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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). J Avian Med Surg 2024; 38:1-6. [PMID: 38686882 DOI: 10.1029/avianms-d-23-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting inflammation, including inflammation associated with infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis in penguins). To our knowledge, reference intervals are not available for plasma proteins via electrophoresis in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Therefore, preliminary reference intervals for blood plasma proteins measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were calculated for Humboldt penguins from a single zoological collection, and possible differences between the sexes and the ages of the birds were evaluated. Lithium heparinized plasma samples from 39 Humboldt penguins were analyzed. The following sex- and age-independent reference intervals were calculated: total protein 33.8-70.4 g/L, prealbumin 1.9-4.9 g/L, albumin 12.9-31.1 g/L, albumin: globulin ratio 0.7-1.7, α-globulins 4.5-11.6 g/L, β-globulins 5.6-20.6 g/L, and γ-globulins 2.6-8.4 g/L. Male penguins had a significantly (P = 0.047) higher albumin: globulin ratio and lower percentage of β-globulins (P = 0.015) in comparison with female penguins. Prealbumin (g/L) significantly (P = 0.021) decreased with increased age of the penguins. These results showed some differences between the sexes and ages of the penguins, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in other age groups or seasons exist, and also to evaluate which infectious diseases affect plasma proteins and how the reference values calculated here may deviate in ill penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Values of a Captive Population of Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3570. [PMID: 38003187 PMCID: PMC10668768 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reference intervals for clinical chemistry and haematology analytes are essential for the interpretation of blood results, but limited data are available for Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) in zoological collections as well as in the wild. The aim of the present study was therefore to establish reference intervals for a series of clinical chemistry and haematology analytes in a single zoological population of Humboldt penguins. Furthermore, possible variations of the analytes influenced by the age and sex of the individuals were investigated. Lithium heparinized plasma and whole blood samples from 39 animals were analysed and statistically evaluated. The following clinical chemistry analytes were significantly higher in females: glutamate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0003), alanine transaminase (p = 0.0005), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0245), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.0043), creatine kinase (p = 0.0016), lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.0001), inorganic phosphorus (p = 0.0223), and sodium (p = 0.0415). No significant differences between males and females were found for any haematology analyte. Cholesterol (p = 0.0233; -0.39), white blood cell count (p = 0.0208; -0.40), and absolute heterophiles (p = 0.0148; -0.42) had significant negative correlations with the age of the penguins. The results indicate that the factors of sex and age should be considered when interpreting the results of haematological and clinical biochemistry assays, and further studies are needed to determine whether there are more differences in other age groups or seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Gohl
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Pees M, Brockmann M, Steiner N, Marschang RE. Salmonella in reptiles: a review of occurrence, interactions, shedding and risk factors for human infections. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1251036. [PMID: 37822870 PMCID: PMC10562597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1251036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are considered a part of the normal reptile gut microbiota, but have also been associated with disease in reptiles. Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) can pose a serious health threat to humans, especially children, and an estimated 6% of human sporadic salmonellosis cases have been attributed to direct or indirect contact with reptiles, although the exact number is not known. Two literature searches were conducted for this review. The first evaluated reports of the prevalence of Salmonella in the intestinal tracts of healthy reptiles. Salmonella were most commonly detected in snakes (56.0% overall), followed by lizards (36.9%) and tortoises (34.2%), with lower detection rates reported for turtles (18.6%) and crocodilians (9%). Reptiles in captivity were significantly more likely to shed Salmonella than those sampled in the wild. The majority of Salmonella strains described in reptiles belonged to subspecies I (70.3%), followed by subspecies IIIb (29.7%) and subspecies II (19.6%). The second literature search focused on reports of RAS, revealing that the highest number of cases was associated with contact with turtles (35.3%), followed by lizards (27.1%) and snakes (20.0%). Reptiles associated with RAS therefore did not directly reflect prevalence of Salmonella reported in healthy representatives of a given reptile group. Clinical symptoms associated with RAS predominantly involved the gastrointestinal tract, but also included fever, central nervous symptoms, problems with circulation, respiratory symptoms and others. Disease caused by Salmonella in reptiles appears to be dependent on additional factors, including stress, inadequate husbandry and hygiene, and other infectious agents. While it has been suggested that reptile serovars may cause more severe disease than human-derived strains, and some data is available on invasiveness of individual strains in cell culture, limited information is available on potential mechanisms influencing invasiveness and immune evasion in reptiles and in RAS. Strategies to mitigate the spread of Salmonella through reptiles and to reduce RAS focus mostly on education and hygiene, and have often been met with some success, but additional efforts are needed. Many aspects regarding Salmonella in reptiles remain poorly understood, including the mechanisms by which Salmonella persist in reptile hosts without causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Natalie Steiner
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Pees M, Möller A, Schmidt V, Schroedl W, Marschang RE. The Role of Host Species in Experimental Ferlavirus Infection: Comparison of a Single Strain in Ball Pythons ( Python regius) and Corn Snakes ( Pantherophis guttatus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2714. [PMID: 37684978 PMCID: PMC10486531 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are a cause of respiratory disease in snakes. Four genogroups (A, B, C, and tortoise) have been described. Disease development is believed to depend on virus, host, and environment-specific factors. There is evidence of transmission of individual strains between genera and families of reptiles. A genogroup B virus previously used in a transmission study with corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) was applied intratracheally in ball pythons (Python regius) using the same protocol as for the corn snakes. Ball pythons became infected, with initial mild clinical signs noted four days post infection (p.i.), and the virus was detected first in the lungs on day 4 and spread to the intestine, pancreas, kidney and brain. Hematology showed an increase in circulating lymphocytes which peaked on day 28 p.i. Antibodies were detected beginning on day 16 and increased steadily to the end of the study. In comparison to corn snakes, ball pythons exhibited milder clinical signs and pathological changes, faster development of and higher antibody titers, and a hematological reaction dominated by lymphocytosis in contrast to heterophilia in corn snakes. These differences in host reaction to infection are important to understand ferlavirus epidemiology as well as for clinical medicine and diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Leineweber C, Marschang RE. Detection of nidoviruses in samples collected from captive snakes in Europe between 2016 and 2021. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2588. [PMID: 36719283 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nidoviruses are increasingly detected in various snake species worldwide, but much remains to be learned about their distribution and the factors influencing their epidemiology. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated the results of routine nidovirus testing, by PCR, of 5210 swab samples from pet snakes from various European countries that were submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory in Germany between 2016 and 2021. RESULTS The overall detection rate was 19.96%. However, the detection rate varied significantly depending on the snake species (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Indian pythons (Python molurus) (42.24%). Rates also varied depending on the season of sample collection (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in winter (24.46%), and the country of sample origin (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Austria (36.69%). The detection rate also decreased significantly (p = 0.0003) over the 6-year observation period, from 26.43% to 17.64%. LIMITATION No information on clinical signs was available for most of the sampled snakes. CONCLUSION The present study supplies new information on the distribution of python nidoviruses (subgenus Roypretovirus) in pet snakes in Europe and indicates a dynamic situation with possible changes in prevalence over time.
