between target cell engulfment and phagolysosomal processing. We demonstrate how this approach can be used to measure distinct forms of phagocytosis, and changes in macrophage morphology during phagocytosis related to both engulfment and target degradation. Our results provide a high-resolution method for quantifying phagocytosis that provides opportunities to better understand the cellular and molecular regulation of this fundamental biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Chu
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jonathan J Pinney
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hannah E Whitehead
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Fatima Rivera-Escalera
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Karl R VanDerMeid
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Clive S Zent
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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2
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El-Azami-El-Idrissi M, Franquin S, Day MJ, Mazza G, Elson CJ, Préat V, Pfau CJ, Coutelier JP. Distinct Host-Dependent Pathogenic Mechanisms Leading to a Similar Clinical Anemia After Infection with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:865-71. [PMID: 16339752 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Docile strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) induces anemia in a number of inbred strains of mice, including C3HeB/FeJ and CBA/Ht animals. A difference in the kinetics of anemia and in compensatory reticulocytosis suggested that impaired erythropoiesis was the major pathogenic mechanism Involved in CBA/Ht mice, but not in C3HeB/FeJ mice. In both mouse strains an antierythrocyte autoantibody production that depended on the presence of functional CD4+ T lymphocytes was observed. Although depletion of T helper lymphocytes prevented anemia in C3HeB/FeJ mice, this treatment largely failed to inhibit the development of the disease in CBA/Ht animals. This observation indicated that the antierythrocyte autoimmune response induced by the infection was at least Partly responsible for the anemia of C3HeB/FeJ mice, but not of CBA/Ht mice. Erythrophagocytosis was enhanced in both mouse strains after LCMV infection, but did not appear to be a major cause of anemia. These data clearly indicate that similar disease profiles induced by the same virus in two different host strains can be the result of distinctly different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El-Azami-El-Idrissi
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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3
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Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. Pathobiology of Transfusion Reactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:83-110. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Zimring
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Chen X, Ghaffar H, Jen CC, Lazarus AH. Antibody specific for the glycophorin A complex mediates intravenous immune globulin-resistant anemia in a murine model. Transfusion 2013; 54:655-64. [PMID: 23782137 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy for patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) remains a major challenge. Patients with glycophorin A (GPA)-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies can have severe hemolysis, which may occur by mechanisms independent from traditional macrophage-dependent Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated extravascular hemolysis. As intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is known to display its beneficial effects in FcγR-mediated cytopenias, and IVIG responses in AHA are inconsistent at best, we sought to gain insight into the mechanism of anemia by a GPA complex-specific monoclonal antibody (TER119) in a mouse model of immune hemolytic anemia and evaluate the therapeutic effect of IVIG. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The anemic effect of the TER119 antibody was studied in vitro by incubation of mouse RBC with the antibody and in vivo by infusing the antibody into normal mice versus mice genetically deficient for the Fc receptor γ chain (Fcγ), complement C3, mice naturally deficient in complement C5, and splenectomized mice. IVIG efficacy in anemia was determined by treating mice with an intensive IVIG dosing regimen. RESULTS The TER119-mediated anemia was independent of classical FcγR-, C3-, and C5-dependent mechanisms, but occurred by a mechanism consistent with RBC agglutination. In accordance with agglutination, the presence of the spleen accelerated the anemia observed but anemia could still occur in splenectomized mice. IVIG did not significantly affect the induction of anemia by TER119. CONCLUSION The mechanism of anemia induced by AHA-causing antibodies may be an important factor to consider in the response to therapy with IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Tremblay T, Aubin E, Lemieux R, Bazin R. Picogram doses of lipopolysaccharide exacerbate antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia and reduce the therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in mice. Br J Haematol 2007; 139:297-302. [PMID: 17897306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbation of antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia following infection with viruses has recently been demonstrated in a mouse model of the disease. The phenomenon was caused by an increased activation of phagocytes through gamma-interferon secretion in response to infection. Endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria are also known to be potent activators of phagocytic cells. The objective of the present work was to determine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could exacerbate antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia in vivo and so alter the therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), using a mouse model of thrombocytopenia. Very low doses of LPS (picogram range) and of anti-platelet antibodies (nanogram range), which did not induce thrombocytopenia individually, could synergize in vivo, resulting in significant decreases in platelet counts. The therapeutic efficacy of IVIg in antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia was significantly reduced in presence of LPS. These in vivo observations further support a role for bacterial infections in the aetiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and may contribute to better understand the recognized lack of efficacy of IVIg in a significant proportion of patients with ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Tremblay
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, QC, Canada
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6
