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Abstract
Background:Tics, defined as quick, rapid, sudden, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations are required components of Tourette Syndrome (TS) - a complex disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating, chronic motor and vocal tics, and the presence of co-existing neuropsychological problems. Despite many advances, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/TS remains unknown.Objective:To address a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of TS. More specifically: 1) the configuration of circuits likely involved; 2) the role of inhibitory influences on motor control; 3) the classification of tics as either goal-directed or habitual behaviors; 4) the potential anatomical site of origin, e.g. cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, or other(s); and 5) the role of specific neurotransmitters (dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and others) as possible mechanisms (Abstract figure).Methods:Existing evidence from current clinical, basic science, and animal model studies are reviewed to provide: 1) an expanded understanding of individual components and the complex integration of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical (CBGTC) circuit - the pathway involved with motor control; and 2) scientific data directly addressing each of the aforementioned controversies regarding pathways, inhibition, classification, anatomy, and neurotransmitters.Conclusion:Until a definitive pathophysiological mechanism is identified, one functional approach is to consider that a disruption anywhere within CBGTC circuitry, or a brain region inputting to the motor circuit, can lead to an aberrant message arriving at the primary motor cortex and enabling a tic. Pharmacologic modulation may be therapeutically beneficial, even though it might not be directed toward the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Kamakolanu UG, Meyer ME, Yasuda D, Polgar WE, Marti M, Mercatelli D, Pisanò CA, Brugnoli A, Morari M, Zaveri NT. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of Nociceptin Receptor Partial Agonists That Afford Symptom Ablation in Parkinson's Disease Models. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2688-2704. [PMID: 31951130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of C(3)-substituted piperdinylindoles were developed as nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) partial agonists to explore a pharmacological hypothesis that NOP partial agonists would afford a dual pharmacological action of attenuating Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms and development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. SAR around the C-3 substituents investigated effects on NOP binding, intrinsic activity, and selectivity and showed that while the C(3)-substituted indoles are selective, high affinity NOP ligands, the steric, polar, and cationic nature of the C-3 substituents affected intrinsic activity to afford partial agonists with a range of efficacies. Compounds 4, 5, and 9 with agonist efficacies between 25% and 35% significantly attenuated motor deficits in the 6-OHDA-hemilesioned rat model of PD. Further, unlike NOP antagonists, which appear to worsen dyskinesia expression, these NOP partial agonists did not attenuate or worsen dyskinesia expression. The NOP partial agonists and their SAR reported here may be useful to develop nondopaminergic treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Gayathri Kamakolanu
- Astraea Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Michael E Meyer
- Astraea Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Dennis Yasuda
- Astraea Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Willma E Polgar
- Astraea Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Clarissa Anna Pisanò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Nurulain T Zaveri
- Astraea Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
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3
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Koch ET, Raymond LA. Dysfunctional striatal dopamine signaling in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1636-1654. [PMID: 31304622 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the striatum is critical for a variety of behaviors including movement, behavioral flexibility, response to reward and many forms of learning. Alterations to dopamine transmission contribute to pathological features of many neurological diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene. The striatum is preferentially degenerated in HD, and this region receives dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. Studies of HD patients and genetic rodent models have shown changes to levels of dopamine and its receptors in the striatum, and alterations in dopamine receptor signaling and modulation of other neurotransmitters, notably glutamate. Throughout his career, Dr. Michael Levine's research has furthered our understanding of dopamine signaling in the striatum of healthy rodents and HD mouse models. This review will focus on the work of his group and others in elucidating alterations to striatal dopamine signaling that contribute to pathophysiology in HD mouse models, and how these findings relate to human HD studies. We will also discuss current and potential therapeutic interventions for HD that target the dopamine system, and future research directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Morari M, Fantin M. Loss of the preferential control over the striato-nigral direct pathway by striatal NMDA receptors in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Analyst 2016; 140:3830-9. [PMID: 25584655 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
