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Lietaer L, Bogado Pascottini O, Heirbaut S, Demeyere K, Vandaele L, Meyer E, Fievez V, Leroy JLMR, Opsomer G. Viability and function dynamics of circulating versus endometrial polymorphonuclear leukocytes in postpartum dairy cows with subclinical or clinical endometritis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3436-3447. [PMID: 36935235 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the viability of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (cPMN) and endometrial PMN (ePMN) and their function dynamics in postpartum dairy cows with subclinical (SCE) or clinical endometritis (CE). To do so, blood samples from 38 Holstein cows were collected at -7, 9, 21, and 36 d relative to calving, and endometrial cytology samples from 32 Holstein cows were harvested at 9, 21, and 36 d postpartum. Uterine health status was assessed at 36 d postpartum, and cows were classified as healthy (absence of abnormal vaginal discharge and ≤5% ePMN), SCE (absence of abnormal vaginal discharge and >5% ePMN), or CE (mucopurulent or purulent vaginal discharge and >5% ePMN). Viability (viable, apoptotic, and necrotic) and function parameters phagocytosis (PC), oxidative burst, and intracellular proteolytic degradation were evaluated for cPMN via flow cytometry. For ePMN, only viability and PC were evaluated. The association of cPMN and ePMN viability and functional parameters with reproductive tract health classification were fitted in mixed linear regression models, accounting for repeated measures, sampling day, and interactions of reproductive tract status and day. Cows with CE had a lower proportion of cPMN viability (84.5 ± 2.1%; least squares means ± standard error) and a higher proportion of apoptosis (14.4 ± 2.0%) than healthy (92.4 ± 1.3 and 6.7 ± 1.3%, respectively) or SCE (95.3 ± 2.4 and 3.8 ± 2.3%, respectively) at 9 d postpartum. Interestingly, cPMN intracellular proteolytic degradation was lower [6.2 ± 0.1 median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] in SCE compared with healthy (6.7 ± 0.08 MFI) or CE (6.8 ± 0.1 MFI) at d 9 postpartum. No other differences in cPMN function were found among experimental groups. The proportion of necrotic ePMN was higher for healthy (49.6 ± 5.1%) than SCE (27.4 ± 7.3%) and CE (27.7 ± 7.3%) cows at 36 d postpartum. Also, at 36 d postpartum, the proportion of ePMN performing PC was higher in CE (47.0 ± 8.6%) than in healthy (18.4 ± 7.6%) cows, but did not differ from SCE cows (25.9 ± 8.7%). Results of the present study suggest that cPMN viability and function at 9 d postpartum are associated with the development of uterine disease. Furthermore, ePMN at 36 d postpartum are mostly necrotic in healthy cows but viable and functional in cows with CE, probably due to active uterine inflammation. Remarkably, ePMN in cows with SCE at 36 d postpartum are also mostly viable but seem to display a numerically lower proportion of PC compared with ePMN in CE cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Lietaer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Heirbaut
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandaele
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jo L M R Leroy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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Yamanokuchi E, Kitahara G, Kanemaru K, Hemmi K, Kobayashi I, Yamaguchi R, Osawa T. Inflammatory Changes and Composition of Collagen during Cervical Ripening in Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192646. [PMID: 36230388 PMCID: PMC9559414 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystocia and stillbirths in cows pose a high risk of loss of both dams and fetuses, thereby resulting in high economic losses. One of the causes of these problems is birth canal abnormalities. Thus, to prevent these occurrences, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying cervical ripening. Although physiological inflammatory responses and changes in collagen composition have been reported in humans and mice, related information is scarce for cows. We observed inflammatory changes and changes in the collagen composition in the cervix from late pregnancy to parturition to clarify some of the physiological changes associated with cervical ripening during normal calving in cows. Cervical mucus and tissue samples were collected from 41 Japanese Black cows at 200, 230, and 260 days of gestation and at 7-day intervals thereafter until parturition. The percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) in the mucus was calculated, and interleukin (IL)-8 concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein, and leukocyte counts were determined. Picrosirius red-stained cervical tissue specimens were observed under a polarizing microscope, and the percentage of type I and type III collagen areas in the cervical tissue were calculated. The PMN% in cervical mucus was lowest at 200 days gestation (12−13 weeks before delivery), significantly increased 5 weeks before (21.7 ± 0.04), and was highest 1 week before calving (50.9 ± 0.04). IL-8 levels were increased at 295 days compared with those at 200 days of pregnancy (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the white blood cell counts. The percentage of type I collagen in the cervical tissue reached a maximum (91.4 ± 0.02%) on day 200, significantly decreased after 274 days (3 weeks before calving), and continued to decrease thereafter until the week of parturition. There was no significant change in type III collagen levels. The results suggest that cervical ripening progresses when PMNs begin to infiltrate the cervix at around 260 days of gestation (5−4 weeks before parturition), IL-8, which increases at the end of pregnancy, mobilizes PMNs, and enhances inflammation, and that type I collagen changes are useful as an indicator of cervical ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Yamanokuchi
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Go Kitahara
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kanemaru
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hemmi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Osawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-985-58-7787
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Relationship between Oxidative Stress and Endometritis: Exploiting Knowledge Gained in Mares and Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182403. [PMID: 36139263 PMCID: PMC9495037 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometritis is a widespread pathology in mares and cows and one of the leading causes of reproductive efficiency decline. Although localized in the innermost layer of the uterus, this inflammation involves the release of bioactive molecules and by-products related to molecular damage. Among the bioactive substances, a primary role is played by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which, while exerting an antimicrobial effect, can amplify the inflammation, sometimes causing unwanted and self-aggravating effects. Part of these substances enters the bloodstream, with implications that range from sustaining distant effects on organs and tissues to being used as diagnostic biomarkers. The research carried out on this matter in cows and mares has maintained certain independence due to its species specificity. This review aims to collect and analyze the information available in these species to enhance diagnostics and provide new insights to prevent and treat this pathology. Abstract The etiopathogenesis of endometritis in mares and cows differs significantly; this could depend on a different sensitivity and reactivity of the uterus but also on endocrine and rearing factors and different stress sources. In both species, microorganisms and the immune system play a primary role in the generation of this pathology. Microbiological and cytological tests support clinical examination and significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. For both species, during the inflammation, immune cells invade the endometrium and release bioactive substances to contrast primary or secondary pathogen contamination. These molecules are traceable to cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), collectively known as RONS. The RONS-mediated oxidation causes morphological and functional alterations of macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, with the consequent production of derivative compounds capable of playing harmful effects. These bioactive molecules and by-products, which have recently become increasingly popular as diagnostic biomarkers, enter the bloodstream, influencing the functionality of organs and tissues. This review has collected and compared information obtained in cows and mares related to the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers that are assessed by using different methods in samples from either blood plasma or uterine fluid.
