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Qin P, Munang'andu HM, Xu C, Xie J. Megalocytivirus and Other Members of the Family Iridoviridae in Finfish: A Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. Viruses 2023; 15:1359. [PMID: 37376659 DOI: 10.3390/v15061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. However, its expansion has come under threat due to an increase in diseases caused by pathogens such as iridoviruses commonly found in aquatic environments used for fish farming. Of the seven members belonging to the family Iridoviridae, the three genera causing diseases in fish comprise ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses and megalocytiviruses. These three genera are serious impediments to the expansion of global aquaculture because of their tropism for a wide range of farmed-fish species in which they cause high mortality. As economic losses caused by these iridoviruses in aquaculture continue to rise, the urgent need for effective control strategies increases. As a consequence, these viruses have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. The functional role of some of the genes that form the structure of iridoviruses has not been elucidated. There is a lack of information on the predisposing factors leading to iridovirus infections in fish, an absence of information on the risk factors leading to disease outbreaks, and a lack of data on the chemical and physical properties of iridoviruses needed for the implementation of biosecurity control measures. Thus, the synopsis put forth herein provides an update of knowledge gathered from studies carried out so far aimed at addressing the aforesaid informational gaps. In summary, this review provides an update on the etiology of different iridoviruses infecting finfish and epidemiological factors leading to the occurrence of disease outbreaks. In addition, the review provides an update on the cell lines developed for virus isolation and culture, the diagnostic tools used for virus detection and characterization, the current advances in vaccine development and the use of biosecurity in the control of iridoviruses in aquaculture. Overall, we envision that the information put forth in this review will contribute to developing effective control strategies against iridovirus infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China
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First Discovery of Phenuiviruses within Diverse RNA Viromes of Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) by Metagenomics Sequencing. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030750. [PMID: 36992458 PMCID: PMC10056474 DOI: 10.3390/v15030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most zoonotic pathogens originate from mammals and avians, but viral diversity and related biosafety risk assessment in lower vertebrates also need to be explored. Amphibians are an important group of lower vertebrates that played a momentous role in animal evolution. To elucidate the diversity of RNA viruses in one important species of amphibians, the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans), we obtained 44 samples including lung, gut, liver, and kidney tissues from Asiatic toads in Sichuan and Jilin provinces, China, for viral metagenomics sequencing. More than 20 novel RNA viruses derived from the order Bunyavirales and 7 families of Astroviridae, Dicistroviridae, Leviviridae, Partitiviridae, Picornaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Virgaviridae were discovered, which were distinct from previously described viruses and formed new clusters, as revealed by phylogenetic analyses. Notably, a novel bastrovirus, AtBastV/GCCDC11/2022, of the family Astroviridae was identified from the gut library, the genome of which contains three open reading frames, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) coded by ORF1 closely related to that of hepeviruses, and ORF2 encoding an astrovirus-related capsid protein. Notably, phenuiviruses were discovered for the first time in amphibians. AtPhenV1/GCCDC12/2022 and AtPhenV2/GCCDC13/2022 clustered together and formed a clade with the group of phenuiviruses identified from rodents. Picornaviruses and several invertebrate RNA viruses were also detected. These findings improve our understanding of the high RNA viral diversity in the Asiatic toad and provide new insights in the evolution of RNA viruses in amphibians.
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Harding EF, Russo AG, Yan GJH, Mercer LK, White PA. Revealing the uncharacterised diversity of amphibian and reptile viruses. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:95. [PMID: 37938670 PMCID: PMC9723728 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians and non-avian reptiles represent a significant proportion of terrestrial vertebrates, however knowledge of their viruses is not proportional to their abundance. Many amphibians and reptiles have strict habitual environments and localised populations and are vulnerable to viral outbreaks and potential elimination as a result. We sought to identify viruses that were hidden in amphibian and reptile metatranscriptomic data by screening 235 RNA-sequencing datasets from a 122 species covering 25 countries. We identified 26 novel viruses and eight previously characterised viruses from fifteen different viral families. Twenty-five viruses had RNA genomes with identity to Arteriviridae, Tobaniviridae, Hantaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Astroviridae, Arenaviridae, Hepeviridae, Picornaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae and Caliciviridae. In addition to RNA viruses, we also screened datasets for DNA viral transcripts, which are commonly excluded from transcriptomic analysis. We identified ten DNA viruses with identity to Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Circoviridae and Adomaviridae. With the addition of these viruses, we expand the global amphibian and reptile virome and identify new potentially pathogenic viruses that could challenge populations. We speculate that amphibian viruses often have simpler genomes than those in amniotes, as in the case of the Secondpapillomavirinae and Orthomyxoviridae viruses identified in this study. In addition, we find evidence of inter-family recombination in RNA viruses, and we also identify new members of the recombinant Adomaviridae family. Overall, we provide insights into the uncharacterised diversity of amphibian and reptile viruses with the aim of improving population management, treatment and conservation into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Harding
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Alice G Russo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Grace J H Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Lewis K Mercer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Cheng X, Jiang Z, Feng Z, Sun Z, Lu S, Xu X, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-binding protein 2 (TARBP2) inhibits apoptosis by decreasing PKR phosphorylation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104425. [PMID: 35452690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PKR plays a significant role in IFN antiviral responses and in mediating apoptosis. Its activity is crucial for cellular antiviral and subsequent recovery. In mammalian cells, Protein Activator of the Interferon-induced Protein Kinase (PACT) and Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-Binding Protein 2 (TARBP2) have the opposite effect on PKR activity in a dsRNA independent manner. There are some corresponding regulators of PKR in fish, too. In previous studies, we found that grass carp PACT can activate PKR in dsRNA independent manner. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of grass carp TARBP2 on PKR regulation. Grass carp TARBP2 expression is significantly increased at 6h post-poly I:C stimulation in CIK cells and grass carp tissues, indicating that it may play a role in poly I:C-mediated immune response. Then, we found that CiTARBP2 interacts with CiPKR and CiPACT, suggesting that it may regulate PKR activity by direct interaction with PKR or its regulators. Further, poly I:C promotes the phosphorylation of CiTARBP2 and enhances the interaction of CiTARBP2 and CiPKR. Finally, over-expression of CiTARBP2 decreases CiPKR phosphorylation and inhibits PKR-induced apoptosis. Therefore, our study reveals that CiTARBP2 can bind to CiPKR, CiPACT and CiTARBP2. The phosphorylated TARBP2 has stronger affinity to PKR, which results in the decrease of PKR phosphorylation and inhibition of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Cheng
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhiqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Mercer LK, Harding EF, Yan GJH, White PA. Novel viruses discovered in the transcriptomes of agnathan fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:931-938. [PMID: 35235679 PMCID: PMC9313793 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis K. Mercer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Emma F. Harding
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Grace J. H. Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter A. White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Louboutin L, Dheilly NM, Cabon J, Picon Camacho S, Leroux A, Lucas P, Le Breton A, Blanchard Y, Morin T. Characterization of a novel picornavirus isolated from moribund gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:707-716. [PMID: 35172021 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gilthead seabream represents a species of importance in Mediterranean aquaculture. The larval stage is particularly sensitive and frequently impacted in suboptimal environmental or sanitary conditions. In the present study, investigations were carried out in a seabream hatchery following an unusual mortality reaching 70% among 50-day post-hatching. Anorexia, loss of appetite and abnormal swimming behaviour were observed in absence of parasites or pathogenic bacteria. Proliferation of rod-shaped bacteria in the gut lumen was associated with focal degeneration in the intestinal mucosa. Cytopathic effects on an EK-1 cell line after 21 days of culture at 14°C and 20°C in contact with homogenized affected larvae revealed the presence of a viral agent. Molecular characterization by high-throughput sequencing showed a typical picornavirus genome organization with a polyprotein precursor of 2276 amino acids sharing 46.3% identity with that of the Eel Picornavirus-1. A specific real-time PCR confirmed the presence of the viral genome in affected larval homogenate and corresponding cell culture supernatant. We propose the name Potamipivirus daurada for this novel species within the genus Potamipivirus. The etiological role of this virus remains uncertain at this time, and future studies will be necessary to investigate its prevalence in natural and aquaculture-reared populations as well as its ability to cause diseases in gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïg Louboutin
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Virologie, Plouzané, France
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Virologie, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Aurélie Leroux
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Alain Le Breton
- Vet'eau- Selarl Dr Alain Le Breton, Grenade-sur-Garonne, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail-Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Virologie, Plouzané, France
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Discovery and Characterization of Actively Replicating DNA and Retro-Transcribing Viruses in Lower Vertebrate Hosts Based on RNA Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061042. [PMID: 34072878 PMCID: PMC8227577 DOI: 10.3390/v13061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, a metatranscriptomics survey of RNA viruses in several important lower vertebrate host groups revealed huge viral diversity, transforming the understanding of the evolution of vertebrate-associated RNA virus groups. However, the diversity of the DNA and retro-transcribing viruses in these host groups was left uncharacterized. Given that RNA sequencing is capable of revealing viruses undergoing active transcription and replication, we collected previously generated datasets associated with lower vertebrate hosts, and searched them for DNA and retro-transcribing viruses. Our results revealed the complete genome, or “core gene sets”, of 18 vertebrate-associated DNA and retro-transcribing viruses in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and amphibians, many of which had high abundance levels, and some of which showed systemic infections in multiple organs, suggesting active transcription or acute infection within the host. Furthermore, these new findings recharacterized the evolutionary history in the families Hepadnaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Alloherpesviridae, confirming long-term virus–host codivergence relationships for these virus groups. Collectively, our results revealed reliable and sufficient information within metatranscriptomics sequencing to characterize not only RNA viruses, but also DNA and retro-transcribing viruses, and therefore established a key methodology that will help us to understand the composition and evolution of the total “infectome” within a diverse range of vertebrate hosts.
