1
|
Haider A, Iqbal SZ, Bhatti IA, Alim MB, Waseem M, Iqbal M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Food authentication, current issues, analytical techniques, and future challenges: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13360. [PMID: 38741454 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Food authentication and contamination are significant concerns, especially for consumers with unique nutritional, cultural, lifestyle, and religious needs. Food authenticity involves identifying food contamination for many purposes, such as adherence to religious beliefs, safeguarding health, and consuming sanitary and organic food products. This review article examines the issues related to food authentication and food fraud in recent periods. Furthermore, the development and innovations in analytical techniques employed to authenticate various food products are comprehensively focused. Food products derived from animals are susceptible to deceptive practices, which can undermine customer confidence and pose potential health hazards due to the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to employ suitable and robust analytical techniques for complex and high-risk animal-derived goods, in which molecular biomarker-based (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) techniques are covered. Various analytical methods have been employed to ascertain the geographical provenance of food items that exhibit rapid response times, low cost, nondestructiveness, and condensability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haider
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Waseem
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Genetic diseases cause numerous complex and intractable pathologies. DNA sequences encoding each human's complexity and many disease risks are contained in the mitochondrial genome, nuclear genome, and microbial metagenome. Diagnosis of these diseases has unified around applications of next-generation DNA sequencing. However, translating specific genetic diagnoses into targeted genetic therapies remains a central goal. To date, genetic therapies have fallen into three broad categories: bulk replacement of affected genetic compartments with a new exogenous genome, nontargeted addition of exogenous genetic material to compensate for genetic errors, and most recently, direct correction of causative genetic alterations using gene editing. Generalized methods of diagnosis, therapy, and reagent delivery into each genetic compartment will accelerate the next generations of curative genetic therapies. We discuss the structure and variability of the mitochondrial, nuclear, and microbial metagenomic compartments, as well as the historical development and current practice of genetic diagnostics and gene therapies targeting each compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Roth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California 94129, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Direct detection of small molecules using a nano-molecular imprinted polymer receptor and a quartz crystal resonator driven at a fixed frequency and amplitude. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 158:112176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
To CZ, Bhunia AK. Three Dimensional Vero Cell-Platform for Rapid and Sensitive Screening of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:949. [PMID: 31134009 PMCID: PMC6514307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a serious public health concern. Current Vero cell assay, although sensitive, is lengthy and requires 48-72 h to assess STEC presence in a sample. In this study, we investigated if Vero cells in a three-dimensional (3D) platform would provide improved sensitivity for rapid screening of STEC. Vero cells (epithelial kidney cell line) were grown as a monolayer (2D) or in a collagen-matrix (3D) and exposed to Shiga-toxin (Stx) preparation or STEC cells that were pre-exposed to antibiotics (mitomycin C, ciprofloxacin, or polymyxin B) for toxin induction. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Vero cells was used as a biomarker for cytotoxicity. Modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB) as enrichment broth containing mitomycin C (2 μg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (100 ng/ml) significantly induced Stx production, which was further confirmed by the dot-immunoblot assay. The 3D Vero platform detected STEC after 6 h post-infection with cytotoxicity values ranging from 33 to 79%, which is considerably faster than the traditional 2D platform, when tested with STEC. The cytotoxicity for non-Stx producing bacteria, Salmonella, Listeria, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Hafnia was found to be below the cytotoxicity cutoff value of 15%. The detection limit for the 3D Vero cell assay was estimated to be 107 CFU/ml for bacteria and about 32 ng/ml for Stx in 6 h. STEC-inoculated ground beef samples (n = 27) resulted in 38-46% cytotoxicity, and the bacterial isolates (n = 42) from ground beef samples were further confirmed to be stx1 and stx2 positive in a multiplex PCR yielding a very low false-positive result. This 3D cell-based screening assay relies on mammalian cell pathogen interaction that can complement other molecular techniques for the detection of cell-free Stx or STEC cells from food samples for early detection and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Z. To
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh J, Vishwakarma K, Ramawat N, Rai P, Singh VK, Mishra RK, Kumar V, Tripathi DK, Sharma S. Nanomaterials and microbes' interactions: a contemporary overview. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:68. [PMID: 30729092 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of nanomaterials in the field of science and technology includes different fields in food industry, medicine, agriculture and cosmetics. Nanoparticle-based sensors have wide range of applications in food industry for identification and detection of chemical contaminants, pathogenic bacteria, toxins and fungal toxins from food materials with high specificity and sensitivity. Nanoparticle-microbe interactions play a significant role in disease treatment in the form of antimicrobial agents. The inhibitory mechanism of nanoparticles against different bacteria and fungi includes release of metal ions that interacts with cellular components through various pathways including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pore formation in cell membranes, cell wall damage, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest and ultimately inhibits the growth of cells. Nanoparticle-based therapies are growing to study the therapeutic treatments of plant diseases and to prevent the growth of phytopathogens leading to the growing utilization of engineered nanomaterials. Hence, with this background, the present review focuses thoroughly on detailed actions and responses of nanomaterials against different bacteria and fungi as well as food sensing and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Kanchan Vishwakarma