By using multi-probe microdialysis we previously demonstrated that endogenous glutamate differentially regulates the activity of the striatal output pathways in vivo, through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors containing the GluN2A or GluN2B subunits. Using the same approach, we presently investigate whether reverse dialysis of NMDA in the striatum differentially affects GABA release in the striatum and in striatal target areas, i.e. globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). Moreover, we ask whether this control is altered under parkinsonian conditions. Intrastriatal NMDA perfusion (10 min) evoked GABA release more potently in SNr (1-100 μM) than in other regions (10-100 μM), suggesting preferential control over striato-nigral projection neurons. Intrastriatal NMDA more potently stimulated glutamate levels in the striatum (1-100 μM) and SNr (1-10 μM) than in GP (10 μM). Striatal dopamine denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine caused a leftward shift in the NMDA concentration-response curve. Intrastriatal NMDA elevated GABA levels at 0.1 μM (all regions) and 1 μM (striatum and GP only), but not at higher concentrations, indicating that, compared to naïve animals, the GABA response in SNr was attenuated. Attenuation of the glutamate response was also observed in SNr (NMDA effective only at 0.1 μM). Conversely, the glutamate response in GP was widened (NMDA effective in the 0.1-1 μM range). We conclude that NMDA preferentially stimulates the activity of the striato-nigral direct pathway under physiological conditions. In Parkinson's disease, dopamine loss compromises the NMDA ability to stimulate striato-nigral neurons, thus shifting the NMDA control towards the striato-pallidal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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5
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Paolone G, Brugnoli A, Arcuri L, Mercatelli D, Morari M. Eltoprazine prevents levodopa-induced dyskinesias by reducing striatal glutamate and direct pathway activity. Mov Disord 2015. [PMID: 26207892 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical evidence that the serotonergic system plays a major role in levodopa-induced dyskinesias has been provided. Selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptor agonists, and, very recently, the mixed 5-HT1A /5-HT1B receptor agonist, eltoprazine, proved effective in inhibiting L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in experimental animals and parkinsonian patients. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect. METHODS Microdialysis was employed in 6-hydroxydopamine-hemilesioned rats chronically treated with L-dopa alone or in combination with eltoprazine. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels were monitored on L-dopa in the dopamine-depleted striatum and ipsilateral SNr. Motor activity on the rotarod was assessed, both off and on L-dopa. Western blot was used to quantify ex vivo striatal levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2. Striatal and nigral amino acid levels, as well as striatal dopamine levels, were also monitored in L-dopa-primed dyskinetic rats acutely challenged with L-dopa and eltoprazine. RESULTS Eltoprazine attenuated the development and expression of dyskinesias, preserving motor coordination on the rotarod. Eltoprazine prevented the rise of nigral amino acids and striatal glutamate levels, as well as the increase in striatal phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, associated with dyskinesias. However, eltoprazine did not affect the L-dopa-induced increase in striatal dopamine. CONCLUSIONS Eltoprazine inhibits the sensitization of striatonigral medium-sized GABA spiny neurons (the direct pathway) to L-dopa and their overactivation associated with dyskinesias appearance. Activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors regulating striatal glutamate transmission, but not striatal ectopic dopamine release, might underlie the symptomatic effect of eltoprazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ludovico Arcuri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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6
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Cristino L, Luongo L, Squillace M, Paolone G, Mango D, Piccinin S, Zianni E, Imperatore R, Iannotta M, Longo F, Errico F, Vescovi AL, Morari M, Maione S, Gardoni F, Nisticò R, Usiello A. d-Aspartate oxidase influences glutamatergic system homeostasis in mammalian brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1890-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Bastías-Candia S, Di Benedetto M, D'Addario C, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Combined exposure to agriculture pesticides, paraquat and maneb, induces alterations in the N/OFQ-NOPr and PDYN/KOPr systems in rats: Relevance to sporadic Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:656-63. [PMID: 24376148 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite several years of research, the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is quite far from being solved. In PD, as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders, it has been proposed that the combination of multiple factors might contribute to the onset of the disease. Indeed, several authors have suggested that environmental factors, such as pollutants and chemicals, might be associated with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, several studies have described that the nociceptin/orphanin-NOP and prodynorphin-KOP opioid systems are implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Considering the nonrestricted commercial availability and common use of several pesticides, such as paraquat and maneb, in agriculture of less developed countries, the aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of nociceptin/orphanin-NOP and prodynorphin-KOP systems in a chronic paraquat and maneb animal model of Parkinson's disease. Our results showed that after paraquat/maneb (5/15 mg kg(-1) ) treatment, a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, was observed. Also, the association of paraquat and maneb (5/15 mg kg(-1) ) induced an increase in nociceptin/orphanin and a decrease of prodynorphin gene expression levels in the substantia nigra with a down-regulation of NOP and KOP receptors after both treatments in the substantia nigra and caudate putamen. These data further confirm that paraquat and maneb toxicity can modulate gene expression of the nociceptin/orphanin-NOP receptor and prodynorphin-KOP receptor systems in the substantia nigra and caudate putamen, offering further support to the hypothesis that chronic exposure to these agrochemicals might be implicated in the mechanisms underlying sporadic Parkinson's disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 656-663, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Di Benedetto