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A Confocal Microscopic Study of Gene Transfer into the Mesencephalic Tegmentum of Juvenile Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, Using Mouse Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115661. [PMID: 34073457 PMCID: PMC8199053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, data on the presence of adenoviral receptors in fish are very limited. In the present work, we used mouse recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) with a calcium indicator of the latest generation GCaMP6m that are usually applied for the dorsal hippocampus of mice but were not previously used for gene delivery into fish brain. The aim of our work was to study the feasibility of transduction of rAAV in the mouse hippocampus into brain cells of juvenile chum salmon and subsequent determination of the phenotype of rAAV-labeled cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Delivery of the gene in vivo was carried out by intracranial injection of a GCaMP6m-GFP-containing vector directly into the mesencephalic tegmentum region of juvenile (one-year-old) chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. AAV incorporation into brain cells of the juvenile chum salmon was assessed at 1 week after a single injection of the vector. AAV expression in various areas of the thalamus, pretectum, posterior-tuberal region, postcommissural region, medial and lateral regions of the tegmentum, and mesencephalic reticular formation of juvenile O. keta was evaluated using CLSM followed by immunohistochemical analysis of the localization of the neuron-specific calcium binding protein HuCD in combination with nuclear staining with DAPI. The results of the analysis showed partial colocalization of cells expressing GCaMP6m-GFP with red fluorescent HuCD protein. Thus, cells of the thalamus, posterior tuberal region, mesencephalic tegmentum, cells of the accessory visual system, mesencephalic reticular formation, hypothalamus, and postcommissural region of the mesencephalon of juvenile chum salmon expressing GCaMP6m-GFP were attributed to the neuron-specific line of chum salmon brain cells, which indicates the ability of hippocampal mammal rAAV to integrate into neurons of the central nervous system of fish with subsequent expression of viral proteins, which obviously indicates the neuronal expression of a mammalian adenoviral receptor homolog by juvenile chum salmon neurons.
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Kolesnik E, Hyndman TH, Müller E, Pees M, Marschang RE. Comparison of three different PCR protocols for the detection of ferlaviruses. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:281. [PMID: 31387580 PMCID: PMC6685236 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes often associated with respiratory and neurological disease. The detection of ferlaviral RNA by PCR is considered to be the most reliable method for the diagnosis of infection. The PCRs that have been used most commonly for this purpose have not been properly assessed to determine their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect the known genetic diversity of this group of viruses. The aim of this study was to compare three published PCR protocols so that a single method could be recommended to laboratories that perform this testing. Results Comparisons were carried out using cell culture isolates and tissues from snakes infected with specific virus genotypes. A single round PCR targeting a short segment of the viral polymerase (L) gene provided the highest sensitivity and specificity, and detected isolated ferlaviruses from all four described genogroups, as well as from tissues of infected snakes. Conclusion A broadly-reactive PCR for the detection of all known ferlaviruses was found to provide a good combination of detection limit, specificity and speed. Based on these criteria, this method is recommended for the diagnosis of ferlavirus infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2028-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Pees M, Schmidt V, Papp T, Gellért Á, Abbas M, Starck JM, Neul A, Marschang RE. Three genetically distinct ferlaviruses have varying effects on infected corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217164. [PMID: 31163032 PMCID: PMC6548425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes and other reptiles. They cause respiratory and neurological disease in infected animals and can cause severe disease outbreaks. Isolates from this genus can be divided into four genogroups–A, B, and C, as well as a more distantly related sister group, “tortoise”. Sequences from large portions (5.3 kb) of the genomes of a variety of ferlavirus isolates from genogroups A, B, and C, including the genes coding the surface glycoproteins F and HN as well as the L protein were determined and compared. In silico analyses of the glycoproteins of genogroup A, B, and C isolates were carried out. Three isolates representing these three genogroups were used in transmission studies with corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), and clinical signs, gross and histopathology, electronmicroscopic changes in the lungs, and isolation of bacteria from the lungs were evaluated. Analysis of the sequences supported the previous categorization of ferlaviruses into four genogroups, and criteria for definition of ferlavirus genogroups and species were established based on sequence identities (80% resp. 90%). Analysis of the ferlavirus glycoprotein models showed parallels to corresponding regions of other paramyxoviruses. The transmission studies showed clear differences in the pathogenicities of the three virus isolates used. The genogroup B isolate was the most and the group A virus the least pathogenic. Reasons for these differences were not clear based on the differences in the putative structures of their respective glycoproteins, although e.g. residue and consequential structure variation of an extended cleavage site or changes in electrostatic charges at enzyme binding sites could play a role. The presence of bacteria in the lungs of the infected animals also clearly corresponded to increased pathogenicity. This study contributes to knowledge about the structure and phylogeny of ferlaviruses and lucidly demonstrates differences in pathogenicity between strains of different genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maha Abbas
- Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Annkatrin Neul
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Iaria C, Ieni A, Corti I, Puleio R, Brachelente C, Mazzullo G, Lanteri G. Immunohistochemical Study of Four Fish Tumors. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:97-106. [PMID: 30554413 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study supports the usefulness of ancillary techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, as a valid diagnostic tool in the field of fish oncology. The immunohistochemical patterns observed in four neoplasms on four individual teleosts belonging to different species are described. Cytokeratin, vimentin, actin, S100, calretinin, and Melan-A antibodies were used. Diagnoses of papilloma in a Bream Abramis brama, fibroma in a Sand Steenbras Lithognathus mormyrus, schwannoma in a Crucian Carp Carassius carassius, and melanoma in a spontaneously inbred Xiphophorus hybrid were made. Diagnosis of tumors in fish is not always easy to carry out, and the tool provided by antibodies used on mammalian tissue is essential for obtaining definitive, unambiguous, and inexpensive identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, University of Messina, 98165, Messina, Italy
| | - A Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - I Corti
- Veterinary Consultant, ATS Insubria, Via Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - R Puleio
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - C Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Mazzullo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - G Lanteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Zhang J, Finlaison DS, Frost MJ, Gestier S, Gu X, Hall J, Jenkins C, Parrish K, Read AJ, Srivastava M, Rose K, Kirkland PD. Identification of a novel nidovirus as a potential cause of large scale mortalities in the endangered Bellinger River snapping turtle (Myuchelys georgesi). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205209. [PMID: 30356240 PMCID: PMC6200216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In mid-February 2015, a large number of deaths were observed in the sole extant population of an endangered species of freshwater snapping turtle, Myuchelys georgesi, in a coastal river in New South Wales, Australia. Mortalities continued for approximately 7 weeks and affected mostly adult animals. More than 400 dead or dying animals were observed and population surveys conducted after the outbreak had ceased indicated that only a very small proportion of the population had survived, severely threatening the viability of the wild population. At necropsy, animals were in poor body condition, had bilateral swollen eyelids and some animals had tan foci on the skin of the ventral thighs. Histological examination revealed peri-orbital, splenic and nephric inflammation and necrosis. A virus was isolated in cell culture from a range of tissues. Nucleic acid sequencing of the virus isolate has identified the entire genome and indicates that this is a novel nidovirus that has a low level of nucleotide similarity to recognised nidoviruses. Its closest relatives are nidoviruses that have recently been described in pythons and lizards, usually in association with respiratory disease. In contrast, in the affected turtles, the most significant pathological changes were in the kidneys. Real time PCR assays developed to detect this virus demonstrated very high virus loads in affected tissues. In situ hybridisation studies confirmed the presence of viral nucleic acid in tissues in association with pathological changes. Collectively these data suggest that this virus is the likely cause of the mortalities that now threaten the survival of this species. Bellinger River Virus is the name proposed for this new virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah S. Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melinda J. Frost
