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Pregowska A, Roszkiewicz A, Osial M, Giersig M. How scanning probe microscopy can be supported by artificial intelligence and quantum computing? Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38864463 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding, revolutionizing both science and society. It is applied to practically all areas of life, science, and technology, including materials science, which continuously requires novel tools for effective materials characterization. One of the widely used techniques is scanning probe microscopy (SPM). SPM has fundamentally changed materials engineering, biology, and chemistry by providing tools for atomic-precision surface mapping. Despite its many advantages, it also has some drawbacks, such as long scanning times or the possibility of damaging soft-surface materials. In this paper, we focus on the potential for supporting SPM-based measurements, with an emphasis on the application of AI-based algorithms, especially Machine Learning-based algorithms, as well as quantum computing (QC). It has been found that AI can be helpful in automating experimental processes in routine operations, algorithmically searching for optimal sample regions, and elucidating structure-property relationships. Thus, it contributes to increasing the efficiency and accuracy of optical nanoscopy scanning probes. Moreover, the combination of AI-based algorithms and QC may have enormous potential to enhance the practical application of SPM. The limitations of the AI-QC-based approach were also discussed. Finally, we outline a research path for improving AI-QC-powered SPM. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Artificial intelligence and quantum computing as support for scanning probe microscopy. The analysis indicates a research gap in the field of scanning probe microscopy. The research aims to shed light into ai-qc-powered scanning probe microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pregowska
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Roszkiewicz
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Giersig
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Nishida J, Otomo A, Koitaya T, Shiotari A, Minato T, Iino R, Kumagai T. Sub-Tip-Radius Near-Field Interactions in Nano-FTIR Vibrational Spectroscopy on Single Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:836-843. [PMID: 38193723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy has advanced to routinely attain nanoscale spatial resolution, with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy even achieving atomic-scale and submolecular sensitivity. Tip-enhanced infrared spectroscopy techniques, such as nano-FTIR and AFM-IR spectroscopy, have also enabled the nanoscale chemical analysis of molecular monolayers, inorganic nanoparticles, and protein complexes. However, fundamental limits of infrared nanospectroscopy in terms of spatial resolution and sensitivity have remained elusive, calling for a quantitative understanding of the near-field interactions in infrared nanocavities. Here, we demonstrate the application of nano-FTIR spectroscopy to probe the amide-I vibration of a single protein consisting of ∼500 amino acid residues. Detection with higher tip tapping demodulation harmonics up to the seventh order leads to pronounced enhancement in the peak amplitude of the vibrational resonance, originating from sub-tip-radius geometrical effects beyond dipole approximations. This quantitative characterization of single-nanometer near-field interactions opens the path toward employing infrared vibrational spectroscopy at the subnanoscale and single-molecule levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishida
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Otomo
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Taketoshi Minato
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryota Iino
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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3
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Ge S, Zhang D, Peng Z, Meng J. Rough surface effect in terahertz near-field microscopy: 3D simulation analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6333-6342. [PMID: 37706823 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (THz-s-SNOM) has emerged as a powerful technique for high-resolution imaging. However, most previous studies have focused on simplified smooth surface models, overlooking the realistic surface roughness induced by contamination during sample preparation. In this work, we present a novel 3D model, to the best of our knowledge, that combines the point dipole model with the finite element method to investigate the influence of sample morphology on scattered signals. We explore surfaces with a protrusion, a depression, and random roughness, characterizing the variations in scattered signals and highlighting the role of higher-order scattering in mitigating surface roughness effects. Our findings provide valuable insights into the impact of sample morphology on THz-s-SNOM imaging.
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4
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Chen X, Xu S, Shabani S, Zhao Y, Fu M, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Pasupathy AN, Liu M, Basov DN. Machine Learning for Optical Scanning Probe Nanoscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2109171. [PMID: 36333118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform nanometer-scale optical imaging and spectroscopy is key to deciphering the low-energy effects in quantum materials, as well as vibrational fingerprints in planetary and extraterrestrial particles, catalytic substances, and aqueous biological samples. These tasks can be accomplished by the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) technique that has recently spread to many research fields and enabled notable discoveries. Herein, it is shown that the s-SNOM, together with scanning probe research in general, can benefit in many ways from artificial-intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Augmented with AI- and ML-enhanced data acquisition and analysis, scanning probe optical nanoscopy is poised to become more efficient, accurate, and intelligent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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5
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Pizzuto A, Ma P, Mittleman DM. Near-field terahertz nonlinear optics with blue light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:96. [PMID: 37072386 PMCID: PMC10113216 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of terahertz optical techniques to scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (s-SNOM) has recently emerged as a valuable new paradigm for probing the properties of semiconductors and other materials on the nanoscale. Researchers have demonstrated a family of related techniques, including terahertz nanoscopy (elastic scattering, based on linear optics), time-resolved methods, and nanoscale terahertz emission spectroscopy. However, as with nearly all examples of s-SNOM since the technique's inception in the mid-1990s, the wavelength of the optical source coupled to the near-field tip is long, usually at energies of 2.5 eV or less. Challenges in coupling of shorter wavelengths (i.e., blue light) to the nanotip has greatly inhibited the study of nanoscale phenomena in wide bandgap materials such as Si and GaN. Here, we describe the first experimental demonstration of s-SNOM using blue light. With femtosecond pulses at 410 nm, we generate terahertz pulses directly from bulk silicon, spatially resolved with nanoscale resolution, and show that these signals provide spectroscopic information that cannot be obtained using near-infrared excitation. We develop a new theoretical framework to account for this nonlinear interaction, which enables accurate extraction of material parameters. This work establishes a new realm of possibilities for the study of technologically relevant wide-bandgap materials using s-SNOM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzuto
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Pingchuan Ma
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Conrad G, Casper CB, Ritchie ET, Atkin JM. Quantitative modeling of near-field interactions incorporating polaritonic and electrostatic effects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11619-11632. [PMID: 35473102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) continues to grow in prominence, there has been great interest in modeling the near-field light-matter interaction to better predict experimental results. Both analytical and numerical models have been developed to describe the near-field response, but thus far models have not incorporated the full range of phenomena accessible. Here, we present a finite element model (FEM), capable of incorporating the complex physical and spatial phenomena that s-SNOM has proved able to probe. First, we use electromagnetic FEM to simulate the multipolar response of the tip and illustrate the impact of strong coupling on signal demodulation. We then leverage the multiphysics advantage of FEM to study the electrostatic effect of metallic tips on semiconductors, finding that THz s-SNOM studies are most impacted by this tip-induced band-bending. Our model is computationally inexpensive and can be tailored to specific nanostructured systems and geometries of interest.
