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Parisot N, Vargas-Chávez C, Goubert C, Baa-Puyoulet P, Balmand S, Beranger L, Blanc C, Bonnamour A, Boulesteix M, Burlet N, Calevro F, Callaerts P, Chancy T, Charles H, Colella S, Da Silva Barbosa A, Dell'Aglio E, Di Genova A, Febvay G, Gabaldón T, Galvão Ferrarini M, Gerber A, Gillet B, Hubley R, Hughes S, Jacquin-Joly E, Maire J, Marcet-Houben M, Masson F, Meslin C, Montagné N, Moya A, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Richard G, Rosen J, Sagot MF, Smit AFA, Storer JM, Vincent-Monegat C, Vallier A, Vigneron A, Zaidman-Rémy A, Zamoum W, Vieira C, Rebollo R, Latorre A, Heddi A. The transposable element-rich genome of the cereal pest Sitophilus oryzae. BMC Biol 2021; 19:241. [PMID: 34749730 PMCID: PMC8576890 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most important agricultural pests, causing extensive damage to cereal in fields and to stored grains. S. oryzae has an intracellular symbiotic relationship (endosymbiosis) with the Gram-negative bacterium Sodalis pierantonius and is a valuable model to decipher host-symbiont molecular interactions. RESULTS We sequenced the Sitophilus oryzae genome using a combination of short and long reads to produce the best assembly for a Curculionidae species to date. We show that S. oryzae has undergone successive bursts of transposable element (TE) amplification, representing 72% of the genome. In addition, we show that many TE families are transcriptionally active, and changes in their expression are associated with insect endosymbiotic state. S. oryzae has undergone a high gene expansion rate, when compared to other beetles. Reconstruction of host-symbiont metabolic networks revealed that, despite its recent association with cereal weevils (30 kyear), S. pierantonius relies on the host for several amino acids and nucleotides to survive and to produce vitamins and essential amino acids required for insect development and cuticle biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Here we present the genome of an agricultural pest beetle, which may act as a foundation for pest control. In addition, S. oryzae may be a useful model for endosymbiosis, and studying TE evolution and regulation, along with the impact of TEs on eukaryotic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chávez
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain
- Present Address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clément Goubert
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present Address: Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Séverine Balmand
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Louis Beranger
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Blanc
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Bonnamour
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Boulesteix
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nelly Burlet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Théo Chancy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - André Da Silva Barbosa
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Elisa Dell'Aglio
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alex Di Genova
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Catalan de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alexandra Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Hughes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Justin Maire
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Florent Masson
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Meslin
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), València, Spain
| | | | - Gautier Richard
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jeb Rosen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | | | | | - Agnès Vallier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Waël Zamoum
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France.
| | - Rita Rebollo
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain.