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Naleeni Ramawat
- 2Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, I 2 Block, 5th Floor, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida, 201313 India
| | - Padmaja Rai
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- 3Department of Physics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu And Kashmir 182320 India
| | - Rohit Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Vivekanand University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- 5Himalayan Institute of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- 2Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, I 2 Block, 5th Floor, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida, 201313 India
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alizadeh N, Memar MY, Mehramuz B, Abibiglou SS, Hemmati F, Samadi Kafil H. Current advances in aptamer-assisted technologies for detecting bacterial and fungal toxins. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:644-651. [PMID: 29171901 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the common leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Associated with the emergence of new infectious diseases, the increasing number of antimicrobial-resistant isolates presents a serious threat to public health and hospitalized patients. A microbial pathogen may elicit several host responses and use a variety of mechanisms to evade host defences. These methods and mechanisms include capsule, lipopolysaccharides or cell wall components, adhesions and toxins. Toxins inhibit phagocytosis, cause septic shock and host cell damages by binding to host surface receptors and invasion. Bacterial and fungal pathogens are able to apply many different toxin-dependent mechanisms to disturb signalling pathways and the structural integrity of host cells for establishing and maintaining infections Initial techniques for analysis of bacterial toxins were based on in vivo or in vitro assessments. There is a permanent demand for appropriate detection methods which are affordable, practical, careful, rapid, sensitive, efficient and economical. Aptamers are DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that are selected by systematic evolution of ligands using exponential enrichment (SELEX) methods and can be applied in diagnostic applications. This review provides an overview of aptamer-based methods as a novel approach for detecting toxins in bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Alizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Y Memar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - B Mehramuz
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S S Abibiglou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - F Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Han JH, Kim HJ, Sudheendra L, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM. Photonic crystal lab-on-a-chip for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin B at low attomolar concentration. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3104-9. [PMID: 23418954 DOI: 10.1021/ac303016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale wells have been fabricated in a chip to construct a photonic crystal that is used for enhanced immunoassays of a common food-borne toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The nanostructure of the photonic crystal (PC) in the array enhanced the fluorescent signal due to a guided mode resonance. Nanoparticles were used as the solid substrate for attachment of capture antibodies; the particles were then isolated in individual wells of the chip by using an electrophoretic particle entrapment system (EPES). The standard curve generated from the chip consisted of two log-linear regions: the first region with a greater sensitivity, limited by the Kd of the antibody, resembling the 96-well plate ELISA and the other that shows greater than six orders of linearity extending to attomolar concentrations, which is unique to the device we have developed. SEB dissolved in phosphate buffered saline was resolved to levels as low as 35 aM with 10(6)-fold better limit of detection than a conventional 96-well-ELISA. Different concentrations of SEB spiked into milk were tested to assess the reliability of the device and the efficacy of the extended log-linear regime in a "real" food matrix. The presence of the milk did not significantly alter the limit of detection. With very low amounts of sample (less than 10 μL) and fast read-out time, the PC-based system shows great promise for the detection of a wide range of target molecules with close to a single molecule level of sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agrawal R, Singh PK, Sharma SK, Kamboj DV, Goel AK, Singh L. Highly Expressed Recombinant SEB for Antibody Production and Development of Immunodetection System. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:191-6. [PMID: 23729881 PMCID: PMC3386450 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the second most common causal agents of food poisoning throughout the world. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the most potent and a listed biological warfare agent. Therefore, its quick, accurate and sensitive detection is of paramount importance. But availability of sensitive and specific antibodies against SEB is the major bottleneck in the development of an immunodetection system. Therefore, in the present study seb gene was cloned and expressed in a heterologous host resulting in a yield of 92 mg pure toxin per litre of culture broth after Ni-NTA affinity purification. Antibodies raised against the recombinant toxin did not cross react with related enterotoxins and organisms that can gain access in the food. Further, a sandwich ELISA was developed to detect SEB after extraction from artificially spiked food samples like milk, orange juice, skim milk and khoya. The sandwich ELISA was able to detect SEB in the range of 0.25 to 0.49 ng/ml or g of food. The detection system developed in the present study is at least as specific and sensitive as other commercially available kits which use monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Agrawal