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Lietaer L, Pascottini OB, Heirbaut S, Demeyere K, Vandaele L, Meyer E, Fievez V, Opsomer G. Quantitative and functional dynamics of circulating and endometrial polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy peripartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 2022; 178:50-59. [PMID: 34768144 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the counts, viability, and functionality of circulating and endometrial polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from fourteen clinically and metabolically healthy multiparous dairy cows in the peripartum period. For this, blood samples were collected at -5, +9, +21 and + 37 days (d) relative to calving. Cytology samples were collected from the vagina, cervix, and uterus at +9, +21 and + 37 d, using the cytobrush technique. Additional vaginal samples were collected at -5 d. Cytology smears were prepared and the PMN-to-all nucleated cell proportions (PMN%) were calculated. The endometrial cytobrush samples were also used for flow cytometric assessment of endometrial PMN (ePMN) viability and functionality. Functionality tests for circulating PMN (cPMN) included phagocytosis (PC), oxidative burst, and intracellular proteolytic degradation. For ePMN, we evaluated PC only. The effect of day relative to calving on PMN viability and functionality were fitted in linear regression models, accounting for repeated measures. The endometrial PMN% were higher at +9 d (23.5 ± 0.4%; least-squares means ± standard error) and +21 d (8.5 ± 0.3%) than at +37 d (1.4 ± 0.3%). No changes in PMN% were found on either vaginal or cervical cytology along the peripartum period. The cPMN counts were higher pre- (6.2 ± 0.4 x 106/mL) than postpartum (4.9 ± 0.4 x 106/mL). Upon viability analysis, only the percentage of viable cPMN tended to be lower at -5 d (90.1 ± 1.5%) than at +37 d (94.1 ± 1.4%), and no other changes in the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cPMN, nor in their functionality were found during the peripartum period. Analysis of ePMN viability showed that the percentage of viable ePMN did not change over time. In marked contrast, the percentage of apoptotic ePMN was higher at +9 d (37.8 ± 5.1%) than at +21 d (20.9 ± 5.1%) and +37 d (11.9 ± 5.3%), while the percentage of necrotic ePMN was lower at +9 d (27.0 ± 6.3%) than at +37 d (54.9 ± 6.6%). The percentage of ePMN PC was higher at +9 d (27.5 ± 3.4%) than at +37 d (13.3 ± 4.9%). In conclusion, during the peripartum period ePMN in the healthy postpartum uterus are highly dynamic in terms of counts, viability, and functionality compared to their circulating counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Lietaer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Heirbaut
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Leen Vandaele
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg, Melle, 9090, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
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MicroRNA Bta-miR-24-3p Suppressed Galectin-9 Expression through TLR4/NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123299. [PMID: 34943807 PMCID: PMC8699331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is a major infectious disease affecting dairy development. MicroRNAs are recognized as critical regulators of the innate immune response. However, the role and mechanism of Bta-miR-24-3p in the development of endometritis are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bta-miR-24-3p on the inflammatory response triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to clarify the possible mechanism. LPS-treated bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) were cultured to investigate the role of Bta-miR-24-3p. The expression levels of Bta-miR-24-3p were downregulated, and galectin-9 (LGALS9) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The LPS-induced inflammatory response was assessed by the elevated secretion of inflammatory cytokines measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and TLR4 pathway was assessed by Western blot. The interaction between Bta-miR-24-3p and LGALS9 was validated by bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase reporter assay. LPS-induction in BEECs with Bta-miR-24-3p was overexpressed leads inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, LGALS9 expression, and TLR4/NF-ĸB pathway deactivation. Knockdown of LGALS9 inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response in BEECs. LGALS9 was validated as a target of Bta-miR-24-3p. Cloned overexpression of LGALS9 failed to alter the effect of Bta-miR-24-3p on the inflammatory response in BEECs. Overall, Bta-miR-24-3p attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response via targeting LGALS9. The immunotherapeutic stabilisation of Bta-miR-24-3p could give a therapeutic option for endometritis and other disorders commonly associated with endometritis, suggesting a novel avenue for endometritis treatment.
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Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Viability and Functionality of Uterine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041081. [PMID: 33920181 PMCID: PMC8069149 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum dairy cows experience impaired peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functionality, which has been associated with reproductive tract inflammatory diseases. However, it has not been elucidated yet whether endometrial PMN functionality is (equally) impaired. We developed a method for endometrial PMN isolation and flow cytometric assessment of their viability and functionality. We also evaluated PMN immunolabeling, using a specific bovine granulocyte marker, CH138A. Blood and endometrial cytobrush samples were collected in duplicate from seventeen clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows between 9 and 37 days in milk. The proportion of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic PMN in endometrial samples roughly ranged from 10 to 80%, indicating highly dynamic endometrial PMN populations in the postpartum uteri. Endometrial PMN functionality testing revealed that PMN immunolabeling increased the accuracy, although this protocol might influence the median fluorescence intensity of the sample. Phagocytosis seemed the most stable and reliable endometrial PMN function and could be assessed satisfactorily without prior CH138A immunolabeling. However, the interpretation of oxidative burst and intracellular proteolysis tests remains challenging. The correlation between peripheral and endometrial PMN functionality was poor. Further research is warranted to unravel the role of uterine PMN viability and functionality in bovine uterine health.
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Associations between circulating levels of natural antibodies, total serum immunoglobulins, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in early postpartum dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 222:110026. [PMID: 32120071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between natural antibodies (NAbs) and total serum immunoglobulins (Igs) concentrations (both from IgG and IgM isotypes), with variables of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) function of dairy cows in the early postpartum period. Seventy-five healthy postpartum dairy cows at 2 ± 1 days in milk were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Natural and total antibodies in serum samples were measured by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to determine the phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacities of PMN and the quantification of the adhesion molecule l-selectin. Leukocyte count and differentials, and serum haptoglobin were also measured. A positive correlation between NAbsIgM and total serum IgM and between NAbsIgM and NAbsIgG were found. Before performing the associations between circulating Igs concentrations and PMN function variables, cows were categorized into having low, medium or high circulating antibodies based on their NAbs and total Igs serum concentrations. None of the PMN variables assessed differed between low, medium, and high cows for both NAbsIgM and NAbsIgG. While associations between PMNs function and total IgG were not observed, some associations between total IgM concentrations and PMN activity were found. Cows with high serum IgM had greater phagocytic activity compared to cows in the low IgM group. Finally, the proportion of PMN that performed oxidative burst and PMN surface expression of l-selectin intensity was greater in high total IgM group when compared to medium and low groups. In conclusion, association between NAbs, and PMN activity variables were not observed, but total serum IgM was associated to some PMN function variables in early post-partum dairy cows.
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Martin LM, Johnson PJ, Amorim JR, DeClue AE. Effects of Orally Administered Resveratrol on TNF, IL-1β, Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity and Oxidative Burst Function in Horses: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041453. [PMID: 32093379 PMCID: PMC7073105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a phytophenol, is a commonly used equine nutraceutical supplement touted to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of orally administered resveratrol on tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), leukocyte phagocytic activity or oxidative burst function have not been reported in horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available, orally administered resveratrol product on innate immune functions in healthy adult horses. Whole blood was collected from 12 horses prior to and following 3 weeks of treatment with either the manufacturer’s recommended dose of resveratrol or placebo. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst and pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) motif-stimulated leukocyte production of TNF and IL-1β were compared pre- and post-treatment between treatment groups. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity were evaluated via flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β were measured using cytotoxicity and ELISA assays, respectively. There were no significant differences in phagocytosis, oxidative burst or stimulated TNF or IL-1β production between resveratrol and placebo treatment groups. Orally administered resveratrol at a routinely recommended dose for a duration of 3 weeks did not significantly affect phagocytic activity, oxidative burst function or PAMP-stimulated leukocyte cytokine production.
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Mogheiseh A, Ahmadi MR, Nazifi S, Mirzaei A, Fallah E. Destination of corpus luteum in postpartum clinical endometritis cows and factors affecting self-recovery. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 9:100067. [PMID: 32734100 PMCID: PMC7386640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most cyclic clinical endometritis cows revealed new CL two weeks after clean test. The uterus of most of cyclic clinical endometritis cows was clean 14 days after 30 ± 3 days postpartum. About two third of clinical endometritis cows with persistent CL remained infected after second examination and considered as pyometric cows. Concentration of some metabolic or steroid hormones and production and reproduction factors influenced self-recovery of cows from clinical endometritis. Size and position of reproductive tract influenced self-healing from clinical endometritis.