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7
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Semenenko V, Liu M, Perebeinos V. Simulation of scanning near-field optical microscopy spectra of 1D plasmonic graphene junctions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9000-9007. [PMID: 35299339 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present numerical simulations of scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) of 1D plasmonic graphene junctions. A comprehensive analysis of simulated s-SNOM spectra is performed for three types of junctions. We find conditions when the conventional interpretation of the plasmon reflection coefficients from s-SNOM measurements does not apply. Our approach can be used for other conducting 2D materials to provide a comprehensive understanding of the s-SNOM techniques for probing the local transport properties of 2D materials.
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8
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Deng A, Hu C, Shen P, Chen J, Luo X, Lyu B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Wang R, Liang Q, Ma J, Shi Z. Non-Local Electrostatic Gating Effect in Graphene Revealed by Infrared Nano-Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105687. [PMID: 34837309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic gating lies in the heart of field effect transistor (FET) devices and modern integrated circuits. To achieve efficient gate tunability, the gate electrode has to be placed very close to the conduction channel, typically a few nanometers. Remote control of a FET device through a gate electrode located far away is highly desirable, because it not only reduces the complexity of device fabrication, but also enables the design of novel devices with new functionalities. Here, a non-local electrostatic gating effect in graphene devices using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)-a technique that can probe local charge density in graphene-is reported. Remarkably, the charge density of the graphene region tens of micrometers away from a local gate can be efficiently tuned. The observed non-local gating effect is initially driven by an in-plane electric field induced by the quantum capacitance of graphene, and further largely enhanced by adsorbed polarized water molecules. This study reveals a non-local phenomenon of Dirac electrons, provides a deep understanding of in-plane screening from Dirac electrons, and paves the way for designing novel electronic devices with remote gate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peiyue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xingdong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bosai Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
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9
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Nayak S, Zheng F, Eisfeld A. Near-field scanning optical microscopy of molecular aggregates: The role of light polarization. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134701. [PMID: 34624996 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider theoretically near-field absorption spectra of molecular aggregates stemming from a scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy type setup. Our focus is on the dependence on the direction and polarization of the incoming electromagnetic radiation, which induces a Hertz dipole with a specific orientation at the tip-apex. Within a simple description, which is based on the eigenstates of the aggregate, absorption spectra are calculated for the near field created by this dipole. We find that the spatial patterns of the spectra have a strong dependence on the orientation of this tip-dipole, which can be understood by considering three basic functions that only depend on the arrangement of the aggregate and the molecule tip distance, but not on the orientation of the tip-dipole. This allows direct access to spatial dependence of the aggregate eigenstates. For the important cases of one- and two-dimensional systems with parallel molecules, we discuss these spectra in detail. The simple numerically efficient approach is validated by a more detailed description where the incoming radiation and the interaction between the tip and molecules are explicitly taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Nayak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Eisfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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Hu C, Deng A, Shen P, Luo X, Zhou X, Wu T, Huang X, Dong Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Xie G, Li X, Liang Q, Shi Z. Direct imaging of interlayer-coupled symmetric and antisymmetric plasmon modes in graphene/hBN/graphene heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14628-14635. [PMID: 34533156 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03210k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Much of the richness and variety of physics today are based on coupling phenomena where multiple interacting systems hybridize into new ones with completely distinct attributes. Recent development in building van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures from different 2D materials provides exciting possibilities in realizing novel coupling phenomena in a designable manner. Here, with a graphene/hBN/graphene heterostructure, we report near-field infrared nano-imaging of plasmon-plasmon coupling in two vertically separated graphene layers. Emergent symmetric and anti-symmetric coupling modes are directly observed simultaneously. Coupling and decoupling processes are systematically investigated with experiment, simulation and theory. The reported interlayer plasmon-plasmon coupling could serve as an extra degree of freedom to control light propagation at the deep sub-wavelength scale with low loss and provide exciting opportunities for optical chip integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Aolin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peiyue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xingdong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tongyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yulong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Guibai Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Science, China Academy of Space Technology (Xi'an), Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Science, China Academy of Space Technology (Xi'an), Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
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11
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Dai G, Wang J, Zhang X, Chang T, Cui HL. Low terahertz-band scanning near-field microscope with 155-nm resolution. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 226:113295. [PMID: 34000640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on the design and implementation of a scattering-type scanning near-field microscope working in the low terahertz-band under ambient conditions for nanoscopic investigations of physical properties and characteristics at sample surfaces and interfaces in the microwave and millimeter wave bands. Employing a nano-tip that oscillates vertically at a frequency Ω as the antenna, and a subharmonic mixer as the receiver, and corresponding demodulation algorithms, the back-scattered light carrying tip-sample interaction information is effectively extracted, while excluding almost all of the background noises. The amplitude and phase images constructed from signals demodulated at various harmonics (nΩ, n = 1 - 4) are obtained while scanning an Au-Si step structure with the newly developed microscope, and a resolution of 155 nm (~λ/20,000) has been demonstrated at the fourth harmonic frequency (4Ω) working at 110 GHz, with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equal to 44.4 dB on the Au surface and 36.2 dB on the Si surface, demonstrating the power of this new instrument for micro/nano-resolution studies in the millimeter wave band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Dai
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Tianying Chang
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Cui
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
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12
