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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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Mizutani H, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Minami Y, Yagita K, Katoh N. Constant light exposure impairs immune tolerance development in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:63-70. [PMID: 28041661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An intrinsic daily physiological rhythm called circadian rhythm has been indicated to affect the immune system and its related diseases. Immune tolerance development is closely associated with the onset of immunological disorders. However, the effect of circadian rhythm in the mechanisms of immune tolerance development has not yet been fully understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of circadian rhythm disruption on the development of immune tolerance by the perturbation of light environment, using a mouse model of neonatally induced cutaneous tolerance. METHODS Mice were kept under constant light (LL) or light-dark (LD) conditions, and hapten was applied at 2days after birth. Six weeks later, hapten was reapplied to abdominal skin, followed by hapten application to ear skin 5days later. RESULTS The ear-swelling responses and cell infiltration into inflamed skin significantly increased in LL mice compared with those in LD mice. Interestingly, the percentage and the number of Foxp3+-regulatory T cells notably decreased in inflamed skin and draining lymph nodes of LL mice compared with that in LD mice. Loss-of-function mutation of a key circadian gene, Bmal1, also exacerbated the ear-swelling responses and cell infiltration into inflamed skin in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that circadian rhythm may be implicated in immune tolerance development in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Mizutani
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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De Kleer I, Willems F, Lambrecht B, Goriely S. Ontogeny of myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:423. [PMID: 25232355 PMCID: PMC4153297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) represent a subgroup of leukocytes, collectively called myeloid cells. During the embryonic development of mammalians, myelopoiesis occurs in a stepwise fashion that begins in the yolk sac and ends up in the bone marrow (BM). During this process, these early monocyte progenitors colonize various organs such as the brain, liver, skin, and lungs and differentiate into resident macrophages that will self-maintain throughout life. DCs are constantly replenished from BM precursors but can also arise from monocytes in inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize the different types of myeloid cells and discuss new insights into their early origin and development in mice and humans from fetal to adult life. We specifically focus on the function of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs at these different developmental stages and on the intrinsic and environmental influences that may drive these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismé De Kleer
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Willems
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Bart Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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McGee HM, Malley RC, Muller HK, Woods GM. Neonatal exposure to UVR alters skin immune system development, and suppresses immunity in adulthood. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:767-76. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M McGee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Roslyn C Malley
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - H Konrad Muller
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Cancer and Immunology Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Rigato PO, Maciel M, Goldoni AL, Piubelli O, de Brito CA, Fusaro AE, Eurico de Alencar LX, August T, Azevedo Marques ET, da Silva Duarte AJ, Sato MN. Immunization of neonatal mice with LAMP/p55 HIV gag DNA elicits robust immune responses that last to adulthood. Virology 2010; 406:37-47. [PMID: 20667577 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful T cell priming in early postnatal life that can generate effective long-lasting responses until adulthood is critical in HIV vaccination strategies because it prevents early sexual initiation and breastfeeding transmission of HIV. A chimeric DNA vaccine encoding p55 HIV gag associated with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1; which drives the antigen to the MIIC compartment), has been used to enhance cellular and humoral antigen-specific responses in adult mice and macaques. Herein, we investigated LAMP-1/gag vaccine immunogenicity in the neonatal period in mice and its ability to generate long-lasting effects. Neonatal vaccination with chimeric LAMP/gag generated stronger Gag-specific immune responses, as measured by the breadth of the Gag peptide-specific IFN-gamma, proliferative responsiveness, cytokine production and antibody production, all of which revealed activation of CD4+ T cells as well as the generation of a more robust CTL response compared to gag vaccine alone. To induce long-lived T and B cell memory responses, it was necessary to immunize neonates with the chimeric LAMP/gag DNA vaccine. The LAMP/gag DNA vaccine strategy could be particularly useful for generating an anti-HIV immune response in the early postnatal period capable of inducing long-term immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ordonhez Rigato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, LIM-56, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Elbe-Bürger A, Schuster C. Development of the prenatal cutaneous antigen-presenting cell network. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:393-9. [PMID: 20212508 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin, and in particular the epidermis, is a physical barrier that protects the body from external threats and is critically involved in immune reactivity. Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, are gaining prominence as principal players orchestrating the decision between immunity and tolerance. A focus of research interest in recent years has been the investigation of these cells in mammalian prenatal skin. In this review, we will compare the recent progress in dissecting the phenotype and functional role of antigen-presenting cells in the developing human and mouse skin before birth and perinatally, and will discuss how this knowledge improves our understanding of the level of immunocompetence of the skin in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Dawson TRMY, Horohov DW, Meijer WG, Muscatello G. Current understanding of the equine immune response to Rhodococcus equi. An immunological review of R. equi pneumonia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:1-11. [PMID: 20064668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is recognised to cause chronic purulent bronchopneumonia in foals of less than 6 months of age. Virulent strains of the bacteria possess a large 80-90 kb plasmid encoding several virulence-associated proteins, including virulence-associated protein A (VapA), which is associated with disease. R. equi pneumonia can represent significant costs and wastage to the equine breeding industry, especially on stud farms where the disease is endemic. This article reviews knowledge of the equine immune response, both in the immune adult and susceptible neonate, with respect to this pathogen. Humoral immune responses are addressed, with a discussion on the use of hyperimmune and normal adult equine plasma as prophylactic tools. The role that innate immune mechanisms play in the susceptibility of some foals to R. equi infection is also highlighted. Likewise, cell-mediated immune components are reviewed, with particular attention directed towards research undertaken to develop an effective vaccine for foals. It is possible that the implementation of a single immunoprophylaxis strategy to prevent R. equi infection on farms will yield disappointing results. Combined prophylactic protocols that address husbandry practices, environmental and aerosol contamination levels, enhancement of innate immunity, good quality hyperimmune plasma for the neonate, and vaccinal efficacy in the developing foal may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin R M Y Dawson
- The Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Fleming Building, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - David W Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, UK
| | - Wim G Meijer
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary Muscatello
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Amaral JF, Gomes-Santos AC, Paula-Silva J, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Faria AMC, Menezes JS. Antigenic dietary protein guides maturation of the host immune system promoting resistance to Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice. Immunology 2009; 129:455-64. [PMID: 20002788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immature immune system requires constant stimulation by foreign antigens during the early stages of life to develop properly and to create efficient immune responses against later infections. We have previously shown that intake of antigenic dietary protein is critical for inducing maturation of the immune system as well as for the development of T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. In this study, we show that administration of an amino acid (aa)-based diet during the development of the immune system subsequently resulted in inefficient control of Leishmania major infection in adult C57BL/6 mice. Compared with mice fed a control protein-containing diet, adult aa-fed mice showed a decreased interferon (IFN)-gamma response to parasite antigens and insufficient production of nitric oxide (NO), which is crucial to parasite death. However, no deviation towards Th2-specific immunity to L. major was observed. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from aa-fed mice revealed deficient levels of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80, and low levels of interleukin (IL)-12 produced by peritoneal macrophages, revealing an early stage of maturation of these cells. APCs isolated from aa-fed mice were unable to stimulate a Th1 response in vitro. Both phenotypic features of T cells from aa-fed mice and their ability to produce a Th1 response in the presence of mature APCs were unaffected when compared with T cells from control mice. The results presented here support the notion that regulation of Th1 immunity to infection includes environmental factors such as dietary proteins, which provide a natural source of stimulation that contributes to the process of maturation of APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Institutode Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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McGee HM, Dharmadasa T, Woods GM. Solar simulated ultraviolet radiation damages murine neonatal skin and alters Langerhans cell development, but does not induce inflammation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:881-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b822591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muller HK, Malley RC, McGee HM, Scott DK, Wozniak T, Woods GM. Effect of UV Radiation on the Neonatal Skin Immune System- Implications for Melanoma†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:47-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Scott DK, Lord R, Muller HK, Malley RC, Woods GM. Proteomics identifies enhanced expression of stefin A in neonatal murine skin compared with adults: functional implications. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:1156-62. [PMID: 17441952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin develops through a process of epidermal proliferation, maturation, and remodelling of the epidermis and dermis. This period also involves the maturation of the skin immune system, such that antigen applied though the skin of a neonatal mouse always results in immunosuppression, whereas in adults, immunity will occur. OBJECTIVES Using proteomics, to identify proteins uniquely involved in the development of the skin and skin immune system. METHODS Proteins were extracted from whole skin of mice aged 4 and 21 days, and separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis. RESULTS Of the 25 proteins that were sequenced by peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, three were known markers of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. These were cyclophilin A, epidermal fatty acid binding protein 5 and stefin A. Of interest were the two isoforms of stefin A, an intracellular protease inhibitor, found in neonatal skin. The strong expression of stefin A in neonates was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis, suggesting an important role in the development of the epidermis. Additionally, Western blotting identified two larger isoforms in adult skin, revealing a change in the stefin A during development. CONCLUSIONS We propose that stefin A is involved in development of the skin, that development of the skin and of immune function is linked, and that stefin A has an important function in neonatal skin and potentially the neonatal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Scott