In this study, the fate of corpus luteum was investigated in cows affected by severe clinical endometritis. Also, concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, adiponectin, leptin, progesterone (P4), PGFM, insulin, and IGF-1 were studied in severe clinical endometritis cows at day 30 ± 3 postpartum. Eighty-seven dairy cows affected by severe clinical endometritis were selected and their reproductive tract was examined by ultrasonography at day 30 ± 3 postpartum (first examination) and 14 days later (second examination). The majority of the cows with CL and affected by clinical endometritis at first examination had new CL 14 days later, and most of these cows were clean without any treatment (self-healing). The CL of about 28.7% of all cows with clinical endometritis at first examination persisted two weeks later and the uterus of most of them remained infected as pyometric cows. Most of the anestrous cows (83.3%) were pregnant, but only 51% of cows with new CL were pregnant at the end of next six month period. There was a significant difference in the means of lactation number, uterine lumen diameter, cervical diameter, and size of uterine horn, milk production at first examination, concentrations of insulin, COX-2, P4, IL-1β, and IL-6 among persistent CL, new CL, and anestrous cows. The pregnancy rate and the discharge score were different among persistent CL, new CL, and anestrous cows. In conclusion, CL on ovary of cows and its fate could affect recovery from severe clinical endometritis. The concentration of some metabolic hormones influenced the self-recovery of cows from clinical endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Mogheiseh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahim Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Abdollah Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Eisa Fallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
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Targeted transcript analysis revealed association of suboptimal expression of certain endometrial immunity-related genes with disparate uterine diseases in zebu cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2493-2503. [PMID: 31197726 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The onset of uterine infection during postpartum period compromises uterine health, fertility, and productivity of dairy cattle. Endometrial innate immunity plays a key role in eliminating uterine infection and keeping the uterus healthy. Hence, the present study has been designed with the hypothesis that altered endometrial immune response around calving may compromise uterine health during postpartum period. Expression of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α), prostaglandin synthase (PGFS, PGES), and antimicrobial peptides (beta-defensins (BDEF-4, BDEF-5), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and calcium-binding proteins (S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12) in endometrial tissues on the day of calving was studied using qRT-PCR, and circulating concentrations of prostaglandin E and F metabolites (PGEM and PGFM) during peripartum period (on days - 7, - 4, - 1 (before calving), 0 (on the day of calving), + 1, + 4, and + 7 (post calving)) of normal (healthy) cows (n = 11) that did not develop postpartum uterine infection and cows that developed puerperal metritis (n = 7) and clinical endometritis (n = 6) were studied. Endometrial expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, BDEF-4, BDEF-5, S100A8, S100A12, and PGFS was higher (P < 0.05), and expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PGES was lower (P < 0.05) in normal (healthy) cows than puerperal metritic and clinical endometritic cows. The PGFM concentration in serum was high (P < 0.05) on days 0, + 1, and + 4 of calving in puerperal metritic cows followed by normal and clinical endometritic cows. However, PGEM concentration in serum was high (P < 0.05) during peripartum period in uterine-infected (puerperal metritic and clinical endometritic) cows compared with normal cows. From the above findings, it is concluded that higher constitutive expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, PGFS, BDEF-4, BDEF-5, S100A8, and S100A12 genes in the endometrium and lower concentration of PGEM during the period immediate to calving might be beneficial for uterine health of cows.
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Immune status during postpartum, peri-implantation and early pregnancy in cattle: An updated view. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 206:1-10. [PMID: 31133358 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the estrous cycle the mammalian endometrium undergoes morphological and functional changes that are essential for the establishment of pregnancy and proper ovarian and uterine functions. Among these changes, the most important are alterations in both inter- and intracellular signalling molecules, many of which modulate immune processes. In the endometrial tissue there are local innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific/acquired) response mechanisms which vary because of the endocrine status during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and postpartum period. Endometrial cells have responses that support the immune system by producing pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, sensors, effector molecules and chemokines. This response is important during gestation, pregnancy, and fetal growth, as well as in preventing infection, and immuno-rejection of the semi-allogeneic embryo. In dairy cows, both before and immediately after calving, there are marked changes in the values for hormonal and metabolic variables and the immune status is impaired. Thus, in several studies there has been assessment of the physiological and/or abnormal maternal immune changes and possible effects on dairy cow reproductive performance. The objective with this review is to summarize the novel information about the immune mechanisms involved during the postpartum period, subsequent peri-implantation period and pregnancy in dairy cows, and the possible effects on reproductive performance. This information provides for an enhanced understanding of the local and systemic immune responses associated with the metabolic and hormonal status of dairy cows, and alterations in the immune system of high producing cows and the possible effects on subsequent fertility.
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Cui L, Wang H, Ding Y, Li J, Li J. Changes in the blood routine, biochemical indexes and the pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions of peripheral leukocytes in postpartum dairy cows with metritis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:157. [PMID: 31113485 PMCID: PMC6528309 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to clarify the changes in complete blood count, blood biochemistry, and the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines of peripheral white blood cells in postpartum dairy cows with metritis. RESULTS The cows were assigned to the control group (n = 28) or the metritis group (n = 28), retrospectively. Blood samples were taken 7 days before the estimated parturition (- 7 d), on the day of parturition (0 d), and 7 and 30 d after parturition. There was no difference in blood indexes between the control group and the metritis group at - 7 d. The WBC, granulocytes and monocytes were generally higher at 7 and 30 d in the metritis group than the control. In comparison with the controls, all liver function parameters and triglyceride levels at 0, 7 and 30 d, and the creatinine level at 7 and 30 d were higher in cows with metritis. The concentrations of Ca and P at 0, 7 and 30 d, and of glucose at 0 d were lower for cows in the metritis group compared with cows in the control group. Among these parameters, the WBC at 30 d, the aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) at 7 d exceeded normal ranges (WBC: 5.0 ~ 16.0 × 109/L; AST: 42.5 ~ 98 U/L), whereas the concentrations of glucose and Ca from 0 to 30 d were below normal ranges (glucose: 2.5 ~ 4.5 mmol/L; Ca: 2.2 ~ 2.5 mmol/L) in the metritis group. The gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the metritis group were higher than those in the control group, including the IL-1α at 7d, the IL-1β at - 7, 0 and 7 d, the IL-6 at - 7, 0, 7 and 30 d, the IL-8 at 0, 7 and 30 d, and the TNF-α at 7 and 30 d. CONCLUSION The cows with metritis experienced systemic inflammation for 4 weeks after calving, the impaired hepatic function, and the altered metabolic status with increased triglyceride level and decreased concentrations of glucose, Ca and P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Rd, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Miltenburg CL, Duffield TF, Bienzle D, Scholtz EL, LeBlanc SJ. Short communication: The effect of calcium supplementation at calving on neutrophil function. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9505-9509. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Dadarwal D, Palmer C, Griebel P. Mucosal immunity of the postpartum bovine genital tract. Theriogenology 2017; 104:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Moraes JG, Mendonça LG, Silva PR, Scanavez AA, Galvão KN, Ballou MA, Worku M, Chebel RC. Effects of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on uterine mRNA gene expression and peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in Jersey cows diagnosed with purulent vaginal discharge. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4784-4796. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mohammed S, Alhussien MN, Ahmad Aljader M, Kamboj A, Gachuiwo Shimray P, Ahmad Sheikh A, lal Yadav M, Kumar Mohanty A, Kumar Dang A. Alteration in some pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with complete and incomplete gestation cycle of cows. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1319636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seid Mohammed
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Animal Production Division, Agricultural College, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Mustafa Ahmad Aljader
- Animal Production Division, Agricultural College, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Aarti Kamboj
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | | | - Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Munna lal Yadav
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Mohammed S, Aarti K, Kalyan A, Alhussien MN, Manjari P, Yadav ML, Sheikh AA, De S, Mohanty AK, Dang AK. Fluctuation in the number, type and activity of blood neutrophils in cows exhibiting successful and unsuccessful completion of gestation cycle. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1311984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seid Mohammed
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Kamboj Aarti
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ankita Kalyan
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - P. Manjari
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Munna lal Yadav