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Wiecha MM, Kapoor R, Chernyadiev AV, Ikamas K, Lisauskas A, Roskos HG. Antenna-coupled field-effect transistors as detectors for terahertz near-field microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1717-1724. [PMID: 36132567 PMCID: PMC9417835 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the successful implementation of antenna-coupled terahertz field-effect transistors (TeraFETs) as homodyne detectors in a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) operating with radiation at 246.5 GHz. The devices were fabricated in Si CMOS foundry technology with two different technologies, a 90 nm process, which provides a better device performance, and a less expensive 180 nm one. The high sensitivity enables s-SNOM demodulation at up to the 10th harmonic of the cantilever's oscillation frequency. While we demonstrate application of TeraFETs at a fixed radiation frequency, this type of detector device is able to cover the entire THz frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Wiecha
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rohit Kapoor
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Kęstutis Ikamas
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
- The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania 10322 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Lisauskas
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS 01-142 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Hartmut G Roskos
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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13
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Di Donato A, Fabi G, Mencarelli D, Pierantoni L, Morini A, Farina M. Heterodyne phase shifting method in scanning probe microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:378-386. [PMID: 33690467 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.415042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes a novel implementation of the continuous phase shifting method (PSM), named heterodyne holography, in a scanning probe microscope configuration, able to retrieve the complex scattered field in on-axis configuration. This can be achieved by acquiring a continuous sequence of holograms at different wavelengths in just a single scan through the combination of scanning interference microscopy and a low-coherent signal acquired in the frequency domain. This method exploits the main advantages of the phase shifting technique and avoids some limits relative to off-axis holography in providing quantitative phase imaging.
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Aminpour H, Eng LM, Kehr SC. Spatially confined vector fields at material-induced resonances in near-field-coupled systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32316-32330. [PMID: 33114920 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Local electric fields play the key role in near-field optical examinations and are especially appealing when exploring heterogeneous or even anisotropic nano-systems. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is the most commonly used method applied to explore and quantify such confined electric fields at the nanometer length scale: while most works so far did focus on analyzing the z-component oriented perpendicular to the sample surface under p-polarized tip/sample illumination only, recent experimental efforts in s-SNOM report that material resonant excitation might equally allow to probe in-plane electric field components. We thus explore this local vector-field behavior for a simple particle-tip/substrate system by comparing our parametric simulations based on finite element modelling at mid-IR wavelengths, to the standard analytical tip-dipole model. Notably, we analyze all the 4 different combinations for resonant and non-resonant tip and/or sample excitation. Besides the 3-dimensional field confinement under the particle tip present for all scenarios, it is particularly the resonant sample excitations that enable extremely strong field enhancements associated with vector fields pointing along all cartesian coordinates, even without breaking the tip/sample symmetry! In fact, in-plane (s-) resonant sample excitation exceeds the commonly-used p-polarized illumination on non-resonant samples by more than 6 orders of magnitude. Moreover, a variety of different spatial field distributions is found both at and within the sample surface, ranging from electric fields that are oriented strictly perpendicular to the sample surface, to fields that spatially rotate into different directions. Our approach shows that accessing the full vector fields in order to quantify all tensorial properties in nanoscale and modern-type materials lies well within the possibilities and scope of today's s-SNOM technique.
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15
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Pfitzner E, Heberle J. Infrared Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Biomembranes in Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8183-8188. [PMID: 32897725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy detects the state and chemical composition of biomolecules solely by their inherent vibrational fingerprints. Major disadvantages like the lack of spatial resolution and sensitivity have lately been overcome by the use of pointed probes as local sensors enabling the detection of quantities as few as hundreds of proteins with nanometer precision. However, the strong absorption of infrared radiation by liquid water still prevents simple access to the measured quantity: the light scattered at the probing atomic force microscope tip. Here we report on the local IR response of biological membranes immersed in aqueous bulk solution. We make use of a silicon solid immersion lens as the substrate and focusing optics to achieve detection efficiencies sufficient to yield IR near-field maps of purple membranes. Finally, we suggest a means to improve the imaging quality by tracing the tip by a laser-scanning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Pfitzner
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Chen X, Hu D, Mescall R, You G, Basov DN, Dai Q, Liu M. Modern Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Advanced Material Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804774. [PMID: 30932221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and optical spectroscopy represents one of the most informative methods in advanced materials research. As an important branch of modern optical techniques that has blossomed in the past decade, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises deterministic characterization of optical properties over a broad spectral range at the nanoscale. It allows ultrabroadband optical (0.5-3000 µm) nanoimaging, and nanospectroscopy with fine spatial (<10 nm), spectral (<1 cm-1 ), and temporal (<10 fs) resolution. The history of s-SNOM is briefly introduced and recent advances which broaden the horizons of this technique in novel material research are summarized. In particular, this includes the pioneering efforts to study the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of plasmonic metamaterials, strongly correlated quantum materials, and polaritonic systems at room or cryogenic temperatures. Technical details, theoretical modeling, and new experimental methods are also discussed extensively, aiming to identify clear technology trends and unsolved challenges in this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ryan Mescall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Yao Z, Semenenko V, Zhang J, Mills S, Zhao X, Chen X, Hu H, Mescall R, Ciavatti T, March S, Bank SR, Tao TH, Zhang X, Perebeinos V, Dai Q, Du X, Liu M. Photo-induced terahertz near-field dynamics of graphene/InAs heterostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:13611-13623. [PMID: 31163822 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.013611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we report optical pump terahertz (THz) near-field probe (n-OPTP) and optical pump THz near-field emission (n-OPTE) experiments of graphene/InAs heterostructures. Near-field imaging contrasts between graphene and InAs using these newly developed techniques as well as spectrally integrated THz nano-imaging (THz s-SNOM) are systematically studied. We demonstrate that in the near-field regime (λ/6000), a single layer of graphene is transparent to near-IR (800 nm) optical excitation and completely "screens" the photo-induced far-infrared (THz) dynamics in its substrate (InAs). Our work reveals unique frequency-selective ultrafast dynamics probed at the near field. It also provides strong evidence that n-OPTE nanoscopy yields contrast that distinguishes single-layer graphene from its substrate.
