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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Davies
- London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Davies
- London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Fabbri HC, Mello MPD, Soardi FC, Esquiaveto-Aun AM, Oliveira DMD, Denardi FC, Moura-Neto A, Garmes HM, Baptista MTM, Matos PSD, Lemos-Marini SHVD, D'Souza-Li LFR, Guerra-Júnior G. Long-term follow-up of an 8-year-old boy with insulinoma as the first manifestation of a familial form of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 54:754-60. [PMID: 21340165 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302010000800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome characterized mostly by parathyroid, enteropancreatic, and anterior pituitary tumors. We present a case of an 8-year-old boy referred because of hypoglycemic attacks. His diagnosis was pancreatic insulinoma. Paternal grandmother died due to repeated gastroduodenal ulcerations and a paternal aunt presented similar manifestations. At a first evaluation, the father presented only gastric ulceration but subsequently developed hyperparathyroidism and lung carcinoid tumor. During almost 15 years of follow-up, three brothers and the index case presented hyperparathyroidism and hyperprolactinemia. Molecular study showed a G to A substitution in intron 4, at nine nucleotides upstream of the splicing acceptor site, causing a splicing mutation. All affected members of the family have the same mutation. Paternal grandmother and aunt were not studied and the mother does not carry any mutation. MEN1 is a rare condition that requires permanent medical assistance. Early clinical and genetic identification of affected individuals is essential for their own surveillance and also for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Campos Fabbri
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil
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4
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Prasad R, Johnston LB, Savage MO, Martin L, Perry LA, Storr HL. Pediatric endocrine screening for von Hippel-Lindau disease: benefits and the challenge of compliance. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:296-9. [PMID: 20585202 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen children and adolescents (4 male) with a median age of 5.4 yr (range 1.2 -13.6 yr) were entered into a screening protocol to identify lesions of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. Fourteen had an affected first-degree relative and one had a previous VHL lesion. Screening during the period of 2000 to 2008 followed published guidelines and consisted of measurement of urinary catecholamines, adrenal and renal imaging and ophthalmological and central nervous system examinations and imaging. Screening identified 8 VHL lesions in 6 asymptomatic patients with confirmed genetic mutations. Five patients had elevated urinary noradrenaline excretion and in each case the presence of a pheochromocytoma was identified on adrenal magnetic resonance imagin scan. In one patient a left-sided tumor was identified 1 yr after a right-sided tumor had been removed. In a sixth patient a retinal capillary hemangioma and a cerebellar hemangioblastoma were identified. Patient compliance with the screening protocol was variable reflecting its time-intensive nature. A formal screening programme for this at-risk population of pediatric patients, despite being intensive, can identify VHL lesions during a pre-morbid phase and may thus have a beneficial impact on prognosis in this serious disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prasad
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, St Bartholomew's and Royal London Hospitals, London, UK
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5
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Abstract
Endocrine and neuroendocrine cells form a large and diverse array of cell types. They are present in the form of specialized organs, such as the pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, and adrenal gland, or in the form of the diffuse neuroendocrine system in the respiratory and digestive tracts. Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, yet they present certain unifying features. These include frequent hormonal overproduction that leads to specific symptoms and a typical immunohistochemical staining profile with chromogranin A and synaptophysin reactivity. Over the past decades, many neuroendocrine tumors have been described in the context of heritable tumor syndromes, and there exist several syndromes that are almost entirely composed of neuroendocrine tumors. Tumors occurring as part of these hereditary syndromes are characterized by specific genetic abnormalities that have helped our understanding of tumorigenesis, and they frequently appear at a young age. It is therefore important for the pediatric pathologist to be aware of specific histologic characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors in childhood and of their association with specific tumor syndromes. This may alert other clinicians to the possibility of multiple tumors in the patient or his family members. This review focuses on hereditary syndromes with neuroendocrine tumors, including multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney complex, pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndrome, and familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. In addition, several individual neuroendocrine tumors are described, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma, gastroenteropancreatic tumors, pheochromocytoma, and paraganglioma, emphasizing specific histopathologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gaal