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), València, Spain.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Andrejko M, Mak P, Siemińska-Kuczer A, Iwański B, Wojda I, Suder P, Kuleta P, Regucka K, Cytryńska M. A comparison of the production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins by Galleria mellonella larvae in response to infection with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains differing in the profile of secreted proteases. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104239. [PMID: 33845095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work presents identification of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27,853 and PA18), differing in the profile of secreted proteases. The insects were immunized with bacteria cultivated in rich (LB) and minimal (M9) media, which resulted in appearance of a similar broad set of AMPs in the hemolymph. Among them, 13 peptides and proteins were identified, i.e. proline-rich peptides 1 and 2, lebocin-like anionic peptide 1 and anionic peptide 2, defensin/galiomicin, cecropin, cecropin D-like peptide, apolipophoricin, gallerimycin, moricin-like peptide B, lysozyme, apolipophorin III, and superoxide dismutase. Bacterial strain- and/or medium-dependent changes in the level of proline-rich peptide 1, anionic peptide 1 and 2, moricin-like peptide B, cecropin D-like and gallerimycin were observed. The analysis of the expression of genes encoding cecropin, gallerimycin, and galiomicin indicated that they were differently affected by the bacterial strain but mainly by the medium used for bacterial culture. The highest expression was found for the LB medium. In addition to the antibacterial and antifungal activity, proteolytic activity was detected in the hemolymph of the P. aeruginosa-infected insects. Based on these results and those presented in our previous reports, it can be postulated that the appearance of AMPs in G. mellonella hemolymph can be triggered not only by P. aeruginosa pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also by bacterial extracellular proteases secreted during infection. However, although there were no qualitative differences in the set of AMPs depending on the P. aeruginosa strain and medium, differences in the level of particular AMPs synthesized in response to the bacteria used were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Siemińska-Kuczer
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Kuleta
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Regucka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Transcriptome Characterization of Dendrolimus punctatus and Expression Profiles at Different Developmental Stages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161667. [PMID: 27560151 PMCID: PMC4999207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) is a common insect pest that confers serious damage to conifer forests in south of China. Extensive physiology and ecology studies on D. punctatus have been carried out, but the lack of genetic information has limited our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind its development and resistance. Using RNA-seq approach, we characterized the transcriptome of this pine moth and investigated its developmental expression profiles during egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. A total of 107.6 million raw reads were generated that were assembled into 70,664 unigenes. More than 30% unigenes were annotated by searching for homology in protein databases. To better understand the process of metamorphosis, we pairwise compared four developmental phases and obtained 17,624 differential expression genes. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed positive correlation with specific physiological activities of each stage, and these results were confirmed by qRT-PCR experiments. This study provides a valuable genomic resource of D. punctatus covering all its developmental stages, and will promote future studies on biological processes at the molecular level.
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Chiou SJ, Wang CC, Tseng YS, Lee YJ, Chen SC, Chou CH, Chuang LY, Hong YR, Lu CY, Chiu CC, Chignard M. A novel role for β2-microglobulin: a precursor of antibacterial chemokine in respiratory epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31035. [PMID: 27503241 PMCID: PMC4977529 DOI: 10.1038/srep31035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a panel of cationic molecules secreted in the culture medium of human respiratory epithelial cells (REC) upon activation by IL-1β and different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. A 9 kDa fragment derived from β2-microglobulin (B2M) was identified and named shed 9 kDa B2M (sB2M-9). The primary structure of sB2M-9 was revealed to increase its pI value that potentially could play an important role in innate defense. sB2M-9 exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (SA) but not against Gram negative Klebsiella pneumonia (KP). Upon its binding to SA, sB2M-9 induces clumps, a phenomenon not observed with B2M. Migration of THP-1 monocytes exposed to SA clumps was significantly greater than that to SA without clumps. sB2M-9 binds to SA, more likely as a chemokine, to facilitate THP-1 migration. As a whole, we demonstrated that REC release a novel chemokine with antibacterial activity that is shed from B2M to facilitate THP-1 migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Lee
- Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Chou
- Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lea-Yea Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michel Chignard
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Inserm U874, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMR_S 938 - UPMC/Inserm, France