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - A. K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Magata F, Kitaoka R, Morino I, Teramura M, Kawashima C, Haneda S, Shimizu T. Long-term impact of puerperal metritis on the profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes in peripartum dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:151-5. [PMID: 26387573 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of puerperal metritis on the immune response, changes in the differential peripheral blood leukocyte counts were analyzed during the peripartum period in cows with or without metritis. Multiparous Holstein cows were examined for uterine health disorders and classified into two groups: healthy (n = 11) or metritis (n = 5) cows. The lymphocyte and monocyte counts and the proportion of CD8(+) lymphocytes were higher in cows with metritis compared to healthy cows. Moreover, the effects of puerperal metritis on the lymphocyte counts and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio persisted weeks after the uterine inflammation had self-resolved. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate the possible long-term alterations of systemic immune responses in cows with puerperal uterine inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Magata
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kitaoka
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ikumi Morino
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Chiho Kawashima
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Shingo Haneda
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Lima FS, Greco LF, Bisinotto RS, Ribeiro ES, Martinez NM, Thatcher WW, Santos JEP, Reinhard MK, Galvão KN. Effects of intrauterine infusion of Trueperella pyogenes on endometrial mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and luteolytic cascade genes and their association with luteal life span in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1263-72. [PMID: 26234463 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of intrauterine infusion (IUI) of Trueperella pyogenes on endometrial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and luteal life span. Holstein cows (n = 32) were allocated randomly, in two replicates (15 then 17 cows), to receive one of three treatments on Day 5 of the estrous cycle: TP (n = 13), IUI containing 10(9) colony-forming units/mL of T. pyogenes; tumor necrosis factor (TNF; n = 9), IUI containing 1 μg of TNFα; and control (n = 10), IUI of saline solution. Five cows per treatment had uterine biopsies collected at 6, 12, and 24 hours after treatment to evaluate the endometrial messenger RNA expression of TNFα (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL1B), IL6, IL8, prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS), and oxytocin receptor (OXR), and histologic evidence of inflammation. Messenger RNA expression was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The remaining cows had ovaries scanned and blood collected for progesterone evaluation; however, only seven, four, and three cows in the TP, TNF, and control groups were used for comparison in replicate 2. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used for statistical analysis. All TP and TNF cows had moderate to severe endometrial inflammation, whereas only one control had mild inflammation. Premature luteolysis occurred in three, one, and zero cows in the TP, TNF and control groups, respectively. Delayed luteolysis occurred in one TP and one TNF cow. Interleukin-1β expression was greater in the TP cows than in the TNF cows at 24 hours after IUI. Moreover, IL6 expression tended to be greater for the TP cows than for the control cows at 12 hours after IUI. Interleukin 8 expression was greater in the TP cows than in the control and TNF cows at 24 hours after IUI. Oxytocin receptor expression tended to be greater for the TP cows and was greater for the TNF cows than for the control cows at 12 hours. The messenger RNA expressions of TNF, PGES, and PGFS were not affected by treatment, time, or their interaction. In conclusion, IUI of T. pyogenes or TNFα led to histologic evidence of inflammation and early luteolysis in some cows, which may have been caused by increased endometrial expression of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL1B, IL6), chemokines (i.e., IL8), and luteolytic cascade factors (i.e., OXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Lima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - L F Greco
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - E S Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - N M Martinez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - W W Thatcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M K Reinhard
- Department of Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Effects of dexamethasone and Mycoplasma bovis on bovine neutrophil function in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 164:67-73. [PMID: 25593042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that exposure either to elevated levels of glucocorticoids, or to Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), has a negative effect on bovine neutrophil function. The objective of this research was to determine whether in vitro treatment of bovine neutrophils by M. bovis strains (n=4) and glucocorticoids would additively impair phagocyte function. Twenty, healthy, dairy cows were enrolled. Whole blood was collected from all cows for neutrophil isolation. Phagocytosis and the generation of superoxide anion (O2(-)) were tested in vitro by incubation of neutrophils with FITC labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli) and cytochrome c after treatment. Treatments included: NM1-4D (neutrophils treated with dexamethasone and exposed to one of the four M. bovis strains); NM1-4 (neutrophils exposed to one of the four M. bovis strains only); ND (neutrophils treated with dexamethasone only); and N (non-treated control neutrophils). The overall percentages of neutrophils phagocytizing E. coli were: 32%, 51%, 37%, and 53% ± 5.25% for treatments NM1-4D, NM1-4, ND, and N, respectively. The overall statistically transformed means of phagocytized E. coli per neutrophil were: 1.37, 1.72, 1.33, and 1.67 ± 0.057 for treatments NM1-4D, NM1-4, ND, and N, respectively. The overall statistically transformed means of neutrophil O2(-) production were: 8.60, 11.91, 9.01, and 12.21 ± 0.21 nmol/10(6) for treatments NM1-4D, NM1-4, ND, and N, respectively. Exposure of neutrophils to M. bovis plus dexamethasone had an additive effect on generation of reactive oxygen species (p=0.0057), but not on the percentage of neutrophils phagocytizing E. coli (p=0.0817) or number of E. coli phagocytized per neutrophil (p=0.2946). Only one of the four M. bovis strains had a negative effect on neutrophil phagocytic function. Dexamethasone treatment consistently decreased neutrophil function as indicated by decreased percentage of neutrophils phagocytizing E. coli, decreased number of E. coli phagocytized per neutrophil, and decreased neutrophil O2(-) production, compared to controls (p<0.0001). Results suggested a synergistic effect of in vitro incubation of glucocorticoids and M. bovis on reduction of bovine neutrophil function as measured by generation of reactive oxygen species. These findings may explain in part the interaction between stressful events and outbreak of Mycoplasma bovis associated bovine disease.
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Lee KH, Lee YT, Chen TC, Yeh CC, Chen JY, Liu LY, Chi CH. Effects of sheng hua tang on uterine involution and ovarian activity in postpartum dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1247-54. [PMID: 25049906 PMCID: PMC4093405 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Sheng Hua Tang (SHT) on uterine involution and ovarian activity were investigated in postpartum dairy cows. SHT (70 g) was given to dairy cows (n = 10) to evaluate its effects for five days from the first postpartum day. Postpartum cows fed with a basal diet without SHT were used as the control group (n = 10). Ultrasounds and blood tests were recorded for four weeks from postpartum day seven with a 3-d interval. The results showed that the areas and diameters of endometria were significantly (p<0.01) reduced in the group that received SHT compared to the control group on the seventh postpartum day. The group that received SHT had an intrauterine fluid volume mean of 1.2±0.6 cm(3), which was significantly lower than that of the control group, 2.3±0.8 cm(3) (p<0.01) on the 13th postpartum day. In addition, the uterine tension score was a mean of 1.0±0.0 in the group that received SHT, which was also significantly lower than that of the control group, 1.5±0.5 (p<0.01) on the 19th postpartum day. Taken together, the Chinese herbal medicine remedy, SHT, promoted uterine involution and ovarian activity in postpartum dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Y T Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - T C Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - C C Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - J Y Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - L Y Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - C H Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Patra MK, Kumar H, Nandi S. Neutrophil functions and cytokines expression profile in buffaloes with impending postpartum reproductive disorders. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1406-15. [PMID: 25049724 PMCID: PMC4093078 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to correlate the periparturient immune status in terms of neutrophil functions and cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture with impending postpartum reproductive disorders in buffaloes. Forty pregnant buffaloes were observed for occurrence of postpartum reproductive disorders (PRD), i.e., metritis, endometritis and delayed uterine involution etc., during one week prepartum to four weeks postpartum period. A representative number (n = 6) of buffaloes that did not develop any PRD were included in group I (healthy, control), while the animals which experienced PRD were assigned into group II (PRD, n = 8). The blood samples were collected at weekly interval from one week prepartum to four weeks postpartum period considering the day of calving as ‘d 0’. Differential leucocytes counts, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production activity in isolated neutrophils and the mRNA expression profile of cytokines i.e., IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ in PBMC culture were studied in all the samples. A higher total leucocytes, neutrophil and band cells count along with impaired neutrophil functions i.e., lowered level of production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide before parturition and during early postpartum period were observed in buffaloes developing PRD. Further, a lower expression of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA in PBMC culture was observed at calving in buffaloes that subsequently developed PRD at later postpartum. Thus, suppression in neutrophil function and cytokine expression at prepartum to early postpartum period predisposes the buffaloes to develop postpartum reproductive disorders. Hence, monitoring of neutrophils function and cytokine expression profile would be effective to predict certain reproductive disorders at late pregnancy or immediately after parturition in buffaloes. In future, this may be a novel approach for determining suitable management and therapeutic decisions for prevention of commonly occurring reproductive disorders in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Patra