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Marcordes S, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Comparison of Plasma Trace Elements Between 2 Captive Humboldt Penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti) Populations. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:362-371. [PMID: 36935207 DOI: 10.1647/21-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and their effect on wildlife health play an important role in the conservation of endangered species and can be clinically relevant in captive animals too. Data on relevant concentrations of trace elements in captive birds with no known exposures are rare. For this study, silver, arsenic, gold, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, thallium, selenium, and zinc were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in lithium heparinized plasma samples from 18 Humboldt penguins at 2 zoological collections in Germany. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of silver, arsenic, gold, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, and selenium differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between the 2 penguin collections. The results indicate that the location of the birds has a strong influence on the plasma trace element concentrations. Well water used in the enclosures was suspected to be associated with these significant differences. Trace elemental concentrations in feed (eg, marine fish) and contamination from enclosure construction materials may also play a role. This study could provide a basis for further comparative, biomonitoring, toxicity, and reference interval studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Gohl
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Marcordes
- AG Zoologischer Garten Köln, Riehler Strasse 173, 50735 Cologne, Germany
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Varga-Kugler R, Ihász K, Marton S, Kaszab E, Marschang RE, Farkas S, Bányai K. Genetic diversity among reptilian orthoreoviruses isolated from pet snakes and lizards. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1058133. [PMID: 36816198 PMCID: PMC9932320 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1058133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infections in reptiles are frequently detected and associated with various clinical diseases; yet, our knowledge about their genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships remains limited. In this study, we characterize at the genomic level five reptile origin orthoreovirus strains isolated from exotic snakes and lizards in Hungary and Germany. The genomic organization of the study strains was similar to that of the representative strains of reptile origin reoviruses belonging to species Reptilian orthoreovirus and Testudine orthoreovirus. Additionally, all five study strains clustered with the bush viper origin reference Reptilian orthoreovirus strain, 47/02. The nucleotide sequence divergence among strains fell from 56.64 to 99.36%. Based on genome segment constellations two well separated groups were observed, which may represent two genetic lineages of reptilian orthoreoviruses we tentatively referred here as genogroups, classifying two squamata origin strains with available whole genome sequences into genogroup I (GGI) and four strains into genogroup II (GGII). The representative GGI and GGII Reptilian orthoreovirus strains are characterized by moderate-to-high nucleotide and amino acid similarities within genogroups (range, 69.45 to 99.36% and 74.64 to 100.00%), whereas lower nucleotide and amino acid similarities (range, 56.64 to 77.24% and 54.53 to 93.85%) and different structures of the bicistronic S1 segment were found between genogroups. Further studies are needed to explore the genomic diversity among reptilian reoviruses of squamata origin; this would be critical to establish a robust classification system for these viruses and to see if interaction among members of distinct lineages may result in viable progenies with novel genetic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Varga-Kugler
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szilvia Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: Krisztián Bányai ✉
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Strachinis I, Marschang RE, Lymberakis P, Karagianni KM, Azmanis P. Infectious disease threats to amphibians in Greece: new localities positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis Aquat Organ 2022; 152:127-138. [PMID: 36519684 DOI: 10.3354/dao03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s, numerous cases of European amphibian population declines and mass die-offs started to emerge. Investigating those events led to the discovery that wild European amphibians were confronted with grave disease threats caused by introduced pathogens, namely the amphibian and the salamander chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) and ranaviruses. In Greece, Bd was previously documented among wild amphibian populations in 2 different locations and 3 different species. However, no disease-related mass declines or mortality events have been reported. In this work, we build upon previous findings with new, subsequently obtained data, resulting in a 225-sample dataset of 14 species from 17 different locations throughout Greece, in order to examine the occurrence status of all 3 pathogens responsible for emerging infectious diseases in European amphibians. No positive samples for Bsal or ranavirus were recorded in any location. We confirmed the presence of Bd in 4 more localities and in 4 more species, including 1 urodelan (Macedonian crested newt Triturus macedonicus) and 1 introduced anuran (American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus). All insular localities were negative for Bd, except for Crete, where Bd was identified in 2 different locations. Again, no mass declines or die-offs were recorded in any Bd-positive area or elsewhere. However, given the persistence of Bd across Greece over the past ~20 yr, monitoring efforts should continue, and ideally be further expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Strachinis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
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Allain SJR, Duffus ALJ, Marschang RE. Editorial: Emerging infections and diseases of herpetofauna. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:909616. [PMID: 36238439 PMCID: PMC9552943 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.909616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. R. Allain
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L. J. Duffus
- Health of Herpetofauna Communities Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Amanda L. J. Duffus
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Leineweber C, Marschang RE. Antibodies against Two Testudinid Herpesviruses in Pet Tortoises in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172298. [PMID: 36078018 PMCID: PMC9454543 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens of tortoises, and several serologically and genetically distinct virus types have been described in these animals. Virus neutralization testing is commonly used in Europe to determine previous infection with the two types most often found in pet European tortoises, testudinid herpesvirus (TeHV) 1 and 3. In this retrospective study, the results of serological testing for antibodies against each of these viruses in serum or plasma samples from 1728 tortoises were evaluated, and antibody detection rates were compared based on virus type, host species, year, season, and country of origin. Antibodies (titer 2 or higher) against at least one of the two viruses used were detected in a total of 122 (7.06%; 95% CI 5.95−8.37%) of the animals tested. The antibody detection rates differed significantly depending on the tortoise species (p < 0.0001) and the year of sampling (TeHV1 p = 0.0402; TeHV3 p = 0.0482) for both virus types. For TeHV1, antibody detection rates differed significantly (p = 0.0384) by season. The highest detection rate was in summer (5.59%; 95% CI 4.10−7.58%), and the lowest was in fall (1.25%; CI 0.53−2.87%). TeHV1 antibody detection rates did not differ significantly (p = 0.7805) by country, whereas TeHV3 antibody detection rates did (p = 0.0090). The highest detection rate, 12.94% (95% CI 7.38−21.70%), was found in samples from Italy. These results support previous hypotheses on the species’ susceptibility to TeHV1 and 3 and the use of serology as a diagnostic test for the detection of herpesvirus-infected tortoises.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens in tortoises and turtles, yet little is known about the epidemiology of these viruses. We analyzed herpesviruses detected by PCR in samples from captive chelonians in Europe according to virus strain, host species, year and season in which the animal was tested, and country in which the animal was kept. A total of 4,797 samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Europe between January 2016 and December 2020 were evaluated. Of these, 312 (6.50%) were positive for herpesviruses. The types most commonly found were testudinid herpesvirus (TeHV)1 (143 positive, 45.83%) and TeHV3 (153 positive, 49.04%), but also included TeHV2 (1 positive, 0.32%), TeHV4 (3 positive, 0.96%), Terrapene herpesvirus 1 (7 positive, 2.24%), Trachemys herpesvirus 1 (2 positive, 0.64%), and three previously undescribed herpesviruses (0.96%). Herpesviruses were detected in chelonians in the families Testudinidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, and in the suborder Pleurodira. Among the species for which 100 samples or more were available, the highest proportions of positive samples (positivity rates) were found in samples from Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii) (14.96%), and radiated tortoises (Astrochelys radiata) (14.05%). Among tortoises (Testudinidae), viruses were most often detected in the spring, while in emydid turtles (Emydidae) they were most often detected in the summer. A comparison of the positivity rates according to country showed significant differences, with the highest rate in samples from Italy (16.01%). This study indicated possible differences in herpesvirus positivity rates depending on host species, virus strain, year of sampling, season, and country of origin. It provides useful information in further understanding fluctuations in infection rates as well as in helping to guide decision making for herpesvirus diagnostics in chelonian patients. It also provides evidence for the international dispersal of herpesviruses with their hosts through international trade.
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Schüler L, Picquet P, Leineweber C, Dietz J, Müller E, Marschang RE. A testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV1)-associated disease outbreak in a group of Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii). Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2021; 49:462-467. [PMID: 34861723 DOI: 10.1055/a-1666-8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2020, a severe disease outbreak with high morbidity and mortality was observed in a collection of 15 Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii). Affected tortoises showed upper respiratory- and gastrointestinal tract signs, including rhinitis and stomatitis. Testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV1) and Mycoplasma spp. were detected by PCR in oral swabs of affected animals. Histological examination of one deceased animal showed intranuclear inclusion bodies typical for herpesvirus infections in liver, spleen and oesophagus. The virus was likely introduced into the collection 2 years earlier by a clinically healthy Horsfield's tortoise that was tested positive for TeHV1 by PCR.