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Alrashdi I, Levine S, Paterson J, Saxena R, Patel SR, Depani S, Hargrave DR, Pritchard-Jones K, Hodgson SV. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma: very early diagnosis of renal cancer in a paediatric patient. Fam Cancer 2010; 9:239-43. [PMID: 19967458 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer is a hereditary cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk for cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, and renal cancer. Previous reports have stressed the aggressiveness of the renal tumours, often with early metastasis, despite small primary tumour size. Almost all the previously reported patients were adults, and different studies showed variability in penetrance for the renal tumours. We report a patient in whom renal cancer was detected at the age of 11 years at his first routine screening imaging after he was found to carry a fumarate hydratase gene mutation (c.1189G > A) transmitted from his mother. This report serves to emphasize the need to improve guidelines for screening of at risk individuals, including the necessity for predictive genetic testing and early institution of tumour surveillance in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Alrashdi
- Department of Medical Genetics, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
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7
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Niccoli-Sire P, Conte-Devolx B. [Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2]. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2007; 68:317-24. [PMID: 17626779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an hereditary disease with a prevalence of 1/5000. Three phenotypic variants have been identified: MEN2A associates medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) to pheochromocytoma in about 20-50% of cases and to primary hyperparathyroidism in 5-20% of cases; MEN2B associates MTC to pheochromocytoma in 50% of cases, to marphanoid habitus and to mucosal and digestive ganglioneuromatosis whereas in familial isolated medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), the other components of the disease are absent. In MEN2, natural history of the disease and a common embryologic origin (neural crest) may explain the phenotypes observed in the organ involved, beginning from the stage of hyperplasia to adenoma and cancer. MEN2 is an inherited autosomal dominant disease with a complete penetrance, related to germline mutation in the proto-oncogene RET. MTC represent the most frequent circumstance of diagnosis. Pheochromocytoma and HPT may reveal the disease unfrequently and are systematically associated to undiagnosed MTC which is present yet. Analysis of the RET gene allows to confirm the diagnosis of MEN2 by identifying the causal germline mutation. Management of MEN2 patients include thyroidectomy associated to cervical central and bilateral lymph nodes dissection for MTC, unilateral adrenalectomy for unilateral pheochromocytoma or bilateral adrenalectomy when both glands are involved, and selective resection of pathologic parathyroid glands for HPT. Familial genetic screening detects at risk subjects who will develop the disease and allows to manage them at the earliest stage of the disease by perform early or prophylactic thyroidectomy such giving them the best chance of cure. Prognosis of MEN2 is mainly related to the stage-dependant prognosis of MTC, thus pointing the necessity of a complete thyroid surgery for index cases with MTC and the earliest thyroidectomy for screened at risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Niccoli-Sire
- Service d'endocrinologie, Diabète, maladies métaboliques, CHU de La Timone, faculté de médecine de Marseille, université de la Méditerranée, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
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Priesemann M, Davies KM, Perry LA, Drake WM, Chew SL, Monson JP, Savage MO, Johnston LB. Benefits of screening in von Hippel-Lindau disease--comparison of morbidity associated with initial tumours in affected parents and children. HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 66:1-5. [PMID: 16651847 DOI: 10.1159/000093008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterised by the association of retinal and CNS haemangioblastomas, phaeochromocytoma and renal cell carcinoma. If a child of an affected parent has inherited a VHL mutation or the parent's mutation cannot be identified, then clinical screening is recommended. We report the clinical features in three parent-offspring pairs where the parents have presented clinically with renal cell carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, cerebellar haemangioblastoma and retinal haemangioma, and the children have undergone pre-symptomatic screening. During the first screening a 13-year-old boy was diagnosed with bilateral phaeochromocytoma and later developed an endolymphatic sac tumour at 19 years. A right phaeochromocytoma was found in a 12-year-old girl who was screened from the age of 4 years and in a 13-year-old boy screened from 5 years of age. All children were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. These families demonstrate that clinical screening of children at risk of VHL can detect tumours before the first symptoms arise with a consequent reduction in morbidity. These observations strongly support the recommendation to undertake screening of the children of VHL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Priesemann
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK
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Niccoli-Sire P, Conte-Devolx B. Mutations de RET et traitement préventif du cancer médullaire de la thyroïde. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2005; 66:168-75. [PMID: 15988377 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(05)81748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Niccoli-Sire
- Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille-Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05.