- Cancer and Immunology Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 29, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Damsker J, Constant S, Corn S, De Fabo E, Noonan F. Deficient inflammatory response to UV radiation in neonatal mice. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1352-61. [PMID: 17369492 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1206729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of juvenile susceptibility to cancer are not well understood. The immune response in neonates favors nonresponsiveness or T(H)2-dominant responses, raising the question of a role for neonatal immunity in this susceptibility. We have investigated the postulate that the inflammatory response differs in neonatal and adult skin. We found no inflammatory infiltrate into neonatal mouse skin in response to UV irradiation as a function of time, dose, or wavelength, although UV-induced DNA damage was readily detected. In contrast, UV irradiation of adult mice initiated a dose- and time-dependent influx of inflammatory cells, chiefly CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) neutrophils, into the skin, detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitated by FACS analysis. This inflammatory response was initiated by UVB (290-320 nm) but not by UVA (320-400 nm). Further, in neonates, in contrast to adults, neither topical trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) nor i.p. thioglycollate initiated an inflammatory infiltrate. Conversely, topical TNCB applied to neonates was tolerogenic, resulting in a subsequent antigen-specific decrease of the contact-hypersensitivity response in adults. Neonatal blood contained abundant neutrophils, which exhibited impaired chemotaxis to the chemokine growth-related oncogene-alpha but efficient chemotaxis to the bacterial product fMLP, concomitant with decreased expression of CXCR2 but normal levels of CD11b. We propose this neonatal deficiency in the inflammatory response is a significant, previously unrecognized factor in neonatal immune tolerance and may contribute to neonatal susceptibility to cancer, including melanoma and other UV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Photoimmunology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University Medical Center, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Mayerova D, Wang L, Bursch LS, Hogquist KA. Conditioning of Langerhans cells induced by a primary CD8 T cell response to self-antigen in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4658-65. [PMID: 16585558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a previously described model of autoimmune skin disease, we addressed the question of how CD8 T cell responsiveness to self-Ag is regulated during chronic inflammation. In this model, CD8 T cells expand and induce tissue pathology directed at an epidermal self-Ag. However, we show here that this primary CD8 T cell response prevented subsequent expansion of a second CD8 T cell population with the same specificity. This lack of T cell accumulation was not due to Ag elimination, nor was it due to competition between the two T cell populations. However, skin-specific dendritic cells that present Ag in this model--Langerhans cells--underwent significant phenotypic changes associated with a compromised ability to stimulate naive T cells. Our study suggests that conditioning of dendritic cells may play a role in maintaining unresponsiveness to self-Ag during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Mayerova
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Adkins B, Leclerc C, Marshall-Clarke S. Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:553-64. [PMID: 15229474 DOI: 10.1038/nri1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Adkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Chang-Rodriguez S, Ecker R, Stingl G, Elbe-Bürger A. Autocrine IL-10 partially prevents differentiation of neonatal dendritic epidermal leukocytes into Langerhans cells. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:657-66. [PMID: 15197230 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0204087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To test whether reduced immune responsiveness in early life may be related to the immaturity of neonatal antigen-presenting cells, we comparatively assessed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of dendritic epidermal leukocytes (DEL) and epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) in newborn (NB) and adult mice, respectively. We report that purified, 3-day-cultured DEL do not acquire the morphology and phenotype typical of LC and are significantly weaker stimulators of naive, allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than LC. Freshly isolated DEL are twice as efficient as LC in the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated tracers but are not able to present these to antigen-specific T cell hybridomas. To clarify the underlying cause, cytokine expression of NB and adult epidermal cells (EC) was examined. We found that DEL express considerable amounts of interleukin (IL)-10, that IL-10 in NB EC supernatants partially inhibits LC maturation, and that DEL-enriched EC from IL-10-/- mice induce stronger primary T cell responses compared with those from IL-10+/+ mice. We conclude that IL-10 is one of the factors preventing maturation and differentiation of DEL into immunocompetent LC in intrauterine life and is at least partly responsible for the poor immune responsiveness of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souyet Chang-Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Medical University of Vienna, Brunner Str. 59, A-1235 Vienna, Austria
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