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Shelby KS, Popham HJR. RNA-Seq Study of Microbially Induced Hemocyte Transcripts from Larval Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2012; 3:743-62. [PMID: 26466627 PMCID: PMC4553588 DOI: 10.3390/insects3030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the tobacco budworm are major polyphagous pests throughout the Americas. Development of effective microbial biopesticides for this and related noctuid pests has been stymied by the natural resistance mediated innate immune response. Hemocytes play an early and central role in activating and coordinating immune responses to entomopathogens. To approach this problem we completed RNA-seq expression profiling of hemocytes collected from larvae following an in vivo challenge with bacterial and fungal cell wall components to elicit an immune response. A de novo exome assembly was constructed by combination of sequence tags from all treatments. Sequence tags from each treatment were aligned separately with the assembly to measure expression. The resulting table of differential expression had >22,000 assemblies each with a distinct combination of annotation and expression. Within these assemblies >1,400 were upregulated and >1,500 downregulated by immune activation with bacteria or fungi. Orthologs to innate immune components of other insects were identified including pattern recognition, signal transduction pathways, antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, melanization and coagulation. Additionally orthologs of components regulating hemocytic functions such as autophagy, apoptosis, phagocytosis and nodulation were identified. Associated cellular oxidative defenses and detoxification responses were identified providing a comprehensive snapshot of the early response to elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent S Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
| | - Holly J R Popham
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
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Laughton AM, Boots M, Siva-Jothy MT. The ontogeny of immunity in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. following an immune challenge. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1023-1032. [PMID: 21570403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee, Apis mellifera, is an ideal system for investigating ontogenetic changes in the immune system, because it combines holometabolous development within a eusocial caste system. As adults, male and female bees are subject to differing selective pressures: worker bees (females) exhibit temporal polyethism, while the male drones invest in mating. They are further influenced by changes in the threat of pathogen infection at different life stages. We investigated the immune response of workers and drones at all developmental phases, from larvae through to late stage adults, assaying both a constitutive (phenoloxidase, PO activity) and induced (antimicrobial peptide, AMP) immune response. We found that larval bees have low levels of PO activity. Adult workers produced stronger immune responses than drones, and a greater plasticity in immune investment. Immune challenge resulted in lower levels of PO activity in adult workers, which may be due to the rapid utilisation and a subsequent failure to replenish the constitutive phenoloxidase. Both adult workers and drones responded to an immune challenge by producing higher titres of AMPs, suggesting that the cost of this response prohibits its constant maintenance. Both castes showed signs of senescence in immune investment in the AMP response. Different sexes and life stages therefore alter their immune system management based on the combined factors of disease risk and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Laughton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Mak P, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M. A different repertoire of Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptides in larvae challenged with bacteria and fungi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1129-1136. [PMID: 20558200 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To date, functioning of insect humoral immune response is especially well described in Diptera. The mechanisms of pathogen recognition, activation of signaling pathways and regulation of antimicrobial defense peptide expression are relatively well known. The present paper demonstrates evidence that the immune system of the Lepidoptera moth, Galleria mellonella, is also able to distinguish between different classes of microorganisms and responds to the invading pathogen accordingly. G. mellonella larvae were challenged with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as with yeast and filamentous fungus cells. Subsequently, 24, 48 and 72 h after immunization, the concentrations of lysozyme and six defense peptides were determined in the hemolymph by the HPLC technique. The compounds studied demonstrated variability both in the kinetics of the increase as well as in the concentrations reached. The Gram-negative bacterium and filamentous fungus were particularly effective immunogens, especially affecting the levels of lysozyme, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptide 2 and cecropin D-like peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Rose WM, Ourth DD. Isolation of lysozyme and an antifungal peptide from sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) plasma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Shelby KS, Popham HJ. Analysis of ESTs generated from immune-stimulated hemocytes of larval Heliothis virescens. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 101:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cao X, Mao D, Wang C, Zeng B, Wang A, Lu M, Xu C. A D-galactose-Binding Lectin with Mitogenic Activity fromMusca domesticaPupae. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:249-53. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ourth DD, Rose WM, Siefkes MJ. Isolation of mannose-binding C-type lectin from sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) plasma and binding to Aeromonas salmonicida. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:407-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wen H, Lan X, Cheng T, He N, Shiomi K, Kajiura Z, Zhou Z, Xia Q, Xiang Z, Nakagaki M. Sequence structure and expression pattern of a novel anionic defensin-like gene from silkworm (Bombyx mori). Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:711-6. [PMID: 18360778 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A defensin-like gene, BmdefA, was rediscovered in the silkworm genome and expressed sequence tags databases. The open reading frame of BmdefA encodes a prepropeptide consisting of a 22-residue signal peptide, a 34-residue propeptide, and a 36-residue mature peptide with a molecular mass of 4.0 kDa. The mature peptide possesses the characteristic six-cysteine motif of insect defensins, and its predicted isoelectric point is 4.12, indicating it is a novel anionic defensin. An intron is present in BmdefA and several cis-regulatory elements are in the regulating region. It is transcribed constitutively at a high level in the hemocyte, silk gland, head, and ovary of the silkworm larvae, and in the fat body of early-stage pupae and moth. BmdefA is also strongly induced by immune challenge. These results suggest that BmdefA plays an important role in both immunity and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Wen
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Ourth DD, Narra MB, Simco BA. Comparative study of mannose-binding C-type lectin isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1152-1160. [PMID: 17950622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-binding C-type lectin (MBL) was isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) NWAC 102 and 103 strains, blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) D+B and Rio Grande strains, hybrid catfish (channel catfish female NWAC 103 x blue catfish male D+B) sera, and purified by affinity chromatography from channel catfish Norris strain serum. Reduction of purified channel catfish MBL with 2-ME yielded a single band of 62 kDa by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using guinea pig anti-MBL IgG as primary antibody. Channel catfish NWAC 102 strain, channel catfish NWAC 103 strain and hybrid catfish sera had molecular masses of 63 kDa for MBL. Blue catfish (D+B strain) serum MBL had a molecular mass of 66 kDa. Rio Grande blue catfish serum MBL had a molecular mass of 65 kDa. Amino acid composition analysis (mol%) of the affinity-purified channel catfish MBL found a high content of serine present. Functional binding studies of channel catfish and blue catfish MBLs binding to Edwardsiella ictaluri were done using a dot-immunoblot ELISA method. A dot-immunoblot ELISA binding assay was done to compare nine different strains and species of channel catfish and blue catfish for their levels of serum MBL. Blue catfish had higher levels of MBL than did the various strains of channel catfish tested. MBL could be used as a genetic marker for selection of disease resistance in the different strains of catfish used in aquaculture. This study describes the presence of serum MBL in catfish and evidence for a C-type lectin complement pathway of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Ourth
- Department of Biology, The University of Memphis, Life Sciences Bldg., Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA.
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Li C, Song L, Zhao J, Zhu L, Zou H, Zhang H, Wang H, Cai Z. Preliminary study on a potential antibacterial peptide derived from histone H2A in hemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:663-72. [PMID: 17049445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2A is reported to participate in host defense response through producing novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from its N-terminus in vertebrates and invertebrates, while the AMPs derived from H2A have not to our knowledge been reported in mollusca. In the present study, gene cloning, mRNA expression of H2A from scallop Chlamys farreri, and the recombinant expression of its N-terminus were conducted to investigate whether a similar mechanism exists in mollusca. The full-length DNA of H2A was identified by the techniques of homology cloning and genomic DNA walking. The full-length DNA of the scallop H2A was 696bp long, including a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 90bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 228bp with a stem-loop structure and a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA, and an open reading frame of 375bp encoding a polypeptide of 125 amino acids. The mRNA expression of H2A in the hemocytes of scallop challenged by microbe was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of H2A was not upregulated after stimulation, suggesting that H2A did not participate in immunity response directly. The DNA fragment of 117bp encoding 39 amino acids corresponding to the N-terminus of scallop H2A, which was homologous to buforin I in vertebrates, was cloned into Pichia pastoris GS115. The transformants (His(+) Mut(+)) containing multi-copy gene insertion were selected with increasing concentration of antibiotic G418. The peptide of 39 amino acids was expressed by induction of 0.5% methanol. The recombinant product exerted antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (G(+)) and Gram-negative (G(-)) bacteria. The antibacterial activity toward G(+) bacteria was 2.5 times more than that against G(-) bacteria. The results elucidated that N-terminus of H2A was a potential AMP and provided a promising candidate for a new antibiotic screening. However, whether H2A is really involved in scallop immune response mechanisms needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Meylaers K, Freitak D, Schoofs L. Immunocompetence of Galleria mellonella: sex- and stage-specific differences and the physiological cost of mounting an immune response during metamorphosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:146-56. [PMID: 17198709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial immune response of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was analysed by use of an inhibition zone plate assay. We