1
|
ABDOURAHMAN OMAR A, HIMMI O. [The mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Djibouti: bibliographical review (1970-2023)]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2024; 4:mtsi.v4i1.2024.365. [PMID: 38846112 PMCID: PMC11151910 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v4i1.2024.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background and justification The Republic of Djibouti is located in the Horn of Africa, on the Gulf of Aden and the Bab-el-Mandeb detroit, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. Prior to its independence in 1977, the Republic of Djibouti was known by two names: "Côte française des Somalis" until 1967, then "Territoire Français de Afars et Issas". As part of our doctoral research on the ecology of mosquitoes in Djibouti, we noted a lack of information on the species encountered, and felt it essential to draw up a list of species before embarking on ecological monitoring. The aim of this work is to survey publications on mosquitoes in Djibouti and to synthesize data from this scientific literature in order to update the national inventory of Culicidae. Materials and methods An exhaustive search of electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Scopus, HAL Open Archive, Science Direct and Google Scholar) was carried out. Reference lists were filtered to access additional articles in order to obtain more data. Two keywords were used: "Djibouti" and "French Territory of Afars and Issas". A selection of scientific publications on Djibouti mosquitoes and/or diseases transmitted by mosquito vectors was made. Researches were conducted in articles selected. The names of the species listed were checked and validated by referring to the site Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. Results A total of 13 studies, published between 1970 and 2023, were found. Over the years, the composition of the Culicidae fauna has become well known. In part, the movement of people traveling to and from neighboring countries has been linked to the detection of new species and the reappearance of mosquito species in Djibouti. Numerous studies have been carried out over the years, including purely taxonomic studies and others focusing on the incrimination of mosquito vectors and the characterization of the pathogens they transmit. A total of 37 species, belonging to two subfamilies (Anophelinae and Culicinae), of mosquitoes divided between 7 genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta, Lutzia, Mimomyia and Uranotaenia) have been mentioned across the country. The number of species per genus is distributed as follows: 5 species of Aedes including 1 subspecies, 14 species of Anopheles including two subspecies, 12 species of Culex including 1 subspecies, 1 species for each of the genera Culiseta and Lutzia and finally 2 species respectively for the genera Mimomiya and Uranotaenia. Five species have been incriminated as vectors of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus and chikungunya. Others are known for their potential role in pathogen transmission, including Zika and Rift Valley virus. Discussion - Conclusion The bibliographical research enabled us to summarize the research carried out over more than half a century in the history of Djibouti, and to update the inventory of the country's mosquitoes, which now includes 37 species. Species names were reviewed and updated, and the case of Anopheles gambiae was also addressed. Two species mentioned as part of the Culicidae fauna of Djibouti appeared to be doubtful and are up for discussion. These results provide a useful information base for defining vector control priorities in Djibouti. They will also inform, guide and facilitate future consultations of our database. In addition, this study will help to identify research ways on mosquitoes in Djibouti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oumnia HIMMI
- Centre de recherche en géophysique, patrimoine naturel et chimie verte (GEOPAC)
- Laboratoire géo-biodiversité et patrimoine naturel (GEOBIOL) Institut scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Maroc
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dawah HA, Abdullah MA, Ahmad SK, Turner J, Azari-Hamidian S. An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa 2023; 5394:1-76. [PMID: 38220993 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Dawah
- Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Abdullah
- Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India.
| | - James Turner
- National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK.
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aure WE, Sayama Y, Saito-Obata M, Salazar NP, Malbas FF, Galang HO, Imamura T, Zuasula CL, Oshitani H. Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III from mosquitoes in Tarlac, Philippines. IJID REGIONS 2022; 4:59-65. [PMID: 36093364 PMCID: PMC9453045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is endemic in the Philippines. Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III was detected in Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Mosquitoes breed in inundated rice fields close to human habitation. Epidemiological surveillance and immunization of children are identified needs.
