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Seo JH. Treadmill exercise alleviates stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:724-730. [PMID: 30443516 PMCID: PMC6222149 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836442.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is the physiological responses of organisms to harmful or threatening stimuli that allow appropriate behavioral responses to the stressor. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on stress-induced anxiety was evaluated using rats. To induce stress, the rats were exposed to an inescapable electric foot shock. Exposure of rats to the electric foot shock was performed for 7 days. The rats in the exercise groups were made to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks stating one day after last electric food shock. Anxiety-like behaviors were determined by open field test and elevated plus-maze test. The expressions of c-Fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamus and locus coeruleus were detected by immunohistochemistry. In the present results, locomotor activity in the center of the open field test and the number of entries and time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze test were reduced in the rats with stress-induced anxiety. Treadmill running enhanced these locomotor activities, the number of entries and time in the stress-induced anxiety rats. c-Fos and nNOS expressions in the hypothalamus and locus coeruleus were increased in the stress-induced rats. Treadmill exercise reduced c-Fos and nNOS overexpressions in the stress-induced rats. In the present study, treadmill exercise ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in the stress-induced rats. The improving effect of treadmill exercise on anxiety-like behaviors might be ascribed to the suppressing effect of exercise on c-Fos and nNOS expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Seo
- Department of Adaptive Physical Education, Baekseok University, Cheonan, Korea
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Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Effects of (-)-Sesamin on Chronic Stress-Induced Anxiety Disorders in Mice. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1123-1129. [PMID: 27995494 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of (-)-sesamin on chronic electric footshock (EF) stress-induced anxiety disorders in mice. Mice were treated with (-)-sesamin (25 and 50 mg/kg) orally once a day for 21 days prior to exposure to EF stress (0.6 mA, 1 s every 5 s, 3 min). Mice treated with (-)-sesamin (25 and 50 mg/kg) exhibited less severe decreases in the number of open arm entries and time spent on open arms in the elevated plus-maze test and the distance traveled in the open field test following exposure to chronic EF stress. Similarly, mice treated with (-)-sesamin exhibited significantly less severe decreases in brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin following exposure to chronic EF stress. Increases in serum levels of corticosterone and expression of c-Fos were also less pronounced in mice treated with (-)-sesamin (25 and 50 mg/kg). These results suggest that (-)-sesamin may protect against the effects of chronic EF stress-induced anxiety disorders by modulating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels, c-Fos expression, and corticosterone levels.
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Zhao TT, Shin KS, Choi HS, Lee MK. Ameliorating effects of gypenosides on chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:323. [PMID: 26370834 PMCID: PMC4570649 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) shows anti-stress and anxiolytic functions in mice, and also protects dopamine neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, gypenosides (the gypenoside-enriched components of GP, GPS) have a protective effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In this study, the ameliorating effects of GPS on chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders in mice were investigated. METHODS Mice were orally treated with GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) once a day for 10 days, followed by exposure to electric footshock (EF) stress (0.6 mA, 1 s every 5 s, 3 min). After the final administration of either GPS, water extract of GP (GP-WX) or ethanol extract of GP (GP-EX, positive control), the behavioral tests such as elevated plus-maze, marble burying and locomotor activity tests, and the biochemical parameters including dopamine, serotonin and corticosterone levels, and c-Fos expression were examined. RESULTS Treatment with GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) increased the number of open arm entries and the time spent on open arms in elevated plus-maze which were reduced by chronic EF stress. GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the number of marbles buried which increased by chronic EF stress. In these states, the brain levels of dopamine and serotonin decreased by chronic EF stress and they were recovered by GPS. The serum levels of corticosterone increased by chronic EF stress were also reduced by GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg). Finally, chronic EF stress-induced c-Fos expression was markedly reduced by GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) in the brain. GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) also showed an equivalent efficacy on anxiolytic functions, as compared with GP-EX (50 mg/kg). However, GP-WX (50 