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10
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Collins GL, Wallis-Crespo MC, Gillbert-Barness E. Pathology teach and tell: pheochromocytoma. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2004; 23:199-203. [PMID: 15768865 DOI: 10.1080/15227950490423142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Collins
- University of Florida School of Medicine and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA
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Giarelli E. Bringing threat to the fore: participating in lifelong surveillance for genetic risk of cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2003; 30:945-55. [PMID: 14603352 DOI: 10.1188/03.onf.945-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explain how patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN2a) and family members conceptualize participation in lifelong surveillance in genetic cancer care. DESIGN Qualitative naturalistic inquiry. SETTING Northeastern United States. Data were collected during interviews in informants' homes. SAMPLE 12 adult patients and 9 family members were recruited purposively through endocrinology clinics at two East Coast medical centers. METHODS A grounded theory design was used. Subjects completed a demographic questionnaire and were interviewed on two occasions. In-depth interviews were audiotaped. The core concept and process variables emerged through three levels of narrative content analysis, theoretical sampling, and constant comparison. The generated theory was presented to the participants for validation. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES The basic psychological issue associated with participation in lifelong surveillance and the psychosocial processes used by individuals to deal with the issues. FINDINGS MEN2a patients and family members experience surveillance as a (Re)Minding of a threat to health. Once threat is brought to the fore, participants interpret the meaning and negotiate control of the impact of the diagnosis, related events, and consequences. Meaningful information from surveillance activities is incorporated into participants' self-image and daily lives through a process of (Re)Integration. The genetic nature of MEN2a did not emerge as a significant subcategory in relation to the core variable. CONCLUSIONS Finding meaning in the outcomes of surveillance events is a psychosocial process that is central to participation in lifelong surveillance. Genetic predisposition to cancer was a peripheral concern to subjects as they dealt with surveillance issues. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING This investigation provides a model for the development of a grounded theory for understanding how people with other genetic cancer syndromes participate in lifelong surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Giarelli
- School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Bauters C, Leclerc L, Wémeau JL, Proye C, Pigny P, Porchet N. [Multiple endocrine neoplasias. Recent advances in clinical and genetic diagnosis]. Rev Med Interne 2003; 24:721-9. [PMID: 14604749 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(03)00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) are autosomal dominant inherited syndromes characterized by the association of different glandular lesions in several members of the same kindred. The main clinical features of MEN 1 include primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic islet cell tumors and pituitary adenomas; less common features are adrenal adenomas, thymic and bronchial carcinoid tumors, lipomas and various cutaneous lesions. The MEN 2 syndromes (MEN 2A, MEN 2B and familial medullary thyroid carcinomas) are characterized by high penetrance of medullary thyroid carcinoma and differ in their variable expression of pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism and other clinical features. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS MEN 1 tumor suppressor gene encodes a nuclear protein, menin, which interacts with different regulation transcription factors. The MEN 2 syndromes are caused by germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, which encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase. Genetic testing for mutations in these 2 genes allows identification of individuals predisposed to the disease, early diagnosis, and clinical and therapeutic management. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS Fundamental approach will allow a best comprehension of physiopathogenic mechanisms of these disorders and the improvement of therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bauters