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Hanak EB, Di Girolamo N, DeSilva U, Marschang RE, Brandão JL, Desprez IL, Campbell J, Moore AE, Lulich JP. Variation in mineral types of uroliths from ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) submitted for analysis in North America, Europe, or Asia over an 8-year period. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:757-763. [PMID: 34516262 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.7.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare mineral types of naturally occurring uroliths in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) from North America, Europe, and Asia and to identify potential risk factors associated with cystine urolithiasis in ferrets. SAMPLES 1,054 laboratory submission records of uroliths obtained from ferrets between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018. PROCEDURES For this cross-sectional study, the medical records databases at 4 diagnostic laboratories were searched for records of submissions of uroliths obtained from ferrets. Data collection included submission date; ferret sex, neuter status, and age; receiving laboratory and continent; and urolith mineral type. Regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with cystine uroliths. RESULTS Of the 1,054 urolith submissions, 1,013 were from North America, with 92.6% (938/1,013; 95% CI, 90.8% to 94.1%) cystine uroliths, and 41 were from Europe and Asia, with only 26.8% (11/41; 95% CI, 15.7% to 41.9%) cystine uroliths. Median age was 2.0 years for ferrets with cystine urolithiasis versus 4.0 years for those with other types of uroliths. Submissions were more likely cystine uroliths for ferrets in North America versus Europe and Asia (adjusted OR [aOR], 59.5; 95% CI, 21.4 to 165.6), for ferrets that were younger (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.77), or for submissions in 2018 versus 2010 (aOR, 21.1; 95% CI, 5.1 to 87.9). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the proportion of submissions that were cystine uroliths dramatically increased in North America between 2010 and 2018. There is an urgent need to determine underlying causes and mitigate cystine urolithiasis in ferrets.
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Donald HCF, Foster J, Wilkinson JW, Hill P, Barber M, Mee G, Edgar P, Marschang RE, Sainsbury AW. Two Novel Adenoviruses in Free-Living British lizards. Ecohealth 2021; 18:297-300. [PMID: 34613507 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe two novel adenoviruses isolated from (i) a common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) found dead and examined post-mortem and (ii) pooled samples from free-living sand lizards (Lacerta agilis agilis). Sequencing indicated the two were closely related atadenovirus strains which were distinct from previously recorded adenoviruses in lizards. Adenoviruses are not always associated with disease in squamates, but morbidity and mortality have been reported. These are the first known cases of adenovirus infection in free-living native British lizards, and further monitoring will be necessary to elucidate the implications of these possible pathogens for vulnerable populations of native reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C F Donald
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, England.
| | - Jim Foster
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | - John W Wilkinson
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | - Peter Hill
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | - Mark Barber
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | - George Mee
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | - Paul Edgar
- Formerly Natural England, Now Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 744 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6BZ, England
| | | | - Anthony W Sainsbury
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, England
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Marschang RE. Comparison of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Greater Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus) and American Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:180-186. [PMID: 34256548 DOI: 10.1647/19-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis can be used to aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis) in avian species. Reference intervals for blood plasma proteins of 2 different flamingo species (Phoenicopterus roseus and Phoenicopterus ruber) and their hybrids were calculated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and differences between these species, sexes, and age groups were evaluated. Lithium-heparinized plasma samples from 111 animals from a zoological collection were analyzed by CZE and statistically evaluated. Differences were only found between greater and American flamingos (P = .003) and between greater flamingos and hybrids (P = .001) in the γ-globulin fraction. Male greater flamingos showed significantly higher α-globulins (P = .022) and females higher total albumin by CZE (P = .037). In American flamingos, the percent total albumin (P = .017), total albumin (P = .025), prealbumin (P = .005), and albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio (P = .008) were higher in females, and α- (P = .023) and β-globulins (P = .021) were higher in males of the same species. The following parameters differed significantly between the age groups: γ-globulins (P = .048) in greater and α- (P = .021) and β-globulins (P = .001) in American flamingos increased with increased age and percent total albumin (P = .002), total albumin (P = .024), and A/G ratio (P = .002) decreased with age in American flamingos. The results showed only small differences between the species, but greater differences between the sexes and ages, especially in American flamingos, which must be considered when interpreting laboratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maike Lücht
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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16
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Marschang RE, Salzmann E, Pees M. Diagnostics of Infectious Respiratory Pathogens in Reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:369-395. [PMID: 33892892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease in reptiles, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, are constantly evolving as is the understanding of the specific roles played by various pathogens in disease processes. Some are known to be primary pathogens with high prevalence in captive reptiles, for example, serpentoviruses in pythons or mycoplasma in tortoises. Others are very commonly found in reptiles with respiratory disease but are most often considered secondary, for example, gram-negative bacteria. Detection methods as well as specific pathogens associated with upper- and lower-respiratory disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Hellebuyck T, Couck L, Ducatelle R, Van den Broeck W, Marschang RE. Cheilitis Associated with a Novel Herpesvirus in Two Panther Chameleons (Furcifer pardalis). J Comp Pathol 2021; 182:58-66. [PMID: 33494909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular epidermal inclusions were detected within histological sections of skin biopsies from two panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) with chronic cheilitis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the abundant presence of icosahedral intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral particles in infected keratinocytes, with an average diameter of 120-125 nm, consistent with herpesviruses (HVs). TEM also revealed the presence of virions in intercellular spaces and keratinocyte nuclei and features suggestive of capsid assembly, nuclear egress with primary envelopment and anterograde transport leading to virion assembly and release. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeting a conserved region of herpesvirus DNA-dependent DNA polymerase were used to amplify and sequence a product from a nested HV PCR performed on skin biopsies of both chameleons. Comparative sequence analysis indicates that the virus detected in both chameleons was a novel member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, which we refer to as chamaeleonid herpesvirus 1 (chamHV 1). Based on the identical findings in both chameleons, we consider chamHV 1 to be a candidate aetiological agent of cheilitis in panther chameleons. This is the first report of skin lesions in a chameleon species associated with HV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hellebuyck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth Couck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Renfert K, Rabsch W, Fruth A, Marschang RE, Speck S, Pees M. Influence of Salmonella specific bacteriophages (O1; S16) on the shedding of naturally occurring Salmonella and an orally applied Salmonella Eastbourne strain in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:534-547. [PMID: 33161646 PMCID: PMC8025629 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the passage time and phage propagation time of salmonella specific phages, Felix O1 and S16, in 10 bearded dragons, based on re‐isolation from cloacal swabs and faecal samples following oral administration, as a possible tool for reducing salmonella shedding. In Study 1, Felix O1 was administered orally for 12 consecutive days. Over 60 days, swabs were taken from the oral cavity and cloaca and qualitative Salmonella detection as well as salmonella quantification from faecal samples were performed. In Study 2, a phage cocktail (Felix O1 and S16) was administered to half of the tested animals. Salmonella (S.) Eastbourne was also given orally to all animals. Oral and cloacal swabs were tested as in Study 1, and faecal samples were collected for phage quantification. Various Salmonella serovars were detectable at the beginning of the study. The numbers of serovars detected declined over the course of the study. S. Kisarawe was most commonly detected. Salmonella titres ranged from 102 to 107 cfu/g faeces. The phages (Felix O1 and S16) were detectable for up to 20 days after the last administration. The initial phage titres ranged from 103 to 107 pfu/ml. The study shows that the phages were able to replicate in the intestine, and were shed for a prolonged period and therefore could contribute to a reduction of Salmonella shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Renfert
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary teaching hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rabsch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary teaching hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Brockmann M, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Gentil M, Heusinger A, Müller E, Marschang RE, Pees M. Challenges in microbiological identification of aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of reptiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240085. [PMID: 33075077 PMCID: PMC7571677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial pathogens are often involved in dermatitis in reptiles. Exact identification of reptile-specific but otherwise uncommon bacterial species may be challenging. However, identification is crucial to evaluate the importance of the detected bacterial species. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the number of aerobic bacterial isolates cultured from skin-derived samples of reptiles which were not reliably identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and to determine their identity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Routine bacterial diagnostics were performed on 235 skin samples, and 417 bacterial isolates were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. The isolates were grouped into categories based on their first score: category I (≥ 2.00), category II (≥ 1.70 and < 2.00), and category III (< 1.70). Isolates from category III were further investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the following criteria were applied: query cover 100%, e-value rounded to 0.0 and sequence identity (%) > 98.00% for genus identification, and > 99.00% for species identification. RESULTS The majority of bacterial isolates were in category I (85.1%) or category II (8.4%). In category III (6.5%) results achieved at first by MALDI-TOF MS corresponded to the results of the molecular analysis in 8.0% of isolates at the species level and in 24.0% at the genus level. Bacterial isolates classified as category III were heterogenic in genus (e.g. Chryseobacterium, Devriesea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Uruburuella), and some have only been described in reptiles so far. CONCLUSIONS Most of the aerobic bacterial isolates cultured from reptile skin achieved high scores by MALDI-TOF MS. However, in the majority of category III isolates MALDI-TOF MS results were different from those of the molecular analysis. This strengthens the need to carefully examine low-scored results for plausibility and to be familiar with the occurrence and morphology of relevant reptile-specific bacterial species (e.g. Devriesea agamarum) as well as with the limits of the database used.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteria, Aerobic/chemistry
- Bacteria, Aerobic/genetics
- Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Reptiles/microbiology
- Skin/microbiology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Brockmann M, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Müller E, Heusinger A, Pees M, Marschang RE. [Aerobic bacteria from skin lesions in reptiles and their antimicrobial susceptibility]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2020; 48:78-88. [PMID: 32325523 DOI: 10.1055/a-1115-7907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial skin infections are common in reptiles. Although many such infections are influenced by multifactorial problems, specific treatment of bacterial infections is an important consideration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the range of aerobic bacteria in skin lesions of reptiles and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Swabs of skin lesions from 219 reptiles were cultured for aerobic bacteria between January 2017 and June 2018. Isolates were identified based on growth on selective agar plates, biochemical parameters, as well as MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the microdilution method. RESULTS A total of 306 isolates were identified, mostly gram-negative, including Pseudomonas spp. (n = 48), Citrobacter spp. (n = 31, only in chelonians), aerobic spore-forming bacteria (n = 30), Aeromonas spp. (n = 20), Acinetobacter spp. (n = 20), Proteus spp. (n = 15), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 15), Klebsiella spp. (n = 13), Enterococcus spp. (n = 13), Morganella spp. (n = 11) as well as 78 other gram-negative and 12 other gram-positive bacteria. Colonization with 2 (n = 80) or more (n = 16) bacterial isolates was seen in 96 animals. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out with 208 of the 306 isolated bacteria. Many isolates were sensitive (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] in µg/ml ≤ breakpoint) to enro- (E) and marbofloxacin (M): 86.4 % MIC ≤ 0.5 (E) and 95.5 % MIC ≤ 1 (M) for Pseudomonas spp., 86.4 % MIC ≤ 0.5 (E) and 90.9 % MIC ≤ 1 (M) for Citrobacter spp., 75.0 % MIC ≤ 0.5 (E) and 100 % MIC ≤ 1 (M) for Aeromonas spp. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol proved to be effective against most of the Citrobacter spp. (90.9 % MIC ≤ 2/38) and Aeromonas spp. (75.0 % MIC ≤ 2/38). Amikacin was effective against nearly all Pseudomonas spp. (97.7 % MIC ≤ 16), Citrobacter spp. (95.5 % MIC ≤ 16) and Aeromonas spp. (93.8 % MIC ≤ 16). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The majority of isolates were gram-negative; the clinical relevance of individual isolates must, however, be evaluated on a case by case basis. Many of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to fluoroquinolones as well as aminoglycosides. Susceptibility testing is recommended since use of these antibiotics should be limited and for every tested group of antibiotics resistant isolates were found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Pees
- Klinik für Vögel und Reptilien, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
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Marschang RE. [Viral diseases of reptiles in clinical practice]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2020; 48:119-131. [PMID: 32325527 DOI: 10.1055/a-1122-7805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the cause of several important diseases in reptiles. In recent years, numerous novel reptile-infecting viruses have been discovered. There are also an increasing number of tests available for detecting viral infections in these animals. This review offers an overview of common and important viral infections in reptiles, the associated diseases as well as their diagnosis. Specific viruses presented include those infecting reptiles commonly kept as pets, specifically squamates (snakes and lizards), turtles, and tortoises. In this context, the review includes the adenoviruses, which are particularly common in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). The paramyxoviruses and tobaniviruses (also known as nidoviruses or serpentoviruses) are likewise discussed, both of which may cause severe respiratory disease foremost in various snake species. Reptarenaviruses, the causative agents of inclusion body disease (IBD) in boas and pythons are discussed as well. The squamate viruses listed also encompass the iridoviruses including the ranaviruses, invertebrate iridoviruses, and hemocytiviruses, all of which are, amongst others, found in various lizard species. For the chelonians, herpesviruses of tortoises and turtles are discussed separately, followed by the ranaviruses and picornaviruses, all of which have been associated with upper respiratory and upper digestive tract disease, but can also cause other clinical signs, such as picornavirus-induced severe softening of the shell in juvenile tortoises.