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Jarzembski A, Shaskey C, Murdick RA, Park K. Temperature sensitivity of scattering-type near-field nanoscopic imaging in the visible range. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:1978-1983. [PMID: 30874064 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its superb imaging spatial resolution and spectroscopic viability, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has proven to be widely applicable for nanoscale surface imaging and characterization. However, limited works have investigated the sensitivity of the s-SNOM signal to sample temperature. This paper reports the sample temperature effect on the non-interferometric (self-homodyne) s-SNOM scheme at a visible wavelength (λ=638 nm). Our s-SNOM measurements for an arrayed vanadium/quartz sample demonstrate a monotonic decrease in signal intensity as sample temperature increases. As a result, s-SNOM imaging cannot distinguish quartz or vanadium when the sample is heated to ∼309 K: all signals are close to the root-mean-square noise of the detection scheme used for this study (i.e., 19 μV-rms). While further studies are required to better understand the underlying physics of such temperature dependence, the obtained results suggest that s-SNOM measurements should be carefully conducted to meet a constant sample temperature condition, particularly when a visible-spectrum laser is to be used as the light source.
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Ajaezi GC, Eisele M, Contu F, Lal S, Rangel-Pozzo A, Mai S, Gough KM. Near-field infrared nanospectroscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy enable complementary nanoscale analyses of lymphocyte nuclei. Analyst 2018; 143:5926-5934. [PMID: 30327804 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy, 3D-SIM) studies have revealed significantly altered nuclear organization between normal lymphocyte nuclei and those of classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Similar changes have been found in Multiple Myeloma (MM) nuclei, as well as in a premalignant condition, Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance (MGUS). Using 3D-SIM, an increase in DNA-poor and DNA-free voids was evident in reconstructed 3D-SIM images of diseased nuclei at 40 nm pixel resolution (x,y: 40 nm, z: 80 nm). At best, far-field FTIR imaging yields spatially resolved images at ∼500 nm spatial resolution; however, near-field infrared imaging breaks the diffraction limit at a scale comparable to that of 3D-SIM, providing details on the order of 30 nm spatial resolution. We report here the first near-field IR imaging of lymphocyte nuclei, and far-field IR imaging results of whole lymphocytes and nuclei from normal human blood. Cells and nuclei were mounted on infrared-compatible substrates, including CaF2, undoped silicon wafers, and gold-coated silicon wafers. Thermal source far-field FTIR images were obtained with an Agilent-Cary 620 microscope, 15× objective, 0.62 NA and 64 × 64 array Focal Plane Array detector (University of Manitoba), or with a similar microscope equipped with both 15× and 25× (0.81 NA) objectives, 128 × 128 FPA and either thermal source or synchrotron source (single beam) infrared light at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), LBNL, Berkeley CA. Near-field IR spectra were acquired at the ALS, on the in-house SINS equipment, as well as with a Neaspec system, both illuminated with synchrotron light. Finally, some near-field IR spectra and images were acquired at Neaspec GmbH, Germany. Far-field IR spectra of normal cells and nuclei showed the characteristic bands of DNA and proteins. Near-field IR spectra of nuclei showed variations in bands assigned to protein and nucleic acids including single and double-stranded DNA. Near-field IR images of nuclei enabled visualization of protein and DNA distribution in spatially-resolved chromosome territories and nuclear pores.
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Imaging the nanoscale phase separation in vanadium dioxide thin films at terahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3604. [PMID: 30190517 PMCID: PMC6127259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a material that undergoes an insulator–metal transition upon heating above 340 K. It remains debated as to whether this electronic transition is driven by a corresponding structural transition or by strong electron–electron correlations. Here, we use apertureless scattering near-field optical microscopy to compare nanoscale images of the transition in VO2 thin films acquired at both mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies, using a home-built terahertz near-field microscope. We observe a much more gradual transition when THz frequencies are utilized as a probe, in contrast to the assumptions of a classical first-order phase transition. We discuss these results in light of dynamical mean-field theory calculations of the dimer Hubbard model recently applied to VO2, which account for a continuous temperature dependence of the optical response of the VO2 in the insulating state. The insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide still has many unexplored properties. Here the authors use multi-modal THz and mid-IR nano-imaging to examine the phase transition in VO2 thin films, and discuss the unexpectedly smooth transition at THz frequencies in the context of a dimer Hubbard model.
