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Ogulur I, Pat Y, Aydin T, Yazici D, Rückert B, Peng Y, Kim J, Radzikowska U, Westermann P, Sokolowska M, Dhir R, Akdis M, Nadeau K, Akdis CA. Gut epithelial barrier damage caused by dishwasher detergents and rinse aids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:469-484. [PMID: 36464527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased prevalence of many chronic inflammatory diseases linked to gut epithelial barrier leakiness has prompted us to investigate the role of extensive use of dishwasher detergents, among other factors. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the effects of professional and household dishwashers, and rinse agents, on cytotoxicity, barrier function, transcriptome, and protein expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. METHODS Enterocytic liquid-liquid interfaces were established on permeable supports, and direct cellular cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular flux, immunofluorescence staining, RNA-sequencing transcriptome, and targeted proteomics were performed. RESULTS The observed detergent toxicity was attributed to exposure to rinse aid in a dose-dependent manner up to 1:20,000 v/v dilution. A disrupted epithelial barrier, particularly by rinse aid, was observed in liquid-liquid interface cultures, organoids, and gut-on-a-chip, demonstrating decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, increased paracellular flux, and irregular and heterogeneous tight junction immunostaining. When individual components of the rinse aid were investigated separately, alcohol ethoxylates elicited a strong toxic and barrier-damaging effect. RNA-sequencing transcriptome and proteomics data revealed upregulation in cell death, signaling and communication, development, metabolism, proliferation, and immune and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells. Interestingly, detergent residue from professional dishwashers demonstrated the remnant of a significant amount of cytotoxic and epithelial barrier-damaging rinse aid remaining on washed and ready-to-use dishware. CONCLUSIONS The expression of genes involved in cell survival, epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and metabolism was altered by rinse aid in concentrations used in professional dishwashers. The alcohol ethoxylates present in the rinse aid were identified as the culprit component causing the epithelial inflammation and barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Yagiz Pat
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin
| | - Tamer Aydin
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yaqi Peng
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juno Kim
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Westermann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
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Pourhabibi-Zarandi F, Shojaei-Zarghani S, Rafraf M. Curcumin and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of literature. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14280. [PMID: 33914984 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a natural polyphenol and the main compound from the rhizome of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and other Curcuma species. It has been widely used for different medical purposes, such as improvement of pain and inflammatory conditions in various diseases. PURPOSE This systematic review was aimed to assess all studies regarding the efficacy of the pure form of curcumin (unformulated curcumin) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The comprehensive search of the literature was done until September 2020 on the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases. Out of 2079 initial records, 51 articles (13 in vitro and 37 animal and one human) were met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS Most studies have shown the curative effects of curcumin on clinical and inflammatory parameters of RA and reported different mechanisms; inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappa B are the main mechanisms associated with the anti-inflammatory function of curcumin in RA. The results of the only human study showed that curcumin significantly improved morning stiffness, walking time and joint swelling. CONCLUSION In conclusion, curcumin seems to be useful, and it is recommended that more human studies be performed to approve the cellular and animal results and determine the effective and optimal doses of curcumin on RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourhabibi-Zarandi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Shojaei-Zarghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gao H, Wang D, Wang YL, Mao JP, Jiang S, Yang XL. Pramipexole attenuates 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease by mediating the Nurr1/NF-κB pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3079-3087. [PMID: 33891271 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the key factor associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pramipexole (PPX) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study explored the effects of PPX on PD and its related mechanisms. A PD rat model was established using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Thirty rats were divided into the following three groups: control, PD, and PD + PPX. The rats in the PD and PD + PPX groups were first administered 6-OHDA and then respectively treated with saline and PPX. Afterward, rotational behavior tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of PPX. The level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was measured using immunohistochemical staining. Subsequently, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression of α-synuclein (α-syn), nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nurr1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). PPX improved the motor behavior of PD rats caused by 6-OHDA. The number of TH-positive neurons in the PD group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05), while PPX could rescue 6-OHDA-induced TH loss. RT-qPCR and western blot showed that Nurr1 expression was significantly downregulated in the PD group compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05), while after PPX treatment, its expression was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). For α-syn and NF-κB, 6-OHDA significantly upregulated their expressions (P < 0.05), whereas PPX reversed them. PPX improved the motor behavior of PD through mediating the inflammatory response and regulating the Nurr1/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 38, South Lake Road, Ürümqi, 830063, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 38, South Lake Road, Ürümqi, 830063, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- Cadre Health Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie-Ping Mao
- Department of Neurology, Urumqi Friendship Hospital, Ürümqi, 830049, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 38, South Lake Road, Ürümqi, 830063, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin-Ling Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 38, South Lake Road, Ürümqi, 830063, Xinjiang, China.
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Mignot S, Cagnard N, Albaud B, Bally C, Siavellis J, Hermine O, Frenzel L. Unique inflammatory signature in haemophilic arthropathy: miRNA changes due to interaction between blood and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14453-14466. [PMID: 33159500 PMCID: PMC7753994 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In haemophilia, the recurrence of hemarthrosis leads to irreversible arthropathy termed haemophilic arthropathy (HA). However, HA is a unique form of arthropathy in which resident cells, such as fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS), come into direct contact with blood. Therefore, we hypothesized that FLS in HA could have a unique inflammatory signature as a consequence of their contact with blood. We demonstrated with ELISA and ELISPOT analyses that HA‐FLS expressed a unique profile of cytokine secretion, which differed from that of non‐HA‐FLS, mainly consisting of cytokines involved in innate immunity. We showed that unstable cytokine mRNAs were involved in this process, especially through miRNA complexes as confirmed by DICER silencing. A miRNOME analysis revealed that 30 miRNAs were expressed differently between HA and non‐HA‐FLS, with most miRNAs involved in inflammatory control pathways or described in certain inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Analysis of transcriptomic networks, impacted by these miRNAs, revealed that protein processes and inflammatory pathways were particularly targeted in LPS‐induced FLS, and in particular vascularization and osteoarticular modulation pathways in steady‐state FLS. Our study demonstrates that the presence of blood in contact with FLS may induce durable miRNA changes that likely participate in HA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mignot
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Labex GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cécile Bally
- Hematology unit care - hemophilia Center - Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Justine Siavellis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Labex GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Labex GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Hematology unit care - hemophilia Center - Necker Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculté de médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Frenzel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Labex GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Hematology unit care - hemophilia Center - Necker Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculté de médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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5
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Wan Q, Song D, Li H, He ML. Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:125. [PMID: 32661235 PMCID: PMC7356129 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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Alogliptin inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106372. [PMID: 32179246 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β plays an important role in the chronic inflammation in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Alogliptin, an important selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor licensed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has displayed a wide range of pharmacological capacities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether alogliptin possessed a protective effect against IL-1β-induced insult in FLS. Our results indicate that alogliptin treatment ameliorated IL-1β-induced production of reactive oxygen species, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-13, secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, we found that alogliptin inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling by reducing IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of JNK, the expression of c-Jun and c-Fos, and the luciferase activity of AP-1. Importantly, alogliptin suppressed IL-1β-induced activation of IκBα/NF-κB signaling by preventing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as the luciferase activity of AP-1. These findings suggest that alogliptin might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic inflammation in RA.
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Sulforaphane-Enriched Broccoli Sprouts Pretreated by Pulsed Electric Fields Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mouse Brain through Its Antioxidant Ability via Nrf2-HO-1 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3549274. [PMID: 31049133 PMCID: PMC6458888 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3549274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a key pathogenic role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and ischemia. Sulforaphane is an active compound produced after conversion of glucoraphanin by the myrosinase enzyme in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var) sprouts. Dietary broccoli extract as well as sulforaphane has previously known to mitigate inflammatory conditions in aged models involving microglial activation. Here, we produced sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts through the pretreatment of pulsed electric fields in order to trigger the biological role of normal broccoli against lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. The sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts showed excellent potency against neuroinflammation conditions, as evidenced by its protective effects in both 6 and 24 h of microglial activation in vitro. We further postulated the underlying mechanism of action of sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts, which was the inhibition of an inflammatory cascade via the downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Simultaneously, sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts inhibited the LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the secretions of inflammatory proteins (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, etc.), which are responsible for the inflammatory cascades in both acute and chronic inflammation. It also upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in normal and activated microglia followed by the lowered neuronal apoptosis induced by activated microglia. Based on these results, it may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects via the NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Interestingly, sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts improved the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice through Nrf2 activation, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis particularly through inhibition of caspase-3 activation which could lead to the neuroprotection against neurodegenerative disorders. The present study suggests that sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts might be a potential nutraceutical with antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities.