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India
| | | | - D. V. Kamboj
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Ajay Kumar Goel
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Okoh AI, Osode AN. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC): a recurring decimal in infants' and travelers' diarrhea. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2008; 23:135-148. [PMID: 18763541 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2008.23.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in infants and in travelers from developed to underdeveloped countries, especially in regions of poor sanitation. The ETEC are acquired by the ingestion of contaminated food and water, and adults living in endemic areas develop immunity. The disease condition manifests as a minor discomfort to a severe cholera-like syndrome and requires colonization by the microorganism and the elaboration of one or more enterotoxins. The ETEC attach to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and release substances that affect the normal functioning of the tract, thereby resulting in diarrhea, and subsequently millions of deaths everyday, particularly in children. The prevention of the spread of this strain of diarrheagenic E. coli depends on ensuring appropriate sanitary measures; hand-washing and proper preparation of food; chlorination of water supplies; and appropriate sewage treatment and disposal. Parenteral or oral fluid and electrolyte replacement is used to prevent dehydration, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in chronic or life-threatening cases, but in most cases, should be avoided because of severe side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahn S, Durst RA. Detection of cholera toxin in seafood using a ganglioside-liposome immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 391:473-8. [PMID: 17899040 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of foods continues to be a major concern in public health. Biological toxins are one class of important contaminants that can cause various human diseases. Outbreaks related to contamination by biological toxins or toxin-producing microorganisms have made it extremely important to develop rapid (approximately 20 min), sensitive and cost-effective analytical methods. This paper describes the development of a sensitive bioassay for the detection of cholera toxin (CT) in selected seafood samples, using ganglioside-incorporated liposomes. In this study, the assays were run with food samples spiked with various concentrations of CT. The limit of detection (LOD) increased by a factor of about 10-20 in most food samples, compared with the LOD in the buffer system previously reported. However, the LOD of toxins in food samples (8 × 10-3 × 10(3) fg/mL for CT) was still comparable to, or lower than, that previously reported for other assays. The results from this study demonstrate that the bioassays using ganglioside-liposomes can detect the toxin directly in the field screening of food samples rapidly, simply and reliably, without the need for complex instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soohyoun Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haes AJ, Terray A, Collins GE. Bead-Assisted Displacement Immunoassay for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B on a Microchip. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8412-20. [PMID: 17165834 DOI: 10.1021/ac061057s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microchip-based, displacement immunoassay for the sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B is presented. The glass microchip device consists of a microchannel that contains a double weir structure for supporting antibody-functionalized microbeads. After a 30-min sample preparation step, the displacement assay was performed without user intervention and produced quantitative results in an additional 20 min. Linear detection responses were observed over 6 orders of magnitude and provided detection limits down to 1 fM (28.5 fg/mL). The surprisingly low detection limits are hypothesized to arise from field-based enrichment analogous to field-amplified stacking, chromatographic effects, and limited diffusion lengths in the microbead bed. The assay was challenged with bovine serum albumin, casein, and milk sample matrixes. This system has the potential to provide highly sensitive detection capabilities for target biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Haes
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Code 6112, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
El-Ghodban A, Ghenghesh KS, Márialigeti K, Esahli H, Tawil A. PCR detection of toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus from Tripoli, Libya. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:179-182. [PMID: 16434710 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus strains (40 from clinical sources and 23 from food sources) were examined for toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) using PCR, phage typed using the international phage set (IPS) and tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics. Only three strains (all from clinical sources) were positive for the TSST-1 gene (tst). The majority of S. aureus strains that were typeable by IPS belonged to group II. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was detected in 47.5 and 73.9 % of clinical and food strains, respectively. This is the first time that PCR detection of tst in S. aureus has been reported from Libya, and further studies are needed on the occurrence of toxic shock syndrome in the community and the role of TSST-1-producing S. aureus in this disease in Libya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmula El-Ghodban