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Gestier
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xingnian Gu
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Hall
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Parrish
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Read
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mukesh Srivastava
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Franklinos LHV, Fernandez JRR, Hydeskov HB, Hopkins KP, Everest DJ, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Herpesvirus skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Great Britain. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 129:239-244. [PMID: 30154283 DOI: 10.3354/dao03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a significant driver of global amphibian declines, yet despite this, relatively little is known about the range of pathogens that affect free-living amphibians. Recent detection of the tentatively named Ranid herpesvirus 3 (RHV3), associated with skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Switzerland, helps to address this paucity in knowledge, but the geographic distribution and epidemiology of the pathogen remains unclear. Syndromic surveillance for ranid herpesvirus skin disease was undertaken throughout Great Britain (GB), January 2014 to December 2016. Reports of common frogs with macroscopic skin lesions with a characteristic grey appearance were solicited from members of the public. Post-mortem examination was conducted on one affected frog found dead in 2015 at a site in England. In addition, archived samples from an incident involving common frogs in England in 1997 with similar macroscopic lesions were further investigated. Transmission electron microscopy identified herpes-like virions in skin lesions from both the 1997 and 2015 incidents. RHV3, or RHV3-like virus, was detected in skin lesions from the 2015 case by PCR and sequencing. Our findings indicate that herpesvirus skin disease is endemic in common frogs in GB, with widespread distribution at apparently low prevalence. Further research into the role of host immunity, virus latency and the significance of infection to host survival is required to better understand the epidemiology and impact of cutaneous herpesvirus infections in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H V Franklinos
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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14
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Zhang YZ, Wu WC, Shi M, Holmes EC. The diversity, evolution and origins of vertebrate RNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 31:9-16. [PMID: 30114593 PMCID: PMC7102767 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial increase in our knowledge of the biodiversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses, far less is known about the diversity, evolution and origin of RNA viruses across the diverse phylogenetic range of viruses, and particularly in healthy animals that are often only rarely utilized for virological sampling. Fortunately, recent advances in virus discovery using metagenomic approaches are beginning to reveal a multitude of RNA viruses in vertebrates other than birds and mammals. In particular, fish harbor a remarkable array of RNA viruses, including the relatives of important pathogens. In addition, despite frequent cross-species transmission, the RNA viruses in vertebrates generally follow the evolutionary history of their hosts, which began in the oceans and then moved to terrestrial habitats over timescales covering hundreds of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei-Chen Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Thwaite R, Ji J, Torrealba D, Coll J, Sabés M, Villaverde A, Roher N. Protein Nanoparticles Made of Recombinant Viral Antigens: A Promising Biomaterial for Oral Delivery of Fish Prophylactics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30072996 PMCID: PMC6060434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for an eminently practical strategy to develop immunostimulants and vaccines for farmed fish, we have devised recombinant viral antigens presented as “nanopellets” (NPs). These are inclusion bodies of fish viral antigenic proteins produced in Escherichia coli. Soluble recombinant proteins are too labile to endure the in vivo environment and maintain full functionality, and therefore require encapsulation strategies. Yet when they are produced as nanostructures, they can withstand the wide range of gastrointestinal pH found in fish, high temperatures, and lyophilization. Moreover, these nanomaterials are biologically active, non-toxic to fish, cost-effective regarding production and suitable for oral administration. Here, we present three versions of NPs formed by antigenic proteins from relevant viruses affecting farmed fish: the viral nervous necrosis virus coat protein, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus viral protein 2, and a viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus G glycoprotein fragment. We demonstrate that the nanoparticles are taken up in vitro by zebrafish ZFL cells and in vivo by intubating zebrafish as a proof of concept for oral delivery. Encouragingly, analysis of gene expression suggests these NPs evoke an antiviral innate immune response in ZFL cells and in rainbow trout head kidney macrophages. They are therefore a promising platform for immunostimulants and may be candidates for vaccines should protection be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Thwaite
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Sabés
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Shi M, Lin XD, Chen X, Tian JH, Chen LJ, Li K, Wang W, Eden JS, Shen JJ, Liu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ. The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses. Nature 2018; 556:197-202. [PMID: 29618816 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the diversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses is largely limited to those found in mammalian and avian hosts and associated with overt disease. Here, using a large-scale meta-transcriptomic approach, we discover 214 vertebrate-associated viruses in reptiles, amphibians, lungfish, ray-finned fish, cartilaginous fish and jawless fish. The newly discovered viruses appear in every family or genus of RNA virus associated with vertebrate infection, including those containing human pathogens such as influenza virus, the Arenaviridae and Filoviridae families, and have branching orders that broadly reflected the phylogenetic history of their hosts. We establish a long evolutionary history for most groups of vertebrate RNA virus, and support this by evaluating evolutionary timescales using dated orthologous endogenous virus elements. We also identify new vertebrate-specific RNA viruses and genome architectures, and re-evaluate the evolution of vector-borne RNA viruses. In summary, this study reveals diverse virus-host associations across the entire evolutionary history of the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xian-Dan Lin
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Tian
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin-Jin Shen
- Yancheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Neul A, Schrödl W, Marschang RE, Bjick T, Truyen U, von Buttlar H, Pees M. Immunologic responses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:482-494. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.4.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Complete Sequence of the Smallest Polyomavirus Genome, Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) Polyomavirus 1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/3/e00391-16. [PMID: 27198025 PMCID: PMC4888995 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00391-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are known to infect mammals and birds. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis identified the first polyomavirus from a cartilaginous fish, the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis). Giant guitarfish polyomavirus 1 (GfPyV1) has typical polyomavirus genome organization, but is the smallest polyomavirus genome (3.96 kb) described to date.