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Leineweber C, Öfner S, Stöhr AC, Marschang RE, Mathes K. A comparison of thyroid hormone levels and plasma capillary zone electrophoresis in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and map turtles (Graptemys spp.) depending on season and sex. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:78-90. [PMID: 32237094 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones and capillary zone electrophoresis are rarely studied in reptile medicine. OBJECTIVES The goal of this prospective study was to establish RIs for plasma proteins and thyroid hormones, total tetraiodothyronine (tT4), free T4 (fT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), and free T3 (fT3), as well as iodine blood levels in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and map turtles (Graptemys spp.). METHODS Variables were measured over 1 ½ years to determine variations depending on sex and season, as well as any correlations between the parameters. A total of 131 blood samples from red-eared sliders and 51 blood samples from map turtles were collected from May 2016 to November 2017. The levels of tT4, fT4, and fT3 were measured using standardized autoanalyzer test systems; tT3 was measured by ELISA and iodine inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total protein was quantitated using the biuret method, and plasma protein fractions were measured using capillary zone electrophoresis. RESULTS The results showed significant variations in thyroid hormone levels and plasma protein fractions depending on sex and season. Total T4 and fT4 concentrations were significantly (P < .05) correlated in both turtle species and sexes in all seasons. Thyroid hormone levels correlated with blood proteins in a few seasons, including a positive correlation between tT4 and fT4 in female red-eared sliders in fall and female map turtles in summer and fall. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of considering species, season, and sex variations when interpreting thyroid hormone and plasma protein levels. It also shows that thyroid hormone levels are not always influenced by total protein and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Leineweber
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany.,Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Öfner
- Reptile Rescue Center Munich e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Anke C Stöhr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Karina Mathes
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Simard J, Marschang RE, Leineweber C, Hellebuyck T. Prevalence of inclusion body disease and associated comorbidity in captive collections of boid and pythonid snakes in Belgium. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229667. [PMID: 32119716 PMCID: PMC7051093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is caused by reptarenaviruses and constitutes one of the most notorious viral diseases in snakes. Although central nervous system disease and various other clinical signs have been attributed to IBD in boid and pythonid snakes, studies that unambiguously reveal the clinical course of natural IBD and reptarenavirus infection are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of IBD and reptarenaviruses in captive snake collections and the correlation of IBD and reptarenavirus infection with the clinical status of the sampled snakes were investigated. In three IBD positive collections, long-term follow-up during a three- to seven-year period was performed. A total of 292 snakes (178 boas and 114 pythons) from 40 collections in Belgium were sampled. In each snake, blood and buffy coat smears were evaluated for the presence of IBD inclusion bodies (IB) and whole blood was tested for reptarenavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Of all tested snakes, 16.5% (48/292) were positive for IBD of which all were boa constrictors (34.0%; 48/141) and 17.1% (50/292) were reptarenavirus RT-PCR positive. The presence of IB could not be demonstrated in any of the tested pythons, while 5.3% (6/114) were reptarenavirus positive. In contrast to pythons, the presence of IB in peripheral blood cells in boa constrictors is strongly correlated with reptarenavirus detection by RT-PCR (P<0.0001). Although boa constrictors often show persistent subclinical infection, long-term follow-up indicated that a considerable number (22.2%; 6/27) of IBD/reptarenavirus positive boas eventually develop IBD associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Simard
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tom Hellebuyck
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Tomazatos A, Marschang RE, Maranda I, Baum H, Bialonski A, Spînu M, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Cadar D. Letea Virus: Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Novel Reassortant Orbivirus Discovered in Grass Snakes ( Natrix natrix). Viruses 2020; 12:v12020243. [PMID: 32098186 PMCID: PMC7077223 DOI: 10.3390/v12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of novel arthropod-borne viruses provide valuable information on their genetic diversity, ecology, evolution and potential to threaten animal or public health. Arbovirus surveillance is not conducted regularly in Romania, being particularly very scarce in the remote and diverse areas like the Danube Delta. Here we describe the detection and genetic characterization of a novel orbivirus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) designated as Letea virus, which was found in grass snakes (Natrix natrix) during a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic survey conducted between 2014 and 2017. This virus is the first orbivirus discovered in reptiles. Phylogenetic analyses placed Letea virus as a highly divergent species in the Culicoides-/sand fly-borne orbivirus clade. Gene reassortment and intragenic recombination were detected in the majority of the nine Letea virus strains obtained, implying that these mechanisms play important roles in the evolution and diversification of the virus. However, the screening of arthropods, including Culicoides biting midges collected within the same surveillance program, tested negative for Letea virus infection and could not confirm the arthropod vector of the virus. The study provided complete genome sequences for nine Letea virus strains and new information about orbivirus diversity, host range, ecology and evolution. The phylogenetic associations warrant further screening of arthropods, as well as sustained surveillance efforts for elucidation of Letea virus natural cycle and possible implications for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tomazatos
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Cell Culture Lab, Microbiology Department, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Iulia Maranda
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Heike Baum
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Alexandra Bialonski
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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Kolesnik E, Hyndman TH, Müller E, Pees M, Marschang RE. Comparison of three different PCR protocols for the detection of ferlaviruses. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:281. [PMID: 31387580 PMCID: PMC6685236 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes often associated with respiratory and neurological disease. The detection of ferlaviral RNA by PCR is considered to be the most reliable method for the diagnosis of infection. The PCRs that have been used most commonly for this purpose have not been properly assessed to determine their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect the known genetic diversity of this group of viruses. The aim of this study was to compare three published PCR protocols so that a single method could be recommended to laboratories that perform this testing. Results Comparisons were carried out using cell culture isolates and tissues from snakes infected with specific virus genotypes. A single round PCR targeting a short segment of the viral polymerase (L) gene provided the highest sensitivity and specificity, and detected isolated ferlaviruses from all four described genogroups, as well as from tissues of infected snakes. Conclusion A broadly-reactive PCR for the detection of all known ferlaviruses was found to provide a good combination of detection limit, specificity and speed. Based on these criteria, this method is recommended for the diagnosis of ferlavirus infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2028-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Papp T, Marschang RE. Detection and Characterization of Invertebrate Iridoviruses Found in Reptiles and Prey Insects in Europe over the Past Two Decades. Viruses 2019; 11:E600. [PMID: 31269721 PMCID: PMC6669658 DOI: 10.3390/v11070600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs), while mostly described in a wide range of invertebrate hosts, have also been repeatedly detected in diagnostic samples from poikilothermic vertebrates including reptiles and amphibians. Since iridoviruses from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts differ strongly from one another based not only on host range but also on molecular characteristics, a series of molecular studies and bioassays were performed to characterize and compare IIVs from various hosts and evaluate their ability to infect a vertebrate host. Eight IIV isolates from reptilian and orthopteran hosts collected over a period of six years were partially sequenced. Comparison of eight genome portions (total over 14 kbp) showed that these were all very similar to one another and to an earlier described cricket IIV isolate, thus they were given the collective name lizard-cricket IV (Liz-CrIV). One isolate from a chameleon was also subjected to Illumina sequencing and almost the entire genomic sequence was obtained. Comparison of this longer genome sequence showed several differences to the most closely related IIV, Invertebrateiridovirus6 (IIV6), the type species of the genus Iridovirus, including several deletions and possible recombination sites, as well as insertions of genes of non-iridoviral origin. Three isolates from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also used for comparative studies on pathogenicity in crickets (Gryllusbimaculatus) at 20 and 30 °C. Finally, the chameleon isolate used for the genome sequencing studies was also used in a transmission study with bearded dragons. The transmission studies showed large variability in virus replication and pathogenicity of the three tested viruses in crickets at the two temperatures. In the infection study with bearded dragons, lizards inoculated with a Liz-CrIV did not become ill, but the virus was detected in numerous tissues by qPCR and was also isolated in cell culture from several tissues. Highest viral loads were measured in the gastro-intestinal organs and in the skin. These studies demonstrate that Liz-CrIV circulates in the pet trade in Europe. This virus is capable of infecting both invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates, although its involvement in disease in the latter has not been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungaria krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rachel E Marschang
- Cell Culture Lab, Microbiology Department, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany.
