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Wang C, Yan W, Wang H, Zhu J, Chen H. APOE polymorphism is associated with blood lipid and serum uric acid metabolism in hypertension or coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:1021-1031. [PMID: 31559922 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the association of APOE polymorphism (rs7412:526C>T and rs429358:388T>C) with glucose, lipid and serum uric acid (UA) metabolism in patients with hypertension or coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: A total of 544 patients with hypertension or CHD were selected for this study from March 2017 to January 2018. According to the APOE genotypes (excluding the E2/E4 genotype), the subjects were divided into three groups (E2/E2+E2/E3 genotypes, E3/E3 genotype [the wild-type] and E3/E4+E4/E4 genotypes) and the difference of metabolism among the three groups was compared. Results: There were significant differences in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein and serum UA levels among the three groups. Compared with APOE E3 homozygote, APOE E4 carriers possessed higher TC, triglycerides and LDL levels, whereas APOE E2 carriers had higher high-density lipoprotein level, lower TC and LDL levels. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis found that setting E3/E3 genotype as the reference group, the carriers of APOE E4 allele (E3/E4+E4/E4 genotypes) were significantly related to hypertriglyceridemia, and APOE E2 allele (E2/E2+E2/E3 genotypes) was significantly correlated with hyperuricemia. Conclusion: APOE polymorphism was associated with blood lipid and serum UA metabolism in patients with hypertension or CHD. Compared with APOE E3 homozygote, APOE E4 allele was related to elevated triglycerides, and APOE E2 allele was correlated with increased serum UA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canwang Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wanli Yan
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Jingkang Zhu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 East Street, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
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Bar R, Boehm-Cagan A, Luz I, Kleper-Wall Y, Michaelson DM. The effects of apolipoprotein E genotype, α-synuclein deficiency, and sex on brain synaptic and Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 10:1-11. [PMID: 29159264 PMCID: PMC5678739 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and synucleinopathies share common pathological mechanisms. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD, also increases the risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies. We presently examined the effects of α-synuclein deficiency (α-syn−/−) and sex on apoE4-driven pathologies. Methods AD-related, synaptic, and vascular markers were analyzed in female and male α-syn−/− and α-syn+/+ apoE4, apoE3, and apoE3/E4 mice. Results ApoE4 was hypolipidated, and this effect was unchanged by α-syn−/− and sex. The levels of synaptic markers were lower, and the levels of AD-related parameters were higher in female α-syn−/− apoE4 mice compared with the corresponding apoE3 mice. By comparison, apoE4 had small effects on the AD parameters of male and female α-syn+/+ apoE4 mice. Discussion Although α-syn−/− does not affect the upstream lipidation impairment of apoE4, it acts as a “second hit” enhancer of the subsequent apoE4-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Bar
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Boehm-Cagan
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ishai Luz
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yarden Kleper-Wall
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel M Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Adler G, Adler MA, Urbańska A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kiseljakovic E, Valjevac A, Parczewski M, Hadzovic-Dzuvo A. Bosnian study of APOE distribution (BOSAD): a comparison with other European populations. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:568-573. [PMID: 28705029 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1346708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles of APOE gene have been associated with several diseases in different populations. Data on the frequency of alleles are used in both a clinical and evolutionary context. Although the data on frequency of these alleles are numerous, there are no reports for the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. AIM To estimate the frequency of APOE alleles in a healthy Bosnian population and compare it to data for other European populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Overall, 170 unrelated Bosnian subjects (108 female and 62 male), aged 53.0 (±5.0) years were included in this study. Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS In our group the prevalence of heterozygotes E2/E3, E2/E4 and E3/E4 was 20.6%, 3.5% and 12.9%, respectively, while the prevalence of homozygotes E2/E2, E3/E3, E4/E4 was 0.6%, 61.2% and 1.2%, respectively, with a mean frequency of ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles of 12.6%, 78.0% and 9.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In studied European populations we observed a linear, gradually increasing trend in the frequency of ε4 allele from South to North (Pearson's test 0,7656, p value <0.00001), and the Bosnian population fits into this pattern perfectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Adler