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19
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Ortega-Villaizan M, Chico V, Martinez-Lopez A, Garcia-Valtanen P, Coll JM, Estepa A. Development of new therapeutical/adjuvant molecules by pepscan mapping of autophagy and IFN inducing determinants of rhabdoviral G proteins. Mol Immunol 2016; 70:118-24. [PMID: 26759988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface glycoproteins of enveloped virus are potent elicitors of both innate and adaptive host immune responses. Therefore, the identification of viral glycoprotein determinants directly implicated in the induction of these responses might be of special interest for designing new therapeutical/adjuvant molecules. In this work we review the contribution of the "pepscan" approach to the screening of viral functions in the sequence of glycoprotein G (gpG) of the fish rhabdovirus of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHSV). Among others, by scanning gpG peptides, it has been possible to identify and validate minimal determinants for gpG directly implicated in initiating the fish type I Interferon-associated immune responses as well as in the antiviral autophagy program. Further fine-tunning of the identified peptides in the gpG of VHSV has allowed designing novel adjuvants that decrease DNA vaccine requirements and identify possible innovative antiviral molecules. In addition, these results have also contributed to improve our knowledge on how to stimulate the fish immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Chico
- IBMC, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - J M Coll
- INIA-SIGT-Biotechnology, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Estepa
- IBMC, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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20
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Pees M, Neul A, Müller K, Schmidt V, Truyen U, Leinecker N, Marschang RE. Virus distribution and detection in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimental infection with three different ferlavirus strains. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:213-22. [PMID: 26711050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are important pathogens of snakes. However, factors influencing the pathogenicity of individual isolates as well as optimal protocols for virus detection in tissues of infected snakes have been insufficiently studied. The objectives of this study were to compare virus detection using previously described PCR and cell culture protocols following infection with three genetically distinct ferlaviruses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) as a model species. Groups of 12 corn snakes were each inoculated intratracheally with a genogroup A, B, or C ferlavirus. Tracheal washes and cloacal swabs were tested for virus shedding on days 16 and 28. Three animals were each euthanized on days 4, 16, 28, and 49. Beside immunohistochemistry of lung tissue, several organs (lung, intestine, pancreas, kidney, brain) were tested for the presence of ferlavirus. Distinct differences were noted in the pathogenicity of the three viruses, with a genotype B isolate causing the greatest pathology. PCR was more sensitive in comparison to cell culture, but results varied depending on the tissues. Ferlaviruses spread rapidly into the tissues, including the brain. Overall average detection rate was 72%, and was highest on day 16. There were differences between the groups, with the most virulent strain causing 100% positive samples at the end of the study. Some snakes were able to clear the infection. Shedding via cloaca was seen only on day 28. For ante-mortem sampling, a tracheal wash sample is recommended, for post mortem diagnosis, a pooled organ sample should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annkatrin Neul
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadja Leinecker
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Genome Sequence of a Fish-Associated Polyomavirus, Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) Polyomavirus 1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/1/e01476-14. [PMID: 25635011 PMCID: PMC4319505 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01476-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
All known polyomaviruses are associated with mammals or birds. Using virion enrichment, random-primed rolling circle amplification, and deep sequencing, we identified a polyomavirus associated with black sea bass (Centropristis striata). The virus has a variety of novel genetic features, suggesting a long evolutionary separation from polyomaviruses of terrestrial animals.
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22
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Replication of boid inclusion body disease-associated arenaviruses is temperature sensitive in both boid and mammalian cells. J Virol 2014; 89:1119-28. [PMID: 25378485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03119-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Boid inclusion body disease (BIDB) is a fatal disease of boid snakes, the etiology of which has only recently been revealed following the identification of several novel arenaviruses in diseased snakes. BIBD-associated arenaviruses (BIBDAV) are genetically divergent from the classical Old and New World arenaviruses and also differ substantially from each other. Even though there is convincing evidence that BIBDAV are indeed the etiological agent of BIBD, the BIBDAV reservoir hosts--if any exist besides boid snakes themselves--are not yet known. In this report, we use University of Helsinki virus (UHV; a virus that we isolated from a Boa constrictor with BIBD) to show that BIBDAV can also replicate effectively in mammalian cells, including human cells, provided they are cultured at 30°C. The infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB), comprised mainly of viral nucleoprotein (NP), similar to those observed in BIBD and in boid cell cultures. Transferring infected cells from 30°C to 37°C ambient temperature resulted in progressive declines in IB formation and in the amounts of viral NP and RNA, suggesting that BIBDAV growth is limited at 37°C. These observations indirectly indicate that IB formation is linked to viral replication. In addition to mammalian and reptilian cells, UHV infected arthropod (tick) cells when grown at 30°C. Even though our findings suggest that BIBDAV have a high potential to cross the species barrier, their inefficient growth at mammalian body temperatures indicates that the reservoir hosts of BIBDAV are likely species with a lower body temperature, such as snakes. IMPORTANCE The newly discovered boid inclusion body disease-associated arenaviruses (BIBDAV) of reptiles have drastically altered the phylogeny of the family Arenavirus. Prior to their discovery, known arenaviruses were considered mainly rodent-borne viruses, with each arenavirus species having its own reservoir host. BIBDAV have so far been demonstrated in captive boid snakes, but their possible reservoir host(s) have not yet been identified. Here we show, using University of Helsinki virus as a model, that these viruses are able to infect mammalian (including human) and arthropod cells. Our results provide in vitro proof of the considerable ability of arenaviruses to cross species barriers. However, our data indicate that BIBDAV growth occurs at 30°C but is inhibited at 37°C, implying that crossing of the species barrier would be hindered by the body temperature of mammalian species.
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Molecular characterization of a lizard adenovirus reveals the first atadenovirus with two fiber genes and the first adenovirus with either one short or three long fibers per penton. J Virol 2014; 88:11304-14. [PMID: 25056898 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00306-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although adenoviruses (AdVs) have been found in a wide variety of reptiles, including numerous squamate species, turtles, and crocodiles, the number of reptilian adenovirus isolates is still scarce. The only fully sequenced reptilian adenovirus, snake adenovirus 1 (SnAdV-1), belongs to the Atadenovirus genus. Recently, two new atadenoviruses were isolated from a captive Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) and Mexican beaded lizards (Heloderma horridum). Here we report the full genomic and proteomic characterization of the latter, designated lizard adenovirus 2 (LAdV-2). The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of LAdV-2 is 32,965 bp long, with an average G+C content of 44.16%. The overall arrangement and gene content of the LAdV-2 genome were largely concordant with those in other atadenoviruses, except for four novel open reading frames (ORFs) at the right end of the genome. Phylogeny reconstructions and plesiomorphic traits shared with SnAdV-1 further supported the assignment of LAdV-2 to the Atadenovirus genus. Surprisingly, two fiber genes were found for the first time in an atadenovirus. After optimizing the production of LAdV-2 in cell culture, we determined the protein compositions of the virions. The two fiber genes produce two fiber proteins of different sizes that are incorporated into the viral particles. Interestingly, the two different fiber proteins assemble as either one short or three long fiber projections per vertex. Stoichiometry estimations indicate that the long fiber triplet is present at only one or two vertices per virion. Neither triple fibers nor a mixed number of fibers per vertex had previously been reported for adenoviruses or any other virus. IMPORTANCE Here we show that a lizard adenovirus, LAdV-2, has a penton architecture never observed before. LAdV-2 expresses two fiber proteins-one short and one long. In the virion, most vertices have one short fiber, but a few of them have three long fibers attached to the same penton base. This observation raises new intriguing questions on virus structure. How can the triple fiber attach to a pentameric vertex? What determines the number and location of each vertex type in the icosahedral particle? Since fibers are responsible for primary attachment to the host, this novel architecture also suggests a novel mode of cell entry for LAdV-2. Adenoviruses have a recognized potential in nanobiomedicine, but only a few of the more than 200 types found so far in nature have been characterized in detail. Exploring the taxonomic wealth of adenoviruses should improve our chances to successfully use them as therapeutic tools.