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukdeb Nandi
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Melcher Y, Prunner I, Drillich M. Degree of variation and reproducibility of different methods for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis. Theriogenology 2014; 82:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brodzki P, Kostro K, Brodzki A, Lisiecka U. Determination of selected parameters for non-specific and specific immunity in cows with subclinical endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:109-14. [PMID: 25022330 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis in dairy cow herds is a serious economic problem all over the world due to the large economic losses. The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of selected indicators of non-specific and specific immunity in cows with subclinical endometritis and in cows without inflammation of the uterus. The study was performed on 40 cows on day 65 after delivery. Based on the results of cytological tests, the cows were divided into two groups: experimental (subclinical endometritis) and control (20 cows in each group). A flow cytometric analysis was performed for the leukocyte surface molecules CD4, CD8, CD14, CD21, CD25. Moreover the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in peripheral blood and uterine washings was determined. It has been demonstrated that the percentage of phagocytic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in both the peripheral blood and uterine washings was significantly lower for cows with subclinical endometritis when compared to cows undergoing a normal puerperal period (p<0.001). A significant (p≤0.001) decrease in the percentage of CD4+, CD14+, CD25+ and CD4+CD25+ leukocytes was also observed in peripheral blood of the cows from the experimental group. In uterine washings a significant decrease (p<0.001) in CD21+ and increase in CD8+ lymphocytes was detected. The results indicate that dysfunction of cell immunity coexisting with subclinical endometritis may be the main factor causing advanced inflammation of the uterus. Knowledge of immunological mechanisms observed in cows with subclinical endometritis could aid in choosing the right adjuvant therapy using immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - K Kostro
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infections Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - A Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - U Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infections Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang DX, Tian K, Han LM, Wang QX, Liu YC, Tian CL, Liu MC. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotic may influence nanH gene expression in Trueperella pyogenes isolated from bovine endometritis. Microb Pathog 2014; 71-72:20-4. [PMID: 24803199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virulence could be modulated by many instinctive and environmental factors including oxygen, osmolarity and antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between drug resistance and the nanH expression in Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 6 β-lactam antimicrobial agents (penicillin G, amoxicillin, oxacillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, and ampicillin) against T. pyogenes were tested by standard broth dilution method according to the protocols of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was selected to investigate the mRNA expression levels of the nanH in T. pyogenes. All the isolates were resistant to atleast 2 of antimicrobial agents, and multidrug resistance (resistance to atleast 3 antimicrobials) was observed in 84.38% (27/32) of isolates. The mRNA expression levels of the nanH were significantly higher in comparison with that in ATCC19411, as the resistance profile enlarged, the nanH mRNA expression levels decreased in T. pyogenes. These results indicated that β-lactam antibiotic resistance in T. pyogenes may alter the expression of the nanH.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xian Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Kai Tian
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Qiu-Xia Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Yao-Chuan Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Chun-Lian Tian
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Ming-Chun Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
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Brodzki P, Kostro K, Brodzki A, Lisiecka U, Kurek L, Marczuk J. Phenotyping of leukocytes and granulocyte and monocyte phagocytic activity in the peripheral blood and uterus of cows with endometritis. Theriogenology 2014; 82:403-10. [PMID: 24857644 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was a comparative evaluation of selected immunological parameters in peripheral blood and uterine wash samples from cows with a normal postpartum period compared with cows with endometritis. We aimed to determine the usefulness of these parameters in monitoring the puerperium. In total, 40 cows were included in the study: 20 had endometritis (experimental group), and 20 did not have uterine inflammation (control group). Animals were chosen on the basis of cytological and bacteriological test results. The tests were conducted 5, 22, and 40 days postpartum. In both groups, flow cytometric analysis of the surface molecules CD4, CD8, CD21, CD25, and CD14 in the peripheral blood and uterine washings was performed. Granulocyte and monocyte phagocytic activity was determined using a commercial Phagotest kit that was adapted for flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytic granulocytes and monocytes in both the peripheral blood and the uterine washings was significantly lower for cows in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the percentage of CD4+, CD25+, CD14+, and CD4 + CD25(high) leukocyte subpopulations was also observed in the peripheral blood of cows with endometritis. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in CD21+ lymphocytes and an increase in CD8+ lymphocytes was detected in uterine washings. The results of this work indicate that cell immunity dysfunction may be the main factor causing advanced inflammation of the uterus in endometritis. Knowledge of the immunological mechanisms observed in cows with endometritis might aid in choosing the correct immunomodulating agent-based adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland.
| | - K Kostro
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland
| | - U Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland
| | - L Kurek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland
| | - J Marczuk
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka, Lublin, Poland
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Dirandeh E, Towhidi A, Pirsaraei ZA, Hashemi FA, Ganjkhanlou M, Zeinoaldini S, Roodbari AR, Saberifar T, Petit HV. Plasma concentrations of PGFM and uterine and ovarian responses in early lactation dairy cows fed omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Theriogenology 2013; 80:131-7. [PMID: 23628364 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 dairy cows were assigned randomly to three diets to determine the effects of omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation on uterine diseases, ovarian responses, and blood concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and PGFM in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Diets contained either protected palm oil (C), extruded linseed (L), or roasted whole soybeans (S), and they were fed from calving to Day 70 postpartum. Estrous cycles were synchronized and ovarian follicular development was monitored daily for an entire cycle. There were no differences among diets in the incidence of lameness, mastitis, or metritis, but the incidence of clinical endometritis was lower (P < 0.05) in cows fed S (0%) compared with cows fed C (28.2%) and L (20.5%). Uterine involution in cows fed S occurred 3.77 and 2.78 days earlier, respectively, than in those fed C and L. The PGFM response 60 minutes after an oxytocin challenge was highest for cows fed S and lowest for cows fed L. Mean plasma progesterone concentration on Day 15 of the synchronized cycle was higher in cows fed S (14.5 ng/mL) and L (15.0 ng/mL) than in those fed C (12.0 ng/mL). The ovulatory follicle on Day 21 of the estrous cycle (estrous = Day 0) was larger in cows fed S (16.1 ± 0.9 mm) and L (15.7 ± 0.7 mm) compared with cows fed C (13.2 ± 0.87 mm; P = 0.02) but there were no significant differences between cows fed diets S and L. The mean number of small and medium follicles and diameter of subordinate follicle were similar among diets. In conclusion, feeding a source of omega-6 FA can be a strategy to improve uterine health after calving, although a source of omega-3 FA such as L should be fed after uterine involution to decrease PGF2α secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dirandeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Comparison of a leukocyte esterase test with endometrial cytology for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 2012; 79:103-7. [PMID: 23122208 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare a leukocyte esterase (LE) test with endometrial cytology (EC) for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows. The relationship between subsequent fertility and the uterine (Ut) and cervical (Cx) leukocyte esterase activity was determined by the odds of pregnancy by 90 days in milk (DIM). Holstein cows (N = 218) without clinical endometritis and between 21 and 47 DIM from five commercial dairy herds were sampled for uterine and cervical leukocyte esterase activity and EC by cytobrush. To test the effect of time, cows were grouped into early (21-31 DIM) and late (32-47 DIM) animals. There was a slight agreement between UtLE and CxLE (weighted κ = 0.37). The percentage of neutrophils was correlated with esterase score either from the uterus (UtLE; P = 0.0001) or cervix (CxLE; P = 0.002). The percentage of neutrophils on EC (P < 0.001), the UtLE score (P < 0.0001), and the CxLE (P = 0.0009) diminished as DIM increased. Neither CxLE nor UtLE were statistically associated with pregnancy at 90 DIM. However, between 32 and 47 DIM, the percentage of neutrophils on EC and odds of pregnancy at 90 DIM were associated (P = 0.04). For the same interval, based on receiver/response operating characteristics analysis, the optimal cutoff was >6.7% neutrophils to classify cows with subclinical endometritis. In conclusion, uterine LE activity was correlated with percentage of neutrophils as determined by EC, but not with odds of pregnancy. Subclinical endometritis (>6.70% neutrophils) diagnosed by EC between 32 and 47 DIM was associated with reduced odds of pregnancy.