- a Department of Gerontobiology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Anna Urbańska
- c Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Emina Kiseljakovic
- d Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Valjevac
- e Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- c Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Almira Hadzovic-Dzuvo
- e Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
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4
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LDLR , ApoB and ApoE genes polymorphisms and classical risk factors in premature coronary artery disease. Gene 2016; 590:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Boulenouar H, Mediene Benchekor S, Meroufel DN, Lardjam Hetraf SA, Ouhaibi Djellouli H, Hermant X, Grenier-Boley B, Hamani Medjaoui I, Saidi Mehtar N, Amouyel P, Houti L, Meirhaeghe A, Goumidi L. Impact of APOE gene polymorphisms on the lipid profile in an Algerian population. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:155. [PMID: 24160669 PMCID: PMC4231468 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is well established. However, the impact of APOE polymorphisms has never been investigated in an Algerian population. This study assessed, for the fist time, the relationships between three APOE polymorphisms (epsilon, rs439401, rs4420638) and plasma lipid concentrations in a general population sample from Algeria. Methods The association analysis was performed in the ISOR study, a representative sample of the population living in Oran (787 subjects aged between 30 and 64). Polymorphisms were considered both individually and as haplotypes. Results In the ISOR sample, APOE ϵ4 allele carriers had higher plasma triglyceride (p=0.0002), total cholesterol (p=0.009) and LDL-cholesterol (p=0.003) levels than ϵ3 allele carriers. No significant associations were detected for the rs4420638 and rs439401 SNPs. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses confirmed the respectively deleterious and protective impacts of the ϵ4 and ϵ2 alleles on LDL-cholesterol levels and showed that the G allele of the rs4420638 polymorphism may exert a protective effect on LDL-cholesterol levels in subjects bearing the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Conclusion Our results showed that (i) the APOE epsilon polymorphism has the expected impact on the plasma lipid profile and (ii) the rs4420638 G allele may counterbalance the deleterious effect of the ϵ4 allele on LDL-cholesterol levels in an Algerian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Louisa Goumidi
- INSERM, U744; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
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Singh PP, Singh M, Mastana SS. APOE distribution in world populations with new data from India and the UK. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 33:279-308. [PMID: 17092867 DOI: 10.1080/03014460600594513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE gene and its protein product is associated with a number of plasma proteins like very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, and plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism. The APOE gene is polymorphic and common alleles (*E2, *E3 and *E4) have been associated with a number of common and complex diseases in different populations. Due to their crucial role in metabolism and clinical significance, it is imperative that allelic variation in different populations is analysed to evaluate the usage of APOE in an evolutionary and clinical context. AIM We report allelic variation at the APOE locus in three European and four Indian populations and evaluate global patterns of genetic variation at this locus. The large, intricate and unexpected heterogeneity of this locus in its global perspective may have insightful consequences, which we have explored in this paper. SUBJECT AND METHODS Apolipoprotein E genotypes were determined in four population groups (Punjabi Sikhs, Punjabi Hindus, Maria Gonds and Koch, total individuals = 497) of India and three regionally sub-divided British populations (Nottinghamshire, East Midlands and West Midlands, total individuals = 621). The extent and distribution of APOE allele frequencies were compared with 292 populations of the world using a variety of multivariate methods. RESULTS Three alleles, APOE*E2, APOE*E3 and APOE*E4, were observed with contrasting variation, although *E4 was absent in the tribal population of Koch. Higher heterozygosities (>43%) in British populations reflected their greater genetic diversity at this locus. The overall pattern of allelic diversity among these populations is comparable to many European and Indian populations. At a global level, higher frequencies of the *E2 allele were observed in Africa and Oceania (0.099 +/- 0.083 and 0.111 +/- 0.052, respectively). Similarly, *E4 allele averages were higher in Oceania (0.221 +/- 0.149) and Africa (0.209 +/- 0.090), while Indian and Asian populations showed the highest frequencies of *E3 allele. The coefficient of gene differentiation was found to be highest in South America (9.6%), although the highest