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Zainal Abidin S, Tan EL, Chan SC, Jaafar A, Lee AX, Abd Hamid MHN, Abdul Murad NA, Pakarul Razy NF, Azmin S, Ahmad Annuar A, Lim SY, Cheah PS, Ling KH, Mohamed Ibrahim N. DRD and GRIN2B polymorphisms and their association with the development of impulse control behaviour among Malaysian Parkinson's disease patients. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:59. [PMID: 25896831 PMCID: PMC4417293 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impulse control disorder (ICD) and behaviours (ICB) represent a group of behavioural disorders that have become increasingly recognised in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients who previously used dopaminergic medications, particularly dopamine agonists and levodopa. It has been suggested that these medications can lead to the development of ICB through the abnormal modulation of dopaminergic transmission and signalling in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. Several studies have reported an association between polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor (DRD) and N-methyl-D-aspartate 2B (GRIN2B) genes with the development of ICB in PD (PD-ICB) patients. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of selected polymorphisms within the DRD and GRIN2B genes with the development of ICB among PD patients using high resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Method We used high resolution melt (HRM) analysis to genotype 11 polymorphisms in 5 DRD genes [DRD1 (rs4532, rs4867798 and rs265981), DRD2 (ANKK1 rs1800497, rs104894220 and rs144999500), DRD3 (rs3732783 and rs6280), DRD4 (rs1800443), and DRD5 (rs144132215)] and 1 polymorphism in GRIN2B (rs7301328) in PD patients with (cases, n = 52) and without (controls, n = 39) ICB. Cases were obtained from two tertiary movement disorder centres [UKMMC (n = 9) and UMMC (n = 43)]. At both centres, the diagnosis of ICB was made using the QUIP questionnaire. Controls were recruited from PD patients who attended UKMMC and were found to be negative for ICB using the QUIP questionnaire. Results The HRM analysis showed that 7 of 11 polymorphisms [DRD1 (rs4532, rs4867798, and rs265981), DRD2 (ANKK1 rs1800497), DRD3 (rs3732783 and rs6280), and GRIN2B (rs7301328)] exhibited a clear distinction between wild-type and variant alleles. Variants of DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 (OR = 3.77; 95% CI, 1.38-10.30; p = 0.0044), DRD1 rs4867798 (OR = 24.53; 95% CI, 1.68-357.28; p = 0.0054), DRD1 rs4532 (OR = 21.33; 95% CI, 1.97-230.64; p = 0.0024), and GRIN2B rs7301328 (OR = 25.07; 95% CI, 1.30-483.41; p = 0.0097) were found to be associated with an increased risk of developing ICB among PD patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in dopamine [DRD1 (rs4532 and rs4867798) and DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497] and glutamate (GRIN2B rs7301328) receptor genes confer increased risk of ICB development among PD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0316-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eng Liang Tan
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-Choy Chan
- Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ameerah Jaafar
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alex Xuen Lee
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamdi Noor Abd Hamid
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fadlina Pakarul Razy
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Azlina Ahmad Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shen Yang Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Stimulation of δ opioid receptor and blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor synergistically attenuate parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12953-62. [PMID: 25253844 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4677-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
δ opioid peptide (DOP) receptors are considered a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease, although the use of DOP agonists may be limited by side effects, including convulsions. To circumvent this issue, we evaluated whether blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) tone potentiated the antiparkinsonian effects of DOP agonists, thus allowing for reduction of their dosage. Systemic administration of the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) antagonist J-113397 [(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one] and the DOP receptor agonist SNC-80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-(2S,5R)-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxy-benzyl]-N-N-diethylbenzamide] revealed synergistic attenuation of motor deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice. In this model, repeated administration of the combination produced reproducible antiparkinsonian effects and was not associated with rescued striatal dopamine terminals. Microdialysis studies revealed that either systemic administration or local intranigral perfusion of J-113397 and SNC-80 led to the enhancement of nigral GABA, reduction of nigral Glu, and reduction of thalamic GABA levels, consistent with the view that NOP receptor blockade and DOP receptor stimulation caused synergistic overinhibition of nigro-thalamic GABA neurons. Whole-cell recording of GABA neurons in nigral slices confirmed that NOP receptor blockade enhanced the DOP receptor-induced effect on IPSCs via presynaptic mechanisms. Finally, SNC-80 more potently stimulated stepping activity in mice lacking the NOP receptor than wild-type controls, confirming the in vivo occurrence of an NOP-DOP receptor interaction. We conclude that endogenous N/OFQ functionally opposes DOP transmission in substantia nigra reticulata and that NOP receptor antagonists might be used in combination with DOP receptor agonists to reduce their dosage while maintaining their full therapeutic efficacy.