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in a rice-farming community in the Philippines and to determine its implications regarding the epidemiology of viral encephalitides in the Asia-Pacific Region. Methods Mosquitoes were collected monthly from animal-baited traps close to flooded rice fields in two barangays (villages) in the Municipality of San Jose, Tarlac Province in Luzon, from May 2009 to July 2010. Virus was detected by nested reverse transcription PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified virus envelope gene was done using the maximum-likelihood method. Results A total of 28 700 known vector mosquitoes were collected, namely Culex vishnui, Culex fuscocephala, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex gelidus. JEV genotype III was detected in C. tritaeniorhynchus, belonging to the same genotype but form a different clade from those reported in the 1980s and in 2020 in this country. Conclusions Japanese encephalitis is associated with rice cultivation and the presence of infected mosquitoes in Tarlac, Philippines. It remains to be seen whether the observed genetic shift of genotype III to genotype I in Asia will in time have an impact on the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines. For long-term disease control, regular surveillance and Japanese encephalitis immunization in children and travelers in high risk areas are recommended.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rakotonirina A, Pol M, Kainiu M, Barsac E, Tutagata J, Kilama S, O'Connor O, Tarantola A, Colot J, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Richard V, Pocquet N. MALDI-TOF MS: optimization for future uses in entomological surveillance and identification of mosquitoes from New Caledonia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:359. [PMID: 32690083 PMCID: PMC7372833 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito vectors cause a significant human public health burden through the transmission of pathogens. Due to the expansion of international travel and trade, the dispersal of these mosquito vectors and the pathogens they carry is on the rise. Entomological surveillance is therefore required which relies on accurate mosquito species identification. This study aimed to optimize the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for mosquito identification. Methods Aedes aegypti of the Bora-Bora strain and 11 field-sampled mosquito species were used in this study. Analyses were performed to study the impact of the trapping duration on mosquito identification with MALDI-TOF MS. The best preservation methods to use for short, medium and long-term preservation before MALDI-TOF MS analysis were also assessed. In addition, the number of specimens per species required for MALDI-TOF MS database creation was determined. The first MALDI-TOF database of New Caledonian mosquitoes was assembled and the optimal threshold for mosquito species identification according to the sensitivity and specificity of this technique was determined. Results This study showed that the identification scores decreased as the trapping duration increased. High identification scores were obtained for mosquitoes preserved on silica gel and cotton at room temperature and those frozen at − 20 °C, even after two months of preservation. In addition, the results showed that the scores increased according to the number of main spectrum patterns (MSPs) used until they reached a plateau at 5 MSPs for Ae. aegypti. Mosquitoes (n = 67) belonging to 11 species were used to create the MALDI-TOF reference database. During blind test analysis, 96% of mosquitoes tested (n = 224) were correctly identified. Finally, based on MALDI-TOF MS sensitivity and specificity, the threshold value of 1.8 was retained for a secure identification score. Conclusions MALDI-TOF MS allows accurate species identification with high sensitivity and specificity and is a promising tool in public health for mosquito vector surveillance.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antsa Rakotonirina
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia.
| | - Morgane Pol
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Malia Kainiu
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Groupe de Recherche en Bactériologie Expérimentale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Emilie Barsac
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Groupe de Recherche en Bactériologie Expérimentale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Jordan Tutagata
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Sosiasi Kilama
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Olivia O'Connor
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Dengue et autres Arboviroses, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Epidémiologie, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Julien Colot
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Groupe de Recherche en Bactériologie Expérimentale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Dengue et autres Arboviroses, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Vincent Richard
- Institut Pasteur, Direction internationale, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Nicolas Pocquet
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE-Entomologie Médicale, Nouméa, 98845, New Caledonia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gender beyond male and female: Occurrence of a gynandromorph in the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex sitiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 2020; 201:105207. [PMID: 31586449 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A gynandromorph of Culex sitiens Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) was attracted to a human during a mosquito surveillance programme conducted in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia on July 20, 2019. Gynandromorphism was observed in antennae, maxillary palps, legs and wings of the specimen, with distinct male characters on the left and female characters on the right, though the left maxillary palp is slightly shorter than the proboscis of a typical male. The abdomen, however, displays well-developed male genitalia. This study represents the first report of oblique gynandromorphism in Cx. sitiens, one of the vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Asia.