genetic diversity was observed in Oceania (48.7%) and Africa (46.3%). APOE*E2 revealed a statistically significant decreasing cline towards the north in Asia (r = -0.407, d.f. = 70, p < 0.05), which is not compatible with the coronary heart disease statistics in this continent. APOE*E4 showed a significant increasing cline in North European populations. Spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the variation at this locus is influenced by 'isolation by distance' with a strong positive correlation for lower distances up to 1313 km. CONCLUSION Overall APOE allelic variation in UK and Indian populations is comparable to previous studies but in tribal populations *E4 allele frequency was very low or absent. At a global level allelic variation shows that geography, isolation by distance, genetic drift and possibly pre-historical selection are responsible for shaping the spectrum of genetic variation at the APOE gene. Overall, APOE is a good anthropogenetic and clinical diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Singh
- Department of Human Biology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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7
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Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism, lipids, and coronary artery disease in Tunisian type 2 diabetes. J Clin Lipidol 2008; 2:360-4. [PMID: 21291761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2008.08.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism, fasting lipid parameters, and coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. METHODS We studied this relationship, for the first time, in Tunisian type 2 diabetic patients. The studied population comprised 157 type 2 diabetic patients (145 of them were not on any lipid-lowering drugs). Fasting lipids were measured by enzymatic methods and ApoE genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Our results showed that the alleles E2, E3, and E4 were found in 4%, 88%, and 8% of patients, respectively. In the total type 2 diabetic population, no association was found between ApoE polymorphism, lipid parameters, and CAD. However, the E4 allele was associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and with CAD in type 2 diabetic men. CONCLUSION The effect of ApoE polymorphism on CAD is gender-dependent in the Tunisian type 2 diabetic population. ApoE 4 allele may enhance atherogenesis indirectly by a strong effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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8
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism, age and coronary heart disease. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6:94-108. [PMID: 17224309 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins (apo) are established risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). The knowledge of lipid profile may predict the potential victims of cardiovascular disease before its initiation and progression and offer the opportunity for primary prevention. The most common apo E polymorphism has been found to influence blood lipid concentrations and its correlation with CHD has been extensively investigated in the last decade. At younger ages, death from CHD is influenced by genetic factors, while the genetic effect decreases at older ages where environmental factors may play a more prominent role. If apo E polymorphism is an important genetic factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it could affect the age of CHD onset. This review analyses the influence of apo E polymorphism on blood lipids and CHD in respect to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Ave., 176 74 Athens, Greece.
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9
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Bosco P, Guéant-Rodríguez RM, Anello G, Spada RS, Romano A, Caraci F, Ferri R, Guéant JL. Allele ɛ4 of APOE is a stronger predictor of Alzheimer risk in Sicily than in continental South Italy. Neurosci Lett 2005; 388:168-72. [PMID: 16040191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genotype of apolipoprotein E was examined in 173 sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, 132 with late onset (LOAD) and 41 with early onset (EOAD), and in 174 healthy matched controls from Sicily. Despite a low frequency of the epsilon 4 allele (6.3%, 95% CI: 4.2--9.4) in controls, epsilon 4 allele was a stronger predictor of AD risk (odds ratio: 5.8, 95% CI: 3.5--9.4; p<0.0001) than in most of the studies performed in other regions of Italy, and it has no influence on age at onset. epsilon 4/epsilon 4 and epsilon 4/epsilon 3 genotypes were similar predictors of AD risk. Conversely, a decreased risk was found in epsilon 3 allele carriers (odds ratio: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2--0.4; p<0.0001), which remained significant when considering EOAD cases only (odds ratio: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1--0.4, p<0.0001). In conclusion, differences in association strength of epsilon 4 allele with AD between Sicily and other regions of Italy suggest an influence of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bosco
- IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S. - Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 94018 Troina (EN), Enna, Italy.