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Soo Hoo W, Jensen ER, Saadat A, Nieto D, Moss RB, Carlo DJ, Moll T. Vaccination with cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 antibodies and inactivated influenza enhances vaccine-specific lymphocyte proliferation, interferon-gamma production and cross-strain reactivity. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:123-9. [PMID: 16792682 PMCID: PMC1941996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes a contagious and potentially serious infection of the upper respiratory tract. While neutralizing antibodies are protective against infection, the problem of antigenic drift remains, requiring the constant monitoring and development of new vaccines. The magnitude of this situation is underscored by the emergence of new potentially human pathogenic influenza strains, avian H5N1 being the most recent example. We present evidence that antibodies against T cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (TIM-1), a recently identified immunomodulatory molecule, stimulate cellular immunity against influenza viruses and cross-strain immune reactivity. To determine potential immunostimulatory properties of anti-TIM-1, mice were vaccinated with inactivated influenza virus in the presence or absence of TIM-1-specific monoclonal antibodies. Development of cellular immunity against both the influenza strain used for immunization and serotypically distinct virus strains was monitored 3 weeks after vaccination by determining antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Results show that TIM-1 antibodies enhance antigen-specific cellular proliferation (P < 0.05) and interferon (IFN)-gamma production (P < 0.01). Using blocking anti-CD4 and CD8 antibodies, it was observed that antigen-specific cellular proliferation is CD4-dependent and that the majority of proliferating cells are CD4+. Finally, vaccination with inactivated influenza virus with TIM-1 antibody results in the significant (P < 0.001) induction of proliferation and IFN-gamma production upon stimulation with one of three serologically distinct strains. TIM-1 antibodies demonstrate an adjuvant effect promoting antigen-specific cellular proliferation and IFN-gamma production, which are important for the promotion of cell-mediated immunity. These results are the first to suggest that TIM-1 antibody may serve as a potent adjuvant in the development of new influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Soo Hoo
- Telos Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
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7
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Léonard S, Pierard I, Michaelsen TE, Izui S, Masson PL, Coutelier JP. Variability of the inhibition by total immunoglobulin of in vitro autoantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis by mouse macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:155-61. [PMID: 16792686 PMCID: PMC1941991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several autoimmune diseases, mainly autoantibody-mediated, are attenuated by infusion of total IgG (IVIg). The efficacy varies widely from one patient to another. Using an experimental model of in vitro phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated erythrocytes by mouse macrophages, we analysed the possible causes for such a variability. Our results indicated that the efficacy of the phagocytosis inhibition depends upon different factors, such as the isotype and the extent of polymerization of the immunoglobulin used for the treatment as well as the genetic background of the mice and the state of macrophage activation that can be influenced by concomitant viral infection. The development of an in vitro assay for the phagocytic activity of macrophages might improve the selection of patients susceptible to benefit from IVIg treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Léonard
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. Gamma-interferon involvement in the pathogenesis of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 581:439-43. [PMID: 17037575 PMCID: PMC7123061 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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Musaji A, Meite M, Detalle L, Franquin S, Cormont F, Préat V, Izui S, Coutelier JP. Enhancement of autoantibody pathogenicity by viral infections in mouse models of anemia and thrombocytopenia. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 4:247-52. [PMID: 15893720 PMCID: PMC7185387 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are involved in the pathogenesis of blood autoimmune diseases such as hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Although antigenic mimicry has been proposed as a major mechanism by which viruses could trigger the development of such diseases, it is not easy to understand how widely different viruses might induce these blood autoimmune diseases by this sole mechanism. In mice infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), or mouse hepatitis virus, and treated with anti-erythrocyte or anti-platelet monoclonal autoantibodies at a dose insufficient to induce clinical disease by themselves, the infection sharply enhances the pathogenicity of autoantibodies, leading to severe anemia or thrombocytopenia. This effect is observed only with antibodies that induce disease through phagocytosis. Moreover, the phagocytic activity of macrophages from infected mice is increased and the enhancing effect of infection on autoantibody-mediated pathogenicity is strongly suppressed by treatment of mice with clodronate-containing liposomes. Finally, the disease induced by LDV after administration of autoantibodies is largely suppressed in animals deficient for gamma-interferon receptor. Together, these observations suggest that viruses may trigger autoantibody-mediated anemia or thrombocytopenia by activating macrophages through gamma-interferon production, a mechanism that may account for the pathogenic similarities of multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Musaji
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 7430, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mory Meite
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 7430, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laurent Detalle
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 7430, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Franquin
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 7430, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Françoise Cormont
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Unit of Pharmaceutical Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Coutelier
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 7430, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 2 764 7437; fax: +32 2 764 7430.