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10
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Marti M, Mela F, Budri M, Volta M, Malfacini D, Molinari S, Zaveri NT, Ronzoni S, Petrillo P, Calò G, Morari M. Acute and chronic antiparkinsonian effects of the novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist NiK-21273 in comparison with SB-612111. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:863-79. [PMID: 22994368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide (NOP) receptor antagonists have been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease. Main limitations of previous studies were the use of structurally similar compounds and the evaluation of their acute effects only. We report here on the acute and long-term antiparkinsonian effects of the novel compound 2-[3-[4-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetamide (NiK-21273) in comparison with the potent and selective NOP receptor antagonist SB-612111. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Basic pharmacological properties of NiK-21273 were studied in cell lines and isolated tissues (mouse and rat vas deferens). Antiparkinsonian effects were studied in reserpinized mice and 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats under both acute and chronic administration protocols. KEY RESULTS In vitro, NiK-21273 behaved as a potent (pA(2) 7.7) and selective NOP receptor antagonist. In vivo, it reduced hypokinesia in reserpinized mice at 0.1 and 1 but not 10 mg·kg(-1), whereas SB-612111 (0.01-1 mg·kg(-1)) provided a dose-dependent antiparkinsonian effect. NiK-21273 ameliorated motor performance in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats at 0.5 and 5 but not 15 mg·kg(-1). SB-612111 replicated these effects in the 0.01-1 mg·kg(-1) range without loss of efficacy. Both antagonists synergized with L-DOPA at subthreshold doses. Chronic administration of NiK-21273 provided delayed improvement in baseline activity at 0.5 and 1.5 mg·kg(-1), although tolerance to the higher dose was observed. Conversely, SB-612111 (1 mg·kg(-1)) maintained its effects over time without modifying baseline activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NOP receptor antagonists provide motor benefit in parkinsonism models although the 'therapeutic' window and long-term effects may vary between compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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The evaluation of AZ66, an optimized sigma receptor antagonist, against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and memory impairment in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1033-44. [PMID: 22932447 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptors have recently been identified as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics aimed at mitigating the effects of methamphetamine. Particularly, σ receptors are believed to mitigate some of the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine through modulation of dopamine, dopamine transporters and body temperature. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that targeting σ receptors may prevent cognitive impairments produced by methamphetamine. In the present study, an optimized σ receptor antagonist, AZ66, was evaluated against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. AZ66 was found to be highly selective for σ receptors compared to 64 other sites tested. Pretreatment of male, Swiss Webster mice with i.p. dosing of AZ66 significantly attenuated methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletions, striatal dopamine transporter reductions and hyperthermia. Additionally, neurotoxic dosing with methamphetamine caused significant memory impairment in the object recognition test, which was attenuated when animals were pretreated with AZ66; similar trends were observed in the step-through passive avoidance test. Taken together, these results suggest that targeting σ receptors may provide neuroprotection against the neurotoxicity and cognitive impairments produced by methamphetamine.
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12
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Mabrouk OS, Mela F, Calcagno M, Budri M, Viaro R, Dekundy A, Parsons CG, Auberson YP, Morari M. GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA receptor subunits differentially modulate striatal output pathways and contribute to levodopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in dyskinetic rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:808-16. [PMID: 23611155 DOI: 10.1021/cn400016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual probe microdialysis was used to investigate whether GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA receptor subunits regulate striatal output pathways under dyskinetic conditions. The preferential GluN2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 perfused in the dopamine-depleted striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned dyskinetic rats reduced GABA and glutamate levels in globus pallidus whereas the selective GluN2B antagonist Ro 25-6981 elevated glutamate without affecting pallidal GABA. Moreover, intrastriatal NVP-AAM077 did not affect GABA but elevated glutamate levels in substantia nigra reticulata whereas Ro 25-6981 elevated GABA and reduced nigral glutamate. To investigate whether GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA receptor subunits are involved in motor pathways underlying dyskinesia expression, systemic NVP-AAM077 and Ro 25-6981 were tested for their ability to attenuate levodopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements. NVP-AAM077 failed to prevent dyskinesia while Ro 25-6981 mildly attenuated it. We conclude that in the dyskinetic striatum, striatal GluN2A subunits tonically stimulate the striato-pallidal pathway whereas striatal GluN2B subunits tonically inhibit striato-nigral projections. Moreover, GluN2A subunits are not involved in dyskinesia expression whereas GluN2B subunits minimally contribute to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Mabrouk
- Department of Medical
Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Flora Mela
- Department of Medical
Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
- Merz Pharmaceuticals, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mariangela Calcagno
- Department of Medical
Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirco Budri
- Department of Medical
Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section
of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department
of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical
Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
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Marti M, Rodi D, Li Q, Guerrini R, Fasano S, Morella I, Tozzi A, Brambilla R, Calabresi P, Simonato M, Bezard E, Morari M. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor agonists attenuate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. J Neurosci 2012; 32:16106-19. [PMID: 23152595 PMCID: PMC6794016 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6408-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated whether the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), previously implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, also affects L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In striatal slices of naive rodents, N/OFQ (0.1-1 μm) prevented the increase of ERK phosphorylation and the loss of depotentiation of synaptic plasticity induced by the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 in spiny neurons. In vivo, exogenous N/OFQ (0.03-1 nmol, i.c.v.) or a synthetic N/OFQ receptor agonist given systemically (0.01-1 mg/Kg) attenuated dyskinesias expression in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats primed with L-DOPA, without causing primary hypolocomotive effects. Conversely, N/OFQ receptor antagonists worsened dyskinesia expression. In vivo microdialysis revealed that N/OFQ prevented dyskinesias simultaneously with its neurochemical correlates such as the surge of nigral GABA and glutamate, and the reduction of thalamic GABA. Regional microinjections revealed that N/OFQ attenuated dyskinesias more potently and effectively when microinjected in striatum than substantia nigra (SN) reticulata, whereas N/OFQ receptor antagonists were ineffective in striatum but worsened dyskinesias when given in SN. Quantitative autoradiography showed an increase in N/OFQ receptor binding in striatum and a reduction in SN of both unprimed and dyskinetic 6-hydroxydopamine rats, consistent with opposite adaptive changes of N/OFQ transmission. Finally, the N/OFQ receptor synthetic agonist also reduced dyskinesia expression in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated dyskinetic macaques without affecting the global parkinsonian score. We conclude that N/OFQ receptor agonists may represent a novel strategy to counteract L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Their action is possibly mediated by upregulated striatal N/OFQ receptors opposing the D1 receptor-mediated overactivation of the striatonigral direct pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100 Ferrara Italy
| | - Donata Rodi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100 Ferrara Italy
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44100 Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Morella
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dip. Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dip. Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100 Ferrara Italy
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, F-33000 France; and
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, F-33000 France
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100 Ferrara Italy
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14
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Nanoparticulate lipid dispersions for bromocriptine delivery: Characterization and in vivo study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Mela F, Marti M, Bido S, Cenci MA, Morari M. In vivo evidence for a differential contribution of striatal and nigral D1 and D2 receptors to l-DOPA induced dyskinesia and the accompanying surge of nigral amino acid levels. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45:573-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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16
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Ferraro L, O'Connor WT, Beggiato S, Tomasini MC, Fuxe K, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Striatal NTS1 , dopamine D2 and NMDA receptor regulation of pallidal GABA and glutamate release--a dual-probe microdialysis study in the intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine unilaterally lesioned rat. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 35:207-20. [PMID: 22211865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current microdialysis study elucidates a functional interaction between the striatal neurotensin NTS(1) receptor and the striatal dopamine D(2) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the regulation of striatopallidal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels after an ipsilateral intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the ascending dopamine pathways to the striatum. Lateral globus pallidus GABA levels were higher in the lesioned group while no change was observed in striatal GABA and glutamate levels. The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion did not alter the ability of intrastriatal NT (10 nm) to counteract the decrease in pallidal GABA and glutamate levels induced by the dopamine D(2) -like receptor agonist quinpirole (10 μm). A more pronounced increase in the intrastriatal NMDA- (10 μm) induced increase in pallidal GABA levels was observed in the lesioned group while it attenuated the increase in striatal glutamate levels and amplified the increase in pallidal glutamate levels compared with that observed in the controls. NT enhanced the NMDA-induced increase in pallidal GABA and glutamate and striatal glutamate levels; these effects were counteracted by the NTS(1) antagonist SR48692 (100 nm) in both groups. These findings demonstrate an inhibitory striatal dopamine D(2) and an excitatory striatal NMDA receptor regulation of striatopallidal GABA transmission in both groups. These actions are