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29
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Intrauterine ozone treatment of retained fetal membrane in Simmental cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 134:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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LeBlanc SJ. Interactions of Metabolism, Inflammation, and Reproductive Tract Health in the Postpartum Period in Dairy Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 5:18-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Hematological changes before and after treatment in dairy cows with clinical and subclinical endometritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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López-Helguera I, López-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I. The influence of genital tract status in postpartum period on the subsequent reproductive performance in high producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1334-42. [PMID: 22225680 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the early postpartum period in clinically healthy dairy cows by ultrasonography (US), endometrial cytology (EC), and white blood cell counts, and determine possible relationships between postpartum findings and subsequent reproductive performance. Fifty-three dairy cows were examined on Days 15 to 21 (Visit 1), 22 to 28 (Visit 2), and 29 to 35 (Visit 3) postpartum. The clinical examination included: examination of vaginal fluid, EC, transrectal palpation and ultrasonography of the genital tract (cervical diameter, endometrial thickness, presence of a corpus luteum [CL] or intrauterine fluid [IUF] and its echogenicity). Luteal activity (presence of a CL in a single visit), return to cyclicity (presence of a CL in 2 consecutive visits), and conception rate at 70 and 120 days postpartum were considered as the dependent variables in four consecutive binary logistic regression analyses. Factors affecting leukocyte counts were established by general linear model (GLM) repeated measures analysis of variance. Based on the odds ratio (OR), the likelihood of luteal activity was higher in multiparous than primiparous cows (OR = 3.75) and tended to diminish in cows showing increased endometrial thickness in Visit 1 (V1) (OR = 0.06). The likelihood of returning to cyclicity decreased for each centimeter increase in cervical diameter in V1 (OR = 0.14) and that of conception on Day 70 was lower in cows showing the presence of echogenic or anechogenic IUF in V1 (OR = 0.09 or OR = 0.13, respectively) compared with cows lacking IUF. Effects of parity and IUF were observed on neutrophil counts. Positive EC results were unrelated to the cumulative conception rate at 70 and 120 days in milk, whereas cows returning a positive EC result in V1 showed a greater likelihood of increased endometrial thickness. In conclusion, measuring cervical diameter, endometrial thickness, and detecting the echogenicity of IUF by ultrasonography from Days 15 to 21 postpartum in clinically normal cows is an appropriate tool to predict subsequent reproductive performance. Vaginal examination and transrectal palpation alone did not emerge as valuable predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I López-Helguera
- Department of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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33
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Hoelker M, Salilew-Wondim D, Drillich M, Christine GB, Ghanem N, Goetze L, Tesfaye D, Schellander K, Heuwieser W. Transcriptional response of the bovine endometrium and embryo to endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration as an indicator of subclinical inflammation of the uterine environment. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:778-93. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of subclinical endometritis on endometrial and embryonic gene expression. A total of 49 cows at either Day 0 or Day 7 of the oestrous cycle (62–83 days post partum) following superovulation were classified as having subclinical endometritis (SE-0, SE-7) or a healthy endometrium (HE-0, HE-7) on the basis of endometrial cytological evaluation. Endometrial samples and associated embryos were subjected to global transcriptome analysis using the Bovine GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and aberrant transcript profiles were observed in SE-0 and SE-7 cows. At Day 0, 10 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in endometrial samples. Specifically, the PDZK1, PXDN, DDHD2, GPLD1 and SULT1B1 genes were downregulated, whereas the PKIB, LOC534256, BT29392, LYZ and S100A14 genes were upregulated in SE-0 cows. Similarly, 11 transcripts were found to be differentially regulated on Day 7. Of these, GNPTG, BOLA-DQA5, CHD2, LOC541226, VCAM1 and ARHGEF2 were found to be downregulated, whereas PSTPIP2, BT236441 and MGC166084 were upregulated in SE-7 cows. Accordingly, endometrial health status affected the number of flushed, transferable embryos. In all, 20 genes were differentially regulated in blastocysts derived from HE-7 and SE-7 cows. Of these, GZMK, TCEAL4, MYL7, ADD3 and THEM50B were upregulated, whereas NUDCD2, MYO1E, BZW1, EHD4 and GZMB were downregulated. In conclusion, endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration as an indicator of subclinical endometritis is associated with changes in endometrial gene expression patterns, including genes involved in cell adhesion and immune modulation. Consequently, subclinical endometritis affects gene expression in embryos, including the expression of genes related to membrane stability, the cell cycle and apoptosis.
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34
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Silva E, Leitão S, Tenreiro T, Pomba C, Nunes T, Lopes da Costa L, Mateus L. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from the uterus of puerperal dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:6000-10. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Silva E, Gaivão M, Leitão S, Amaro A, Costa LLD, Mateus L. Blood COX-2 and PGES gene transcription during the peripartum period of dairy cows with normal puerperium or with uterine infection. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35:314-23. [PMID: 18692980 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the dairy cow, puerperal uterine intra-luminal concentrations of PGE(2) are related to the establishment and severity of uterine infections. Here we evaluated whether the blood concentrations of PGE(2) and the gene transcription profiles of enzymes involved in its synthesis (cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E synthase) could be used as markers of predisposition and/or presence of puerperal uterine infections. We also studied the relationship between the endocrine status and the leukocyte profiles around parturition and the transcription patterns of the genes. Finally, we have characterized the in vitro gene transcription and expression response to a challenge of LPS. Gene transcription profiles, quantified by real-time PCR, were similar in normal puerperium and metritis/endometritis cows, indicating that they are not suitable markers of predisposition to/presence of puerperal uterine infections. Transcription decreased from 2 weeks before parturition until parturition, when a minimum was attained, and then increased during the first week postpartum. The lowest gene transcription, at parturition, was coincidental with the highest total leukocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils and CD14 positive cell numbers. It is suggested that by this mechanism, a large number of PMN can be recruited into the uterus after parturition, avoiding an excessive acute inflammatory response. The lowest gene transcription was also coincidental with the surge in cortisol concentrations, indicating that this hormone plays a main immunomodulatory role around parturition. Gene transcription was significantly greater after stimulation with LPS than in non-stimulated blood. We suggest that this PGE(2) producing cells might arrive to the uterine lumen, contributing to the local PGE(2) concentrations and mediating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Silva
- C.I.I.S.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon (UTL), Lisbon, Portugal
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36
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Kaufmann TB, Drillich M, Tenhagen BA, Forderung D, Heuwieser W. Prevalence of bovine subclinical endometritis 4h after insemination and its effects on first service conception rate. Theriogenology 2008; 71:385-91. [PMID: 18801562 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of subclinical endometritis 4h after AI and its effect on first service conception rate (FSCR) in dairy cows. A total of 201 Holstein-Friesian cows with no signs of clinical endometritis were examined 4h after first AI for signs of subclinical endometritis. Endometrial samples were collected from the uterus using the cytobrush technique. The proportion of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in the cytological sample was used to characterize an inflammation of the endometrium. Cows were categorized into three groups according to the proportion of PMN in the sample. Cows with 0% PMN (n=115) were assigned to group Zero, cows with >0-15% PMN (n=59) to group Medium, and cows with >15% PMN (n=27) to group High. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed between days 38-44 after AI by palpation of the uterus and its contents per rectum. The FSCR was significantly higher in group Medium than in groups Zero and High (57.6% vs. 39.1% and 29.6%). Statistical analysis revealed an interaction between parity and PMN group. Primiparous cows were at higher risk of being classified into group Medium than multiparous cows (OR=2.27, P=0.01). Primiparous cows in group Zero had lower odds of pregnancy after first AI than primiparous cows in group Medium (OR=0.3, P=0.02). A comparison with cows that were not examined for subclinical endometritis showed that the collection of endometrial samples itself had no effect on FSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Kaufmann