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect of S. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports on S. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell and S. pyogenes strain specificity, as well as in vitro/in vivo experimental parameters. The severity of S. pyogenes infection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen, S. pyogenes finds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature of S. pyogenes and its ability to cause severe systemic diseases. S. pyogenes is still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism of S. pyogenes diseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
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Sato-Kaneko F, Wang X, Yao S, Hosoya T, Lao FS, Messer K, Pu M, Shukla NM, Cottam HB, Chan M, Carson DA, Corr M, Hayashi T. Discovery of a Novel Microtubule Targeting Agent as an Adjuvant for Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8091283. [PMID: 30406141 PMCID: PMC6199861 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For an activating immunotherapy such as adjuvants, a compound that can prolong immune stimulation may enhance efficacy. We leveraged data from two prior high throughput screens with NF-κB and interferon reporter cell lines to identify 4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles as a class of compounds that prolonged activation in both screens. We repurchased 23 of the most promising candidates. Out of these compounds we found #1 to be the most effective agent in stimulating the release of cytokines and chemokines from immune cells, including murine primary bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Mechanistically, #1 inhibited tubulin polymerization, and its effect on immune cell activation was abolished in cells mutated in the beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) encoding the site where colchicine binds. Treatment with #1 resulted in mitochondrial depolarization followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Because tubulin polymerization modulating agents have been used for chemotherapy to treat malignancy and #1 activated cytokine responses, we hypothesized that #1 could be effective for cancer immunotherapy. Intratumoral injection of #1 delayed tumor growth in a murine syngeneic model of head and neck cancer. When combined with PD-1 blockade, tumor growth slowed in the injected tumor nodule and there was an abscopal effect in an uninjected nodule on the contralateral flank, suggesting central antitumor immune activation. Thus, we identified a new class of tubulin depolymerizing agent that acts as both an innate and an adaptive immune activating agent and that limits solid tumor growth when used concurrently with a checkpoint inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Tadashi Hosoya
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Minya Pu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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Streptococcus mutans activates the AIM2, NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes in human THP-1 macrophages. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:23. [PMID: 30078841 PMCID: PMC6080406 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a major aetiologic agent of dental caries, is involved in systemic diseases, such as bacterial endocarditis, if it enters the bloodstream through temporary bacteraemia. Interleukin (IL)-1β, a proinflammatory cytokine, is related to the host defences against pathogens, and its synthesis, maturation, and secretion are tightly regulated by the activation of the inflammasome, an inflammatory signalling complex. This study examined the signalling mechanism of IL-1β secretion and the inflammasome pathway induced by S. mutans to explain the molecular mechanism through which systemic infection by oral streptococci can occur. After infection of THP-1 cells with S. mutans, the expression of inflammasome components was detected using various methods. S. mutans induced IL-1β secretion via caspase-1 activation, and S. mutans-induced IL-1β secretion required absent in melanoma (AIM2), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR family CARD domain-containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome activation. In particular, the S. mutans-induced NLRP3 inflammasome was mediated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, potassium depletion and lysosomal damage. Our study provides novel insight into the innate immune response against S. mutans infection. Streptococcus mutans triggers an early-stage immune response via a chain of events that leads to the activation of immune component, interleukin-1β. A group of academics from Korea’s Pusan National University, led by Jin Chung, tested the response of human immune cell cultures to infection with S. mutans—a common oral bacteria that can cause systemic disease if it enters the bloodstream. The group found that S. mutans infection leads to the activation of protein signaling complexes known as inflammasomes, which in turn activate an enzyme known as caspase-1. Caspase-1 then activates interleukin-1β, a pro-inflammatory molecule that forms part of a host’s defenses against pathogens. The team also identified that ATP release, ion depletion, and integrity of intracellular enzyme containers, also impacted inflammasome activation. This study offers insights into the immune response against S. mutans and may inform future investigations into systematic oral bacteria infections.
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Ma'ayeh SY, Knörr L, Sköld K, Garnham A, Ansell BRE, Jex AR, Svärd SG. Responses of the Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line Caco-2 to Infection With the Giardia intestinalis GS Isolate. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:244. [PMID: 30062089 PMCID: PMC6055019 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a parasitic protist that causes diarrhea in humans, affecting mainly children of the developing world, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Humans are infected by two major Giardia assemblages (i.e. genetic subtypes), A and B, with the latter being the most common. So far, there is little information on molecular or cellular changes during infections with assemblage B. Here, we used RNA sequencing to study transcriptional changes in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) co-incubated with assemblage B (GS isolate) trophozoites for 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h. We aimed to identify early molecular events associated with the establishment of infection and followed cellular protein changes up to 10 h. IEC transcriptomes showed a dominance of immediate early response genes which was sustained across all time points. Transcription of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., cxcl1-3, ccl2, 1l1a, and il1b) peaked at 1.5 and 3 h of infection. Compared to co-incubation with assemblage A Giardia, we identified the induction of novel cytokines (cxcl8, cxcl10, csf1, cx3cl1, il12a, il11) and showed that inflammatory signaling is mediated by Erk1/2 phosphorylation (mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and adaptor protein-1 (AP-1). We also showed that GS trophozoites attenuate P38 (MAPK) phosphorylation in IECs. Low amounts of IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL20 proteins were measured in the interaction medium, which was attributed to cytokine degradation by trophozoite secreted proteases. Based on the transcriptome, the decay of cytokines mRNA mediated by zinc finger protein 36 might be another mechanism controlling cytokine levels at later time points. IEC transcriptomes suggested homeostatic responses to counter oxidative stress, glucose starvation, and disturbances in amino acid and lipid metabolism. A large group of differentially transcribed genes were associated with cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, which was validated at protein level. IEC transcriptomes also suggested changes in tight junction's integrity, microvilli structure and the extracellular mucin layer. This is the first study to illuminate transcriptional and protein regulatory events underlying IECs responses and pathogenesis during Giardia assemblage B infection. It highlights differences compared to assemblage A infections which might account for the differences observed in human infections with the two assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showgy Y Ma'ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Livia Knörr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Sköld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Garnham
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Van Gerven N, Van der Verren SE, Reiter DM, Remaut H. The Role of Functional Amyloids in Bacterial Virulence. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3657-3684. [PMID: 30009771 PMCID: PMC6173799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are best known as a product of human and animal protein misfolding disorders, where amyloid formation is associated with cytotoxicity and disease. It is now evident that for some proteins, the amyloid state constitutes the native structure and serves a functional role. These functional amyloids are proving widespread in bacteria and fungi, fulfilling diverse functions as structural components in biofilms or spore coats, as toxins and surface-active fibers, as epigenetic material, peptide reservoirs or adhesins mediating binding to and internalization into host cells. In this review, we will focus on the role of functional amyloids in bacterial pathogenesis. The role of functional amyloids as virulence factor is diverse but mostly indirect. Nevertheless, functional amyloid pathways deserve consideration for the acute and long-term effects of the infectious disease process and may form valid antimicrobial targets. Functional amyloids are widespread in bacteria, pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Bacterial biofilms most commonly function as structural support in the extracellular matrix of biofilms or spore coats, and in cell–cell and cell-surface adherence. The amyloid state can be the sole structured and functional state, or can be facultative, as a secondary state to folded monomeric subunits. Bacterial amyloids can enhance virulence by increasing persistence, cell adherence and invasion, intracellular survival, and pathogen spread by increased environmental survival. Bacterial amyloids may indirectly inflict disease by triggering inflammation, contact phase activation and possibly induce or aggravate human pathological aggregation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nani Van Gerven
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander E Van der Verren
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Reiter
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Adenovirus-Mediated Small Interfering RNA Targeting TAK1 Ameliorates Joint Inflammation with Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. Inflammation 2018; 40:894-903. [PMID: 28220341 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a key upstream kinase in cell signaling during inflammation, which regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TAK1 offers promise as a potential therapeutic strategy in immune-mediated inflammatory disorder including rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we are to evaluate the therapeutic effects of intra-articular administration of adenoviral-mediated siRNA against TAK1 (ad-siRNA-TAK1) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Ad-siRNA-TAK1 was constructed. The murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with ad-siRNA-TAK1, and the silencing specificity of TAK1 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. DBA/1 mice were injected intra-articularly with ad-siRNA-TAK1. Development and severity of arthritis was assessed histologically. Synovial inflammation and bone destruction were determined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Articular and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of phosphorylated p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were detected by western blot. In vitro, ad--siRNA-TAK1 efficiently inhibited the expression of TAK1 at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo, intra-articular injection of ad-siRNA-TAK1 efficiently alleviated joint inflammation, decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and suppressed JNK pathways. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of ad--siRNA-TAK1 in controlling joint inflammation of CIA, which is associated with the suppression of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and JNK activation.