mg/kg) showed a less effect on anxiety disorders than GP-EX (50 mg/kg) and GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) has anxiolytic effects on chronic EF stress-induced anxiety disorders by modulating dopamine and serotonin neuronal activities, c-Fos expression and corticosterone levels. GPS may serve as a phytonutrient in chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Sung Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Sook Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungcheong University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28171, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Choi HS, Zhao TT, Shin KS, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Anxiolytic effects of herbal ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum in mice after exposure to chronic stress. Molecules 2013; 18:4342-56. [PMID: 23584055 PMCID: PMC6269700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of herbal ethanol extracts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX), on chronic electric footshock (EF) stress-induced anxiety disorders were investigated in mice, which were orally treated with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days, followed by exposure to EF stress (2 mA, with an interval and duration of 10 s for 3 min). After the final exposure to EF stress, the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests were performed, and the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, the serum levels of corticosterone, and the expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were determined. Treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) significantly recovered the number of entries into open arms and time spent on open arms, which was reduced by chronic EF stress. GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) also reduced the number of marbles buried, which was increased by chronic EF stress. In addition, electric EF stress significantly decreased the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which was recovered by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). The serum levels of corticosterone, which were markedly increased by chronic EF stress, were reduced by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). Chronic EF stress-induced increases in c-Fos expression were also markedly reduced by GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in the PVN. These results suggest that GP-EX shows anxiolytic functions, determined by the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests, which are mediated by modulating the activity of dopamine and serotonin neurons as well as the expression of c-Fos in the brain, and the serum levels of corticosterone. Clinical trials of herbal GP-EX and its bioactive components need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Keon Sung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Kyunghee University, Youngin 449-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2822; Fax: +82-43-276-2754
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Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Partoo L, Yee J, Stevenson J, Sanzenbacher L, Kenkel W, Mohsenpour SR, Hashimoto K, Carter CS. Effects of social isolation on mRNA expression for corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in prairie voles. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:780-9. [PMID: 21095063 PMCID: PMC3104077 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that various type of stressors modulate messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor (CRH-R1 mRNA) and type 2 CRH receptor (CRH-R2 mRNA). The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of social isolation stress of varying durations on the CRH, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 mRNAs expression in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary of socially monogamous female and male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Isolation for 1h (single isolation) or 1h of isolation every day for 4 weeks (repeated isolation) was followed by a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels. Single or repeated isolation increased hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression, but no changes in CRH-R1 mRNA in the hypothalamus were observed. Continuous isolation for 4 weeks (chronic isolation) showed no effect on hypothalamic CRH or CRH-R1 mRNAs in female or male animals. However, hypothalamic CRH-R2 mRNA was significantly reduced in voles exposed to chronic isolation. Single or repeated isolation, but not chronic isolation, significantly increased CRH-R1 mRNA and decreased CRH-R2 mRNA in the pituitary. Despite elevated CRH mRNA expression, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 mRNAs were not modulated in the hippocampus following single or repeated isolation. Although, chronic isolation did not affect hippocampal CRH or CRH-R1 mRNAs, it did increase CRH-R2 mRNA expression in females and males. The results of the present study in prairie voles suggest that social isolation has receptor subtype and species-specific consequences for the modulation of gene expression for CRH and its receptors in brain and pituitary. Previous studies have revealed a female-biased increase in oxytocin in response to chronic isolation; however, we did not find a sex difference in CRH or its receptors following single, repeated or chronic social isolation, suggesting that sexually dimorphic processes beyond the CRH system, possibly involving vasopressin, might explain this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Pournajafi-Nazarloo
- Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Wang H, Spiess J, Wong PTH, Zhu YZ. Blockade of CRF1 and CCK2 receptors attenuated the elevated anxiety-like behavior induced by immobilization stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reyna-Garfias H, Miliar A, Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Pacheco-Yepez J, Baeza I, Campos-Rodríguez R. Repeated restraint stress increases IgA concentration in rat small intestine. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:110-8. [PMID: 19748568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant intestinal immunoglobulin and first line of specific immunological defense against environmental antigens is secretory immunoglobulin A. To better understand the effect of repeated stress on the secretion of intestinal IgA, the effects of restraint stress on IgA concentration and mRNA expression of the gene for the alpha-chain of IgA was assessed in both the duodenum and ileum of the rats. Restraint stress induced an increase in intestinal IgA, which was blocked by an adrenalectomy, suggesting a role of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Whereas the blocking of glucocorticoid receptors by RU-486 did not affect the increased IgA concentration, it did reduce IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments, indicating a possible mediation on the part of glucocorticoids in IgA secretion by individual cells. Treatment with corticosterone significantly increased both the IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in ileum but not in duodenum, suggesting that glucocorticoids may act directly on IgA-antibody forming cells to increase IgA secretion in the former segment. A probable role by catecholamines was evidenced by the reduction in IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments after a chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Additionally, norepinephrine significantly reduced IgA alpha-chain mRNA levels but increased pIgR mRNA expression and IgA concentration in both intestinal segments. We propose that the increased intestinal IgA levels caused by repeated restraint stress is likely due to the effects of catecholamines on the transport of plgA across the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina y Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron, México, DF CP 11340, Mexico
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Greetfeld M, Schmidt MV, Ganea K, Sterlemann V, Liebl C, Müller MB. A single episode of restraint stress regulates central corticotrophin- releasing hormone receptor expression and binding in specific areas of the mouse brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:473-80. [PMID: 19302188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of restraining stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system within tolerable limits requires efficient mechanisms for feedback inhibition. Recently, central corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor type 1 (CRHR1) has been shown to mediate HPA system feedback inhibition. To date, most of the data regarding stress-associated expression changes of CRHR1 and CRHR2 mRNA and their ligand CRH have been generated in rats. Taken considerable species differences into consideration, and with the growing importance of transgenic mice, a systematic analysis of the time course of expression changes of CRH and its two receptors in the mouse brain is needed to provide more insight into the regulation of the HPA system, both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in this species. We analysed in detail the time course of expression changes of CRH, CRHR1 and CRHR2 mRNA after of restraint stress in mice in stress-relevant brain regions (paraventricular nucleus, hippocampus, neocortex). We could show a rapid, strong and long-lasting decrease in cortical and hippocampal CRHR1 mRNA expression after stress, whereas CRHR2 mRNA increased in the same neuroanatomical areas. In situ hybridisation analyses could be further confirmed at the protein level by CRH receptor autoradiography with changes in CRH binding that persisted even 7 days after a single episode of restraint stress. Our observation that stress has opposing effects on CRHR1 and CRHR2 neuronal systems supports the idea that regulation of the relative contribution of the two CRH receptors to brain CRH pathways may be essential in coordinating physiological responses to stress. We further hypothesise that the sustained alteration of CRH receptor expression and binding after a single episode of stress could mediate the long-term effects of stress on neuroendocrine function and emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Greetfeld