modulated by NT via antagonistic NTS(1) /D(2) and facilitatory NTS(1) /NMDA receptor-receptor interactions, leading to enhanced glutamate drive of the striatopallidal GABA neurons associated with motor inhibition, effects which all are counteracted by SR48692. Thus, NTS(1) antagonists in combination with conventional treatments may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Purkayastha S, Ford J, Kanjilal B, Diallo S, Del Rosario Inigo J, Neuwirth L, El Idrissi A, Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A, Azmitia EC, Banerjee P. Clozapine functions through the prefrontal cortex serotonin 1A receptor to heighten neuronal activity via calmodulin kinase II-NMDA receptor interactions. J Neurochem 2011; 120:396-407. [PMID: 22044428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is believed to underlie schizophrenia, but the mechanistic pathway through which a widely used antipsychotic, clozapine (Clz), evokes neurotransmitter-releasing electrical stimulation is unclear. We analyzed Clz-evoked regulation of neuronal activity in the PFC by stimulating axons in layers IV and V and recording the electrical effect in the post-synaptic pyramidal cells of layers II and III. We observed a Clz-evoked increase in population spike (PS), which was mediated by serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT(1A)-R), phospholipase Cβ, and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Immunoblotting demonstrated that the Clz-activation of CaMKII was 5-HT(1A)-R-mediated. Intriguingly, the NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonist (±)2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) eliminated the Clz-mediated increase in PS, suggesting that the 5-HT(1A)-R, NMDA-R and CaMKII form a synergistic triad, which boosts excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP), thereby enhancing PS. In corroboration, Clz as well as NMDA augmented field EPSP (fEPSP), and WAY100635 (a 5-HT(1A)-R antagonist), APV, and a CaMKII inhibitor eliminated this increase. As previously shown, CaMKII binds to the NMDA-R 2B (NR2B) subunit to become constitutively active, thereby inducing α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor recruitment to the post-synaptic membrane and an increase in fEPSP. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Clz potentiates interactions among CaMKII, NR2B, and 5-HT(1A)-R, possibly in the membrane rafts of the post-synaptic density (PSD), because pretreatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD), an agent that disrupts rafts, inhibited both co-immunoprecipitation as well as fEPSP. In summary, Clz functions in the PFC by orchestrating a synergism among 5-HT(1A)-R, CaMKII, and NMDA-R, which augments excitability in the PFC neurons of layers II/III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshana Purkayastha
- CSI/IBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience, The College of Staten Island, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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18
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Drago A, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Serretti A. The molecular interaction between the glutamatergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems informs a detailed genetic perspective on depressive phenotypes. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:418-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bido S, Marti M, Morari M. Amantadine attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in mice and rats preventing the accompanying rise in nigral GABA levels. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1043-55. [PMID: 21740438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amantadine is the only drug marketed for treating levodopa-induced dyskinesia. However, its impact on basal ganglia circuitry in the dyskinetic brain, particularly on the activity of striatofugal pathways, has not been evaluated. We therefore used dual probe microdialysis to investigate the effect of amantadine on behavioral and neurochemical changes in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata of 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-lesioned dyskinetic mice and rats. Levodopa evoked abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in dyskinetic mice, and simultaneously elevated GABA release in substantia nigra reticulata (∼3-fold) but not globus pallidus. Glutamate levels were unaffected in both areas. Amantadine (40 mg/kg, i.p.), ineffective alone, attenuated (∼50%) AIMs expression and prevented the GABA rise. Moreover, it unraveled a facilitatory effect of levodopa on pallidal glutamate levels. Levodopa also evoked AIMs expression and a GABA surge (∼2-fold) selectively in the substantia nigra of dyskinetic rats. However, different from mice, glutamate levels rose simultaneously. Amantadine, ineffective alone, attenuated (∼50%) AIMs expression preventing amino acid increase and leaving unaffected pallidal glutamate. Overall, the data provide neurochemical evidence that levodopa-induced dyskinesia is accompanied by activation of the striato-nigral pathway in both mice and rats, and that the anti-dyskinetic effect of amantadine partly relies on the modulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bido
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Volta M, Viaro R, Trapella C, Marti M, Morari M. Dopamine-nociceptin/orphanin FQ interactions in the substantia nigra reticulata of hemiparkinsonian rats: involvement of D2/D3 receptors and impact on nigro-thalamic neurons and motor activity. Exp Neurol 2011; 228:126-37. [PMID: 21215744 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide (NOP) receptor antagonists proved to be effective in alleviating experimental parkinsonism. Nonetheless, loss of effectiveness or even worsening of parkinsonian symptoms have been observed at high doses. With the aim of clarifying the circuitry underlying the dual action of NOP receptor antagonists and the role of endogenous dopamine, the NOP receptor antagonist 1-benzyl-N-[3-[spiroisobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidin-1-yl]propyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (Compound 24) and the