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14
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Meyer P, Maity P, Burkovski A, Schwab J, Müssel C, Singh K, Ferreira FF, Krug L, Maier HJ, Wlaschek M, Wirth T, Kestler HA, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. A model of the onset of the senescence associated secretory phenotype after DNA damage induced senescence. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005741. [PMID: 29206223 PMCID: PMC5730191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues are exposed to stress from numerous sources. Senescence is a protective mechanism that prevents malignant tissue changes and constitutes a fundamental mechanism of aging. It can be accompanied by a senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that causes chronic inflammation. We present a Boolean network model-based gene regulatory network of the SASP, incorporating published gene interaction data. The simulation results describe current biological knowledge. The model predicts different in-silico knockouts that prevent key SASP-mediators, IL-6 and IL-8, from getting activated upon DNA damage. The NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) was the most promising in-silico knockout candidate and we were able to show its importance in the inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 following DNA-damage in murine dermal fibroblasts in-vitro. We strengthen the speculated regulator function of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the onset and maintenance of the SASP using in-silico and in-vitro approaches. We were able to mechanistically show, that DNA damage mediated SASP triggering of IL-6 and IL-8 is mainly relayed through NF-κB, giving access to possible therapy targets for SASP-accompanied diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Pallab Maity
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Andre Burkovski
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Müssel
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Karmveer Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Filipa F. Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Linda Krug
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
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15
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Mo X, Chen J, Wang X, Pan Z, Ke Y, Zhou Z, Xie J, Lv G, Luo X. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase induced by TNF-α in human fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:77-84. [PMID: 28744810 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a zinc finger transcription factor, has been implicated in the inflammation mediated by macrophages and endothelial cells by regulating the expression of inflammatory mediators. Here, we investigated whether KLF4 affects the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an important inflammatory mediator, in the human RA fibroblast-like synovial cell line MH7A. A pcDNA3.1-KLF4 plasmid or short interfering RNA KLF4 was transfected into MH7A cells, and the iNOS expression and nitric oxide (NO) production were analyzed by quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and nitrite measurement. The iNOS promoter activity was determined by luciferase assay. The results showed overexpression of KLF4 increased iNOS expression and NO production in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Conversely, KLF4 knockdown markedly reduced iNOS expression and NO production induced by TNF-α. KLF4 activated the transcription activity of iNOS promoter in MH7A cells stimulated by TNF-α. This study indicates that KLF4 is important for regulating the expression of iNOS by TNF-α in human synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Mo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinjuan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Pan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuping Ke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangwen Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Yingzhou District Second people's Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Guoju Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Yingzhou District Second people's Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Xinjing Luo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Alsaleh G, Nehmar R, Blüml S, Schleiss C, Ostermann E, Dillenseger JP, Sayeh A, Choquet P, Dembele D, Francois A, Salmon JH, Paul N, Schabbauer G, Bierry G, Meyer A, Gottenberg JE, Haas G, Pfeffer S, Vallat L, Sibilia J, Bahram S, Georgel P. Reduced DICER1 Expression Bestows Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes Proinflammatory Properties and Resistance to Apoptotic Stimuli. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1839-48. [PMID: 26882526 DOI: 10.1002/art.39641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the regulatory role of individual microRNAs (miRNAs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well established, the role of DICER1 in the pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of factors involved in miRNA biogenesis in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients and to monitor the arthritis triggered by K/BxN serum transfer in mice deficient in the Dicer gene (Dicer(d/d) ). METHODS The expression of genes and precursor miRNAs was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MicroRNA macroarray profiling was monitored by qRT-PCR. Cytokines were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Experimental arthritis in mice was achieved by the transfer of serum from K/BxN donors. Apoptosis was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We found decreased DICER1 and mature miRNA expression in synovial fibroblasts from RA patients. These cells were hyperresponsive to lipopolysaccharide, as evidenced by their increased interleukin-6 secretion upon stimulation. Experimental serum-transfer arthritis in Dicer(d/d) mice confirmed that an unbalanced biogenesis of miRNAs correlated with an enhanced inflammatory response. Synoviocytes from both RA patients and Dicer(d/d) mice exhibited increased resistance to apoptotic stimuli. CONCLUSION The findings of this study further substantiate the important role of DICER1 in the maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alsaleh
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ramzi Nehmar
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Cédric Schleiss
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eleonore Ostermann
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Amira Sayeh
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Choquet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg and CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Doulaye Dembele
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR-7104, and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Francois
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Nicodème Paul
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guillaume Bierry
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Meyer
- Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Rares, and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabrielle Haas
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR-9002, and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR-9002, and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Vallat
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Rares, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Georgel
- INSERM UMR-S1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Is a Regulator of Proinflammatory Signaling in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes through Increased IL-6 Expression. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1062586. [PMID: 27413250 PMCID: PMC4928008 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1062586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblast-like synoviocytes play a vital role in joint synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Proinflammatory cytokines induce fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation and dysfunction. The inflammatory mediator Krüppel-like factor 4 is upregulated during inflammation and plays an important role in endothelial and macrophage activation during inflammation. However, the role of Krüppel-like factor 4 in fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation and RA inflammation remains to be defined. In this study, we identify the notion that Krüppel-like factor 4 is higher expressed in synovial tissues and fibroblast-like synoviocytes from RA patients than those from osteoarthritis patients. In vitro, the expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes is induced by proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Overexpression of Krüppel-like factor 4 in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes robustly induced interleukin-6 production in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-α. Conversely, knockdown of Krüppel-like factor 4 markedly attenuated interleukin-6 production in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-α. Krüppel-like factor 4 not only can bind to and activate the interleukin-6 promoter, but also may interact directly with nuclear factor-kappa B. These results suggest that Krüppel-like factor 4 may act as a transcription factor mediating the activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA by inducing interleukin-6 expression in response to tumor necrosis factor-α.