- Molecular Stress Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Partoo L, Sanzenbacher L, Paredes J, Hashimoto K, Azizi F, Sue Carter C. Stress differentially modulates mRNA expression for corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary of prairie voles. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:113-23. [PMID: 19185916 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the effect of an acute stressor (restraint for 1h) versus a chronic stressor (social isolation for 4 weeks) on the expression of mRNAs for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptor type 1 (CRH-R1) and type 2 (CRH-R2) in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary of socially monogamous female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Animals were studied immediately following a stressor or as a function of repairing with a familiar sibling. Despite elevated expression of CRH mRNA, no alteration of CRH-R1 mRNA in the hypothalamus was observed following restraint stress or 4 weeks of social isolation. Hypothalamic CRH-R2 mRNA was significantly lower in voles exposed to restraint or isolation. CRH-R2 mRNA also remained down-regulated in isolated animals when these animals were re-paired with their sibling for one day following 28 days of isolation. Restraint, but not isolation, significantly increased CRH-R1 mRNA and decreased CRH-R2 mRNA in the pituitary. However, these differences were no longer observed when these animals were re-paired with their sibling for one day. Despite elevated CRH mRNA expression, CRH-R1 mRNA did not increase in the hippocampus following restraint or social isolation. Social isolation, but not restraint stress, increased CRH-R2 mRNA in the hippocampus, when these animals were re-paired with their sibling for one day the modulation of CRH mRNA remained up-regulated. Plasma corticosterone was elevated only following restraint, and not in animals that were handled, isolated or re-paired. The results of the present study reveal that acute restraint as well as social isolation can have significant consequences for the modulation of gene expression for the CRH receptors in brain and pituitary of prairie voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Pournajafi-Nazarloo
- Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Effects of pharmacological stressors on c-fos and CRF mRNA in mouse brain: relationship to alcohol seeking. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:254-8. [PMID: 18755245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A marked heterogeneity exists among stressors in their ability to reinstate alcohol seeking in rats. We have reported that the pharmacological stressor yohimbine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, potently reinstated alcohol seeking, but FG-7142, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist was ineffective. In rats, we determined that yohimbine elicits patterns of brain expression of the mRNAs for c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) a stress-related peptide, distinct from that produced by FG-7142. The purpose of the present experiment is to determine if these differential effects of yohimbine and FG-7142 on regional c-fos and CRF mRNA expression generalize to another animal commonly used in alcohol research, the C57 BL/6J mouse. In comparing the results of the present study to those of our previous one, we found a number of commonalities in the patterns of activation elicited by yohimbine and FG-7142 between the two species, and some notable differences. As we found in the rat, yohimbine selectively increased c-fos mRNA in the mouse NACs, BLA and CeA. Yohimbine increased CRF mRNA only in the mouse PVN, but was without effect on CRF mRNA in extrahypothalamic sites, the BNST and CeA. This differs from what we saw in the rat, where yohimbine increased CRF mRNA in these extrahypothalamic regions, but not the PVN. The selective induction of c-fos in the NACs, BLA and CeA of mice and rats by yohimbine offers further support for the idea that activation of these structures participates in reinstatement induced by such stressors.
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Korosi A, Baram TZ. The central corticotropin releasing factor system during development and adulthood. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583:204-14. [PMID: 18275957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRH) has been shown to contribute critically to molecular and neuroendocrine responses to stress during both adulthood and development. This peptide and its receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus, as well as in limbic brain areas including amygdala and hippocampus. This is consistent with roles for CRH in mediating the influence of stress on emotional behavior and cognitive function. The expression of CRH and of its receptors in hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus is age-dependent, and is modulated by stress throughout life (including the first postnatal weeks). Uniquely during development, the cardinal influence of maternal care on the central stress response governs the levels of central CRH expression, and may alter the 'set-point' of CRH-gene sensitivity to stress in a lasting manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Korosi
- Department of Anatomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4475, USA
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Brunton PJ, Sausbier M, Wietzorrek G, Sausbier U, Knaus HG, Russell JA, Ruth P, Shipston MJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyporesponsiveness to restraint stress in mice deficient for large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5496-506. [PMID: 17656462 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland and glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Stress also activates the sympathetic nervous system, evoking adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. Large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels have been implicated in regulation of cellular excitability in these systems. Here, we examine the functional role of BK channels in HPA axis regulation in vivo using female mice genetically deficient (BK(-/-)) for the