- Clinique endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, CHRU de Lille, 6, rue du Professeur-Laguesse, 59037 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with many endocrine and nonendocrine manifestations. Hyperparathyroidism, islet cell tumors, and pituitary tumors are diagnosed most commonly in these patients. There is controversy regarding treatment of the different manifestations and screening modalities of this disorder because no large series has determined the best therapeutic approach. Our institution advocates early screening with biochemical and radiographic testing in patients with a definite predilection for this disorder. Patients with hyperparathyroidism should undergo early surgical intervention of at least three and a half glands combined with bilateral upper thymectomy through a cervical incision. Although the recurrence rate is high, disease-free survival can be for as long as 30 years. Pituitary tumors are predominantly prolactinomas and growth hormone-releasing tumors. Prolactinomas usually require pharmacologic therapy, whereas growth hormone-releasing tumors are treated surgically. Enteropancreatic tumors should be treated surgically or medically, depending on the hormone secreted. Insulinomas respond well to distal pancreatectomy, with enucleation of the tumor from the head and uncinate process of the pancreas. However, there is controversy regarding the surgical treatment of gastrinomas. Carcinoid tumors should be treated with early surgical intervention. Adrenal lesions are thought to occur in association with pancreatic lesions and commonly have an indolent course. Adrenocortical cancers are uncommon in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. Skin lesions can be excised when cosmetically unappealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Zarnegar
- University of California San Francisco/Mount Zion Medical Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, Box 1674, 94143-1674, USA
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Lemos MC, Carrilho F, Rodrigues FJ, Santos P, Carvalheiro M, Ruas MA, Regateiro FJ. Early onset of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type iia associated with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis. Endocr Pract 2002; 8:19-22. [PMID: 11939755 DOI: 10.4158/ep.8.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the molecular characterization of a kindred affected by the rare variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA (MEN IIA) associated with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis and to discuss the clinical implications in the management of this syndrome. METHODS A kindred with four affected family members was identified, and DNA analysis was performed by sequencing exon 11 of the RET proto-oncogene. Presymptomatic genetic screening was offered to all first-degree relatives. RESULTS Sequencing analysis of the RET proto-oncogene revealed a Cys634Trp (TGC->TGG) mutation in all clinically affected family members and in an asymptomatic 5-year-old child who, after thyroidectomy, was found to have multicentric medullary thyroid carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia. A Gly691Ser (GGT->AGT) polymorphism was also detected in this family but did not segregate with the disease. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the earliest detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma reported thus far in a kindred with MEN IIA associated with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis, and this finding suggests that prophylactic thyroidectomy, in kindreds with this variant, should be performed before the age of 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Lemos
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Modigliani E, Franc B, Niccoli-sire P. Diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. BAILLIERE'S BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH. CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM 2000; 14:631-49. [PMID: 11289739 DOI: 10.1053/beem.2000.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC) is a rare tumour derived from thyroid C cells with serum calcitonin as a specific and sensitive marker. MTC is inherited in 25% of cases, with an autosomal dominant transmission, age-related penetrance and variable expressivity. MTC is an obligatory component of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), which comprises three well defined syndromes: MEN2A, which may be associated with pheochromocytoma and/or hyperparathyroidism; the much rarer MEN2B, which occurs early and is accompanied by developmental abnormalities; while in contrast, familial MTC (FMTC) is not associated with any endocrinopathy. The RET proto-oncogene is the causative gene of the MEN2 syndromes and mutations in this gene are found in >90% of inherited cases, allowing easier and more reliable family screening than pentagastrin stimulation tests. Nevertheless, the correlation between the genotype and the different clinical phenotypes is not perfect. The prognosis of MTC depends on its staging at presentation, and the early appearance of cervical lymph node metastases emphasizes the need for extensive surgery, although many patients still do not normalize calcitonin levels post-operatively, and they remain a challenge for the further management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Modigliani
- Groupe d'étude des tumeurs à calcitonine, Centre médical Europe, 75311 Paris, Cedex 09, France
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