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Etövös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Károly Márialigeti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Etövös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garcı́a-Cañas V, González R, Cifuentes A. The combined use of molecular techniques and capillary electrophoresis in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Alfonta L, Willner I, Throckmorton DJ, Singh AK. Electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance detection of the cholera toxin employing horseradish peroxidase and GM1-functionalized liposomes. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5287-95. [PMID: 11721931 DOI: 10.1021/ac010542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive method for the detection of the cholera toxin (CT) using electrochemical or microgravimetric quartz crystal microbalance transduction means is described. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and GM1-functionalized liposomes act as catalytic recognition labels for the amplified detection of the cholera toxin based on highly specific recognition of CT by the ganglioside GM1. The sensing interface consists of monoclonal antibody against the B subunit of CT that is linked to protein G, assembled as a monolayer on an Au electrode or an Au/ quartz crystal. The CT is detected by a "sandwich-type" assay on the electronic transducers, where the toxin is first bound to the anti-CT-Ab and then to the HRP-GM1-ganglioside-functionalized liposome. The enzyme-labeled liposome mediates the oxidation of 4-chloronaphthol (2) in the presence of H2O2 to form the insoluble product 3 on the electrode support or the Au/quartz crystal. The biocatalytic precipitation of 3 provides the amplification route for the detection of the CT. Formation of the insulating film of 3 on the electrode increases the interfacial electron-transfer resistance, Ret, or enhances the electrode resistance, R', parameters that are quantitatively derived by Faradaic impedance measurements and chronopotentiometric analyses, respectively. Similarly, the precipitate 3 formed on the Au/quartz crystal results in a mass increase on the transducer that is reflected by a decrease in the resonance frequency of the crystal. The methods allow the detection of the CT with an unprecedented sensitivity that corresponds to 1.0 x 10(-13) M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Alfonta
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krafft AE, Kulesh DA. Applying Molecular Biological Techniques to Detecting Biological Agents. Clin Lab Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
18
|
Atanassova V, Meindl A, Ring C. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw pork and uncooked smoked ham--a comparison of classical culturing detection and RFLP-PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 68:105-13. [PMID: 11545209 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In many countries Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be the second or third most common pathogen causing outbreaks of food poisoning, only outnumbered by Salmonella spp. and in competition with Clostridium perfringens. Often the consumption of ham or meat containing staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) is identified as cause of the illness. Thus, to gain an insight into the prevalence of S. aureus and its emetic enterotoxins in raw pork and uncooked smoked ham and to investigate how the prevalence of the pathogen is influenced during the fabrication process, a total of 135 samples of raw pork, salted meat and ready-for-sale uncooked smoked ham were examined for the prevalence of S. aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins A to D (SEA-SED). To this means classical cultural methods were employed as well as molecular biological techniques (PCR) and the results were compared. In 25.9% of all samples S. aureus was detected by culture whereas 51.1% of the samples showed a positive result when PCR was used for the detection of the pathogen. Fresh meat was contaminated most often. By PCR, 62.2% were identified as being S. aureus positive compared to 57.7% positive samples using the cultural technique. The detection rate during the fabrication process declined significantly. The pathogen was cultivated from 8.9% of the salted meat samples. Here, 55.6% of the samples reacted positively in the PCR, and finally, in approximately a third of the ready-for-sale smoked hams, S. aureus genes were found. From 11.1% of these samples, the pathogen could be isolated by culture. From these results, we conclude that the PCR used in this study is more sensitive than the classical cultural method. By PCR, one or more staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were found in 24 of the 135 examined samples. This means that 34.8% of the staphylococcal strains identified using the PCR technique were enterotoxigenic. Using the SET-RPLA, a percentage of 28.6% enterotoxigenic isolates was ascertained. No staphylococcal enterotoxin formation was detected by the SET-RPLA in ready-for-sale ham, although SE-genes were found by PCR. The detection of SE-genes by PCR is faster and easier to perform than the SET-RPLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Atanassova
- Department of Food Hygiene and Microbiology, Centre for Food Science, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng T, Cheng Q, Stevens RC. Amperometric detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by redox diacetylenic vesicles on a sol-gel thin-film electrode. Anal Chem 2000; 72:1611-7. [PMID: 10763260 DOI: 10.1021/ac990406y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies (bilayer vesicles) prepared from ferrocenic diacetylene lipid and the cell surface receptor ganglioside GM1 are utilized to construct an amperometric biosensor for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on a sol-gel thin-film electrode. The bilayer vesicles adsorbed on the sol-gel film provide an open platform for molecular recognition, while the electrochemical communication between the incorporated redox lipids and the electrode is influenced by the binding of the toxin. Cyclic voltammetric studies suggest a facile redox reaction for the adsorbed supramolecular assembly, which allows the sensor to detect enterotoxin up to 3 ppm (3.6 x 10(-8) M) concentration. The apparent diffusion coefficients for the redox lipids in the assembly were observed to be in the range of 4.73 x 10(-8) -2.30 x 10(-8) cm/s2. A mechanism of lateral electron transport of redox lipids controlled by biomolecular recognition is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|