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Musaji A, Cormont F, Thirion G, Cambiaso CL, Coutelier JP. Exacerbation of autoantibody-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura by infection with mouse viruses. Blood 2004; 104:2102-6. [PMID: 15205264 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic mimicry has been proposed as a major mechanism by which viruses could trigger the development of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, because antigenic mimicry implies epitope similarities between viral and self antigens, it is difficult to understand how widely different viruses can be involved by this sole mechanism in the pathogenesis of ITP. Here, we report that in mice treated with antiplatelet antibodies at a dose insufficient to induce clinical disease by themselves, infection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) was followed by severe thrombocytopenia and by the appearance of petechiae similar to those observed in patients with ITP. A similar exacerbation of antiplatelet-mediated thrombocytopenia was induced by mouse hepatitis virus. This enhancement of antiplatelet antibody pathogenicity by LDV was not observed with F(ab')2 fragments, suggesting that phagocytosis was involved in platelet destruction. Treatment of mice with clodronate-containing liposomes and with total immunoglobulin G (IgG) indicated that platelets were cleared by macrophages. The increase of thrombocytopenia triggered by LDV after administration of antiplatelet antibodies was largely suppressed in animals deficient for gamma-interferon receptor. Together, these results suggest that viruses may exacerbate autoantibody-mediated ITP by activating macrophages through gamma-interferon production, a mechanism that may account for the pathogenic similarities of multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Musaji
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on platelet count and antiplatelet antibody disposition in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2002. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.6.2087.h81802002087_2087_2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Rats were pretreated with 0 to 2 g/kg IVIG and then challenged with an antiplatelet antibody (7E3, 8 mg/kg). IVIG effects on 7E3-induced thrombocytopenia and on 7E3 pharmacokinetics were determined. IVIG pretreatment led to significant changes in the degree and time-course of 7E3-induced thrombocytopenia (P = .031). Nadir percent platelet counts were 121% to 279% greater in animals treated with IVIG (0.4-2 g/kg) than in animals receiving 7E3 alone. IVIG treatment also led to dose-dependent increases in 7E3 clearance (P < .001), with more than 2-fold increases in 7E3 clearance seen following the highest dose of IVIG. In vitro experiments showed that IVIG effects on platelet count are not likely due to anti-idiotypic inhibition of 7E3-platelet binding and that IVIG did not directly bind to 7E3. Consequently, IVIG-7E3 binding cannot explain the increase of 7E3 clearance following IVIG treatment. We propose that the observed increase in 7E3 clearance with IVIG therapy is due to saturation of the FcRn salvage receptor for IgG. The importance of the effect of IVIG on 7E3 clearance to the prevention of thrombocytopenia in these animals is unclear at present; nonetheless, these data provide experimental support for a new mechanism of IVIG action in ITP (ie, IVIG-mediated increases in antiplatelet antibody elimination). This model of ITP will be useful for further investigations of IVIG mechanism of action and for development of new therapies for ITP.
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12
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Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on platelet count and antiplatelet antibody disposition in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2002. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.6.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Rats were pretreated with 0 to 2 g/kg IVIG and then challenged with an antiplatelet antibody (7E3, 8 mg/kg). IVIG effects on 7E3-induced thrombocytopenia and on 7E3 pharmacokinetics were determined. IVIG pretreatment led to significant changes in the degree and time-course of 7E3-induced thrombocytopenia (P = .031). Nadir percent platelet counts were 121% to 279% greater in animals treated with IVIG (0.4-2 g/kg) than in animals receiving 7E3 alone. IVIG treatment also led to dose-dependent increases in 7E3 clearance (P < .001), with more than 2-fold increases in 7E3 clearance seen following the highest dose of IVIG. In vitro experiments showed that IVIG effects on platelet count are not likely due to anti-idiotypic inhibition of 7E3-platelet binding and that IVIG did not directly bind to 7E3. Consequently, IVIG-7E3 binding cannot explain the increase of 7E3 clearance following IVIG treatment. We propose that the observed increase in 7E3 clearance with IVIG therapy is due to saturation of the FcRn salvage receptor for IgG. The importance of the effect of IVIG on 7E3 clearance to the prevention of thrombocytopenia in these animals is unclear at present; nonetheless, these data provide experimental support for a new mechanism of IVIG action in ITP (ie, IVIG-mediated increases in antiplatelet antibody elimination). This model of ITP will be useful for further investigations of IVIG mechanism of action and for development of new therapies for ITP.
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13
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Meite M, Léonard S, Idrissi ME, Izui S, Masson PL, Coutelier JP. Exacerbation of autoantibody-mediated hemolytic anemia by viral infection. J Virol 2000; 74:6045-9. [PMID: 10846087 PMCID: PMC112102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.6045-6049.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong enhancement of the pathogenicity of an antierythrocyte monoclonal antibody was observed after infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus. While injection of the antierythrocyte antibody alone induced only moderate anemia, concomitant infection with this virus, which is harmless in most normal mice, led to a dramatic drop in the hematocrit and to death of infected animals. In vitro and in vivo analyses showed a dramatic increase in the ability of macrophages from infected mice to phagocytose antibody-coated erythrocytes. These results indicate that viruses can trigger the onset of autoimmune disease by enhancing the pathogenicity of autoantibodies. They may explain how unrelated viruses could be implicated in the etiology of autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/etiology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/physiopathology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/virology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Autoantibodies/administration & dosage
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Female
- Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phagocytosis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meite
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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