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Pees M, Schmidt V, Papp T, Gellért Á, Abbas M, Starck JM, Neul A, Marschang RE. Three genetically distinct ferlaviruses have varying effects on infected corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217164. [PMID: 31163032 PMCID: PMC6548425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes and other reptiles. They cause respiratory and neurological disease in infected animals and can cause severe disease outbreaks. Isolates from this genus can be divided into four genogroups–A, B, and C, as well as a more distantly related sister group, “tortoise”. Sequences from large portions (5.3 kb) of the genomes of a variety of ferlavirus isolates from genogroups A, B, and C, including the genes coding the surface glycoproteins F and HN as well as the L protein were determined and compared. In silico analyses of the glycoproteins of genogroup A, B, and C isolates were carried out. Three isolates representing these three genogroups were used in transmission studies with corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), and clinical signs, gross and histopathology, electronmicroscopic changes in the lungs, and isolation of bacteria from the lungs were evaluated. Analysis of the sequences supported the previous categorization of ferlaviruses into four genogroups, and criteria for definition of ferlavirus genogroups and species were established based on sequence identities (80% resp. 90%). Analysis of the ferlavirus glycoprotein models showed parallels to corresponding regions of other paramyxoviruses. The transmission studies showed clear differences in the pathogenicities of the three virus isolates used. The genogroup B isolate was the most and the group A virus the least pathogenic. Reasons for these differences were not clear based on the differences in the putative structures of their respective glycoproteins, although e.g. residue and consequential structure variation of an extended cleavage site or changes in electrostatic charges at enzyme binding sites could play a role. The presence of bacteria in the lungs of the infected animals also clearly corresponded to increased pathogenicity. This study contributes to knowledge about the structure and phylogeny of ferlaviruses and lucidly demonstrates differences in pathogenicity between strains of different genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maha Abbas
- Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Annkatrin Neul
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Hyndman TH, Marschang RE, Bruce M, Clark P, Vitali SD. Reptarenaviruses in apparently healthy snakes in an Australian zoological collection. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:93-102. [PMID: 30919443 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a disease of snakes with a global distribution and has recently been shown to be caused by reptarenaviruses. Testing for this group of viruses in asymptomatic snakes allows the association between infection and disease to be further elucidated. METHODS A reptarenavirus was detected by RT-PCR in a reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) from an Australian zoological collection that was open-mouth breathing and had erythematous oral mucosa. Another 27 pythons, 4 elapids, 2 colubrids and 2 boas from this collection were then screened. From these animals, swabs, whole blood and/or tissue were tested for reptarenaviruses by RT-PCR. Additionally, blood films from 10 snakes were examined by light microscopy for the presence of inclusion bodies. The majority of samples were collected over a 484-day period. RESULTS A total of 8 animals were RT-PCR-positive (8/36 = 22.2%): 6 were pythons, 1 was a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) and 1 was a Madagascar tree boa (Sanzinia madagascariensis). From them, 57 samples were collected, but only one from each animal was RT-PCR-positive (8/57 = 14.0%). From all 36 animals in this study, 8/182 samples were RT-PCR-positive (4.4%). Inclusion bodies were not recognised in any of the blood films. Only the reticulated python showed signs of illness, which improved without any further intervention. All other RT-PCR-positive snakes were apparently healthy throughout the duration of the study. CONCLUSION This study showed a weak association between the presence of reptarenaviruses and disease. Testing serially collected swab and whole-blood samples increased the number of animals in which reptarenaviruses were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - M Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - S D Vitali
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, South Perth, WA, Australia
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Girod-Rüffer C, Müller E, Marschang RE, Müller K. Retrospective Study on Hyperthyroidism in Guinea Pigs in Veterinary Practices in Germany. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Leineweber C, Müller E, Marschang RE. Blood reference intervals for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from routine diagnostic samples. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2019; 46:393-398. [PMID: 30658366 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1677403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to establish reference intervals for blood parameters in rabbits based on data from routine diagnostic samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data sets from 1679-2039 values for clinical chemistry and 937-1559 values for hematological parameters were evaluated using the statistical program Reference Limit Estimator 20151017. RESULTS The following reference intervals were calculated for hematology: erythrocytes 4.37-7.43 × 1012 cells/l; hematocrit 0.28-0.48 l/l; hemoglobin 89.63-153.82 g/l; leucocytes 2.71-12.23 × 109 cells/l; neutrophils 0.87-7.82 × 109 cells/l; lymphocytes 0.36-6.58 × 109 cells/l; monocytes 0.08-1.71 × 109 cells/l; eosi nophils 0.07-0.19 × 109 cells/l; basophils 0.06-1.1 × 109 cells/l; thrombocytes 225.45-905.3 × 109 cells/l. Calculated intervals for clinical chemistries were: alkaline phosphatase 9.05-94.68 U/l; aspartataminotransferase 3.75-32.44 U/l; creatine kinase 1.63-559.53 U/l; γ-glutamyltransferase 2.5-14.46 U/l; glutamatdehydrogenase 0.68-14.78 U/l; fructosamin 248.08-501.43 µmol/l; bile acid 0.76-19.63 μmol/l; total protein 48.66-73.64 g/l; urea 2.63-10.28 mmol/l; creatinine 51.38-154.35 µmol/l; calcium 3.02-4.3 mmol/l; magnesium 0.66-1.51 mmol/l; phosphorus 0.54-2.18 mmol/l; sodium 132.61- 154.0 mmol/l and potassium 3.52-6.04 mmol/l. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The calculation of intervals based on a large number of routine diagnostic samples allows the establishment of labora tory specific reference intervals without the use of experimental animals.
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Marschang RE. Virology. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery 2019. [PMCID: PMC7173601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marschang RE, Weider K, Erhard H, Klas EM, Laik-Schandelmaier C. RABBIT HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUSES DETECTED IN PET RABBITS IN A COMMERCIAL LABORATORY IN EUROPE. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kolesnik E, Marschang RE. Nachweis von Nidoviren bei lebenden Pythons und Boas. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K 2018; 45:22-26. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-151067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungGegenstand: Nidoviren wurden vor kurzem als mögliche Ursache schwerer respiratorischer Erkrankungen bei Pythons in den USA und Europa nachgewiesen. Ziel dieser Studie war, eine konventionelle PCR für den Nachweis von Nidoviren aus Proben lebender Tiere zu etablieren und die Liste der für diese Viren empfänglichen Spezies zu erweitern. Material und Methoden: Eingesetzt wurde eine PCR, die einen Teil des ORF1a der Python-Nidoviren nachweist, um Nidoviren in diagnostischen Proben von lebenden Boas und Pythons zu detektieren. Getestet wurden vor allem Rachenabstriche und Blut von 95 Pythons, 84 Boas und 22 Schlangen unbekannter Spezies. Ergebnisse: Nidoviren ließen sich bei 27,4% der Pythons und bei 2,4% der Boas nachweisen. Am häufigsten wurden sie bei Königspythons (Python [P.] regius) und Tigerpythons (P. molurus) gefunden, daneben aber auch bei anderen Pythonspezies inklusive Morelia spp. und bei Abgottschlangen (Boa constrictor). Rachenabstriche waren am häufigsten positiv. Schlussfolgerung: Die hier beschriebene PCR kann zum Nachweis von Nidoviren in Rachenabstrichen lebender Schlangen eingesetzt werden. Diese Viren scheinen bei in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen Schlangen in Europa relativ häufig vorzukommen und ihr Nachweis sollte bei klinischen Untersuchungen in Erwägung gezogen werden. Klinische Relevanz: Nidoviren gelten als bedeutende Ursa che respiratorischer Erkrankungen bei Pythons, können aber auch Boas infizieren. Der jetzt mögliche Nachweis dieser Viren am lebenden Tier kann bei erkrankten Schlangen, aber auch während einer Quarantäne klinisch relevant sein.