D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonist raclopride were used in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats. Systemically administered Compound 24 improved motor activity in the 0.1-10mg/kg dose range being ineffective at 30 mg/kg. To confirm NOP selectivity, Compound 24 improved motor performance in wild-type mice at 1 and 10mg/kg and inhibited it at 60 mg/kg, being ineffective in NOP receptor knockout mice. To prove that the bell-shaped profile was mediated by nigral NOP receptors, reverse dialysis of Compound 24 (0.03 μM) in substantia nigra reticulata ameliorated akinesia whereas Compound 24 (3 μM) was ineffective. To demonstrate that motor responses were mediated by tuning inhibitory and excitatory inputs to nigro-thalamic neurons, the low concentration elevated GABA and reduced glutamate in substantia nigra, simultaneously reducing GABA levels in ventro-medial thalamus. Conversely, the higher concentration reduced nigral and elevated thalamic GABA, without affecting nigral glutamate levels. Co-perfusion with raclopride (1 μM) abolished the antiakinetic action of Compound 24 (0.03 μM) and turned the ineffectiveness of Compound 24 (3 μM) into an antiakinetic effect. The low concentration reduced nigral but did not affect thalamic GABA whereas the higher concentration elevated nigral and reduced thalamic GABA. Neither concentration affected nigral glutamate. We conclude that dual motor effects of Compound 24 in hemiparkinsonian rats are accomplished through blockade of nigral NOP receptors resulting in opposite modulation of nigro-thalamic neurons. Endogenous dopamine contributes to these responses affecting the level of GABAergic inhibition of the nigral output via D(2)/D(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Volta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Darvesh AS, Carroll RT, Geldenhuys WJ, Gudelsky GA, Klein J, Meshul CK, Van der Schyf CJ. In vivo brain microdialysis: advances in neuropsychopharmacology and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:109-127. [PMID: 21532928 PMCID: PMC3083031 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.547189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Microdialysis is an important in vivo sampling technique, useful in the assay of extracellular tissue fluid. The technique has both pre-clinical and clinical applications but is most widely used in neuroscience. The in vivo microdialysis technique allows measurement of neurotransmitters such as acetycholine (ACh), the biogenic amines including dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), amino acids such as glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as the metabolites of the aforementioned neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides in neuronal extracellular fluid in discrete brain regions of laboratory animals such as rodents and non-human primates. AREAS COVERED: In this review we present a brief overview of the principles and procedures related to in vivo microdialysis and detail the use of this technique in the pre-clinical measurement of drugs designed to be used in the treatment of chemical addiction, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and as well as psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. This review offers insight into the tremendous utility and versatility of this technique in pursuing neuropharmacological investigations as well its significant potential in rational drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION: In vivo microdialysis is an extremely versatile technique, routinely used in the neuropharmacological investigation of drugs used for the treatment of neurological disorders. This technique has been a boon in the elucidation of the neurochemical profile and mechanism of action of several classes of drugs especially their effects on neurotransmitter systems. The exploitation and development of this technique for drug discovery in the near future will enable investigational new drug candidates to be rapidly moved into the clinical trial stages and to market thus providing new successful therapies for neurological diseases that are currently in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf S. Darvesh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Psychiatry, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Richard T. Carroll
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Werner J. Geldenhuys
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Gary A. Gudelsky
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jochen Klein
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60438, Germany
| | - Charles K. Meshul
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Pathology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Portland Veterans Affairs Research Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cornelis J. Van der Schyf
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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Marti M, Sarubbo S, Latini F, Cavallo M, Eleopra R, Biguzzi S, Lettieri C, Conti C, Simonato M, Zucchini S, Quatrale R, Sensi M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Morari M. Brain interstitial nociceptin/orphanin FQ levels are elevated in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1723-32. [PMID: 20589874 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and release of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) are elevated in the substantia nigra reticulata of 6-hydroxydopamine-hemilesioned rats, suggesting a pathogenic role for N/OFQ in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated whether elevation of N/OFQ expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-hemilesioned rats selectively occurs in substantia nigra and whether hypomotility following acute haloperidol administration is accompanied by a rise in nigral N/OFQ levels. Moreover, to prove a link between N/OFQ and idiopathic Parkinson's disease in humans, we measured N/OFQ levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients undergoing surgery for deep brain stimulation. In situ hybridization demonstrated that dopamine depletion was associated with increase of N/OFQ expression in substantia nigra (compacta +160%, reticulata +105%) and