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Zhong J, Chimeh A, Korte A, Schwarz F, Yi J, Wang D, Zhan J, Schaaf P, Runge E, Lienau C. Strong Spatial and Spectral Localization of Surface Plasmons in Individual Randomly Disordered Gold Nanosponges. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4957-4964. [PMID: 29996060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Porous nanosponges, percolated with a three-dimensional network of 10 nm sized ligaments, recently emerged as promising substrates for plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy and (photo)catalysis. Experimental and theoretical work suggests surface plasmon localization in some hot-spot modes as the physical origin of their unusual optical properties, but so far the existence of such hot-spots has not been proven. Here we use scattering-type scanning near-field nanospectroscopy on individual gold nanosponges to reveal spatially and spectrally confined modes at 10 nm scale by recording local near-field scattering spectra. High quality factors of individual hot-spots of more than 40 are demonstrated, predicting high Purcell factors up to 106. The observed field localization and enhancement make such nanosponges an appealing platform for a variety of applications ranging from nonlinear optics to strong-coupling physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhong
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Abbas Chimeh
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Anke Korte
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Felix Schwarz
- Institut für Physik and Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano , Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Juemin Yi
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Dong Wang
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano and Institut für Werkstofftechnik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Jinxin Zhan
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Peter Schaaf
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano and Institut für Werkstofftechnik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Erich Runge
- Institut für Physik and Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano , Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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22
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Zhou Y, Chen R, Wang J, Huang Y, Li M, Xing Y, Duan J, Chen J, Farrell JD, Xu HQ, Chen J. Tunable Low Loss 1D Surface Plasmons in InAs Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802551. [PMID: 29992734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ability to manipulate photons at nanoscale, plasmonics has become one of the most important branches in nanophotonics. The prerequisites for the technological application of plasmons include high confining ability (λ0 /λp ), low damping, and easy tunability. However, plasmons in typical plasmonic materials, i.e., noble metals, cannot satisfy these three requirements simultaneously and cause a disconnection to modern electronics. Here, the indium arsenide (InAs) nanowire is identified as a material that satisfies all the three prerequisites, providing a natural analogy with modern electronics. The dispersion relation of InAs plasmons is determined using the nanoinfrared imaging technique, and show that their associated wavelengths and damping ratio can be tuned by altering the nanowire diameter and dielectric environment. The InAs plasmons possess advantages such as high confining ability, low loss, and ease of fabrication. The observation of InAs plasmons could enable novel plasmonic circuits for future subwavelength applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Runkun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yingjie Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - James D Farrell
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - H Q Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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23
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Sterl F, Linnenbank H, Steinle T, Mörz F, Strohfeldt N, Giessen H. Nanoscale Hydrogenography on Single Magnesium Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4293-4302. [PMID: 29932678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Active plasmonics is enabling novel devices such as switchable metasurfaces for active beam steering or dynamic holography. Magnesium with its particle plasmon resonances in the visible spectral range is an ideal material for this technology. Upon hydrogenation, metallic magnesium switches reversibly into dielectric magnesium hydride (MgH2), turning the plasmonic resonances off and on. However, up until now, it has been unknown how exactly the hydrogenation process progresses in the individual plasmonic nanoparticles. Here, we introduce a new method, namely nanoscale hydrogenography, that combines near-field scattering microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and single-particle far-field spectroscopy to visualize the hydrogen absorption process in single Mg nanodisks. Using this method, we reveal that hydrogen progresses along individual single-crystalline nanocrystallites within the nanostructure. We are able to monitor the spatially resolved forward and backward switching of the phase transitions of several individual nanoparticles, demonstrating differences and similarities of that process. Our method lays the foundations for gaining a better understanding of hydrogen diffusion in metal nanoparticles and for improving future active nano-optical switching devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Heiko Linnenbank
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Tobias Steinle
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Florian Mörz
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Nikolai Strohfeldt
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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Kolhatkar G, Merlen A, Zhang J, Dab C, Wallace GQ, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Ruediger A. Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1536-1543. [PMID: 29977686 PMCID: PMC6009220 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple, fast, efficient and non-destructive method to study the optical near-field properties of plasmonic nanotriangles prepared by nanosphere lithography. Using a rectangular Fourier filter on the blurred signal together with filtering of the lower spatial frequencies to remove the far-field contribution, the pure near-field contributions of the optical images were extracted. We performed measurements using two excitation wavelengths (532.1 nm and 632.8 nm) and two different polarizations. After the processing of the optical images, the distribution of hot spots can be correlated with the topography of the structures, as indicated by the presence of brighter spots at the apexes of the nanostructures. This technique is validated by comparison of the results to numerical simulations, where agreement is obtained, thereby confirming the near-field nature of the images. Our approach does not require any advanced equipment and we suggest that it could be applied to any type of sample, while keeping the measurement times reasonably short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Kolhatkar
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Merlen
- IM2NP, UMR CNRS 7334, Aix Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Site de l’Université de Toulon, 83957 La Garde Cedex, France
- Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, École Centrale de Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Chahinez Dab
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory Q Wallace
- Western University (The University of Western Ontario), Chemistry Department and Centre for Materials and Biomaterials, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Western University (The University of Western Ontario), Chemistry Department and Centre for Materials and Biomaterials, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Andreas Ruediger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
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25
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Choi B, Jeong G, Kim ZH. Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging at Nanometer Scale. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boogeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Gyouil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Zee Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
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26
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Near-Field Optical Examination of Potassium n-Butyl Xanthate/Chalcopyrite Flotation Products. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Stanciu SG, Tranca DE, Hristu R, Stanciu GA. Correlative imaging of biological tissues with apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5374-5383. [PMID: 29296474 PMCID: PMC5745089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (ASNOM) has attracted considerable interest over the past years as a result of its valuable contrast mechanisms and capabilities for optical resolutions in the nanoscale range. However, at this moment the intersections between ASNOM and the realm of bioimaging are scarce, mainly due to data interpretation difficulties linked to the limited body of work performed so far in this field and hence the reduced volume of supporting information. We propose an imaging approach that holds significant potential for alleviating this issue, consisting of correlative imaging of biological specimens using a multimodal system that incorporates ASNOM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which allows placing near-field data into a well understood context of anatomical relevance. We demonstrate this approach on zebrafish retinal tissue. The proposed method holds important implications for the in-depth understanding of biological items through the prism of ASNOM and CLSM data complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
| | - Denis E. Tranca
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
| | - Radu Hristu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
| | - George A. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
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28
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Babicheva VE, Gamage S, Stockman MI, Abate Y. Near-field edge fringes at sharp material boundaries. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:23935-23944. [PMID: 29041343 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.023935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the formation of near-field fringes when sharp edges of materials are imaged using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). The materials we have investigated include dielectrics, metals, a near-perfect conductor, and those that possess anisotropic permittivity and hyperbolic dispersion. For our theoretical analysis, we use a technique that combines full-wave numerical simulations of tip-sample near-field interaction and signal demodulation at higher orders akin to what is done in typical s-SNOM experiments. Unlike previous tip-sample interaction near-field models, our advanced technique allows simulation of the realistic tip and sample structure. Our analysis clarifies edge imaging of recently emerged layered materials such as hexagonal boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides (in particular, molybdenum disulfide), as well as traditional plasmonic materials such as gold. Hexagonal boron nitride is studied at several wavelengths, including the wavelength where it possesses excitation of phonon-polaritons and hyperbolic dispersion. Based on our results of s-SNOM imaging in different demodulation orders, we specify resonant and non-resonant types of edges and describe the edge fringes for each case. We clarify near-field edge-fringe formation at material sharp boundaries, both outside bright fringes and the low-contrast region at the edge, and elaborate on the necessity of separating them from propagating waves on the surface of polaritonic materials.