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chaiphongpachara T, Laojun S. Annual Variability of Wing Morphology in Culex sitiens Wiedemann (Diptera, Culicidae) Mosquito Vectors from the Coastal Area of Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand. J Parasitol Res 2019; 2019:3978965. [PMID: 30941205 PMCID: PMC6420999 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3978965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex sitiens Wiedemann (Diptera, Culicidae) is a mosquito vector that is found in coastal areas. Effective control of mosquitoes requires knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of the vector as well as of various other aspects, including its morphology. Currently, variations in the wing size and shape of coastal Cx. sitiens have not been described. Here, morphological changes were studied in the wings of Cx. sitiens from a coastal area of Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand. Samples were collected at night (6:00 pm-6:00 am) during single weeks of September in the years 2015-2017 using Center for Disease Control light traps with dry ice as bait. Eighteen landmarks of each individual were selected and digitized for landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses. Wing size variability was estimated using the isometric estimator of centroid size. Wing-shape variables were computed as Procrustes superimposition with residual coordinates of the 18 landmarks following a Generalized Procrustes Analysis and the principal components of residual coordinates. Degrees of wing-shape dissimilarity among individuals were analyzed using discriminant analysis or canonical variate analysis, which was illustrated in a discriminant space of canonical variables. Differences in wing size and shape among populations were calculated using nonparametric permutations based on 1000 runs with Bonferroni correction tests at a p-value of <0.05. The wing sizes and shapes of the mosquitoes differed significantly between observation years in all population groups, as indicated by nonparametric tests (1000 runs) with the Bonferroni correction. Differing rainfall between observation years was related to morphological changes in mosquito populations, presumably reflecting environmental adaptation. Differences in the wing morphology of Cx. sitiens between annual populations reflect adaptation to environmental variables such as rainfall and may affect the potential to act as insect vectors of human disease. These observations may facilitate the development of tools for managing mosquito-borne disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- College of Allied Health Science, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand
| | - Sedthapong Laojun
- Bachelor of Public Health, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:435-48. [PMID: 25848290 PMCID: PMC4373597 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s51168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang YJS, Higgs S, Horne KM, Vanlandingham DL. Flavivirus-mosquito interactions. Viruses 2014; 6:4703-30. [PMID: 25421894 PMCID: PMC4246245 DOI: 10.3390/v6114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is in the family Flaviviridae and is comprised of more than 70 viruses. These viruses have a broad geographic range, circulating on every continent except Antarctica. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as yellow fever virus, dengue virus serotypes 1-4, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in affected regions. This review focuses on what is known about flavivirus-mosquito interactions and presents key data collected from the field and laboratory-based molecular and ultrastructural evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Kate McElroy Horne
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jude PJ, Tharmasegaram T, Sivasubramaniyam G, Senthilnanthanan M, Kannathasan S, Raveendran S, Ramasamy R, Surendran SN. Salinity-tolerant larvae of mosquito vectors in the tropical coast of Jaffna, Sri Lanka and the effect of salinity on the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to Aedes aegypti larvae. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:269. [PMID: 23174003 PMCID: PMC3533938 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue, chikungunya, malaria, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis are common mosquito-borne diseases endemic to Sri Lanka. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the major vectors of dengue, were recently shown to undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water bodies in the island. A limited survey of selected coastal localities of the Jaffna district in northern Sri Lanka was carried out to identify mosquito species undergoing pre-imaginal development in brackish and saline waters. The effect of salinity on the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis larvicide to Ae. aegypti larvae at salinity levels naturally tolerated by Ae. aegypti was examined. Methods Larvae collected at the selected sites along the Jaffna coast were identified and salinity of habitat water determined in the laboratory. The LC50 and LC90 of B. thuringiensis toxin, the active ingredient of a commercial formulation of the larvicide BACTIVEC®, were determined with Ae. aegypti larvae. Bioassays were also carried out at salinities varying from 0 to18 ppt to determine the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to fresh and brackish water-derived larvae of Ae. aegypti. Results Larvae of four Anopheles, two Aedes, one Culex and one Lutzia species were collected from brackish and saline sites with salinity in the range 2 to 68 ppt. The LC50 and LC90 of B. thuringiensis toxin for the second instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in fresh water were 0.006 ppm and 0.013 ppm respectively, with corresponding values for brackish water populations of 0.008 and 0.012 ppm respectively. One hundred percent survival of second instar fresh water and brackish water-derived Ae. aegypti larvae was recorded at salinity up to 10 and 12 ppt and 100% mortality at 16 and 18 ppt, yielding an LC 50 for salinity of 13.9 ppt and 15.4 ppt at 24 h post-treatment respectively for the two populations. Statistical analysis showed significantly reduced toxicity of B. thuringiensis to fresh and brackish water-derived Ae. aegypti larvae at high salinities. Conclusion A variety of mosquito vectors of human diseases undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish or saline waters in coastal areas of the Jaffna district in northern Sri Lanka. Salinity has a small but significant negative impact on the toxicity of B. thuringiensis toxin to Ae. aegypti larvae at salinity levels where Ae. aegypti larvae are found in the environment. This has implications for the use of B. thuringiensis toxin as a larvicide in brackish waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavilupillai J Jude
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prummongkol S, Panasoponkul C, Apiwathnasorn C, Lek-Uthai U. Biology of Culex sitiens, a predominant mosquito in Phang Nga, Thailand after a tsunami. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:11. [PMID: 22950682 PMCID: PMC3467088 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A tsunami affected area in Phang Nga province, Thailand was explored randomly as some freshwater sites had changed into brackish-water sites. A survey of four areas found Culex sitiens to be the most dominant mosquito species.This mosquito prefers to breed in putrefied water with garbage and it was found in almost every stagnant, brackish-water site in full sunlight. The larval density was more than 300 larvae/dip/250 ml water. Its biting cycle, determined by human landing catch, was nocturnal, with a single peak at 19.00-20.00 hr. The maximum rate was 108 mosquitoes per person/hour. The biology of the mosquito was studied by colonization in natural water under laboratory conditions. The mean number of eggs per raft was 158.1 ± 31.7, hatchability 96.6 ± 4.1%, development from 1st instar larvae to adult was 8.8-11.7 days, and longevity of adult males was 7.3-41.3 days and females 11.0-52.7 days. The ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:1.1 ± 0.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samrerng Prummongkol
- Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chotechuang Panasoponkul
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chamnarn Apiwathnasorn
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Lek-Uthai
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|