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Menéndez-Conejero R, Nguyen TH, Singh AK, Condezo GN, Marschang RE, van Raaij MJ, San Martín C. Structure of a Reptilian Adenovirus Reveals a Phage Tailspike Fold Stabilizing a Vertebrate Virus Capsid. Structure 2017; 25:1562-1573.e5. [PMID: 28943338 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although non-human adenoviruses (AdVs) might offer solutions to problems posed by human AdVs as therapeutic vectors, little is known about their basic biology. In particular, there are no structural studies on the complete virion of any AdV with a non-mammalian host. We combine mass spectrometry, cryo-electron microscopy, and protein crystallography to characterize the composition and structure of a snake AdV (SnAdV-1, Atadenovirus genus). SnAdV-1 particles contain the genus-specific proteins LH3, p32k, and LH2, a previously unrecognized structural component. Remarkably, the cementing protein LH3 has a trimeric β helix fold typical of bacteriophage host attachment proteins. The organization of minor coat proteins differs from that in human AdVs, correlating with higher thermostability in SnAdV-1. These findings add a new piece to the intriguing puzzle of virus evolution, hint at the use of cell entry pathways different from those in human AdVs, and will help development of new, thermostable SnAdV-1-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Menéndez-Conejero
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT-VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Abhimanyu K Singh
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela N Condezo
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mark J van Raaij
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Kolesnik E, Obiegala A, Marschang RE. Detection of Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, topiviruses, and ferlaviruses in samples from chelonians in Europe. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:820-832. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717722387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested samples from 1,015 chelonians in Europe for Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, ranaviruses, picornaviruses, and ferlaviruses by PCR. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in 42.1% and herpesviruses were detected in 8.0% of tested chelonians. Differentiation of the herpesviruses revealed that 46.9% of the detected chelonian viruses were testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV-1) and 54.3% were TeHV-3, including co-detections of TeHV-1 and -3 in 3 tortoises. TeHV-4 was detected in a leopard tortoise ( Stigmochelys pardalis), and a herpesvirus that could not be further characterized was found in a pond slider ( Trachemys scripta). Picornaviruses (topiviruses) were detected in 2.2% of the tested animals; ferlaviruses were found in 0.6%; no ranaviruses were detected in any of the animals tested. Mycoplasma spp. were detected significantly more often in Horsfield’s tortoises ( Testudo horsfieldii), leopard tortoises, and Indian star tortoises ( Geochelone elegans) than in other species. Horsfield’s tortoises were also significantly more often positive for TeHV-1. Mycoplasma and TeHV-1 were co-detected in 3.0%, and mycoplasma and TeHV-3 in 2.3%. The TeHV-4–positive tortoise was also positive for mycoplasma. Mycoplasma and picornaviruses were co-detected in 1.2% of the tortoises. A spur-thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca) was positive for mycoplasma and a ferlavirus. In some cases, >2 pathogens were detected. A significant correlation between mycoplasma and herpesvirus detection was found. Of all tested animals, 47.6% were positive for at least one pathogen, demonstrating the importance of pathogen detection in captive chelonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kolesnik
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
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Neul A, Schrödl W, Marschang RE, Bjick T, Truyen U, von Buttlar H, Pees M. Immunologic responses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:482-494. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.4.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rosa GM, Sabino-Pinto J, Laurentino TG, Martel A, Pasmans F, Rebelo R, Griffiths RA, Stöhr AC, Marschang RE, Price SJ, Garner TWJ, Bosch J. Impact of asynchronous emergence of two lethal pathogens on amphibian assemblages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43260. [PMID: 28240267 PMCID: PMC5327436 DOI: 10.1038/srep43260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases have been increasingly associated with population declines, with co-infections exhibiting many types of interactions. The chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and ranaviruses have extraordinarily broad host ranges, however co-infection dynamics have been largely overlooked. We investigated the pattern of co-occurrence of these two pathogens in an amphibian assemblage in Serra da Estrela (Portugal). The detection of chytridiomycosis in Portugal was linked to population declines of midwife-toads (Alytes obstetricans). The asynchronous and subsequent emergence of a second pathogen - ranavirus - caused episodes of lethal ranavirosis. Chytrid effects were limited to high altitudes and a single host, while ranavirus was highly pathogenic across multiple hosts, life-stages and altitudinal range. This new strain (Portuguese newt and toad ranavirus – member of the CMTV clade) caused annual mass die-offs, similar in host range and rapidity of declines to other locations in Iberia affected by CMTV-like ranaviruses. However, ranavirus was not always associated with disease, mortality and declines, contrasting with previous reports on Iberian CMTV-like ranavirosis. We found little evidence that pre-existing chytrid emergence was associated with ranavirus and the emergence of ranavirosis. Despite the lack of cumulative or amplified effects, ranavirus drove declines of host assemblages and changed host community composition and structure, posing a grave threat to all amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M Rosa
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Joana Sabino-Pinto
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Telma G Laurentino
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rui Rebelo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard A Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Anke C Stöhr
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rachel E Marschang
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Laboklin GmbH &Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Stephen J Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK.,UCL Genetics Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim O. Heckers
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Janosch Dietz
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
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Schilliger L, Mentré V, Marschang RE, Nicolier A, Richter B. Triple infection with agamid adenovirus 1, Encephaliton cuniculi-like microsporidium and enteric coccidia in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2016; 44:355-358. [PMID: 27385082 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A 2-month-old juvenile central bearded dragon was presented for anorexia and cachexia. Another specimen from the same cage had died suddenly 2 weeks prior. Fecal analysis revealed a high quantity of Isospora amphiboluri and a few pinworm eggs. Other examinations were not performed and the animal died a few days later despite supportive care. A third individual from the same cage presented with anorexia and a distended cœlom and was euthanized. In this third dragon, histological examination revealed intestinal coccidiosis, basophilic intranuclear inclusions compatible with adenovirus infection, acute hepatic necrosis with intrahepatocytic and intraenteritic organisms typical of microsporidia and renal gout. A PCR confirmed the diagnosis of adenovirosis. Sequencing showed that the PCR product was 100% identical to the corresponding portion of the agamid adenovirus 1 genome. A PCR for the detection of Encephalitozoon (E.) cuniculi was positive. Partial sequencing revealed 100% identity to an E. cuniculi-like organism previously found in bearded dragons. In cases where environmental factors such as poor hygiene or stress can be excluded, the presence of opportunistic pathogens in high numbers can be due to a systemic (viral) infection with temporary immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Schilliger
- Dr. Lionel Schilliger, Clinique vétérinaire du village d'Auteuil, 75016 Paris, Frankreich, E-Mail:
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Weinmann N, Papp T, de Matos APA, Teifke JP, Marschang RE. Experimental Infection of Crickets (Gryllus Bimaculatus) with an Invertebrate Iridovirus Isolated from a High-Casqued Chameleon (Chamaeleo Hoehnelii). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:674-9. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate iridoviruses (IIV) have been a regular problem for insect breeders. They have also recently been isolated from various lizard species. An iridovirus isolated from several tissues of a high-casqued chameleon (Chamaeleo hoehnelii) was identified as an IIV on the basis of electron microscopy (EM), sequencing of a portion of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene, and restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. The pathogenicity of this isolate for crickets of the species Gryllus bimaculatus was tested by using 3 experimental infection studies. The mortality rates in the infected crickets ranged between 20% and 35%. The fat bodies of the crickets were examined on cell culture, with a nested PCR targeting the MCP gene, histologically, with in situ hybridization and by EM. Nested PCR was the most sensitive method for detecting IIV in the fat-body samples. Virus was re-isolated from several fat-body samples. In some fat bodies of infected crickets, massive arrays of viruses could be detected by EM. These findings support the hypothesis that IIV from insects are able to infect reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Weinmann
- From the Institut für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tibor Papp
- From the Institut für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonio Pedro Alves de Matos
- The Anatomic Pathology Department, Curry Cabral Hospital, and Biomaterials Department/ITB, Dental Medical School, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jens P. Teifke
- The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- From the Institut für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kolesnik E, Mittenzwei F, Marschang RE. Detection of testudinid herpesvirus type 4 in a leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2016; 44:283-6. [PMID: 27301060 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several animals from a mixed species collection of tortoises in Germany died unexpectedly. Some of the affected leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) from this group showed respiratory signs. Samples were collected from one of the ill tortoises, and a Mycoplasma spp. and a herpesvirus were detected by PCR. Sequencing of a portion of the DNA polymerase gene of the herpesvirus showed 99% identity with testudinid herpesvirus 4, previously described only once in a bowsprit tortoise (Chersina angulata) in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel E Marschang
- Rachel E. Marschang, Laboklin GmbH+Co KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, E-Mail:
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Kugler R, Marschang RE, Ihász K, Lengyel G, Jakab F, Bányai K, Farkas SL. Whole genome characterization of a chelonian orthoreovirus strain identifies significant genetic diversity and may classify reptile orthoreoviruses into distinct species. Virus Res 2016; 215:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Marschang RE, Ihász K, Kugler R, Lengyel G, Fehér E, Marton S, Bányai K, Aqrawi T, Farkas SL. Development of a consensus reverse transcription PCR assay for the specific detection of tortoise picornaviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:309-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716628584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses (PVs) of different terrestrial tortoise species, previously designated as Virus “X,” have been frequently detected from various tissues by virus isolation in Terrapene heart cell culture as the preferred laboratory method for diagnosis. Here, we describe the development of 2 diagnostic reverse transcription (RT)-PCR–based assays for the identification and characterization of tortoise PVs belonging to the tentative genus Topivirus. To test the novel diagnostic systems, PVs were isolated from swab and tissue samples collected in Germany, Italy, and Hungary between 2000 and 2013. All 25 tested isolates gave positive results with both novel consensus primer sets. Sequencing of the amplified products confirmed that all studied viruses were members of the new proposed genus Topivirus. Phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished 2 lineages within the genus. Based on sequence analysis, no association was observed between the geographic distribution and genetic relatedness. Furthermore, no strict host specificity was indicated. The PCR-based diagnosis may provide a time-saving and sensitive method to detect tortoise PVs, and evaluation of PV presence in these animals may help control virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Marschang
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Katalin Ihász
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Renáta Kugler
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - György Lengyel
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Enikő Fehér
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Szilvia Marton
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Tara Aqrawi
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
| | - Szilvia L. Farkas
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Marschang)
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (Ihász, Kugler, Fehér, Marton, Bányai, Farkas)
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Budapest, Hungary (Lengyel)
- FG für Umweltund Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Aqrawi)
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C. Stöhr
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tibor Papp
- 2. Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- 1. Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Pees M, Neul A, Müller K, Schmidt V, Truyen U, Leinecker N, Marschang RE. Virus distribution and detection in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimental infection with three different ferlavirus strains. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:213-22. [PMID: 26711050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are important pathogens of snakes. However, factors influencing the pathogenicity of individual isolates as well as optimal protocols for virus detection in tissues of infected snakes have been insufficiently studied. The objectives of this study were to compare virus detection using previously described PCR and cell culture protocols following infection with three genetically distinct ferlaviruses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) as a model species. Groups of 12 corn snakes were each inoculated intratracheally with a genogroup A, B, or C ferlavirus. Tracheal washes and cloacal swabs were tested for virus shedding on days 16 and 28. Three animals were each euthanized on days 4, 16, 28, and 49. Beside immunohistochemistry of lung tissue, several organs (lung, intestine, pancreas, kidney, brain) were tested for the presence of ferlavirus. Distinct differences were noted in the pathogenicity of the three viruses, with a genotype B isolate causing the greatest pathology. PCR was more sensitive in comparison to cell culture, but results varied depending on the tissues. Ferlaviruses spread rapidly into the tissues, including the brain. Overall average detection rate was 72%, and was highest on day 16. There were differences between the groups, with the most virulent strain causing 100% positive samples at the end of the study. Some snakes were able to clear the infection. Shedding via cloaca was seen only on day 28. For ante-mortem sampling, a tracheal wash sample is recommended, for post mortem diagnosis, a pooled organ sample should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annkatrin Neul
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadja Leinecker
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Marschang RE, Heckers KO, Heynol V, Weider K, Behncke H. [Herpesvirus detection in clinically healthy West African mud turtles (Pelusioscastaneus)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2015; 43:166-9. [PMID: 25804219 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE First description of a herpesvirus in West African mud turtles. MATERIALS AND METHODS A herpesvirus was detected in two clinically healthy West African mud turtles (Pelusios castaneus) by PCR during a quarantine exam. The animals had been imported from Togo, West Africa to Germany for the pet trade. RESULTS Analysis of a portion of the genome of the detected virus showed that it is a previously unknown virus related to other chelonid herpesviruses. The virus was named pelomedusid herpesvirus 1. DISCUSSION This case highlights the importance of testing for infectious agents during quarantine, even in clinically healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marschang
- PD Dr. Rachel E. Marschang, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, E-Mail:
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Heynol V, Heckers KO, Behncke H, Heusinger A, Marschang RE. Detection of Bacteria in Oral Swabs from Healthy Common Musk Turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and West African Mud Turtles (Pelusios castaneus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-25.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Heynol
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Kim O. Heckers
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Helge Behncke
- 2. Import-Export Peter Hoch GmbH, August-Jeanmaire-Str. 12, 79183 Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Anton Heusinger
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
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Stöhr AC, López-Bueno A, Blahak S, Caeiro MF, Rosa GM, Alves de Matos AP, Martel A, Alejo A, Marschang RE. Phylogeny and differentiation of reptilian and amphibian ranaviruses detected in Europe. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118633. [PMID: 25706285 PMCID: PMC4338083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses in amphibians and fish are considered emerging pathogens and several isolates have been extensively characterized in different studies. Ranaviruses have also been detected in reptiles with increasing frequency, but the role of reptilian hosts is still unclear and only limited sequence data has been provided. In this study, we characterized a number of ranaviruses detected in wild and captive animals in Europe based on sequence data from six genomic regions (major capsid protein (MCP), DNA polymerase (DNApol), ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase alpha and beta subunit-like proteins (RNR-α and -β), viral homolog of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, eIF-2α (vIF-2α) genes and microsatellite region). A total of ten different isolates from reptiles (tortoises, lizards, and a snake) and four ranaviruses from amphibians (anurans, urodeles) were included in the study. Furthermore, the complete genome sequences of three reptilian isolates were determined and a new PCR for rapid classification of the different variants of the genomic arrangement was developed. All ranaviruses showed slight variations on the partial nucleotide sequences from the different genomic regions (92.6–100%). Some very similar isolates could be distinguished by the size of the band from the microsatellite region. Three of the lizard isolates had a truncated vIF-2α gene; the other ranaviruses had full-length genes. In the phylogenetic analyses of concatenated sequences from different genes (3223 nt/10287 aa), the reptilian ranaviruses were often more closely related to amphibian ranaviruses than to each other, and most clustered together with previously detected ranaviruses from the same geographic region of origin. Comparative analyses show that among the closely related amphibian-like ranaviruses (ALRVs) described to date, three recently split and independently evolving distinct genetic groups can be distinguished. These findings underline the wide host range of ranaviruses and the emergence of pathogen pollution via animal trade of ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C. Stöhr
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Blahak
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Ostwestfalen Lippe (CVUA-OWL), Detmold, Germany
| | - Maria F. Caeiro
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Pedro Alves de Matos
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt- und Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ball I, Ofner S, Funk RS, Griffin C, Riedel U, Möhring J, Marschang RE. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against adenoviruses in lizards and snakes. Vet J 2014; 202:176-81. [PMID: 25163614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are relatively common in lizards and snakes, and several genetically distinct AdVs have been isolated in cell culture. The aims of this study were to examine serological relationships among lizard and snake AdVs and to determine the frequency of AdV infections in these species. Isolates from a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), a corn snake (Pantherophis gutattus) and a central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), and two isolates from helodermatid lizards (Heloderma horridum and H. suspectum) were used in neutralisation tests for the detection of antibodies in plasma from 263 lizards from seven families (including 12 species) and from 141 snakes from four families (including 28 species) from the USA and Europe. Most lizard and snake samples had antibodies against a range of AdV isolates, indicating that AdV infection is common among these squamates. Neutralisation tests with polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits demonstrated serological cross-reactivity between both helodermatid lizard isolates. However, squamate plasma showed different reactions to each of these lizard isolates in neutralisation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Ball
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
| | - Sabine Ofner
- Auffangstation für Reptilien, Munich 80539, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulf Riedel
- Tierpraxis Dr. Riedel, Grempstr.28, Frankfurt 60487, Germany
| | - Jens Möhring
- Institute for Crop Science, Bioinformatics Unit, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 23, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Rachel E Marschang
- Fachgebiet für Umwelt und Tierhygiene, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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