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18
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Shang CH, Zhang QQ, Zhou JH. Oridonin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Inflammation 2016; 39:873-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Hodgson A, Wan F. Interference with nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway by pathogen-encoded proteases: global and selective inhibition. Mol Microbiol 2016; 99:439-52. [PMID: 26449378 PMCID: PMC5003429 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved a myriad of ways to abrogate and manipulate the host response to infections. Of the various mechanisms involved, pathogen-encoded and sometimes host-encoded proteases are an important category of virulence factors that cause robust changes on the host response by targeting key proteins along signaling cascades. The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is a crucial regulatory mechanism for the cell, controlling the expression of survival, immune and proliferation genes. Proteases from pathogens of almost all types have been demonstrated to target and cleave members of the NF-κB signaling pathway at nearly every level. This review provides discussion of proteases targeting the most abundant NF-κB subunit, p65, and the impact of protease-mediated p65 cleavage on the immune responses and survival of the infected host cell. After examining various examples of protease interference, it becomes evident that the cleavage fragments produced by pathogen-driven proteolytic processing should be further characterized to determine whether they have novel and unique functions within the cell. The selective targeting of p65 and its effect on gene transcription reveals unique mechanisms by which pathogens acutely alter their microenvironment, and further research may open new opportunities for novel therapeutics to combat pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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20
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Sykes L, Thomson KR, Boyce EJ, Lee YS, Rasheed ZBM, MacIntyre DA, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. Sulfasalazine augments a pro-inflammatory response in interleukin-1β-stimulated amniocytes and myocytes. Immunology 2015; 146:630-44. [PMID: 26395271 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth occurs in 10% of pregnancies and is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The majority of cases of early preterm labour are associated with infection/inflammation, which places the fetal central nervous system at risk. Targeting immune activation is therefore an appealing therapeutic strategy for the prevention of preterm labour and neonatal brain injury. The expression of many labour-associated and inflammatory-response genes is controlled by the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which makes them therapeutic targets of interest. Sulfasalazine (SASP) has been shown to inhibit NF-κB and reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine concentrations in fetal membrane explants and reduce the rate of Escherichia coli-induced preterm labour in mice. Its effects upon AP-1 in the context of pregnancy are unknown. In this study the effect of SASP on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) -induced NF-κB and AP-1 activity, cytokine production and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was examined in amniocytes and myocytes. A supra-therapeutic concentration (5 mm) was required to inhibit IL-1β-induced NF-κB (P < 0·0001) in amniocytes and IL-1β-induced NF-κB (P < 0·01), AP-1 (P < 0·01) and COX-2 (P < 0·05) in myocytes. Despite inhibiting IL-1β-induced cytokines, a basal increase in IL-6 (P < 0·01), IL-8 (P < 0·0001) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0·001) was seen with 5 mm SASP in amniocytes, and significant cytotoxic effects were seen in myocytes. The therapeutic concentration of 0·015 mm had no inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory mediators, but led to an augmented response to IL-1β-induced IL-6 (P < 0·01), IL-8 (P < 0·05) and TNF-α (P < 0·05) in amniocytes and IL-8 (P < 0·05) in myocytes. SASP is therefore an unlikely therapeutic candidate for the prevention of inflammation-induced preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kacie R Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily J Boyce
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yun S Lee
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zahirrah B M Rasheed
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tiong Ghee Teoh
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Di Nisio C, De Colli M, di Giacomo V, Rapino M, Di Valerio V, Marconi GD, Gallorini M, Di Giulio M, Cataldi A, Zara S. A dual role for β1 integrin in an in vitro Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co-culture model in response to TEGDMA. Int Endod J 2014; 48:839-49. [PMID: 25231818 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of TEGDMA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro co-cultured with Streptococcus mitis, focusing on the signalling pathways underlying cell tissue remodelling and inflammatory response processes. METHODOLOGY β1 integrin expression was evaluated by means of imaging flow cytometry. The Western blot technique was used to investigate the expression of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and 3 (MMP3). RT-PCR was performed to quantify nuclear factor-kb subunits (Nf-kb1, ReLa), IkB kinase β (IkBkB), cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (anova). RESULTS When HGFs are co-cultured with S. mitis, β1 integrin intensity, phosphorylated PKC (p-PKC), activated ERK (p-ERK), IkBkB mRNA level and MMP9 expression increased (for all molecules P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis). A higher level of MMP3 in HGFs treated with TEGDMA was recorded (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA). COX-2 inflammatory factor mRNA level appeared higher in HGFs exposed to 1 mmol L(-1) TEGDMA (P < 0.01 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA), whereas TNF-α gene expression was higher in HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis). CONCLUSIONS β1 integrin triggered the signalling pathway, transduced by p-PKCα and involving ERK 1 and 2 and MMPs. This pathway resulted in an unbalanced equilibrium in tissue remodelling process, along with inflammatory response when HGFs are exposed to bacteria or biomaterial alone. On the contrary, the TEGDMA/S. mitis combination restored the balance between extracellular matrix deposition and degradation and prevented an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Nisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M De Colli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - V di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Rapino
- Unit of Chieti, Institute of Molecular Genetics CNR, Chieti, Italy
| | - V Di Valerio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G D Marconi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Zara
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Scientific evidence and rationale for the development of curcumin and resveratrol as nutraceutricals for joint health. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4202-4232. [PMID: 22605974 PMCID: PMC3344210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are key cytokines that drive the production of inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes in osteoarthritis (OA). These proinflammatory cytokines bind to their respective cell surface receptors and activate inflammatory signaling pathways culminating with the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that can be triggered by a host of stress-related stimuli including, excessive mechanical stress and ECM degradation products. Once activated, NF-κB regulates the expression of many cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, inflammatory mediators, and several matrix-degrading enzymes. Therefore, proinflammatory cytokines, their cell surface receptors, NF-κB and downstream signaling pathways are therapeutic targets in OA. This paper critically reviews the recent literature and outlines the potential prophylactic properties of plant-derived phytochemicals such as curcumin and resveratrol for targeting NF-κB signaling and inflammation in OA to determine whether these phytochemicals can be used as functional foods.
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Kim J, Kim K, Na H, Jeong S, Park H, Kim S, Chung J. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β expression pathway induced by Streptococcus mutans in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:149-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Philippe L, Alsaleh G, Suffert G, Meyer A, Georgel P, Sibilia J, Wachsmann D, Pfeffer S. TLR2 expression is regulated by microRNA miR-19 in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:454-61. [PMID: 22105995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resident cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), play a crucial role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are implicated in the inflammatory response and play a key role in osteoarticular destruction. Moreover, RA FLS spread RA to unaffected joints. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns have been found to activate RA FLS by interacting with pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR. RA FLS express a large number of TLR, and TLR2 was demonstrated to be involved in RA inflammation. Because microRNA have emerged as important controllers of TLR expression and signaling, the aim of this study was to evaluate their potential involvement in the control of TLR2 expression by RA FLS. We first showed that Tlr2 expression is strongly upregulated in RA FLS in response to TLR2 ligands. Using a microRNA microarray analysis, we identified one miRNA in activated RA FLS, miR-19b, which was downregulated and predicted to target Tlr2 mRNA. Downregulation of miR-19b and miR-19a, which belongs to the same cluster, was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Transfection of RA FLS with miR-19a/b mimics decreased TLR2 protein expression. In parallel, we found that both IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase 3 secretion was significantly downregulated in activated FLS transfected with either mimic. Moreover, using a luciferase assay, we showed that miR-19a/b directly target Tlr2 mRNA. Taken together, our data point toward an important role for miR-19a/b in the regulation of IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase 3 release by controlling TLR2 expression, as well as provide evidence that miR-19a/b can act as negative regulators of inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Philippe
- Unité de Formation et Recherche de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
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Alsaleh G, François A, Knapp AM, Schickel JN, Sibilia J, Pasquali JL, Gottenberg JE, Wachsmann D, Soulas-Sprauel P. Synovial fibroblasts promote immunoglobulin class switching by a mechanism involving BAFF. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2113-22. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Semaan N, Frenzel L, Alsaleh G, Suffert G, Gottenberg JE, Sibilia J, Pfeffer S, Wachsmann D. miR-346 controls release of TNF-α protein and stability of its mRNA in rheumatoid arthritis via tristetraprolin stabilization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19827. [PMID: 21611196 PMCID: PMC3096642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α is a major cytokine implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. Its expression is regulated both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels and recent data demonstrated that miRNAs are implicated in TNF-α response in macrophages. LPS-activated FLS isolated from RA patients express TNF-α mRNA but not the mature protein. This prompted us to look for miRNAs which could be implicated in this anti-inflammatory effect. Using a microarray, we found two miRNAs, miR-125b and miR-939 predicted to target the 3′-UTR of TNF-α mRNA, to be up-regulated in RA FLS in response to LPS, but their repression did not restore mature TNF-α expression in FLS. We showed previously that miR-346, which is upregulated in LPS-activated FLS, inhibited Btk expression that stabilized TNF-α mRNA. Blocking miR-346 reestablished TNF-α expression in activated FLS. Interestingly, transfection of miR-346 in LPS-activated THP-1 cells inhibited TNF-α secretion. We also demonstrated that TTP, a RNA binding protein which inhibited TNF-α synthesis, is overexpressed in activated FLS and that inhibition of miR-346 decreases its expression. Conversely, transfection of miR-346 in LPS-activated THP-1 cells increased TTP mRNA expression and inhibited TNF-α release. These results indicate that miR-346 controls TNF-α synthesis by regulating TTP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semaan