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, Haus 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Silva E, Gaivão M, Leitão S, Jost BH, Carneiro C, Vilela CL, Lopes da Costa L, Mateus L. Genomic characterization of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolates recovered from the uterus of dairy cows with normal puerperium or clinical metritis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:111-8. [PMID: 18547748 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arcanobacterium pyogenes is considered to be the most relevant bacterium involved in the establishment of puerperal uterine infection in cattle due to its persistence in utero, resistance to treatment and synergic action with Gram negative anaerobes. Once the infection is established, A. pyogenes is responsible for the persistence of the infection. The objective of this study was to characterize A. pyogenes field isolates recovered from the uterus of cows with either normal puerperium or clinical metritis, in an attempt to identify factors that might be associated with the establishment and persistence of the disease. This characterization was based on BOX-PCR typing and on screening of eight virulence factor genes (plo, nanP, nanH, cbpA, fimA, fimC, fimE, fimG) by conventional PCR. Finally, a relationship between clonal types, virulence factors and presence of disease was investigated. A. pyogenes clonal types identified from isolates recovered from the uterus of postpartum dairy cows differed among herds. Although some clonal types were strictly associated with the development of clinical metritis, others were identified from isolates recovered from normal puerperium and clinical metritis cows. Moreover, the presence of the eight virulence factor genes was not related with the ability to induce clinical metritis, suggesting that the type of A. pyogenes may not be a determinant factor in the development of the disease. We suggest that host intrinsic factors, the synergism between A. pyogenes and other bacteria and the differential gene expression of virulence factor genes may play a more relevant role in the establishment of puerperal uterine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Silva
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, C.I.I.S.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avenida Universidade Técnica, Alto da Ajuda, Polo Universitário, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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38
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LeBlanc SJ. Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: A review. Vet J 2008; 176:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Agrícola R, Carvalho H, Barbosa M, Pereira M, Medeiros JAS, Ferreira-Dias G. Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations, Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Proteinogram During Late Pregnancy and Postpartum in Mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:212-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Azawi OI. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:187-208. [PMID: 18280065 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections results from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The prevalence of uterine infections varies considerably among studies. Uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and/or release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine disease. The development of uterine disease depends on the immune response of the cow, as well as the species and number (load or challenge) of bacteria. The postpartum uterus has a disrupted surface epithelium in contact with fluid and tissue debris that can support bacterial growth. A variety of species of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, can be isolated from the early postpartum uterus. Most of these are environmental contaminants that are gradually eliminated during the first 6 weeks postpartum. A normal postpartum cow resolves uterine infection by rapid involution of the uterus and cervix, discharge of uterine content, and mobilization of natural host defenses, including mucus, antibodies and phagocytic cells. Clinical signs of uterine infection vary with the virulence of the causative organisms and the presence of factors that predispose to the disease. The treatment of endometritis and metritis in bovine should be directed towards improving fertility. The antibiotic should be active against the main uterine pathogens and should maintain its activity in the environment of the uterus. Also, should not inhibit the normal defense mechanisms and should be well tolerated and not induce irritation in the endometrium. Effective use of hormones in uterine infection requires knowledge of both normal reproductive endocrinology and the therapeutic characteristics of available hormonal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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41
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Singh J, Murray RD, Mshelia G, Woldehiwet Z. The immune status of the bovine uterus during the peripartum period. Vet J 2007; 175:301-9. [PMID: 17400489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The post-partum period in cattle is characterised by an increased risk of infection of the uterus, as the anatomical barriers are broached during parturition and remain open for several days. Infection of the uterus is largely influenced by the balance between bacterial contamination and the local and systemic immune status during pregnancy and around parturition. Infectious diseases are more prevalent during this period, because of an impaired immune status before and immediately after parturition. Neutrophils play a primary role in the defence of the uterus against infection. Influx of neutrophils into the uterus is thought to be mediated by chemoattractants, chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as beta2-integrin (complement receptor 3) and L-selectin (CD62L). Other cellular components activated in the uterus during this period include lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages. The major classes of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA and IgG), either by passive diffusion or local production, play an important protective role in the uterus by acting as opsonins to enhance phagocytosis, stimulating the complement pathways or blocking pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces. Endometrial cells express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognises lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and other Gram negative bacteria, the most common causes of bovine endometritis. Activation of TLR4 triggers the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. The periparturient period is also characterised by an increased secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha), which enhances uterine immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral, UK
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42
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König T, Schuberth HJ, Leibold W, Zerbe H. Dexamethasone depresses the expression of l-selectin but not the in vivo migration of bovine neutrophils into the uterus. Theriogenology 2006; 65:1227-41. [PMID: 16191435 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several indications that periparturient depression of functional properties of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) may be of great importance for the pathogenesis of genital infections after calving. As the periparturient period is characterized by high plasma levels of corticosteroids, the hypothesis to be tested was that high concentrations of glucocorticoids during the periparturient period suppress uterine PMN in number and functionality. An in vivo endometritis model was applied to examine uterine PMN. Recombinant human interleukin-8 (rhIL-8) was infused into the uterus of estrous cows and heifers 24 h after pretreatment with dexamethasone (0.07 mg/kg i.m.). Six hours after rhIL-8 infusion high numbers of uterine PMN were isolated and characterized as to their immunophenotype and function. Animals treated with dexamethasone animals showed leucocytosis due to neutrophilia in peripheral blood. Despite a downregulation of expressed L-selectin, cattle treated with dexamethasone showed more uterine PMN than those treated with placebo. Dexamethasone decreased plasma concentrations of the immunomodulatory steroidal hormones cortisol and estrogen. Dexamethasone directly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by uterine PMN. This may be a useful mechanism since it would protect the endometrium from tissue damage by excessive extracellular ROS. However, it is not known if the net effect is in fact a reduction in ROS, as the number of uterine cells increases. Our study shows that glucocorticoids may not be considered immunosuppressive in all cases and may play an important role in the regulation of post partum uterine defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T König
- Immunology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Kim IH, Na KJ, Yang MP. Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:757-64. [PMID: 16210780 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the immune responses to the development of endometritis during the peripartum period may assist in the development of more efficient reproductive management regimens for dairy herds. In this study, we compared the peripartum immune responses of dairy cows that develop endometritis by 4 weeks postpartum (n = 11) to cows that did not develop this disease (n = 19). Blood samples were collected 1 week before calving, just after or during calving, and then at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 postpartum. Cows that developed endometriris had significantly higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than the control cows (P < 0.05) at all time points. The leukocytes from cows that developed endometritis were significantly less phagocytic than those from control cows at all sampling time points (P < 0.01). The serum TNFalpha concentrations of the control cows decreased linearly from the prepartum time point (P = 0.0029), but the endometritis cows showed a different profile (P > 0.05). As a result, the serum TNFalpha concentrations were greater in the endometritis group (P < 0.01) than in the control group during the third and fourth weeks postpartum. The greater total leukocyte numbers and neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the maintenance of elevated serum TNFalpha levels in the cows with endometritis may be due to infection in the postpartum period. Furthermore, the decreased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes during the peripartum period, including at the prepartum time point, makes cows more susceptible to postpartum endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Frazer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, A100 Sisson Hall, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Ferreira-Dias G, Claudino F, Carvalho H, Agrícola R, Alpoim-Moreira J, Robalo Silva J. Seasonal reproduction in the mare: possible role of plasma leptin, body weight and immune status. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:203-13. [PMID: 15927774 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the possible role of leptin, body weight and immune status on reproductive activity throughout the transition period from cyclicity to seasonal anestrus, during anestrus and resumption of ovarian activity in Lusitano mares. Mares in good body condition were monthly monitored throughout 2 years (10 mares in each year) for evaluation of their reproductive status by sequential ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determinations. On the second year, all mares were weighed. Progesterone and leptin were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Parameters of the immune status (phagocytosis and oxidative burst of neutrophils, characterisation of circulating lymphocyte subsets) were also evaluated. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst in blood neutrophils were measured by flow cytometry using commercially available kits. Lymphocyte subsets were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence staining after incubation with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD19, CD4, CD8 cells markers by flow cytometry. Natural killer cells and B cells were estimated mathematically. No significant difference was found in phagocytosis, oxidative burst and circulating lymphocyte subsets at anestrus and at either phase of the estrous cycle (p>0.05), suggesting that the immune status of the mare was not influenced by the seasonal changes in ovarian activity. This study also suggests that body weight has a direct relationship with plasma leptin levels. Increased concentrations of this hormone in circulation might be associated with the restart or maintenance of ovarian cyclicity in Lusitano mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferreira-Dias