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Greener H, Mrejen M, Arieli U, Suchowski H. Multifrequency excitation and detection scheme in apertureless scattering near-field scanning optical microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3157-3160. [PMID: 28809896 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-field scanning optical microscopy has revolutionized the study of fundamental physics, as it is one of very few label-free optical noninvasive nanoscale-resolved imaging techniques. However, its resolution remains strongly limited by the poor discrimination of weak near-field optical signals from a far-field background. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a multifrequency excitation and detection scheme in apertureless near-field optical microscopy that exceeds current state-of-the-art sensitivity and background suppression. We achieved a twofold enhancement in sensitivity and deep subwavelength resolution in optical measurements. This method offers rich control over experimental degrees of freedom, breaking the ground for noninterferometric complete retrieval of the near-field signal.
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Brauer J, Zhan J, Chimeh A, Korte A, Lienau C, Gross P. In-line interferometer for broadband near-field scanning optical spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15504-15525. [PMID: 28788974 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present and investigate a novel approach towards broad-bandwidth near-field scanning optical spectroscopy based on an in-line interferometer for homodyne mixing of the near field and a reference field. In scattering-type scanning near-field optical spectroscopy, the near-field signal is usually obscured by a large amount of unwanted background scattering from the probe shaft and the sample. Here we increase the light reflected from the sample by a semi-transparent gold layer and use it as a broad-bandwidth, phase-stable reference field to amplify the near-field signal in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. We experimentally demonstrate that this efficiently suppresses the unwanted background signal in monochromatic near-field measurements. For rapid acquisition of complete broad-bandwidth spectra we employ a monochromator and a fast line camera. Using this fast acquisition of spectra and the in-line interferometer we demonstrate the measurement of pure near-field spectra. The experimental observations are quantitatively explained by analytical expressions for the measured optical signals, based on Fourier decomposition of background and near field. The theoretical model and in-line interferometer together form an important step towards broad-bandwidth near-field scanning optical spectroscopy.
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31
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Joshi T, Kang JH, Jiang L, Wang S, Tarigo T, Lyu T, Kahn S, Shi Z, Shen YR, Crommie MF, Wang F. Coupled One-Dimensional Plasmons and Two-Dimensional Phonon Polaritons in Hybrid Silver Nanowire/Silicon Carbide Structures. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3662-3667. [PMID: 28460175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons (SPs) and phonon polaritons (PhPs) are two distinctive quasiparticles resulting from the strong coupling of photons with electrons and optical phonons, respectively. In this Letter, we investigate the interactions between one-dimensional (1D) plasmons in silver nanowires with two-dimensional (2D) surface phonon polaritons of the silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. Using near-field infrared spectroscopy of the silver nanowire-SiC heterostructure at wavelengths close to the phonon resonance of SiC, we observe that the 1D plasmon dispersion is strongly modified by the 2D phonon polaritons in SiC. In particular, we observe for the first time well-defined 1D plasmon oscillations with the plasmon wavelengths longer than the free-space photon wavelengths due to the 1D plasmon-2D phonon polariton coupling. Our work demonstrates that unusual polariton behavior can emerge from interactions between polariton excitons of different dimensionality, which can enable new ways to engineer plasmons in hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity Joshi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theron Tarigo
- College of Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tairu Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Salman Kahn
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuen-Ron Shen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Kouh T, Hanay MS, Ekinci KL. Nanomechanical Motion Transducers for Miniaturized Mechanical Systems. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189927 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Kouh
- Department of Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-4873
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Kamil L. Ekinci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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33
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Liu M, Sternbach AJ, Basov DN. Nanoscale electrodynamics of strongly correlated quantum materials. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:014501. [PMID: 27811387 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/014501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic, magnetic, and structural phase inhomogeneities are ubiquitous in strongly correlated quantum materials. The characteristic length scales of the phase inhomogeneities can range from atomic to mesoscopic, depending on their microscopic origins as well as various sample dependent factors. Therefore, progress with the understanding of correlated phenomena critically depends on the experimental techniques suitable to provide appropriate spatial resolution. This requirement is difficult to meet for some of the most informative methods in condensed matter physics, including infrared and optical spectroscopy. Yet, recent developments in near-field optics and imaging enabled a detailed characterization of the electromagnetic response with a spatial resolution down to 10 nm. Thus it is now feasible to exploit at the nanoscale well-established capabilities of optical methods for characterization of electronic processes and lattice dynamics in diverse classes of correlated quantum systems. This review offers a concise description of the state-of-the-art near-field techniques applied to prototypical correlated quantum materials. We also discuss complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods which reveal important mesoscopic dynamics of quantum materials at different energy scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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34
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Pollard B, Maia FCB, Raschke MB, Freitas RO. Infrared Vibrational Nanospectroscopy by Self-Referenced Interferometry. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:55-61. [PMID: 26654680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infrared vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has emerged as a new frontier in imaging science due to its potential to provide nanoscale spatially resolved chemical spectroscopy for the investigation of molecular, soft-matter, and biological materials. As a phase-sensitive technique able to yield the full complex dielectric function of materials, different interferometric schemes have been developed involving asymmetric interferometry between sample and reference arms. In this work, we take advantage of a greatly simplified symmetric geometry that uses the spatially coherent background scattered light from within the confocal sample volume as a reference field for signal amplification in both self-homodyne and self-heterodyne interferometry. On the basis of a simple model for tip-sample scattering and interferometric detection, we demonstrate the measurement of the vibrational response of molecular materials in good agreement with established values. In addition to a compact design, enhanced signal levels, and a reduced sensitivity to fluctuations and drift, including those from the light source, self-referenced interferometry brings benefits for routine s-SNOM chemical spectroscopy, remaining robust even under a wide range of challenging experimental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pollard