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10
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Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Chung EK, Choi JS. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:361-6. [PMID: 15953853 PMCID: PMC2782187 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on lipid levels in Korean adults and to investigate the interactions between these polymorphisms and environmental factors in determining lipid levels. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,900 subjects (668 men and 1,232 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea, in 2004. APOE polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Carriers of the APOE*E2 (E2) allele had significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations than did carriers of the APOE*E3 (E3) or APOE*E4 (E4) alleles, regardless of gender. The APOE allele type had significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride levels in women, but not in men. The effect of APOE allele type on HDL-C levels was modified by age in women. In addition, in men, the effect of APOE allele type on triglyceride levels was modified by smoking. These findings highlight the important effect of gene-environment interactions on lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Genomic Research Center of Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanbian, China
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Heon Heo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Chung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
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11
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Paschos GK, Yiannakouris N, Rallidis LS, Davies I, Griffin BA, Panagiotakos DB, Skopouli FN, Votteas V, Zampelas A. Apolipoprotein E genotype in dyslipidemic patients and response of blood lipids and inflammatory markers to alpha-linolenic Acid. Angiology 2005; 56:49-60. [PMID: 15678256 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood lipids and inflammatory markers, in relation to apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype. The diets of 50 dyslipidemic male patients were supplemented with 15 mL of flaxseed oil per day for 12 weeks. Retrospectively, 3 apo E genotype variants were found (epsilon2/epsilon3, n=7; epsilon3/epsilon3, n=33; epsilon3/epsilon4, n=10). No significant differences were found among apo E genotypes in any variables at baseline. ALA supplementation produced a small but significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 1.12 to 1.08 mmol/L, 43 to 42 mg/dL; p=0.008) and apo A-I levels (from 1.28 to 1.24 g/L, p=0.036) in the epsilon3/epsilon3 homozygotes. In addition, ALA supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the serum concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) (p=0.014), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.013), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) (p<0.001), and interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.028). Serum SAA and MCSF were also significantly decreased in the epsilon3/epsilon4 group (p=0.005 and p=0.017, respectively). In contrast, ALA produced no effects on any of the inflammatory markers in the epsilon2/epsilon3 group. ALA may have beneficial effects on inflammation in dyslipidemic carriers of the apo epsilon3/epsilon3 and epsilon3/epsilon4 genotypes, but not in carriers of the epsilon2 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Paschos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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12
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Pes GM, Lio D, Carru C, Deiana L, Baggio G, Franceschi C, Ferrucci L, Oliveri F, Scola L, Crivello A, Candore G, Colonna-Romano G, Caruso C. Association between longevity and cytokine gene polymorphisms. A study in Sardinian centenarians. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16:244-8. [PMID: 15462469 DOI: 10.1007/bf03327391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human longevity seems to be directly correlated with optimal functioning of the immune system, suggesting that some genetic determinants of longevity reside in those polymorphisms for the immune system genes which regulate immune-inflammatory responses, in particular cytokine gene polymorphisms. The frequency of -174C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the interleukin (IL)-6 gene is increased in Italian male centenarians. Moreover, the frequency of -1082G SNP at the 5' flanking region of the IL-10 gene coding sequence is increased among male centenarians, and that of +874A SNP at the interferon (IFN)-gamma gene was found more frequently in female centenarians. These findings indicate that different alleles at different cytokine gene codings for pro- (IL-6, IFN-gamma) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines may affect the individual life-span expectancy, influencing the type and intensity of immune-inflammatory responses against environmental stressors. METHODS In the present study, we analyzed these IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma gene polymorphisms in 112 (36 male, 76 female) centenarians from the island of Sardinia, whose population shows a genetic background quite different from that of mainland Italy, as well as in 137 sixty-year-old controls from the same geographic area. RESULTS No significant differences were observed on analyzing IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma polymorphism frequencies among centenarians and controls, either on the whole and when the data were analyzed according to gender. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that gene polymorphisms of cytokines playing a major regulatory role in the inflammatory response do not affect life expectancy in the Sardinian population. Thus, cytokine/longevity associations have a population-specific component, being affected by the population-specific gene pool as well as by gene-environment interactions, behaving as survival rather than longevity genes.