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
| | - Laurent Frenzel
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
| | - Ghada Alsaleh
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
| | - Guillaume Suffert
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
| | - Sebastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (SP); (DW)
| | - Dominique Wachsmann
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA4438, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France and Departement de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Hautepierre, France
- * E-mail: (SP); (DW)
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Engels-Deutsch M, Rizk S, Haïkel Y. Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II binds to α5β1 integrins via its A-domain and increases β1 integrins expression on periodontal ligament fibroblast cells. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Alsaleh G, Sparsa L, Chatelus E, Ehlinger M, Gottenberg JE, Wachsmann D, Sibilia J. Innate immunity triggers IL-32 expression by fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R135. [PMID: 20615213 PMCID: PMC2945025 DOI: 10.1186/ar3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a recently described cytokine that is a strong inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The expression of this cytokine is highly increased in the rheumatoid synovium and correlated with the severity of joint inflammation. Little is known regarding the innate immune-related regulation of IL-32 by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). We therefore investigated the effect of innate immune stimulation by ligands of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR3, and TLR4, and cytokines such as TNF-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, on IL-32 expression by FLSs. Methods FLSs were isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) according to the ACR criteria. Quantitative RT-PCR, confocal analysis, and ELISA were performed to evaluate IL-32 mRNA induction and IL-32 release by FLSs stimulated with TLR2 (BLP), TLR3 (poly I:C), and TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide) ligands, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Results TLR2, -3, and -4 ligands as well as IFN-γ and TNF-α induced IL-32 β, γ and δ mRNA expression by RA FLSs. Mature IL-32 was expressed intracellularly and released by cells stimulated with the various activators. The IL-32α isoform was expressed intracellularly in response to TNF-α and poly I:C and not released in culture supernatants. Stimulation of FLS with TNF-α, BLP, lipopolysaccharide, or poly I:C concomitant with IFN-γ increased IL-32 expression compared with stimulation with IFN-γ alone. Conclusions IL-32 synthesis by FLSs is tightly regulated by innate immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Thus TNF-α, IFN-γ, double-strand RNA, hyaluronic acid, or other damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), highly secreted in synovial tissues of RA patients, might trigger IL-32 secretion by FLSs. IL-32 might therefore represent a relevant therapeutic target in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alsaleh
- Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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Interleukin-32gamma enhances the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes via Erk1/2 activation. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:260-7. [PMID: 20072851 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the present study, we examined the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32gamma, the most biologically active isoform, and its related molecules in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). MATERIALS AND METHODS FLS were isolated from synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The secretion and expression of IL-6 and IL-8 were examined by ELISA and real-time PCR, and the activation of signaling molecules was evaluated by Western blot, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), real-time PCR, and siRNA transfection. RESULTS By IL-32gamma stimulation in RA FLS, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased significantly, and the phosphorylated Erk1/2 and AP-1 were expressed prominently in Western blot and EMSA. In the Erk1/2 inhibited cells, IL-32gamma stimulation did not increase the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IL-32gamma stimulation can induce the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from RA FLS via Erk1/2 activation.
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Alsaleh G, Suffert G, Semaan N, Juncker T, Frenzel L, Gottenberg JE, Sibilia J, Pfeffer S, Wachsmann D. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is involved in miR-346-related regulation of IL-18 release by lipopolysaccharide-activated rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5088-97. [PMID: 19342689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key players in the regulation of expression of target mRNAs expression. They have been associated with diverse biological processes, and recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs play a role in inflammatory responses. We reported previously that LPS-activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients express IL-18 mRNA but they do not release IL-18. Based on the observation that this inhibition was due to a rapid degradation of IL-18 mRNA, our group has conducted a study to identify miRNAs that could play a role in the "antiinflammatory" response of LPS-activated RA FLS. LPS challenge modulated the expression of 63 miRNAs as assessed by microarray analysis. Fifteen miRNAs were up-regulated, including miR-346, for which overexpression upon LPS treatment was validated by quantitative RT-PCR. We then transfected FLS with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting miR-346 and found that, in these conditions, IL-18 release could be measured upon LPS activation of FLS. Moreover, we also demonstrated that miR-346 indirectly regulated IL-18 release by indirectly inhibiting LPS-induced Bruton's tyrosine kinase expression in LPS-activated RA FLS. These findings suggest that miRNAs function as regulators that help to fine-tune the inflammatory response in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alsaleh
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, EA3432, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France
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Vukic V, Callaghan D, Walker D, Lue LF, Liu QY, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Stanimirovic DB, Zhang W. Expression of inflammatory genes induced by beta-amyloid peptides in human brain endothelial cells and in Alzheimer's brain is mediated by the JNK-AP1 signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:95-106. [PMID: 19162185 PMCID: PMC2720310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation and deposition of Abeta peptides in the brain. Abeta deposition in cerebral vessels occurs in many AD patients and results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AD/CAA). Abeta deposits evoke neuro- and neurovascular inflammation contributing to neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that exposure of cultured human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) to Abeta(1-40) elicited expression of inflammatory genes MCP-1, GRO, IL-1beta and IL-6. Up-regulation of these genes was confirmed in AD and AD/CAA brains by qRT-PCR. Profiling of 54 transcription factors indicated that AP-1 was strongly activated not only in Abeta-treated HBEC but also in AD and AD/CAA brains. AP-1 complex in nuclear extracts from Abeta-treated HBEC bound to AP-1 DNA-binding sequence and activated the reporter gene of a luciferase vector carrying AP-1-binding site from human MCP-1 gene. AP-1 is a dimeric protein complex and supershift assay identified c-Jun as a component of the activated AP-1 complex. Western blot analyses showed that c-Jun was activated via JNK-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting that as a result of c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 was activated and thus up-regulated MCP-1 expression. A JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly inhibited Abeta-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, AP-1 reporter gene activity and MCP-1 expression in cells stimulated with Abeta peptides. The results suggested that JNK-AP1 signaling pathway is responsible for Abeta-induced neuroinflammation in HBEC and Alzheimer's brain and that this signaling pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving Abeta-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Vukic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Debbie Callaghan
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Qing Yan Liu
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pierre-Oliver Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Messer L, Alsaleh G, Freyssinet JM, Zobairi F, Leray I, Gottenberg JE, Sibilia J, Toti-Orfanoudakis F, Wachsmann D. Microparticle-induced release of B-lymphocyte regulators by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R40. [PMID: 19291304 PMCID: PMC2688187 DOI: 10.1186/ar2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the present study, we investigated the ability of microparticles isolated from synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis to induce the synthesis and release of key cytokines of B-lymphocyte modulation such as B cell-activating factor, thymic stroma lymphopoietin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor by rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Methods Microparticles were analyzed in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, microcristalline arthritis, and reactive arthritis. In addition, microparticle release after activation from various cell lines (CEM lymphocyte and THP-1 cells) was assessed. Microparticles were isolated by differential centrifugation, and quantitative determinations were carried out by prothrombinase assay after capture on immobilized annexin V. B cell-activating factor, thymic stroma lymphopoietin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor release was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Microparticles isolated from synovial fluids obtained from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients or microparticles derived from activated THP-1 cells were able to induce B cell-activating factor, thymic stroma lymphopoietin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor release by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Conversely, CEM-lymphocytes-derived microparticles generated by treatment with a combination of PHA, PMA and Adt-D did not promote the release of B cell-activating factor but favored the secretion of thymic stroma lymphopoietin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor by rheumatoid arthritis fibrobast-like synoviocytes. However, microparticles isolated from actinomycin D-treated CEM lymphocytes were not able to induce B cell-activating factor, thymic stroma lymphopoietin, or secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor release, indicating that microparticles derived from apoptotic T cells do not function as effectors in B-cell activation. Conclusions These results demonstrate that microparticles are signalling structures that may act as specific conveyors in the triggered induction and amplification of autoimmunity. This study also indicates that microparticles have differential effects in the crosstalk between B lymphocytes and target cells of autoimmunity regarding the parental cells from which they derive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Messer
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France.