pore-forming subunits of BK channels. BK(-/-) phenotype in the HPA was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and corticotrope patch-clamp recording. Restraint stress-induced plasma concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone were significantly blunted in BK(-/-) mice compared with wild type (WT) controls. This stress hyporesponsiveness was associated with reduced activation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons. Basal expression of CRH, but not arginine vasopressin mRNA in the PVN was significantly lower in BK(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Total anterior pituitary ACTH peptide content, but not proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression or corticotrope number, was significantly reduced in BK(-/-) mice compared with WT. However, anterior pituitary corticotropes from BK(-/-) mice fully supported ACTH output, releasing a significantly greater proportion of stored ACTH in response to secretagogue in vitro compared with WT. These results support an important role for BK channels in both the neural circuitry and endocrine output of the HPA axis and indicate that the stress hyporesponsiveness in BK(-/-) mice primarily results from reduced activation of hypothalamic PVN neurosecretory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Brunton
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Science, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Korosi A, Kozicz T, Richter J, Veening JG, Olivier B, Roubos EW. Corticotropin-releasing factor, urocortin 1, and their receptors in the mouse spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:973-89. [PMID: 17444496 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin 1 (Ucn1) are involved in stress adaptation. CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) binds CRF and Ucn1 with similar high affinity, but CRF receptor 2 (CRF2) binds Ucn1 with higher affinity than CRF. We tested the hypothesis that in the spinal cord CRF and Ucn1 control peripheral components of the stress response, by assessing the distribution of CRF- and Ucn1-containing fibers, CRF1 and CRF2 mRNAs, and CRF receptor protein (CRFR) in the mouse spinal cord, by using immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. CRF, Ucn1, and CRFR occurred throughout the spinal cord. CRF fibers predominated in laminae I, V-VII, and X of Rexed. Ucn1 fibers occurred mainly in laminae VII and X and occasionally in lamina IX. Both CRFR mRNAs occurred in all laminae except the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, but they exhibited different distributions, CRF2 mRNA having a wider occurrence (laminae III-X) than CRF1 mRNA (laminae III-VIII). Double immunofluorescence indicated that CRF and Ucn1 fibers contacted CRFR-containing neurons, mainly in laminae VII and X. The strongest co-distribution of CRF1 and CRF2 mRNAs with CRF and Ucn1 fibers appeared in lamina VII. CRF2 mRNA predominated in lamina IX together with Ucn1, whereas CRF2 mRNA predominated in lamina X, where it had similar distributions with each ligand. In view of the lamina-specific and similar distributions of the two CRF receptor mRNAs with their ligands, we suggest that CRF1 and CRF2 are involved in peripheral stress adaptation processes, such as modulation of stress-induced analgesia and the mediation of visceral nociceptive information by CRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Korosi
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Tavares RF, Corrêa FMA. Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cardiovascular responses to acute restraint in rats. Neuroscience 2006; 143:231-40. [PMID: 16938408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) modulates neurovegetative and behavioral responses, being involved in memory, attention, motivational and executive processes. There is evidence indicating that mPFC modulates cardiovascular correlates of behavioral responses to stressful stimuli. Acute restraint is an unavoidable stress situation that evokes marked and sustained cardiovascular changes, characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP) and intense heart rate (HR) increase. We presently report effects of mPFC pharmacological manipulations on BP and HR responses evoked by acute restraint in rats. Bilateral microinjection of 200 nl of the unspecific synaptic blocker CoCl2 (1 mM) in the mPFC prelimbic area (PL) increased HR response to acute restraint, without significant effect on the BP response. This result indicates that PL synaptic mechanisms have an inhibitory influence on restraint-evoked HR changes. Injections of the non-selective glutamatergic receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (0.02 M) or the selective N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor glutamatergic antagonist (LY235959) (0.02 M) caused effects similar to cobalt, suggesting that local glutamatergic neurotransmission and NMDA receptors mediate the PL inhibitory influence on restraint-related HR responses. Pretreatment with the non-non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid glutamatergic antagonist glutamatergic antagonist glutamatergic receptor antagonist NBQX (0.02 M) did not affect restraint-related cardiovascular responses, reinforcing the idea that NMDA receptors mediate PL-related inhibitory influence. Pretreatment with the glutamatergic-receptor antagonists did not affect baseline BP or HR values. I.v. pretreatment with the quaternary ammonium anticholinergic drug homatropine methyl bromide (0.2 mg/kg) also increased the restraint-related HR response to values similar to those observed after treatment with kynurenic acid or LY235959, thus, suggesting that PL inhibitory influence on restraint-evoked heart rate increase could be related to increased parasympathetic activity. This dose of homatropine had no significant effects on baseline BP or HR values. Results suggest a PL inhibitory influence on restraint-evoked HR increase. They also indicate that local NMDA receptors involved in parasympathetic activation mediate PL inhibitory influence on restraint-evoked HR increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Tavares