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Abstract
The relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) E and vascular disease has been the subject of a considerable amount of research. However, this relationship is far from clearly defined. This deficiency appears to be due to a multitude of factors. Among these are differences in ethnicity, age (and possibly gender), diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors (eg, diet and smoking) that have contributed to the contradictory findings. Several diseases and their treatment may also influence this relationship. There are also documented interactions between apo E genotypes and other genes or vascular risk factors. One possible clinically relevant application of identifying the apo E genotype could be to assess the response to a particular drug treatment. It may also be that apo E polymorphism will become a good predictor of vascular death (eg, from myocardial infarction or stroke) rather than an indicator of the risk of developing vascular disease but without an acute ischemic event. More research is required to define the place of apo E genotyping in the management of vascular disease in its various forms. Whatever the future brings, the evaluation of apo E genotypes will need to be rapid, cheap, and technically undemanding before this investigation becomes widely available and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
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14
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Barbagallo CM, Polizzi F, Severino M, Rizzo M, Vivona N, Onorato F, Caldarella R, Cefalù AB, Noto D, Notarbartolo A, Averna MR. ApoE polymorphism in a small Mediterranean island: relationships with plasma lipids, lipoproteins and LDL particle size. Eur J Epidemiol 2002; 17:707-13. [PMID: 12086087 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015618216828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of apoE gene are able to modulate lipoprotein metabolism at different steps and to influence LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and also other lipoproteins features. Population studies documented large differences in the frequency of apoE alleles which could be even related to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. In this study we evaluated the apoE genotypes and allele frequency in 576 subjects living in a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea and the relative contribution of apoE polymorphism on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile, including LDL particle size. We found a cumulative frequency of 0.073, 0.866 and 0.061 for epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 alleles respectively. Moreover epsilon3 subjects had only triglyceride levels significantly lower and LDL-C and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels higher than epsilon2 carriers. LDL-particle size was significant smaller in epsilon2 subjects than both epsilon3 and epsilon4 carriers, but the difference disappeared when data were adjusted for triglycerides. In conclusion we have provided further evidence of a low prevalence of epsilon4 allele in a Mediterranean population which may represent a genetic protective factor of these populations. Environmental factors, such as diet, occurring in this area may have attenuated the influence of this gene on plasma lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Barbagallo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Italy.
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Kolovou G, Yiannakouris N, Hatzivassiliou M, Malakos J, Daskalova D, Hatzigeorgiou G, Cariolou MA, Cokkinos DV. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with myocardial infarction in Greek patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2002; 18:118-24. [PMID: 12094820 DOI: 10.1185/030079902125000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies in several populations have indicated that genetic variation at the apolipoprotein E (apoE) structural locus influences the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed at investigating whether apoE polymorphism has an allelic and/or genotypic impact on the risk of MI in Greek patients with CAD. We compared apoE gene polymorphism in a group of patients with angiographically confirmed CAD but not MI [CAD/MI (-)-group, n = 143] and a group of age and sex-matched CAD patients who had experienced a non-fatal Ml [CAD/MI (+)-group, n = 124]. The patients were also compared with a group of healthy younger individuals (n = 240) with no family history of CAD. The apoE genotype distribution differed significantly between the two groups of CAD patients (p = 0.02). The epsilon2 allele was 5.3-fold less frequent in the CAD/ MI (+)-group compared with the CAD/MI (-)-group (1.2% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.01). The frequency of the epsilon2 allele in healthy subjects was 8.1%, which is 6.8-fold higher than in CAD/MI (+)-patients (p = 0.001) and twice as high compared with all CAD patients (p = 0.02). No differences in epsilon4 allele frequencies were observed between CAD/MI (+)- and CAD/MI (-)-patients (10.9% vs. 9.8%), or between patients with CAD and healthy subjects (10.3% vs. 10.2%). In summary, the epsilon4 allele was not found to be associated with an increased risk for CAD or MI. In contrast, a negative association of the epsilon2 allele with Ml was observed among Greek patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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Vicente Sorlí J, Velert R, Guillén M, Portolés O, Begoña Ramírez J, Iborra J, Corella D. Efecto del polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E en el perfil lipoproteico y riesgo cardiovascular en una población mediterránea. Med Clin (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Ashavaid TF, Todur SP, Nair KG. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as risk factor for coronary heart disease among Indian subjects. Indian J Clin Biochem 2002; 17:83-93. [PMID: 23105342 PMCID: PMC3453726 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E genotypes and lipid and lipoprotein levels were determined in hypercholesterolemic and angiographically vertified CHD subjects and compared against 90 normolipidemic controls. The ε4 allele was significantly prevalent in the hypercholesterolemic and CHD subjects. Significant increase in total cholesterol levels in apo ε4 containing subjects were observed in the hypercholesterolemic and CHD group. The study suggests that the ε4 allele by influencing the lipid levels could act as a risk factor for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tester F. Ashavaid