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Kanbe K, Inoue K, Inoue Y, Chen Q. Inducement of mitogen-activated protein kinases in frozen shoulders. J Orthop Sci 2009; 14:56-61. [PMID: 19214689 PMCID: PMC2893737 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-008-1295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are well-known molecules that play key roles in mechanical stress signals during skeletal development. To test our hypothesis that the synovium in frozen shoulders is induced by MAP kinases, immunohistochemical analyses for detecting expression and signal transduction of MAP kinases were performed in synovial tissue obtained from the rotator interval (RI) in frozen shoulders. METHODS Synovial tissues were examined from 10 frozen shoulder patients with a mean age of 55.4 years (46-62 years). Synovial tissues between the long head of the biceps tendon (LHB) and the RI in frozen shoulders were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and then examined with immunohistochemical staining. Extracellular signal-regulated (ERK), the Jun N-terminal (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), p50, CD29 (beta(1)-integrin), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), CD56, CD68, S-100, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed to detect expression patterns. RESULTS H&E showed vascular proliferation with fibrin and fibrous tissue in the synovium of frozen shoulders. ERK was expressed in the epithelial cells of vascular tissue, and JNK was expressed strongly in the interstitial cells around vascular tissue; p38 MAPK was not expressed. NF-kappaB was expressed in vascular tissue, and IL-6 was expressed around vascular tissue. CD29 (beta1-integrin) was expressed in vascular tissue and in superficial cells of synovial tissue. MMP-3 and VEGF were expressed on the surface layer of synovial tissue and vascular tissue, and CD68 was expressed on the surface layer. Nerve-related proteins, CD56 and S-100, were expressed weakly. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical stress on the LHB and RI in the shoulder may induce ERK and JNK to express NF-kappaB by CD29 to develop capsule contracture, producing MMP-3, IL-6, and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Kanbe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawa, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawa, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawa, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Semaan N, Alsaleh G, Gottenberg JE, Wachsmann D, Sibilia J. Etk/BMX, a Btk family tyrosine kinase, and Mal contribute to the cross-talk between MyD88 and FAK pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3485-91. [PMID: 18292575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MyD88 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are key adaptors involved in signaling downstream of TLR2, TLR4, and integrin alpha5beta1, linking pathogen-associated molecule detection to the initiation of proinflammatory response. The MyD88 and integrin pathways are interlinked, but the mechanism of this cross-talk is not yet understood. In this study we addressed the involvement of Etk, which belongs to the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, in the cross-talk between the integrin/FAK and the MyD88 pathways in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and in IL-6 synthesis. Using small interfering RNA blockade, we report that Etk plays a major role in LPS- and protein I/II (a model activator of FAK)-dependent IL-6 release by activated FLS. Etk is associated with MyD88, FAK, and Mal as shown by coimmunoprecipitation. Interestingly, knockdown of Mal appreciably inhibited IL-6 synthesis in response to LPS and protein I/II. Our results also indicate that LPS and protein I/II induced phosphorylation of Etk and Mal in rheumatoid arthritis FLS via a FAK-dependent pathway. In conclusion, our data provide support that, in FLS, Etk and Mal are implicated in the cross-talk between FAK and MyD88 and that their being brought into play is clearly dependent on FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semaan
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie des Arthrites, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Illkirch, France
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Koga T, Torigoshi T, Motokawa S, Miyashita T, Maeda Y, Nakamura M, Komori A, Aiba Y, Uemura T, Yatsuhashi H, Ishibashi H, Eguchi K, Migita K. Serum amyloid A-induced IL-6 production by rheumatoid synoviocytes. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:579-85. [PMID: 18243142 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) using rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS). Recombinant SAA stimulation induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, from RA-FLS. The signaling events induced by SAA included the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kineases, p38 and JNK1/2 and the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). Inhibitor studies have shown SAA-induced IL-6 production to be down-regulated by NF-kappaB inhibition and partially inhibited by p38 or JNK inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate that SAA is a significant inducer of IL-6, which is critically involved in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Rheumatology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
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Ara T, Fujinami Y, Imamura Y, Wang PL. Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Human Gingival Fibroblasts Continuously Produce PGE2. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.17.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alsaleh G, Messer L, Semaan N, Boulanger N, Gottenberg JE, Sibilia J, Wachsmann D. BAFF synthesis by rheumatoid synoviocytes is positively controlled by alpha5beta1 integrin stimulation and is negatively regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and Toll-like receptor ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3202-14. [PMID: 17907168 DOI: 10.1002/art.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was recently demonstrated that synoviocytes (FLS) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients express BAFF transcripts that are up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Thus, BAFF increases in RA target cells might be related to activation of the receptors of innate immunity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ligands of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, TLR-9, and alpha5beta1 integrin are able to induce BAFF synthesis by RA FLS. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to evaluate BAFF messenger RNA induction and BAFF release from FLS after stimulation by ligands for TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, alpha5beta1 integrin (bacterial lipopeptide [BLP] palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4, lipopolysaccharide [LPS], CpG, and protein I/II, respectively), TNFalpha, and IFNgamma. RESULTS In contrast to IFNgamma, neither TNFalpha, LPS, BLP, nor CpG induced the de novo synthesis and release of BAFF by FLS. Priming of cells with IFNgamma did not have a synergistic effect on BAFF synthesis by FLS stimulated with bacterial products known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Moreover, we found that IFNgamma-induced BAFF synthesis is inhibited by simultaneous stimulation with either TLR ligands or TNFalpha. We also showed that interplay between TLRs, TNF receptors, and IFNgamma signaling induces the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 and reduces IFNgamma-dependent STAT-1 phosphorylation, which might explain this inhibition. In contrast, we demonstrated that stimulation of alpha5beta1 integrin can induce BAFF synthesis and release per se and that stimulation of this pathway has no inhibitory effect on IFNgamma-induced BAFF synthesis. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that BAFF secretion by resident cells in target organs of autoimmunity is tightly regulated by innate immunity, with positive and negative controls, depending on the receptors and the pathways triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alsaleh
- EA 3432, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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38
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Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from microbial infection; nevertheless, a breakdown in the immune system often results in infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, myocarditis, thyroiditis, uveitis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, and myasthenia gravis are organ-specific autoimmune diseases that afflict more than 5% of the population worldwide. Although the etiology is not known and a cure is still wanting, the use of herbal and dietary supplements is on the rise in patients with autoimmune diseases, mainly because they are effective, inexpensive, and relatively safe. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa that has traditionally been used for pain and wound-healing. Recent studies have shown that curcumin ameliorates multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease in human or animal models. Curcumin inhibits these autoimmune diseases by regulating inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and associated JAK-STAT, AP-1, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in immune cells. Although the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals are traditionally achieved through dietary consumption at low levels for long periods of time, the use of purified active compounds such as curcumin at higher doses for therapeutic purposes needs extreme caution. A precise understanding of effective dose, safe regiment, and mechanism of action is required for the use of curcumin in the treatment of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Lee HJ, Cho JW, Kim SC, Kang KH, Lee SK, Pi SH, Lee SK, Kim EC. Roles of p38 and ERK MAP kinases in IL-8 expression in TNF-α- and dexamethasone-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells. Cytokine 2006; 35:67-76. [PMID: 16949835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is recognized as a pro-inflammatory stressor of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. However, the cell-signaling pathways linking interleukin-8 (IL-8), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and dexamethasone in hPDL cells have not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in dexamethasone- and TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in hPDL cells. IL-8 production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. MAP kinase activation and IkappaB degradation were determined by Western blot analysis, and ICAM-1 expression was determined by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. TNF-alpha increased IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dexamethasone suppressed TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, dexamethasone inhibited TNF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs), IkappaB degradation, and NF-kappaB activation. Selective inhibitors for ERKs and p38 attenuated TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in the presence and absence of dexamethasone, indicating that MAP kinases play a role in the response of hDPL cells to TNF-alpha. Furthermore, these results suggest that inflammatory cytokine- and dexamethasone-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1, produced via a MAP kinase pathway, may serve as an important mediator of PDL immunoregulation involved in bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jeong Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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40