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ave. Bandeirantes, 3900-14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Keck ME. Corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and receptor systems in depression and anxiety. Amino Acids 2006; 31:241-50. [PMID: 16733617 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders tend to be chronic and life-threatening diseases: suicide is estimated to be the cause of death in 10-15% of individuals with major depressive disorders. Major depression is one of the most prevalent and costly brain diseases with up to 20% of the worldwide population suffering from moderate to severe forms of the disease. Only 50% of individuals with depression show full remission in response to currently available antidepressant drug therapies which are based on serendipitous discoveries made in the 1950s. Previously underestimated, other severe depression-associated deleterious health-related effects have increasingly been recognized. Epidemiological studies have provided substantial evidence that patients with depression have a 2-4-fold increased risk both of developing cardiovascular disease and of mortality after experiencing a myocardial infarction. The majority of patients suffering from affective disorders have measurable shifts in their stress hormone regulation as reflected by elevated secretion of central and peripheral stress hormones or by altered hormonal responses to neuroendocrine challenge tests. In recent years, these alterations have increasingly been translated into testable hypotheses addressing the pathogenesis of illness. Refined molecular technologies and the creation of genetically engineered mice have allowed to specifically target individual genes involved in regulation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (AVP) system elements. The cumulative evidence makes a strong case implicating dysfunction of these systems in the etiology and pathogenesis of depression and pathological anxiety. Translation of these advances into novel therapeutic strategies has already been started.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Keck
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Korosi A, Veening JG, Kozicz T, Henckens M, Dederen J, Groenink L, van der Gugten J, Olivier B, Roubos EW. Distribution and expression of CRF receptor 1 and 2 mRNAs in the CRF over-expressing mouse brain. Brain Res 2006; 1072:46-54. [PMID: 16423327 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acts through CRF 1 and CRF 2 receptors (CRF1, CRF2). To test the hypothesis that CRF controls the expression of these receptors in a brain site- and receptor-type specific manner, we studied CRF1 mRNA and CRF2 mRNA expressions in mice with central CRF over-expression (CRF-OE) and using in situ hybridization. CRF1 and CRF2 mRNAs appear to be differentially distributed across the brain. The brain structures expressing the receptors are the same in wild-type (WT) and in CRF-OE mice. We therefore conclude that chronically elevated CRF does not induce or inhibit expression of these receptors in structures that normally do not or do, respectively, show these receptors. However, from counting cell body profiles positive for CRF1 and CRF2 mRNAs, clear differences appear in receptor expression between CRF-OE and WT mice, in a brain-structure-specific fashion. Whereas some structures do not differ, CRF-OE mice exhibit remarkably lower numbers of CRF1 mRNA-positive profiles in the subthalamic nucleus (-38.6%), globus pallidus (-31.5%), dorsal part of the lateral septum (-23.5%), substantia nigra (-22,8%), primary somatosensory cortex (-18.9%) and principal sensory nucleus V (-18.4%). Furthermore, a higher number of CRF2 mRNA-positive profiles are observed in the dorsal raphe nucleus (+32.2%). These data strongly indicate that central CRF over-expression in the mouse brain is associated with down-regulation of CRF1 mRNA and up-regulation of CRF2 mRNA in a brain-structure-specific way. On the basis of these results and the fact that CRF-OE mice reveal a number of physiological and autonomic symptoms that may be related to chronic stress, we suggest that CRF1 in the basal nuclei may be involved in disturbed information processing and that CRF2 in the dorsal raphe nucleus may play a role in mediating stress-induced release of serotonin by CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Korosi