demonstrated significant stage-specific differences as the immune response was most effective in the pupal, next the larval and then the adult stage. In addition, we demonstrated that an immune challenge at the onset of, or during metamorphosis does not increase nor decrease the strength of the antibacterial immune response in the subsequent developmental stage(s). These findings illustrate that induced immunity is not preserved during metamorphosis but also deny any cost to the immune system itself. However, an immune challenge does induce a significant shortening of the direct development time and affects the mass loss during metamorphosis in a sex-dependent manner: males emerged smaller whereas the mass of females was not significantly affected. These observations indicate that there are sex-specific costs to mounting an immune response during metamorphosis which affect physiological traits, implicating a trade-off between immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Meylaers
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology, Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ourth DD, Narra MB, Chung KT. Isolation of mannose-binding C-type lectin from Heliothis virescens pupae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:1085-9. [PMID: 16111657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A mannose-binding C-type lectin (MBL) was isolated by affinity chromatography from Heliothis virescens immune pupal hemolymph. The immune pupal hemolymph was obtained after bacterial injection of live Enterobacter cloacae bacteria. MBL in mammals acts as an opsonin for phagocytosis and activates the lectin complement pathway of the innate immune response, which leads to killing of gram-negative bacteria and enveloped viruses. The affinity-purified and reduced pupal MBL showed a single band of 36 kDa by SDS-PAGE (12% gel). A dot-immunoblot ELISA (using guinea pig anti-MBL IgG as primary antibody) demonstrated specificity of the antibody for the affinity-purified pupal MBL. The immune pupal hemolymph contained 21 microg of MBL per ml of hemolymph. The amino acid composition of the purified pupal MBL was determined with high amounts of arginine and histidine detected. The presence of MBL in insect pupae has not before been reported and could be important in pupal innate immunity to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Ourth
- Department of Biology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA.
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17
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Popham HJR, Shelby KS, Brandt SL, Coudron TA. Potent virucidal activity in larval Heliothis virescens plasma against Helicoverpa zea single capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2255-2261. [PMID: 15269366 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae resist baculovirus infection by selective apoptosis of infected midgut epithelial cells and by sloughing off infected cells from the midgut. Once the infection breaches the midgut epithelial barrier and propagates from infective foci to the haemocoel, however, there are few mechanisms known to account for the resistance and clearance of infection observed in some virus–host combinations. The hypothesis that factors present in the plasma of infected pest larvae act to limit the spread of virus from initial infective foci within the haemocoel was tested. An in vitro bioassay was developed in which Helicoverpa zea single capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) was incubated with plasma collected from uninfected Heliothis virescens larvae. Infectious HzSNPV particles were then titrated on HzAM1 cells. Diluted plasma from larval Heliothis virescens exhibited a virucidal effect against HzSNPV in vitro, reducing the TCID50 ml−1 by more than 64-fold (from 4·3±3·6×105 to 6·7±0·6×103). The antiviral activity was heat-labile but was unaffected by freezing. In addition, protease inhibitors and specific chemical inhibitors of phenol oxidase or prophenol oxidase activation added to diluted plasma eliminated the virucidal activity. Thus, in the plasma of larval lepidopterans, the enzyme phenol oxidase may act as a constitutive, humoral innate antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J R Popham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Kent S Shelby
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Sandra L Brandt
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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Ourth DD, Chung KT. Purification of antimicrobial factor from granules of channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:28-36. [PMID: 14672693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is extensively used in aquaculture in the Southeast US and is susceptible to many bacterial infections acquired from its pond environment. Research is needed to better understand the defensive response and innate immunity of channel catfish against fish pathogens like Edwardsiella ictaluri and Aeromonas hydrophila. The main objectives were purification and characterization of an innate antimicrobial factor isolated from catfish leucocytes that has both bactericidal and antiviral activities. Oxygen-independent mechanisms of innate immunity for killing microorganisms have not been identified in leucocytes of channel catfish. Leucocytes were separated from catfish blood, and granule extracts were obtained by homogenization, centrifugation, and extraction with 10% acetic acid. The granule extracts were further purified by gel filtration chromatography. Bactericidal assays against the two fish pathogens and SDS-PAGE analysis were done on the isolated antimicrobial factor. Determination of antiviral activity of the factor was done by in vitro tissue culture using herpes simplex virus-type 1. Mass spectrometry analyses were done for molecular weight (655 Da), purity, and structural characterization of the innate non-peptide antimicrobial factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Ourth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA.