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Wen D, Nong Y, Morgan JG, Gangurde P, Bielecki A, Dasilva J, Keaveney M, Cheng H, Fraser C, Schopf L, Hepperle M, Harriman G, Jaffee BD, Ocain TD, Xu Y. A selective small molecule IkappaB Kinase beta inhibitor blocks nuclear factor kappaB-mediated inflammatory responses in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and mast cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:989-1001. [PMID: 16525037 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IkappaB kinase (IKK) beta is essential for inflammatory cytokine-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). NF-kappaB plays a pivotal role in the function of major cell types that contribute to the pathophysiological process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we report the mechanism and the effect of the IKKbeta inhibitor N-(6-chloro-7-methoxy-9H-beta-carbolin-8-yl)-2-methylnicotinamide (ML120B), a beta-carboline derivative, on NF-kappaB signaling and gene activation in RA-relevant cell systems. ML120B is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of IKKbeta with an IC50 of 60 nM when evaluated in an IkappaBalpha kinase complex assay. ML120B does not inhibit other IKK isoforms or a panel of other kinases. ML120B concentration-dependently inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-stimulated NF-kappaB signaling via inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, degradation, and NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus. For the first time, we have demonstrated that in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes, TNFalpha- or interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted and production is IKKbeta-dependent. In addition, for the first time, we have demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide- or peptidoglycan-induced cytokine production in human cord blood-derived mast cells is IKKbeta-dependent. In addition, in human chondrocytes, ML120B inhibited IL-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase production with an IC50 of approximately 1 microM. ML120B also blocked IL-1beta-induced prostaglandin E2 production. In summary, ML120B blocked numerous NF-kappaB-regulated cell responses that are involved in inflammation and destructive processes in the RA joint. Our findings support the evaluation of IKKbeta inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Wen
- Inflammation Department, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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41
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Yeh CY, Chen JY, Chia JS. Glucosyltransferases of viridans group streptococci modulate interleukin-6 and adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and augment monocytic cell adherence. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1273-83. [PMID: 16428777 PMCID: PMC1360351 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1273-1283.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of monocytes plays important roles during vegetation formation and endocardial inflammation in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis (IE). Bacterial antigens or modulins can activate endothelial cells through the expression of cytokines or adhesion molecules and modulate the recruitment of leukocytes. We hypothesized that glucosyltransferases (GTFs), modulins of viridans group streptococci, may act directly to up-regulate the expression of adhesion molecules and also interleukin-6 (IL-6) to augment monocyte attachment to endothelial cells. Using primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as an in vitro model, we demonstrated that GTFs (in the cell-bound or free form) could specifically modulate the expression of IL-6, and also adhesion molecules, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results of inhibition assays suggested that enhanced expression of adhesion molecules was dependent on the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways also contributed to the release of IL-6. Streptococcus-infected HUVECs or treatment with purified IL-6 plus soluble IL-6 receptor alpha enhanced the expression of ICAM-1 and the adherence of the monocytic cell line U937. These results suggest that streptococcal GTFs might play an important role in recruiting monocytic cells during inflammation in IE through induction of adhesion molecules and IL-6, a cytokine involved in transition from neutrophil to monocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Yueh Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sordet C, Cantagrel A, Schaeverbeke T, Sibilia J. Bone and joint disease associated with primary immune deficiencies. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72:503-14. [PMID: 16376804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) are characterized by functional and/or quantitative abnormalities of one or more immune system components. Several bone and joint abnormalities can occur in patients with PID, with arthritis being the most common. Joint manifestations, of which arthritis is the most common, occur chiefly in humoral PIDs (agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, hyper-IgM syndromes, and IgA deficiency) and occasionally in other PIDs (chronic granulomatous disease and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). Monoarthritis or oligoarthritis is the usual pattern, although polyarthritis may occur, occasionally with nodules suggesting rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis in patients with PID is usually infectious in nature, the most common causative organism being Mycoplasma, followed by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus. These bacteria can induce not only synovial infections, but also aseptic arthritogenic inflammatory responses. Arthritis having no demonstrable relation to chronic infection has been reported also and ascribed to dysimmunity-driven mechanisms that exhibit a number of specific features. Bone lesions are far less common and usually due to infections complicating humoral PID. Distinctive bone manifestations occur in a number of rare PIDs (e.g., hyper-IgE syndrome and Di George syndrome) and in syndromes characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Familiarity with PID syndromes both enhances the diagnostic capabilities of physicians and provides insight into the pathophysiology of bone and joint abnormalities associated with immune dysfunction. In children and occasionally in adults, a combination of bone and/or joint manifestations and hypogammaglobulinemia may indicate PID. When there is no evidence of lymphoproliferative disease, infection, or iatrogenic complications, investigations for PID should be obtained. PID-related arthritis is a unique model for studying the pathogenesis of presumably postinfectious arthritis and of inflammatory joint diseases including rheumatoid arthritis.
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Lee BC, Kim SH, Choi SH, Kim TS. Induction of interleukin-8 production via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human intestinal epithelial cells infected with Vibrio vulnificus. Immunology 2005; 115:506-15. [PMID: 16011519 PMCID: PMC1782178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative estuarine bacterium, is a causative agent of food-borne diseases, such as life-threatening septicaemia and wound infection disease. V. vulnificus penetrating into the epithelial barrier stimulates an inflammatory response in the adjacent mucosa. Therefore, interaction between V. vulnificus and epithelial cells is important for understanding of both the immunology of mucosal surfaces and V. vulnificus. In this study, we investigated the effect and action mechanism of V. vulnificus infection on production of interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory cytokine, in human intestinal epithelial INT-407 cells. V. vulnificus infection significantly induced IL-8 production in a time- and multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner, as determined by human IL-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, V. vulnificus infection significantly increased IL-8 mRNA levels in INT-407 cells, indicating that the increased IL-8 production by V. vulnificus occurred at the transcriptional level. V. vulnificus infection also enhanced IL-8 gene promoter activity in INT-407 cells transiently transfected with IL-8 promoter constructs, but this effect was impaired in INT-407 cells transfected with IL-8 promoter constructs deleted or mutated of a kappaB site. V. vulnificus infection increased the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding activity to a kappaB site and the degradation of IkappaB-alpha protein in a time- and a MOI-dependent manner. Furthermore, BAY11-7082, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, significantly reduced the IL-8 production, NF-kappaB binding activity and IkappaB-alpha degradation induced by V. vulnificus infection. Taken together, these results indicate clearly that V. vulnificus infection significantly induces IL-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells via NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju; Republic of Korea
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44
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Waetzig V, Czeloth K, Hidding U, Mielke K, Kanzow M, Brecht S, Goetz M, Lucius R, Herdegen T, Hanisch UK. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) mediate pro-inflammatory actions of microglia. Glia 2005; 50:235-46. [PMID: 15739188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The activation and function of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) were investigated in primary microglia cultures from neonatal rat brain, which express all three JNK isoforms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and thrombin preparations induced a rapid and lasting activation of JNKs in the cytoplasm. In the nucleus, the activation patterns were rather complex. In untreated microglia, the small pool of nuclear JNKs was strongly activated, while the high-affinity JNK substrate c-Jun was only weakly phosphorylated. Stimulation with LPS increased the total amount of nuclear JNKs and the phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. Levels of activated JNKs in the nucleus, however, rapidly decreased. Analysis of the nuclear JNK isoforms revealed that the amount of JNK1 declined, while JNK2 increased, and the weakly expressed JNK3 did not vary. This observation suggests that JNK2 is mainly responsible for the activation of c-Jun in this context. Upstream of JNKs, LPS induced a lasting activation of the constitutively present JNK kinase MKK4. The function of JNKs in LPS-triggered cellular reactions was investigated using SP600125 (0.5-5 microM), a direct inhibitor of JNKs. Inhibition of JNKs reduced the LPS-induced metabolic activity and induction of the AP-1 target genes cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to LPS, while ERK1/2 and p38 alpha had a more pronounced effect on LPS-induced cellular enlargement than JNKs. In summary, JNKs are essential mediators of relevant pro-inflammatory functions in microglia with different contributions of the JNK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Waetzig
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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45