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Chida D, Imaki T, Suda T, Iwakura Y. Involvement of corticotropin-releasing hormone- and interleukin (IL)-6-dependent proopiomelanocortin induction in the anterior pituitary during hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation by IL-1alpha. Endocrinology 2005; 146:5496-502. [PMID: 16141396 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-1alpha/beta and IL-6 are endogenous modulator of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and are thought to play key roles in immune-neuroendocrine interactions during inflammation. Here, we show IL-1alpha induced a normal HPAA activation in IL-1alpha/beta knockout (KO) and IL-6 KO mice at 1 h; however, at 6 h HPAA activation was reduced relative to wild-type mice, indicating a role for endogenous IL-1alpha/beta and IL-6 in prolonged HPAA activation. We found that the induction of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) transcript in the anterior pituitary (AP) at 6 h in response to IL-1alpha was reduced in IL-1alpha/beta KO and IL-6 KO mice, as well as in CRH KO mice, suggesting IL-1alpha/beta, IL-6, and CRH are all required for POMC induction. The induction of CRH transcript in the paraventricular nucleus at 6 h and plasma IL-6 levels, in response to IL-1alpha, were reduced in IL-1alpha/beta KO mice. Because IL-1alpha-induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in the AP was also suppressed in IL-6 KO mice, we suggest that plasma IL-6 is first induced by IL-1alpha, and IL-6 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in the AP, leading to the induction of POMC in concert with CRH. Our results suggest a role for IL-1alpha/beta in the induction of POMC in the AP through the induction of two independent pathways, CRH and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Chida
- Division of Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka M, Iijima N, Miyamoto Y, Fukusumi S, Itoh Y, Ozawa H, Ibata Y. Neurons expressing relaxin 3/INSL 7 in the nucleus incertus respond to stress. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:1659-70. [PMID: 15845093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin 3/INSL 7 has recently been identified as a new member of the insulin/relaxin superfamily. Although it was reported to be dominantly expressed in the brain, its detailed distribution and function in the central nervous system are still obscure. In the present study we demonstrated that in the rat relaxin 3 was mainly expressed in neurons of the nucleus incertus (NI) of the median dorsal tegmental pons. Other relaxin 3-expressing neurons were scattered in the pontine raphe nucleus, the periaqueductal gray and dorsal area to the substantia nigra in the midbrain reticular formation. Relaxin 3-immunoreactive fibers projected particularly densely in the septum, hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus and intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus. Ultrastructural examination revealed that relaxin 3 was localized in the dense-cored vesicles in the perikarya and was also observed in the synaptic terminals of axons. As almost all relaxin 3-containing neurons express corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor in the NI, we examined the response of relaxin 3 neurons to intracerebroventricular administration of CRF; 65% of relaxin 3 neurons expressed c-Fos 2 h after intracerebroventricular administration of 1 microg CRF. We then confirmed that c-Fos was induced in 60% of relaxin 3 neurons in the NI and the expression of relaxin 3 mRNA increased significantly in the NI after water-restraint stress. Collectively, these results suggest that relaxin 3 produced in the NI is released from nerve endings and is involved in the regulation of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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20
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Makino S, Tanaka Y, Nazarloo HP, Noguchi T, Nishimura K, Hashimoto K. Expression of type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following restraint stress in CRH-deficient mice. Brain Res 2005; 1048:131-7. [PMID: 15919058 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that various types of stress increase type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor (currently abbreviated to CRF1 receptor) mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats, but not mice. This study investigated whether different sensitivities of glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback effects can explain this species difference in stress-induced PVN CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. First, the CRF1 receptor mRNA level in the PVN of CRH knockout (KO) mice during acute restraint stress was compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice. Consistent with previous findings, WT mice showed no induction of CRF1 receptor mRNA in the PVN following acute restraint, regardless of normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical responses. In contrast, CRF1 receptor mRNA in the PVN of CRH KO mice was increased following 2 h of restraint. Since the response of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in the locus coeruleus (LC) to restraint was similar between CRH KO and WT mice, it is unlikely that enhanced noradrenergic input into the PVN was responsible for the CRF1 receptor mRNA induction in CRH KO mice. Second, to determine whether CRH KO per se or a low corticosterone response to stress is required to induce CRF1 receptor mRNA expression in the PVN in mice, the response of adrenalectomized WT mice was examined. Acute restraint increased the CRF1 receptor mRNA level in the PVN of adrenalectomized WT mice, similar to the case for CRH KO mice. TH mRNA in the LC showed similar increases in sham and adrenalectomized WT mice. These results indicate that PVN CRF1 receptor mRNA is much more sensitive to glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback in mice than in rats, such that a normal increase in plasma corticosterone during stress can mask CRF1 receptor mRNA induction in the PVN of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Makino