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Pénzes J, Benkő M. Novel parvovirus from the worm lizard Trogonophis wiegmanni - First virus ever detected in amphisbaenian hosts. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:284-92. [PMID: 24796576 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To explore the diversity of some DNA viruses in reptiles, a continuous screening is going on, in our laboratory, by PCR using different consensus primers designed for the detection of the most conserved genome regions of adeno-, herpes- and parvoviruses. The test material consists essentially of dead specimens collected randomly from private pet owners, local pet shops, or at occasional exotic pet fairs. Here we report the partial sequence of a putative novel parvovirus obtained from a dead checkerboard worm lizard (Trogonophis wiegmanni) that had been wild-caught in its native habitat. An in-house-developed PCR with consensus primers targeting the gene of the parvoviral capsid protein was used. Other PCRs, intended to detect certain large DNA viruses, remained negative. The sequence of the PCR product indicated the presence of a hitherto unknown parvovirus in the internal organs of the checkerboard worm lizard. In phylogeny reconstruction, the novel sequence clustered with the members of the Dependovirus genus of the Parvoririnae subfamily, closest to the branch of snake adeno-associated virus. Since we could not demonstrate the presence of a potential helper virus, the putative amphisbaenian parvovirus supposedly can replicate autonomously. This is the first virus infection ever detected in any members of the suborder Amphisbaenia, and only the third parvoviral sequence obtained from any reptilian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Pénzes
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research P.O. Box 18 H-1581 Budapest Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research P.O. Box 18 H-1581 Budapest Hungary
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Sever L, Vo NTK, Bols NC, Dixon B. Expression of tapasin in rainbow trout tissues and cell lines and up regulation in a monocyte/macrophage cell line (RTS11) by a viral mimic and viral infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:86-93. [PMID: 24321527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tapasin is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a bridge between the transporter associated with antigen processing and the MHC class I receptor in mammals. Through the development of antibody against trout tapasin, this report demonstrates the detection of trout tapasin as a N-glycosylated 48 kDa protein. Tissue and cell line distribution revealed that tapasin protein is expressed mainly in immune system organs and in rainbow trout epithelial cell lines from gill (RTgill-W1), liver (RTL-W1), and intestine (RTgutGC). An additional 20 kDa band was observed in tissues and cell lines, and appeared to be most prominent in RTgutGC but was absent in peripheral blood leukocytes. Tapasin 48 kDa protein was most strongly expressed in RTS11 (monocyte/macrophage cell line) and its regulation following dsRNA stimulation was explored. Upon poly I:C treatment and Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV) infection, tapasin protein expression was upregulated up to 3.5 fold and 3 fold respectively, in parallel with increased expression of the glycosylated MH class I heavy chain, whereas the expression of the 20 kDa form remained unchanged. Overall this work demonstrates the induction of tapasin protein by dsRNA stimulation, which implies its possible conserved regulation during viral infection in teleost cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Sever
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Antoine TE, Jones KS, Dale RM, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Zebrafish: modeling for herpes simplex virus infections. Zebrafish 2013; 11:17-25. [PMID: 24266790 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, zebrafish have been the prototypical model for studies in developmental biology. In recent years, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system to study infectious diseases, including viral infections. Experiments conducted with herpes simplex virus type-1 in adult zebrafish or in embryo models are encouraging as they establish proof of concept with viral-host tropism and possible screening of antiviral compounds. In addition, the presence of human homologs of viral entry receptors in zebrafish such as 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate, nectins, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14-like receptor bring strong rationale for virologists to test their in vivo significance in viral entry in a zebrafish model and compare the structure-function basis of virus zebrafish receptor interaction for viral entry. On the other end, a zebrafish model is already being used for studying inflammation and angiogenesis, with or without genetic manipulations, and therefore can be exploited to study viral infection-associated pathologies. The major advantage with zebrafish is low cost, easy breeding and maintenance, rapid lifecycle, and a transparent nature, which allows visualizing dissemination of fluorescently labeled virus infection in real time either at a localized region or the whole body. Further, the availability of multiple transgenic lines that express fluorescently tagged immune cells for in vivo imaging of virus infected animals is extremely attractive. In addition, a fully developed immune system and potential for receptor-specific knockouts further advocate the use of zebrafish as a new tool to study viral infections. In this review, we focus on expanding the potential of zebrafish model system in understanding human infectious diseases and future benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessicar Evadney Antoine
- 1 Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences & Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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Fichtner D, Philipps A, Groth M, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Granzow H, Dauber M, Platzer M, Bergmann SM, Schrudde D, Sauerbrei A, Zell R. Characterization of a novel picornavirus isolate from a diseased European eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Virol 2013; 87:10895-9. [PMID: 23885066 PMCID: PMC3807381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel picornavirus was isolated from specimens of a diseased European eel (Anguilla anguilla). This virus induced a cytopathic effect in eel embryonic kidney cells and high mortality in a controlled transmission study using elvers. Eel picornavirus has a genome of 7,496 nucleotides that encodes a polyprotein of 2,259 amino acids. It has a typical picornavirus genome layout, but its low similarity to known viral proteins suggests a novel species in the family Picornaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Fichtner
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Philipps
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Harald Granzow
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Malte Dauber
- Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniela Schrudde
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Naturally occurring viral infections have the potential to introduce confounding variability that leads to invalid and misinterpreted data. Whereas the viral diseases of research rodents are well characterized and closely monitored, no naturally occurring viral infections have been characterized for the laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio), an increasingly important biomedical research model. Despite the ignorance about naturally occurring zebrafish viruses, zebrafish models are rapidly expanding in areas of biomedical research where the confounding effects of unknown infectious agents present a serious concern. In addition, many zebrafish research colonies remain linked to the ornamental (pet) zebrafish trade, which can contribute to the introduction of new pathogens into research colonies, whereas mice used for research are purpose bred, with no introduction of new mice from the pet industry. Identification, characterization, and monitoring of naturally occurring viruses in zebrafish are crucial to the improvement of zebrafish health, the reduction of unwanted variability, and the continued development of the zebrafish as a model organism. This article addresses the importance of identifying and characterizing the viral diseases of zebrafish as the scope of zebrafish models expands into new research areas and also briefly addresses zebrafish susceptibility to experimental viral infection and the utility of the zebrafish as an infection and immunology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Crim
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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Hwang SD, Midorikawa N, Punnarak P, Kikuchi Y, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. Inhibition of Hirame rhabdovirus growth by RNA aptamers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:927-934. [PMID: 22943666 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA aptamers are artificial nucleic acids that specifically bind to a wide variety of targets. They are an effective tool for pharmaceutical research and development of antiviral agents. Here, we describe four Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV)-RNA aptamers (H1, H2, H3 and H4) that we obtained from an in vitro process called the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The HIRRV-RNA aptamers specifically bind to HIRRV. Hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells treated with virus and the RNA aptamer showed a decrease in appearance of cytopathic effect when compared with control (treated only with virus). Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was transformed with genes for the RNA aptamers, and the aptamers were detected in the culture medium, indicating that they were secreted from the cells. Thus, the recombinant R. sulfidophilum might be a powerful tool for the prevention of HIRRV in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hwang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Alavandi SV, Poornima M. Viral metagenomics: a tool for virus discovery and diversity in aquaculture. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:88-98. [PMID: 23997432 PMCID: PMC3550753 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abundant biological entities on earth and the emergence of viral pathogens has become a serious threat to aquaculture and fisheries worldwide. However, our response to viral pathogens has been largely reactive, in the sense that a new pathogen is usually not discovered until it has already reached epidemic proportions. Current diagnostic methods such as PCR, immunological assays and pan-viral microarrays are limited in their ability to identify novel viruses. In this context, the knowledge on the diversity of viruses in healthy and disease situations becomes important for understanding their role on the health of animals in aquaculture species. Viral metagenomics, which involves viral purification and shotgun sequencing, has proven to be useful for understanding viral diversity and describing novel viruses in new diseases and has been recognized as an important tool for discovering novel viruses in human and veterinary medicine. With the advancements in sequencing technology and development of bioinformatics tools for nucleic acid sequence assembly and annotation, information on novel viruses and diversity of viruses in marine ecosystems has been rapidly expanding through viral metagenomics. Novel circoviruses and RNA viruses in Tampa bay pink shrimp, annelovirus in sea lion, picornavirus in ringed seals and several new viruses of marine animals have been recently described using viral metagenomics and this tool has been also recently used in describing viral diversity in aquaculture ponds. Further, a large amount of information has been generated on the diversity of viruses in the marine environment using viral metagenomics during the last decade. There exists a great potential with viral metagenomics for discovering novel viruses in asymptomatic marine candidate animals of aquaculture/mariculture, some of which may assume pathogenic status under high density culture and stress. Additionally, viral metagenomics can help our understanding of viruses present in aquaculture/mariculture settings and routine pathogen surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Alavandi
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - M. Poornima
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, 600028 India
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Abbas MD, Ball I, Ruckova Z, Öfner S, Stöhr AC, Marschang RE. Virological Screening of Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the First Detection of Paramyxoviruses in This Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-22.3.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Diekan Abbas
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Inna Ball
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zuzana Ruckova
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Öfner
- 2. Reptile Rescue Center Munich, Kaulbachstraße 37, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Anke C. Stöhr
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Agnoprotein of mammalian polyomaviruses. Virology 2012; 432:316-26. [PMID: 22726243 PMCID: PMC7111918 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are naked viruses with an icosahedral capsid that surrounds a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 5000 base-pairs. Their genome encodes at least five proteins: large and small tumor antigens and the capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. The tumor antigens are expressed during early stages of the viral life cycle and are implicated in the regulation of viral transcription and DNA replication, while the capsid proteins are produced later during infection. Members of the Polyomaviridae family have been isolated in birds (Avipolyomavirus) and mammals (Orthopolyomavirus and Wukipolyomavirus). Some mammalian polyomaviruses encode an additional protein, referred to as agnoprotein, which is a relatively small polypeptide that exerts multiple functions. This review discusses the structure, post-translational modifications, and functions of agnoprotein, and speculates why not all polyomaviruses express this protein.
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Abstract
A large number of viruses have been described in many different reptiles. These viruses include arboviruses that primarily infect mammals or birds as well as viruses that are specific for reptiles. Interest in arboviruses infecting reptiles has mainly focused on the role reptiles may play in the epidemiology of these viruses, especially over winter. Interest in reptile specific viruses has concentrated on both their importance for reptile medicine as well as virus taxonomy and evolution. The impact of many viral infections on reptile health is not known. Koch's postulates have only been fulfilled for a limited number of reptilian viruses. As diagnostic testing becomes more sensitive, multiple infections with various viruses and other infectious agents are also being detected. In most cases the interactions between these different agents are not known. This review provides an update on viruses described in reptiles, the animal species in which they have been detected, and what is known about their taxonomic positions.
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Marcos-Lopez M, Waltzek TB, Hedrick RP, Baxa DV, Garber AF, Liston R, Johnsen E, Forward BS, Backman S, Ferguson HW. Characterization of a novel alloherpesvirus from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:65-73. [PMID: 22362936 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloherpesviruses affect freshwater and marine fish species. The aim of the current study was to characterize a novel alloherpesvirus in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Samples were processed for histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), virus isolation, molecular characterization, and in situ hybridization (ISH). Histopathology revealed that the infection was restricted to the gills and that it induced cytomegaly in infected cells. By TEM, numerous viral particles with morphology compatible with a herpesvirus were observed inside the cytomegalic cells. To characterize this new agent, polymerase chain reaction amplified regions of the ATPase subunit of the terminase, and DNA polymerase genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strongest similarity with alloherpesviruses belonging to the genus Ictalurivirus and Salmonivirus. The ISH showed specific labeling of nuclear inclusions in the cytomegalic cells. While virus isolation was unsuccessful, the results obtained through different diagnostic tests in the present study confirm the discovery of a new alloherpesvirus affecting Atlantic cod. The authors propose the formal species designation Gadid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) to be considered for approval by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Marcos-Lopez
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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36
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Abstract
The etiology of reptilian viral diseases can be attributed to a wide range of viruses occurring across different genera and families. Thirty to forty years ago, studies of viruses in reptiles focused mainly on the zoonotic potential of arboviruses in reptiles and much effort went into surveys and challenge trials of a range of reptiles with eastern and western equine encephalitis as well as Japanese encephalitis viruses. In the past decade, outbreaks of infection with West Nile virus in human populations and in farmed alligators in the USA has seen the research emphasis placed on the issue of reptiles, particularly crocodiles and alligators, being susceptible to, and reservoirs for, this serious zoonotic disease. Although there are many recognised reptilian viruses, the evidence for those being primary pathogens is relatively limited. Transmission studies establishing pathogenicity and cofactors are likewise scarce, possibly due to the relatively low commercial importance of reptiles, difficulties with the availability of animals and permits for statistically sound experiments, difficulties with housing of reptiles in an experimental setting or the inability to propagate some viruses in cell culture to sufficient titres for transmission studies. Viruses as causes of direct loss of threatened species, such as the chelonid fibropapilloma associated herpesvirus and ranaviruses in farmed and wild tortoises and turtles, have re-focused attention back to the characterisation of the viruses as well as diagnosis and pathogenesis in the host itself. 1. Introduction 2. Methods for working with reptilian viruses 3. Reptilian viruses described by virus families 3.1. Herpesviridae 3.2. Iridoviridae 3.2.1 Ranavirus 3.2.2 Erythrocytic virus 3.2.3 Iridovirus 3.3. Poxviridae 3.4. Adenoviridae 3.5. Papillomaviridae 3.6. Parvoviridae 3.7. Reoviridae 3.8. Retroviridae and inclusion body disease of Boid snakes 3.9. Arboviruses 3.9.1. Flaviviridae 3.9.2. Togaviridae 3.10. Caliciviridae 3.11. Picornaviridae 3.12. Paramyxoviridae 4. Summary 5. Acknowledgements 6. Competing interests 7. References
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ariel
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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37
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Widespread endogenization of densoviruses and parvoviruses in animal and human genomes. J Virol 2011; 85:9863-76. [PMID: 21795360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00828-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses infect humans and a broad range of animals, from mammals to crustaceans, and generally are associated with a variety of acute and chronic diseases. However, many others cause persistent infections and are not known to be associated with any disease. Viral persistence is likely related to the ability to integrate into the chromosomal DNA and to establish a latent infection. However, there is little evidence for genome integration of parvoviral DNA except for Adeno-associated virus (AAV). Here we performed a systematic search for homologs of parvoviral proteins in publicly available eukaryotic genome databases followed by experimental verification and phylogenetic analysis. We conclude that parvoviruses have frequently invaded the germ lines of diverse animal species, including mammals, fishes, birds, tunicates, arthropods, and flatworms. The identification of orthologous endogenous parvovirus sequences in the genomes of humans and other mammals suggests that parvoviruses have coexisted with mammals for at least 98 million years. Furthermore, some of the endogenized parvoviral genes were expressed in eukaryotic organisms, suggesting that these viral genes are also functional in the host genomes. Our findings may provide novel insights into parvovirus biology, host interactions, and evolution.