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, R. Prof. Cid dos Santos, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Burton JL, Madsen SA, Chang LC, Weber PSD, Buckham KR, van Dorp R, Hickey MC, Earley B. Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to glucocorticoids: A new paradigm to help explain “neutrophil dysfunction” in parturient dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 105:197-219. [PMID: 15808301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of immunity against most pathogens that infect cattle. These normally short-lived white blood cells develop from myeloid-lineage cells in bone marrow. Upon maturation, bone marrow neutrophils are released into the circulation where they marginate on inflamed blood vessel endothelial cells and migrate through them into the area of infection. Once migrated, neutrophils do not reenter the circulation, but rather, perform their bactericidal functions and die by apoptosis in the tissue. The cytokine and hormonal milieu of the blood and extracellular tissue fluid can influence neutrophil development and immunity-related activities, but the molecular basis of these phenotypic changes and physiological benefits or drawbacks of them are poorly understood. In the current paper, we review new gene expression information that resulted from two of our functional genomics studies designed to evaluate effects of glucocorticoid hormones on bovine neutrophils. This work provides one model to describe complex changes that occur in neutrophils as the cells respond to glucocorticoids, which might act to alter the cells' functional priorities and tip the delicate balance between health and disease during stress, including at parturition. A bovine immunobiology microarray and real time RT-PCR were used to study blood neutrophils collected during the natural surge of endogenous glucocorticoid (cortisol) in parturient dairy cows and bone marrow neutrophils collected from glucocorticoid (dexamethasone)-treated dairy steers. The gene expression signatures we observed led us to perform additional phenotyping of the neutrophils and correlation analyses, which together painted a picture suggesting that glucocorticoids have key roles in modulating neutrophil development, life span, and tissue defense functions during parturition and hormone therapy. Based on these observations, we postulate that glucocorticoids orchestrate adaptive changes in the entire neutrophil system that support increased cell numbers and longevity in blood and heightened remodeling activity in tissues, while at the same time decreasing some important antimicrobial defense activities of the cells. Thus, our functional genomics studies have enabled us to elucidate multiple consequences of neutrophil exposure to glucocorticoids, highlighting a probable role for this interaction in the induction of parturition and partly explaining why some parturient dairy cows may experience heightened incidence and severity of inflammatory diseases like mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Burton
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1205E Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Melendez P, McHale J, Bartolome J, Archbald LF, Donovan GA. Uterine Involution and Fertility of Holstein Cows Subsequent to Early Postpartum PGF2α Treatment for Acute Puerperal Metritis. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:3238-46. [PMID: 15377603 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of 2 doses of PGF(2alpha) injected early postpartum on uterine involution, serum concentration of acute phase proteins at 12 d postpartum, and fertility in Holstein cows with acute puerperal metritis. Only cows diagnosed with retained fetal membranes and metritis and treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride for 5 d were used in the study. Two hundred cows were assigned randomly to be treated (n = 100) or to serve as controls (n = 100). Treatment consisted of 2 i.m. injections of PGF(2alpha) 8 h apart on d 8 postpartum. A subsample of 90 cows was selected randomly (45 treated cows; 45 controls) to evaluate uterine diameter using ultrasonography, uterine score, and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins at 12 d postpartum. The outcome variable for all cows was conception rate at first service. Postpartum, primiparous, treated cows had smaller uterine diameters and lower uterine scores than controls. Cows with a uterine diameter <5.1 cm at 12 d postpartum were 5.5 times more likely to conceive at first service than cows with larger uterine horn diameter. Treatment significantly reduced the concentrations of serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Within primiparous cows, treatment also increased conception at first service by 17%. It was concluded that 2 doses of PGF(2alpha) 8 h apart at 8 d postpartum in primiparous cows with acute puerperal metritis decreased the diameter of uterine horns and serum concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein at 12 d postpartum and increased the conception rate at first service.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Melendez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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Roberto Da Costa RP, Carvalho H, Agrícola R, Alpoim-Moreira J, Martins C, Ferreira-Dias G. Peripheral blood neutrophil function and lymphocyte subpopulations in cycling mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2004; 38:464-9. [PMID: 14629669 DOI: 10.1046/j.0936-6768.2003.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate different parameters of the immune status in the mare, during the follicular and the luteal phases of the oestrous cycle, in two consecutive years. Functional competence of peripheral blood neutrophils, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and oxidative burst was assessed under physiological cyclic conditions (Exp. I). In the second year of this study (Exp. II), besides peripheral blood neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst analysis, circulating lymphocyte subsets were also characterized. The reproductive status in a total of 17 adult cycling mares was evaluated by ultrasonography and further confirmed by plasma progesterone levels. Chemotaxis tests were performed using porous membranes inserted in transwell chambers. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) were used as chemoattractants. Measurement of phagocytosis and oxidative burst in blood neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry using commercially available kits. Quantification of T-lymphocyte subsets was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence staining after incubation with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 cell markers by flow cytometry. Natural killer cells and B cells were estimated mathematically. No significant difference was found in migration, phagocytosis and oxidative burst at either phase of the oestrous cycle. Statistical analysis of total white blood cell counts also showed no significant difference between either phase of the oestrous cycle, although there was a tendency for blood neutrophils to increase in number under the progesterone influence (p = 0.09). Lymphocytic subpopulations did not differ throughout the oestrous cycle. Overall, our results suggest that luteal and follicular phases in cycling mares may not influence the immune status of the mare.
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Mateus L, Lopes da Costa L, Diniz P, Ziecik AJ. Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2003; 76:143-54. [PMID: 12586488 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(02)00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood concentrations of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and endotoxin, and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), PGFM and endotoxin were evaluated in 14 dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (mild (n=6) and heavy (n=8)). Endotoxin was measured using a quantitative kinetic assay. Cows with heavy endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of plasma PGFM (P<0.01) and uterine fluid PGE(2) and endotoxin (P<0.05) than cows with mild endometritis. Concentrations of PGFM in plasma and uterine fluid, of PGFM and PGE(2), and PGE(2) and endotoxin in uterine fluid were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The presence of endotoxin in plasma was detected in one out of six mild and in eight out of eight heavy endometritis cows. Peak plasma endotoxin concentrations (0.08-9.14 endotoxin units/ml (EU/ml) were observed between 1 and 12 days postpartum (pp) and thereafter amounts generally remained below 0.1 EU/ml (last day of detection: Day 27 pp). Abnormal ovarian function was observed in six cows (four with prolonged anoestrus and two with long luteal phase after the first postpartum ovulation). Plasma endotoxin concentrations were detected in the anoestric cows. The results suggest that: (i) concentrations of uterine fluid endotoxin and PGE(2) and of plasma PGFM are related to the degree of endometritis; (ii) absorption of endotoxin from the uterus to the bloodstream occurs, mainly in heavy endometritis cows; and (iii) there is a relationship between uterine infection, endotoxin production and resumption of pp ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateus
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Reproduction and Obstetrics, Rua Prof. Cid dos Santos, Polo Universitário, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
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