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Joint Institute for Lab Astrophysics (JILA), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, 13083-100 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Joint Institute for Lab Astrophysics (JILA), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, 13083-100 São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Wang Q, Renema JJ, Engel A, van Exter MP, de Dood MJA. Local detection efficiency of a NbN superconducting single photon detector explored by a scattering scanning near-field optical microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24873-24887. [PMID: 26406688 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose an experiment to directly probe the local response of a superconducting single photon detector using a sharp metal tip in a scattering scanning near-field optical microscope. The optical absorption is obtained by simulating the tip-detector system, where the tip-detector is illuminated from the side, with the tip functioning as an optical antenna. The local detection efficiency is calculated by considering the recently introduced position-dependent threshold current in the detector. The calculated response for a 150 nm wide detector shows a peak close to the edge that can be spatially resolved with an estimated resolution of ∼ 20 nm, using a tip with parameters that are experimentally accessible.
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36
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Khatib O, Wood JD, McLeod AS, Goldflam MD, Wagner M, Damhorst GL, Koepke JC, Doidge GP, Rangarajan A, Bashir R, Pop E, Lyding JW, Thiemens MH, Keilmann F, Basov DN. Graphene-Based Platform for Infrared Near-Field Nanospectroscopy of Water and Biological Materials in an Aqueous Environment. ACS NANO 2015. [PMID: 26223158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has emerged as a powerful nanoscale spectroscopic tool capable of characterizing individual biomacromolecules and molecular materials. However, applications of scattering-based near-field techniques in the infrared (IR) to native biosystems still await a solution of how to implement the required aqueous environment. In this work, we demonstrate an IR-compatible liquid cell architecture that enables near-field imaging and nanospectroscopy by taking advantage of the unique properties of graphene. Large-area graphene acts as an impermeable monolayer barrier that allows for nano-IR inspection of underlying molecular materials in liquid. Here, we use s-SNOM to investigate the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in water underneath graphene. We resolve individual virus particles and register the amide I and II bands of TMV at ca. 1520 and 1660 cm(-1), respectively, using nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (nano-FTIR). We verify the presence of water in the graphene liquid cell by identifying a spectral feature associated with water absorption at 1610 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khatib
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua D Wood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Fritz Keilmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Center for Nanoscience , 80539 München, Germany
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37
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Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10058. [PMID: 26014599 PMCID: PMC4444852 DOI: 10.1038/srep10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.
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38
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Optical imaging beyond the diffraction limit by SNEM: Effects of AFM tip modifications with thiol monolayers on imaging quality. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 150:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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40
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Scarpettini AF, Bragas AV. Harmonic demodulation and minimum enhancement factors in field-enhanced near-field optical microscopy. J Microsc 2014; 257:54-64. [PMID: 25231792 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Field-enhanced scanning optical microscopy relies on the design and fabrication of plasmonic probes which had to provide optical and chemical contrast at the nanoscale. In order to do so, the scattering containing the near-field information recorded in a field-enhanced scanning optical microscopy experiment, has to surpass the background light, always present due to multiple interferences between the macroscopic probe and sample. In this work, we show that when the probe-sample distance is modulated with very low amplitude, the higher the harmonic demodulation is, the better the ratio between the near-field signal and the interferometric background results. The choice of working at a given n harmonic is dictated by the experiment when the signal at the n + 1 harmonic goes below the experimental noise. We demonstrate that the optical contrast comes from the nth derivative of the near-field scattering, amplified by the interferometric background. By modelling the far and near field we calculate the probe-sample approach curves, which fit very well the experimental ones. After taking a great amount of experimental data for different probes and samples, we conclude with a table of the minimum enhancement factors needed to have optical contrast with field-enhanced scanning optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Scarpettini
- Laboratorio de Electrónica Cuántica, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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41
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Abstract
Characterizing and ultimately controlling the heterogeneity underlying biomolecular functions, quantum behavior of complex matter, photonic materials, or catalysis requires large-scale spectroscopic imaging with simultaneous specificity to structure, phase, and chemical composition at nanometer spatial resolution. However, as with any ultrahigh spatial resolution microscopy technique, the associated demand for an increase in both spatial and spectral bandwidth often leads to a decrease in desired sensitivity. We overcome this limitation in infrared vibrational scattering-scanning probe near-field optical microscopy using synchrotron midinfrared radiation. Tip-enhanced localized light-matter interaction is induced by low-noise, broadband, and spatially coherent synchrotron light of high spectral irradiance, and the near-field signal is sensitively detected using heterodyne interferometric amplification. We achieve sub-40-nm spatially resolved, molecular, and phonon vibrational spectroscopic imaging, with rapid spectral acquisition, spanning the full midinfrared (700-5,000 cm(-1)) with few cm(-1) spectral resolution. We demonstrate the performance of synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy on semiconductor, biomineral, and protein nanostructures, providing vibrational chemical imaging with subzeptomole sensitivity.