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Bandín I, Dopazo CP. Host range, host specificity and hypothesized host shift events among viruses of lower vertebrates. Vet Res 2011; 42:67. [PMID: 21592358 PMCID: PMC3125225 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful replication of a viral agent in a host is a complex process that often leads to a species specificity of the virus and can make interspecies transmission difficult. Despite this difficulty, natural host switch seems to have been frequent among viruses of lower vertebrates, especially fish viruses, since there are several viruses known to be able to infect a wide range of species. In the present review we will focus on well documented reports of broad host range, variations in host specificity, and host shift events hypothesized for viruses within the genera Ranavirus, Novirhabdovirus, Betanodavirus, Isavirus, and some herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Snow M. The contribution of molecular epidemiology to the understanding and control of viral diseases of salmonid aquaculture. Vet Res 2011; 42:56. [PMID: 21466673 PMCID: PMC3080810 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology is a science which utilizes molecular biology to define the distribution of disease in a population (descriptive epidemiology) and relies heavily on integration of traditional (or analytical) epidemiological approaches to identify the etiological determinants of this distribution. The study of viral pathogens of aquaculture has provided many exciting opportunities to apply such tools. This review considers the extent to which molecular epidemiological studies have contributed to better understanding and control of disease in aquaculture, drawing on examples of viral diseases of salmonid fish of commercial significance including viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). Significant outcomes of molecular epidemiological studies include: Improved taxonomic classification of viruses A better understanding of the natural distribution of viruses An improved understanding of the origins of viral pathogens in aquaculture An improved understanding of the risks of translocation of pathogens outwith their natural host range An increased ability to trace the source of new disease outbreaks Development of a basis for ensuring development of appropriate diagnostic tools An ability to classify isolates and thus target future research aimed at better understanding biological function While molecular epidemiological studies have no doubt already made a significant contribution in these areas, the advent of new technologies such as pyrosequencing heralds a quantum leap in the ability to generate descriptive molecular sequence data. The ability of molecular epidemiology to fulfil its potential to translate complex disease pathways into relevant fish health policy is thus unlikely to be limited by the generation of descriptive molecular markers. More likely, full realisation of the potential to better explain viral transmission pathways will be dependent on the ability to assimilate and analyse knowledge from a range of more traditional information sources. The development of methods to systematically record and share such epidemiologically important information thus represents a major challenge for fish health professionals in making the best future use of molecular data in supporting fish health policy and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Snow
- Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB Scotland, UK.
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Rothenburg S, Chinchar VG, Dever TE. Characterization of a ranavirus inhibitor of the antiviral protein kinase PKR. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:56. [PMID: 21418572 PMCID: PMC3068933 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) are important pathogens of lower vertebrates. However, little is known about how they circumvent the immune response of their hosts. Many ranaviruses contain a predicted protein, designated vIF2α, which shows homology with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α. In analogy to distantly related proteins found in poxviruses vIF2α might act as an inhibitor of the antiviral protein kinase PKR. Results We have characterized the function of vIF2α from Rana catesbeiana virus Z (RCV-Z). Multiple sequence alignments and secondary structure prediction revealed homology of vIF2α with eIF2α throughout the S1-, helical- and C-terminal domains. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that vIF2α blocked the toxic effects of human and zebrafish PKR in a heterologous yeast system. Rather than complementing eIF2α function, vIF2α acted in a manner comparable to the vaccinia virus (VACV) K3L protein (K3), a pseudosubstrate inhibitor of PKR. Both vIF2α and K3 inhibited human PKR-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation, but not PKR autophosphorylation on Thr446. In contrast the E3L protein (E3), another poxvirus inhibitor of PKR, inhibited both Thr446 and eIF2α Ser51 phosphorylation. Interestingly, phosphorylation of eIF2α by zebrafish PKR was inhibited by vIF2α and E3, but not by K3. Effective inhibition of PKR activity coincided with increased PKR expression levels, indicative of relieved autoinhibition of PKR expression. Experiments with vIF2α deletion constructs, showed that both the N-terminal and helical domains were sufficient for inhibition of PKR, whereas the C-terminal domain was dispensable. Conclusions Our results show that RCV-Z vIF2α is a functional inhibitor of human and zebrafish PKR, and probably functions in similar fashion as VACV K3. This constitutes an important step in understanding the interaction of ranaviruses and the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rothenburg
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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A unique novel reptilian paramyxovirus, four atadenovirus types and a reovirus identified in a concurrent infection of a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) collection in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:70-9. [PMID: 21316873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, 26 clinical samples (organs and oral/cloacal swabs) from a total of 24 corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) from a single owner were sent to our laboratory to be tested for the presence of viruses. Paramyxoviruses (PMV), adenoviruses (AdV) and reoviruses were detected by RT-PCR, PCR and virus isolation methods. Three snakes were infected with all three viruses at the same time, while two other snakes had a double infection (PMV and reo, AdV and reo) and nine other snakes had a single infection with any of the three viruses. No viruses were detected in 10 animals. All isolated reoviruses were identical to one another and to the reptilian orthoreovirus isolate 55-02 in the partial RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene sequence. AdV partial polymerase sequences represented four different types, one of which was first described here: most similar to SnAdV-1, while the other three were identical to known types: SnAV-1, -2 and -3. However, the detected single PMV differed distinctly from described reptile PMV and was a new type. According to partial L gene, HN gene and U gene sequences it may be the first described representative of a third squamatid PMV cluster: "group C" within the proposed reptilian PMV genus "Ferlavirus". Nucleotide identity values for the L gene of the new PMV compared to group A viruses range between 76.5 and 80.3%, and between 80.5 and 81.2% compared to group B viruses. For the HN gene, these values were similar: 78.2-80% (A) and 79.9-80.5% (B) and somewhat lower for the U gene: 72.7-75.4% (A) and 69.7-70% (B). No reports on the prevalence of concurrent viral infection in captive snake populations have been published so far. The possibility of concurrent infection with several different viruses and subsequent consequences for animal health should be kept in mind when testing reptile samples for viruses.