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Keck ME, Ohl F, Holsboer F, Müller MB. Listening to mutant mice: a spotlight on the role of CRF/CRF receptor systems in affective disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:867-89. [PMID: 15899517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice were originally generated to delineate the role of a specific gene product in behavioral or neuroendocrine phenotypes, rather than to produce classic animal models of depression. To learn more about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying a clinical condition such as depression, it has proven worthwhile to investigate changes in behaviors characteristic of depressed humans, such as anxiety, regardless of whether or not these alterations may also occur in other disorders besides depression. The majority of patients with mood and anxiety disorders have measurable shifts in their stress hormone regulation as reflected by elevated secretion of central and peripheral stress hormones or by altered hormonal responses to neuroendocrine challenge tests. In recent years, these alterations have been increasingly translated into testable hypotheses addressing the pathogenesis of illness. Refined molecular technologies and the creation of genetically engineered mice have allowed to specifically target individual genes involved in regulation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system elements (e.g. CRF and CRF-related peptides, their receptors, binding protein). Studies performed in such mice have complemented and extended our knowledge. The cumulative evidence makes a strong case implicating dysfunction of these systems in the pathogenesis of depression and leads us beyond the monoaminergic synapse in search of eagerly anticipated strategies to discover and develop better therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Keck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Bain MJ, Dwyer SM, Rusak B. Restraint stress affects hippocampal cell proliferation differently in rats and mice. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:7-10. [PMID: 15342123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus throughout adult life, and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into DNA can serve as a marker of cell division associated with such neurogenesis. We examined the effects of a stressor (3h of restraint) on hippocampal cell proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6J mice. Animals were killed immediately following restraint stress and their brains were prepared for immunohistochemical studies. Restraint stress caused similar significant increases in c-Fos immunoreactivity among cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of both species, indicating that the stress experienced was similar. The restraint procedure also caused a significant decrease in BrdU labeling in the dentate gyrus of rats, as previously reported, but a significant increase in the same region in mice. Hippocampal cell proliferation appears to respond differently to restraint stress in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Bain
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1
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Lauterborn JC. Stress induced changes in cortical and hypothalamic c-fos expression are altered in fragile X mutant mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 131:101-9. [PMID: 15530658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X (FraX) syndrome is characterized by mental retardation and a behavioral phenotype that includes stress-related behaviors. Recently, FraX children were shown to have elevated glucocorticoid hormones under basal conditions and an exaggerated hormonal response to stress. In the present study, fragile X mental retardation 1-knockout (Fmr1-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to immobilization stress for 30 min or 2 h, killed with paired controls, and the hippocampus, neocortex, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) assessed by in situ hybridization for effects on c-fos mRNA. The main effect of stress in hippocampus was a reduction in mRNA levels within CA3-CA1 pyramidal cells in both genotypes. Stress significantly reduced CA1 c-fos mRNA in Fmr1-KOs at 30 min (-41%) and 2 h (-57%), whereas in WTs levels were significantly reduced only at 2 h (-57%). In neocortex, 30 min stress significantly increased c-fos mRNA in Fmr1-KOs only (+53%); however, by 2 h levels were reduced in both genotypes versus respective controls. In the paraventricular nucleus, c-fos mRNA levels were significantly, and equally, increased in both genotypes at 30 min. However, at 2 h, mRNA levels were still elevated in the Fmr1-KOs, whereas they had returned to control values in the WTs. Finally, immobilization stress significantly increased serum corticosterone levels in both genotypes at 30 min and 2 h, with Fmr1-KOs exhibiting greater levels than WTs; levels were statistically different at 2 h. These data indicate a greater response to stress in FraX mutants than in WTs, and further support the hypothesis of a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in FraX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lauterborn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA.
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