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, 400 016 Mumbai, India
| | - Seema P. Todur
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, 400 016 Mumbai, India
| | - Kappiareth G. Nair
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, 400 016 Mumbai, India
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18
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Corella D, Tucker K, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Alcohol drinking determines the effect of the APOE locus on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:736-45. [PMID: 11273848 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.4.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of alcohol drinking on LDL-cholesterol concentrations is unclear. The reported variability may be due to interactions between genetic factors and alcohol intake. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine whether variation at the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) locus modulates the association between alcohol drinking and LDL cholesterol. DESIGN We used a cross-sectional design in a healthy population-based sample of 1014 men and 1133 women from the Framingham Offspring Study. RESULTS In male nondrinkers (n = 197), LDL cholesterol was not significantly different across APOE allele groups [APOE*E2 (E2), APOE*E3 (E3), and APOE*E4 (E4)]. However, in male drinkers (n = 817), differences were observed (P: < 0.001); those with the E2 allele had the lowest concentrations. LDL cholesterol in men with the E2 allele was significantly lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers but was significantly higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers in men with the E4 allele. This APOE-alcohol interaction remained significant (P < 0.001) after age, body mass index, smoking status, and fat and energy intakes were controlled for. In women, the expected effect of APOE alleles on LDL cholesterol occurred in both drinkers (n = 791; P < 0.001) and nondrinkers (n = 342; P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression models showed a negative association (P < 0.05) between alcohol and LDL cholesterol in men with the E2 allele but a positive association in men with the E4 allele. No significant associations were observed in men or women with the E3 allele. CONCLUSION In men, the effects of alcohol intake on LDL cholesterol are modulated in part by variability at the APOE locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corella
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory and the Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Lahoz C, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Levy D, Osgood D, Parpos S, Pedro-Botet J, Daly JA, Ordovas JM. Apolipoprotein E genotype and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:529-37. [PMID: 11257253 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a constituent of lipoproteins with considerable variation due to cysteine-arginine exchanges. The apo E4 (Arg112-Cys) polymorphism has been associated with dementia and hypercholesterolemia. We investigated the relation of APOE genotype to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Framingham Offspring Study. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA was isolated from 3413 study participants and APOE genotypes were determined utilizing the polymerase chain reaction and restriction isotyping. In the entire group of subjects, 20.7% had apo E4/4 or E3/4 (Group E4); 14.1% had apo E2/2 or E2/3 (Group E2) and 63.9% had the apo E3/3 genotype (Group E3). Subjects with E2/4 (1.3%) were excluded. Period prevalence of CVD between examinations 1 and 5 (1971-1994) (366 events) was related to APOE genotype. Age adjusted period prevalence of CVD in men was 18.6% for Group E4, 18.2% for Group E2 and 12.7% for Group E3 (P=0.004); while in women these rates were 9.9, 4.9, and 6.6%, respectively (P=0.037). After adjustment for non-lipid risk factors the relative odds for CVD in Group E2 men was 1.79 (P=0.0098) and in Group E4 it was 1.63 (P=0.0086) compared with the Group E3; while in Group E4 women it was 1.56 (P=0.054). After adjustment for all CVD risk factors, the relative odds in Group E2 men was 1.94 (P=0.004) and in Group E4 men it was 1.51 (P=0.0262). CONCLUSIONS The presence of the apo E2 or apo E4 alleles in men is associated with significantly greater CVD risk. This genotypic information may help to identify individuals at increased risk for CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lahoz