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Workenhe ST, Rise ML, Kibenge MJT, Kibenge FSB. The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2525-36. [PMID: 20797792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish represent a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between invertebrates that depend only on innate immunity and mammals that heavily depend on adaptive immunity. The major mechanisms of the teleost fish innate immune response are suggested to be similar to mammals, although fine details of the process require further studies. Within the innate immune response the type I interferon (IFN) system is an essential innate antiviral component that protects fish from some virus infections. The current progress of cloning and functional characterization of fish antiviral genes is promising in further elucidation of the fish antiviral response. The adaptive immune system of fish utilizes cellular components more or less similar to mammals. Teleost fish produce IgM as a primary antibody response and lack isotype switching to mount virus-specific antibodies during the infection process. Despite this, the development of successful fish rhabdoviral vaccines suggest that vaccination may prove to be an effective way of promoting fish adaptive immune responses to viruses. This paper reviews the bony fish antiviral response with specific discussion on the evolutionary mechanisms that allow aquatic viruses to co-exist with their host. Detailed aspects of the teleost type I IFN system are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I. C1A 4P3, Canada
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Papp T, Seybold J, Marschang RE. Paramyxovirus Infection in a Leopard Tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki) with Respiratory Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-20.2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Papp
- Institut für Umwelt und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seybold
- Kleintierzentrum Mitteltal, Max-Eyth-Str. 36, 72270 Baiersbronn-Mitteltal, Germany
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Institut für Umwelt und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Jakob NJ, Kehm R, Gelderblom HR. A novel fish herpesvirus of Osmerus eperlanus. Virus Genes 2010; 41:81-5. [PMID: 20480219 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A herpesvirus of smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) was identified by thin section electron microscopy. Degenerated cells of skin lesions located on the back fin of smelt showed either intranucleic- or cytoplasmic herpesvirus-specific structures. In the nuclei "naked" virus capsids with a diameter of about 100 nm were observed. The diameter of the complete virion including its unilaterally extended envelope ranged from 200 to 350 nm. Remarkably, in complete virions the electron-opaque tegument is completely filling the region between nucleocapsid and envelope and as another unique feature the virion shows a "comet-shape" due to a long unilateral extension of its envelope. This kind of shape had been not reported for any of herpesviruses known so far. Consequently this virus was termed herpesvirus of Osmerus eperlanus (HVOE1) or Comet herpesvirus of smelt. Due to the long time storage at the nonstandard temperature of smelt virus the biological and genomic analysis of the HVOE1 was hampered. All attempts to study host range of HVOE1 failed as no virus replication was observed, indicating that infectivity was lost or the suitable cell culture was missing. The genomic DNA of HVOE1 was analyzed by DNA restriction endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurith J Jakob
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hughes-Hanks JM, Schommer SK, Mitchell WJ, Shaw DP. Hepatitis and enteritis caused by a novel herpesvirus in two monitor lizards (Varanus spp.). J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:295-9. [PMID: 20224096 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported cases of herpesvirus-induced disease are uncommon in most species of reptiles, with the majority of reports in chelonians. Two monitor lizards (Varanus spp.) presented for postmortem examination at the Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Missouri. Tan, 1-2-mm foci were grossly visible on the mucosal surface of the intestine and in the liver. Microscopically, there was multifocal necrosis in the lamina propria of the small intestine and in the liver. Many of the degenerate cells contained large, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. Enveloped icosahedral virions consistent with herpesvirus were detected by electron microscopy. A 180-bp DNA fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from samples of small intestine and liver using primers that targeted a portion of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. The sequence of the fragment was determined to be most closely related to Varanid herpesvirus 2 (80% nucleotide identity, 82% amino acid identity). Based on histological and molecular findings, a novel pathogenic herpesvirus of lizards in the family Varanidae is proposed.
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46
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Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:35. [PMID: 20377873 PMCID: PMC2868497 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. They belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. Several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like West Nile virus (WNV) in the Americas, Usutu virus (USUV) in Central Europe, or Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the Arabian Peninsula. In most instances the ways of introduction of arboviruses into new regions are not known. Infections acquired during stays in the tropics and subtropics are diagnosed with increasing frequency in travellers returning from tropical countries, but interestingly no attention is paid on accompanying pet animals or the hematophagous ectoparasites that may still be attached to them. Here we outline the known ecology of the mosquito-borne equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV), WNV, USUV, RVFV, and Japanese Encephalitis virus, as well as Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and its North American counterpart Powassan virus, and will discuss the most likely mode that these viruses could expand their respective geographical range. All these viruses have a different epidemiology as different vector species, reservoir hosts and virus types have adapted to promiscuous and robust or rather very fine-balanced transmission cycles. Consequently, these viruses will behave differently with regard to the requirements needed to establish new endemic foci outside their original geographical ranges. Hence, emphasis is given on animal trade and suitable ecologic conditions, including competent vectors and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeffer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
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47
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The outbreak of carp disease caused by CyHV-3 as a model for new emerging viral diseases in aquaculture: a review. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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RT-PCR diagnosis followed by sequence characterization of paramyxoviruses in clinical samples from snakes reveals concurrent infections within populations and/or individuals. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:466-72. [PMID: 20299166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses (PMV) are important causes of disease in snakes in both private and zoologic collections and have been described in many different parts of the world. We have used the described L-gene nested RT-PCR (Ahne et al., 1999) as a diagnostic tool for the detection and characterization of PMV in clinical field samples from 102 snakes from Germany and Hungary. Fifty of the tested 203 samples were positive in the RT-PCR. 38 organs or swab samples from 25 snakes were selected for sequencing. They resulted in 13 different partial L-gene sequences, eight of which were identical to earlier characterized isolates, while five were new unique sequences, but also closely related to the earlier described PMV sequences. The comparison of sequences obtained from tissues from the same animal or from different animals from the same collection indicates that snakes can be infected with several different PMV during one outbreak. This is the first report of concurrent infection in a single snake or group of snakes with several distinct PMV.
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Villarreal LP. The source of self: genetic parasites and the origin of adaptive immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1178:194-232. [PMID: 19845639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stable colonization of the host by viruses (genetic parasites) can alter the systems of host identity and provide immunity against related viruses. To attain the needed stability, some viruses of prokaryotes (P1 phage) use a strategy called an addiction module. The linked protective and destructive gene functions of an addiction module insures both virus persistence but will also destroy cells that interrupt this module and thereby prevent infection by competitors. Previously, I have generalized this concept to also include persistent and lytic states of virus infection, which can be considered as a virus addiction module. Such states often involve defective viruses. In this report, I examine the origin of the adaptive immune system from the perspective of a virus addiction module. The likely role of both endogenous and exogenous retroviruses, DNA viruses, and their defective elements is considered in the origin of all the basal components of adaptive immunity (T-cell receptor, RAG-mediated gene rearrangement, clonal lymphocyte proliferation, antigen surface presentation, apoptosis, and education of immune cells). It is concluded that colonization by viruses and their defectives provides a more coherent explanation for the origin of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Villarreal
- Center for Virus Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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50
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Marschang RE, Papp T, Frost JW. Comparison of paramyxovirus isolates from snakes, lizards and a tortoise. Virus Res 2009; 144:272-9. [PMID: 19501125 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously uncharacterized paramyxovirus (PMV) isolates from four snakes, three lizards and a tortoise were compared based on partial sequences of the L, HN, and U genes. Analysis of the sequences supported the classification of all reptilian PMVs in a separate genus (Ferlavirus) in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Within each of the gene segments, the squamatid isolates could be divided into two groups with a sequence divergence of 0.3-15.6% nt (0-6.8% aa) within the groups and 19.5-22.3% nt (5-7.4% aa) between the groups for the L gene, and 0.9-15.4% nt (0-6.9% aa) within the groups and 18.2-22.5% nt (4.4-9.5% aa) between the groups for the HN gene while higher values of 0.4-17.1% nt (0-13.3% aa) within the groups and 28.9-31.3% nt (25.5-27.8% aa) between the groups were found for the U gene. Isolates from lizards were found in both groups. There was no host species specificity in the grouping of the isolates from snakes and lizards. However, the L gene sequence obtained from the tortoise isolate differed significantly from the sequences obtained from the snake and lizard isolates. This isolate showed divergence values of 24.2-27% nt (18.5-20.9% aa) compared to the squamatid sequences. The tortoise isolate clustered together with the other reptilian PMVs, but not into any of the squamatid groups on the phylogenetic tree. It is hypothesized that this chelonian PMV has a more unique genome sequence as neither HN nor U gene parts could be amplified using newly designed consensus nested PCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Marschang
- Institut für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Hohenheim University, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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