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Chung KT, Ourth DD. Purification and characterization of apolipophorin III from immune hemolymph of Heliothis virescens pupae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:505-14. [PMID: 12031477 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (ApoLp-III) from Heliothis virescens pupae was purified by heat-treatment followed by Sephadex G-50 filtration and reverse phase-HPLC. The molecular mass of the purified ApoLp-III was determined as 17965.9+/-5 Da by mass spectrometry. The N-terminal sequence confirmed the protein as ApoLp-III with homology of 56-83% to other insect ApoLp-III molecules. The amino acid spatial arrangement of the predicted alpha-helix 1 of Heliothis ApoLp-III was nearly identical to that of the amphipatic alpha-helix 1 of Manduca sexta ApoLp-III. The absorption spectrum from 240-340 nm of the Heliothis ApoLp-III was the same as the UV spectra of ApoLp-III from Manduca sexta and Galleria mellonella, showing absorption maxima at 280, 268, 264 and 259 nm. These results indicated that the primary structure of ApoLp-III is conserved in lepidopterans. The Heliothis ApoLp-III was not a glycoprotein and showed hemagglutination activity against rabbit red blood cells. This hemagglutination activity was abolished by Tween 80, but not by six different carbohydrates. Hydrophobic interaction of ApoLp-III with red blood cells agreed with structural studies since ApoLp-III binds lipid through hydrophobic interaction after conformational change. Bacterial injection apparently increased the amount of ApoLp-III in immune hemolymph when compared with normal hemolymph, and may indicate that ApoLp-III plays a role in insect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Tae Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Jain D, Nair DT, Swaminathan GJ, Abraham EG, Nagaraju J, Salunke DM. Structure of the induced antibacterial protein from tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. Implications to molecular evolution. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41377-82. [PMID: 11522783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104674200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of an antibacterial protein of immune origin (TSWAB), purified from tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta) larvae after induction by Escherichia coli infection, has been determined. This is the first insect lysozyme structure and represents induced lysozymes of innate immunity. The core structure of TSWAB is similar to c-type lysozymes and alpha-lactalbumins. However, TSWAB shows significant differences with respect to the other two proteins in the exposed loop regions. The catalytic residues in TSWAB are conserved with respect to the chicken lysozyme, indicating a common mechanism of action. However, differences in the noncatalytic residues in the substrate binding groove imply subtle differences in the specificity and the level of activity. Thus, conformational differences between TSWAB and chicken lysozyme exist, whereas functional mechanisms appear to be similar. On the other hand, alpha-lactalbumins and c-type lysozymes exhibit drastically different functions with conserved molecular conformation. It is evident that a common molecular scaffold is exploited in the three enzymes for apparently different physiological roles. It can be inferred on the basis of the structure-function comparison of these three proteins having common phylogenetic origin that the conformational changes in a protein are minimal during rapid evolution as compared with those in the normal course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jain
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110 067, India
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