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Campos H, D'Agostino M, Ordovás JM. Gene-diet interactions and plasma lipoproteins: role of apolipoprotein E and habitual saturated fat intake. Genet Epidemiol 2001; 20:117-128. [PMID: 11119301 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2272(200101)20:1<117::aid-gepi10>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To test whether plasma lipoprotein levels and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size are modulated by an interaction between habitual saturated fat intake and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, we studied 420 randomly selected free-living Costa Ricans. The APOE allele frequencies were 0.03 for APOE2, 0.91 for APOE3, and 0.06 for APOE4. The median saturated fat intake, 11% of energy, was used to divide the population into two groups, LOW-SAT (mean intake 8.6% energy) represents those below median intake, and HIGH-SAT (mean intake 13.5%) represents those above median intake. Significant interactions between APOE genotype and diet were found for VLDL (P = 0.03) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.02). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher VLDL cholesterol (+29%) and lower HDL cholesterol (-22%) in APOE2 carriers, while the opposite association was observed in APOE4 carriers (-31% for VLDL cholesterol and +10% for HDL cholesterol). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with smaller LDL particles (-2%, P < 0.05) in APOE2 carriers, and larger LDL particles (+2%, P < 0.05) in APOE4 carriers, but the gene-diet interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher LDL cholesterol in all genotypes (mean +/- SEM, LOW-SAT 2.61 +/- 0.05 vs. HIGH-SAT 2.84 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.009). These data suggest that the APOE2 allele could modulate the effect of habitual saturated fat on VLDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in a population with an average habitual total fat intake of less than 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Corella D, Guillén M, Portolés O, Sabater A, Cortina S, Folch J, Sáiz C. [Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and risk of hypercholesterolemia: a case control study in a working population of Valencia]. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 115:170-5. [PMID: 10996872 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is polymorphic with three common alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4) whose allelic frequency and association with lipid levels varies from population to population. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between these genetic variants and the risk of hypercholesterolemia in a Mediterranean Spanish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study in a working population from Valencia was carried out. A total of 330 cases (148 men and 182 women) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl or with lipid lowering treatment) and age range 20 to 60 years, were identified. 330 normocholesterolemic controls matched by age and sex were selected. From all of them data of apoE genotype, body mass index, lipid and lipoprotein levels, socioeconomic and life-style variables were obtained. RESULTS The epsilon 2 allele frequency was statistically lower in cases (0.033) than in controls (0.086). The epsilon 4 allele frequency was higher in cases (0.115) than in controls (0.039). In the crude logistic regression analysis, the apoE polymorphism was related (p < 0.001) to the risk of hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment by age, body mass index, educational level, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity the epsilon 2 allele was associated with a lower risk of hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20-0.64), and the epsilon 4 allele was associated with a higher risk (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.82-5.06). CONCLUSIONS The apoE genotype was significantly related to the risk of moderate hypercholesterolemia in the Mediterranean Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corella
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de València.
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Loktionov A, Vorster H, O'Neill IK, Nell T, Bingham SA, Runswick SA, Cummings JH. Apolipoprotein E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms in relation to other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in UK Caucasians and Black South Africans. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145:125-35. [PMID: 10428303 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms for apolipoprotein E (apo E) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) are believed to modulate risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) acting through regulation of lipid and homocysteine metabolism, respectively. The distributions of apo E and MTHFR alleles in Black South Africans, a population with a low CHD incidence, and UK Caucasians from the Cambridge area, with a higher CHD incidence, were therefore compared. Clinically healthy volunteers (207), including 107 UK Caucasians from the Cambridge area and 100 Black South Africans, participated in the study. Apo E and MTHFR genotypes were determined in all of them. Analyses for serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma fibrinogen were carried out in 65 UK Caucasians and 60 Black South Africans. The apo E epsilon4 allele, which is associated with elevated CHD risk, was present in 48% of Black South Africans compared to 20.8% of Caucasians (P < 0.0001); however, both total and LDL cholesterol levels in Black South Africans were 18-32% lower than in Caucasians with similar apo E genotypes. Hyperhomocysteinemia-causing MTHFR 677T variant was detected in only 20% of Black South Africans (no homozygotes) versus 56% of Caucasians with 12% homozygotes (P<0.0001). Our findings suggest that the potentially unfavourable pattern of apo E allele distribution in Black South Africans does not result in increased CHD incidence due to protection by dietary and/or other life style related factors. The exceptionally low frequency of MTHFR mutant homozygotes in this population suggests that this polymorphism should not be regarded as an important CHD risk factor among Black South Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loktionov
- Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Piras M, Cherchi R, Satta W, Masuri M, Sini S, Pes M, Errigo A, Carru A, Carru C, Deiana L, Capula M, Rosati G. Alzheimer disease in sardinian population: A neuropsychological and genetic study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(98)80059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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