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42
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Tranca DE, Stoichita C, Hristu R, Stanciu SG, Stanciu GA. A study on the image contrast of pseudo-heterodyned scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:1687-1696. [PMID: 24515176 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the near-field signal on the dielectric function of a specific material proposes scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) as a viable tool for material characterization studies. Our experiment shows that specific material identification by s-SNOM is not a straightforward task as parameters involved in the detection scheme can also influence material contrast measurements. More precisely, we demonstrate that s-SNOM contrast in a pseudo-heterodyne detection configuration depends on the oscillation amplitude of the reference mirror and that for reliable measurements of the contrast between different materials this aspect needs to be taken into consideration.
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43
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Kohlgraf-Owens DC, Greusard L, Sukhov S, Wilde YD, Dogariu A. Multi-frequency near-field scanning optical microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:035203. [PMID: 24346240 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/3/035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new multi-frequency approach for mapping near-field optically induced forces with subwavelength spatial resolution. The concept relies on oscillating a scanning probe at two different frequencies. Oscillations at one frequency are driven electrically to provide positional feedback regulation. Modulations at another frequency are induced optically and are used to measure the mechanical action of the optical field on the probe. Because the measurement is based on locally detecting the force of the electromagnetic radiation acting on the probe, the new method does not require a photodetector to map the radiation distribution and, therefore, can provide true broadband detection of light with a single probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Kohlgraf-Owens
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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44
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Merlen A, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Imaging the optical near field in plasmonic nanostructures. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:1307-1326. [PMID: 25479143 DOI: 10.1366/14-07699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past five years, new developments in the field of plasmonics have emerged with the goal of finely tuning a variety of metallic nanostructures to enable a desired function. The use of plasmonics in spectroscopy is of course of great interest, due to large local enhancements in the optical near field confined in the vicinity of a metal nanostructure. For a given metal, such enhancements are dependent on the shape of the structure as well as the optical properties (wavelength, phase, polarization) of the impinging light, offering a large degree of control over the optical and spatial localization of the plasmon resonance. In this focal point, we highlight recent work that aims at revealing the spatial position of the localized plasmon resonances using a variety of optical and non-optical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Merlen
- Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences De Provence (Im2np) Umr Cnrs 7334 And Universités D'aix-Marseille Et De Toulon, France
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45
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Zhang Z, Ahn P, Dong B, Balogun O, Sun C. Quantitative imaging of rapidly decaying evanescent fields using plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2803. [PMID: 24076563 PMCID: PMC3786296 DOI: 10.1038/srep02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- 1] Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 [2]
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46
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Habteyes TG, Dhuey S, Kiesow KI, Vold A. Probe-sample optical interaction: size and wavelength dependence in localized plasmon near-field imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:21607-21617. [PMID: 24104035 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The probe-sample optical interaction in apertureless near-field optical microscopy is studied at 633 nm and 808 nm excitation wavelengths using gold nanodisks as model systems. The near-field distributions of the dipolar and quadrupolar surface plasmon modes have been mapped successfully using metal coated probes with different polarization combinations of excitation and detection except when the incident and the scattered light polarizations are chosen to be parallel to the probe axis. For the parallel polarization of the incident and the scattered light, the pattern of the near-field distribution differs from the inherent plasmon mode structures of the sample, depending sensitively on the sample size and excitation energy. For a given excitation energy, the near-field amplitude shifts from one pole to the other as the sample size increases, having nearly equal amplitude at the two poles when the plasmon resonance peak spectrally overlaps with the excitation energy.
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47
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Jäger S, Kern AM, Hentschel M, Jäger R, Braun K, Zhang D, Giessen H, Meixner AJ. Au nanotip as luminescent near-field probe. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3566-3570. [PMID: 23815414 DOI: 10.1021/nl401173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new optical near-field mapping method, namely utilizing the plasmon-mediated luminescence from the apex of a sharp gold nanotip. The tip acts as a quasi-point light source which does not suffer from bleaching and gives a spatial resolution of ≤25 nm. We demonstrate our method by imaging the near field of azimuthally and radially polarized plasmonic modes of nonluminescent aluminum oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Greusard L, Costantini D, Bousseksou A, Decobert J, Lelarge F, Duan GH, De Wilde Y, Colombelli R. Near-field analysis of metallic DFB lasers at telecom wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:10422-10429. [PMID: 23669898 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We image in near-field the transverse modes of semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) lasers operating at λ ≈ 1.3 μm and employing metallic gratings. The active region is based on tensile-strained InGaAlAs quantum wells emitting transverse magnetic polarized light and is coupled via an extremely thin cladding to a nano-patterned gold grating integrated on the device surface. Single mode emission is achieved, which tunes with the grating periodicity. The near-field measurements confirm laser operation on the fundamental transverse mode. Furthermore--together with a laser threshold reduction observed in the DFB lasers--it suggests that the patterning of the top metal contact can be a strategy to reduce the high plasmonic losses in this kind of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greusard
- Institut Langevin, CNRS UMR7587, 1, rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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49
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Kohoutek J, Dey D, Bonakdar A, Gelfand R, Fathipour V, Memis OG, Mohseni H. Mechanical frequency and amplitude modulation of a quantum cascade laser integrated with a plasmonic nanoantenna. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3781-3785. [PMID: 22893548 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Kohoutek
- Bio-Inspired Sensors and Optoelectronics Laboratory, EECS, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Kopf I, Peindy N'Dongo HW, Ballout F, Schatzschneider U, Bründermann E, Havenith M. Introducing cymantrene labels into scattering scanning near-field infrared microscopy. Analyst 2012; 137:4995-5001. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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