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Shun CT, Lu SY, Yeh CY, Chiang CP, Chia JS, Chen JY. Glucosyltransferases of viridans streptococci are modulins of interleukin-6 induction in infective endocarditis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3261-70. [PMID: 15908350 PMCID: PMC1111834 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3261-3270.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucosyltransferases (GTFs) of viridans streptococci, common pathogens of infective endocarditis, are extracellular proteins that convert sucrose into exopolysaccharides and glucans. GTFs B, C, and D of Streptococcus mutans are modulins that induce, in vitro and in vivo, the production of cytokines, in particular interleukin-6 (IL-6), from monocytes. The roles of S. mutans GTFs in infectivity and inflammation in situ were tested in a rat experimental model of endocarditis. No significant differences in infectivity, in terms of 95% infective dose and densities of bacteria inside vegetations, were observed between laboratory strain GS-5 and two clinical isolates or isogenic mutant NHS1DD, defective in the expression of GTFs. In aortic valves and surrounding tissues, IL-6 was detected by Western blots and immunostaining 24 h after GS-5 infection, was maintained over 72 h, and was followed by production of tumor necrosis factor alpha but not IL-1beta. Animals infected with NHS1DD showed markedly lower levels of IL-6 (less than 5% of that of parental GS-5-infected rats), while tumor necrosis factor alpha was unaffected. In contrast, animals infected with NHR1DD, another isogenic mutant expressing only GtfB, showed a much smaller reduction (down to 56%). These results suggest that GTFs are specific modulins that act during acute inflammation, inducing IL-6 from endothelial cells surrounding the infected valves without affecting bacterial colonization in vegetations, and that IL-6 might persist in chronic inflammation in endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Tung Shun
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen Ai Road, 1st Section, Room 713, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zeisel MB, Druet VA, Sibilia J, Klein JP, Quesniaux V, Wachsmann D. Cross Talk between MyD88 and Focal Adhesion Kinase Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7393-7. [PMID: 15905587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase involved in signaling downstream of integrins, linking bacterial detection, cell entry, and initiation of proinflammatory response through MAPKs and NF-kappaB activation. In this study, using protein I/II from Streptococcus mutans as a model activator of FAK, we investigated the potential link between FAK and TLR pathways. Using macrophages from TLR- or MyD88-deficient mice, we report that MyD88 plays a major role in FAK-dependent protein I/II-induced cytokine release. However, response to protein I/II stimulation was independent of TLR4, TLR2, and TLR6. The data suggest that there is a cross talk between FAK and MyD88 signaling pathways. Moreover, MyD88-dependent, LPS-induced IL-6 secretion by human and murine fibroblasts required the presence of FAK, confirming that MyD88 and FAK pathways are interlinked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B Zeisel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 392, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Zeisel MB, Druet VA, Wachsmann D, Sibilia J. MMP-3 expression and release by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes induced with a bacterial ligand of integrin alpha5beta1. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:R118-26. [PMID: 15642131 PMCID: PMC1064889 DOI: 10.1186/ar1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by secreting effector molecules that promote inflammation and joint destruction. How these cells become and remain activated is still elusive. Both genetic and environmental factors probably play a role in transforming FLSs into inflammatory matrix-degrading cells. As bacterial products have been detected in the joint and shown to trigger joint inflammation, this study was undertaken to investigate whether a bacterial ligand of integrin alpha5beta1, protein I/II, could contribute to the aggressive behavior of RA FLSs. Protein I/II is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) isolated from oral streptococci that have been identified in the joints of RA patients. The response of RA and osteoarthritis FLSs to protein I/II was analyzed using human cancer cDNA expression arrays. RT-PCR and pro-MMP-3 (pro-matrix metalloproteinase) assays were then performed to confirm the up-regulation of gene expression. Protein I/II modulated about 6% of all profiled genes. Three of these, those encoding IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and MMP-3, showed a high expression level in all RA FLSs tested, whereas the expression of genes encoding other members of the cytokine or MMP-family was not affected. Furthermore, the up-regulation of MMP-3 gene expression was followed by an increase of pro-MMP-3 release. The expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor-5 was also up-regulated, although the expression levels were lower. Only one gene, that for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4, was down-regulated in all RA FLSs. In contrast, in osteoarthritis FLSs only one gene, that for IL-6, was modulated. These results suggest that a bacterial ligand of integrin alpha5beta1 may contribute to the aggressive behavior of RA FLSs by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a cartilage-degrading enzyme, such as IL-6 and MMP-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm 392, Infection et Inflammation, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Vanessa A Druet
- Inserm 392, Infection et Inflammation, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Wachsmann
- Inserm 392, Infection et Inflammation, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Département de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Weiss T, Shalit I, Blau H, Werber S, Halperin D, Levitov A, Fabian I. Anti-inflammatory effects of moxifloxacin on activated human monocytic cells: inhibition of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and of synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1974-82. [PMID: 15155187 PMCID: PMC415605 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.6.1974-1982.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that moxifloxacin (MXF) exerts protective anti-inflammatory effects in immunosuppressed mice infected with Candida albicans by inhibiting interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production in the lung. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB translocation in lung epithelium and macrophages in MXF-treated mice. In the present study we investigated the effects of MXF on the production of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta) by activated human peripheral blood monocytes and THP-1 cells and analyzed the effects of the drug on the major signal transduction pathways associated with inflammation: NF-kappaB and the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta secretion rose 20- and 6.7-fold in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes and THP-1 cells, respectively. MXF (5 to 20 microg/ml) significantly inhibited cytokine production by 14 to 80% and 15 to 73% in monocytes and THP-1 cells, respectively. In THP-1 cells, the level of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation increased fourfold following stimulation with LPS-phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and this was inhibited (38%) by 10 microg of MXF per ml. We then assayed the degradation of inhibitor (I)-kappaB by Western blotting. LPS-PMA induced degradation of I-kappaB by 73%, while addition of MXF (5 microg/ml) inhibited I-kappaB degradation by 49%. Activation of ERK1/2 and the 46-kDa p-JNK protein was enhanced by LPS and LPS-PMA and was significantly inhibited by MXF (54 and 42%, respectively, with MXF at 10 microg/ml). We conclude that MXF suppresses the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytes and THP-1 cells and that it exerts its anti-inflammatory effects in THP-1 cells by inhibiting NF-kappaB, ERK, and JNK activation. Its anti-inflammatory properties should be further assessed in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Weiss
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Zeisel MB, Neff LA, Randle J, Klein JP, Sibilia J, Wachsmann D. Impaired release of IL-18 from fibroblast-like synoviocytes activated with protein I/II, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern from oral streptococci, results from defective translation of IL-18 mRNA in pro-IL-18. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:593-8. [PMID: 15104599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18 are key mediators of joint inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This chronic inflammation may result from a non-specific innate immune response that could be triggered by a wide variety of microorganisms, because numerous bacterial fragments have been identified in the joints of RA patients. As we have demonstrated previously that protein I/II, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) from oral streptococci, triggers IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression and release from either THP-1 cells or fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), we next explored the capacity of protein I/II to induce the synthesis and release of IL-18 in THP-1 cells and in FLSs isolated from either RA or osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We demonstrate that protein I/II induced IL-18 mRNA in both THP-1 cells and FLSs but, in contrast to THP-1 cells, gene expression was not associated with the synthesis of the corresponding protein in FLSs. Furthermore, our studies revealed that FLSs did not express the biologically inactive precursor, pro-IL-18, in response to protein I/II. Using actinomycin D, we also showed that IL-18 mRNA is unstable in FLSs. Taken together, these data indicate that lack of IL-18 release from activated FLSs results from a defect in translation of IL-18 mRNA into pro-IL-18 because of rapid degradation of IL-18 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm 392, Infection et Inflammation, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Grassl GA, Kracht M, Wiedemann A, Hoffmann E, Aepfelbacher M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Bohn E, Autenrieth IB. Activation of NF-kappaB and IL-8 by Yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein is conferred by engagement of Rac1 and MAP kinase cascades. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5:957-71. [PMID: 14641180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica triggers activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and production of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. This activation is due to adhesion of the bacteria via their outer membrane protein invasin to the host cells. Using Clostridium difficile toxins that specifically inactivate small GTPases, and transfection of inhibitory proteins of the Rho-GTPases, we demonstrate that Rac1, but not Cdc42 or Rho, is required for activation of NF-kappaB by invasin. Invasin activated the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) p38 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). The functional relevance of these pathways for invasin-mediated IL-8 expression was assessed by protein kinase inhibitors and dominant-negative kinase mutants. While NF-kappaB and JNK contribute to IL-8 transcription, p38 MAPK also acts through stabilization of IL-8 mRNA, as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Transfection experiments with I-kappaB kinase (IKK)1 and IKK2 mutants indicate that the release of NF-kappaB from its cytoplasmic inhibitor I-kappaB and its translocation into the nucleus is mediated by these kinases. Our data identify Rac1 as a key intermediate in invasin-triggered IL-8 synthesis and demonstrate that maximum IL-8 induction involves several MAP kinase cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntram A Grassl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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