subthalamic nucleus (+45%), as well as reduction in caudate putamen (-20%). No change was observed in globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, and motor cortex. Microdialysis coupled to the bar test allowed to demonstrate that acute administration of haloperidol (0.8 and 3 mg/kg) increased nigral N/OFQ levels (maximally of +47% and +53%, respectively) in parallel with akinesia. A correlation with preclinical studies was found by analyzing N/OFQ levels in humans. Indeed, N/OFQ levels were found to be approximately 3.5-fold elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients (148 fmol/ml) compared with nonparkinsonian neurologic controls (41 fmol/ml). These data represent the first clinical evidence linking N/OFQ to idiopathic Parkinson's disease in humans. They strengthen the pathogenic role of N/OFQ in the modulation of parkinsonism across species and provide a rationale for developing N/OFQ receptor antagonists as antiparkinsonian drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Wu SL, Wang WF, Shyu HY, Ho YJ, Shieh JC, Fu YP, Wu ST, Cheng CW. Association analysis of GRIN1 and GRIN2B polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease in a hospital-based case–control study. Neurosci Lett 2010; 478:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Singer HS, Morris C, Grados M. Glutamatergic modulatory therapy for Tourette syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:862-7. [PMID: 20022434 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of chronic, fluctuating motor and vocal (phonic) tics. The disorder is commonly associated with a variety of comorbidities including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), school problems, anxiety, and depression. Therapeutically, if tics are causing psychosocial or physical problems, symptomatic medications are often prescribed, typically alpha-adrenergic agonists or dopamine antagonists. Recognizing that therapy is often ineffective and frequently associated with unacceptable side-effects, there is an ongoing effort to identify new tic-suppressing therapies. Several lines of evidence are presented that support the use of glutamate modulators in TS including glutamate's major role in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits (CSTC), the recognized extensive interaction between glutamate and dopamine systems, results of familial genetic studies, and data from neurochemical analyses of postmortem brain samples. Since insufficient data is available to determine whether TS is definitively associated with a hyper- or hypo-glutamatergic state, potential treatment options using either glutamate antagonists or agonists are reviewed. Data from studies using these agents in the treatment of OCD are presented. If validated, modulation of the glutamate system could provide a valuable new pharmacological approach in the treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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25
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Mabrouk O, Marti M, Salvadori S, Morari M. The novel delta opioid receptor agonist UFP-512 dually modulates motor activity in hemiparkinsonian rats via control of the nigro-thalamic pathway. Neuroscience 2009; 164:360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guillin O, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. Neurobiology of dopamine in schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 78:1-39. [PMID: 17349856 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)78001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is an update on the dopamine (DA) imbalance in schizophrenia, including the evidence for subcortical hyperstimulation of D2 receptors underlying positive symptoms and cortical hypodopaminergia-mediating cognitive disturbances and negative symptoms. After a brief review of the anatomical neurocircuitry of this transmitter system as a background, we summarize the evidence for dopaminergic alterations deriving from pharmacological, postmortem, and imaging studies. This evidence supports a prominent role for D2 antagonism in the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and strongly suggests the need for alternative approaches to address the more challenging problem of negative symptoms and cognitive disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Guillin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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Lei Y, Yaroslavsky I, Tejani-Butt SM. Strain differences in the distribution of N-methyl-d-aspartate and gamma (gamma)-aminobutyric acid-A receptors in rat brain. Life Sci 2009; 85:794-9. [PMID: 19874829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have shown that the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat strain exhibits depressive symptoms such as anhedonia, psychomotor retardation, ambivalence and negative memory bias following exposure to stress. Given the involvement of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma (gamma)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathways in influencing depressive behavior, the present study investigated strain differences in the distribution of central N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and GABA(A) receptor sites in WKY compared to their inbred counterpart, Wistar (WIS) rats. MAIN METHODS Quantitative autoradiographic analysis was used to map the binding and distribution of NMDA and GABA(A) receptors in various brain regions in WKY and WIS rats. KEY FINDINGS Results indicated a significant difference between the two strains. Lower NMDA receptor binding was found in the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate putmen, nucleus accumbens, CA1 region of the hippocampus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in WKY compared to WIS rats. Conversely, higher GABA(A) receptor binding was found in the amygdala, caudate putmen, dentate gyrus, CA2 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus, periaqueductal grey and substantia nigra pars reticulata in WKY compared to WIS rats. SIGNIFICANCE Given that these two rat strains differ in their behavioural, endocrine and neurochemical profile, the observed strain differences in NMDA and GABA(A) receptor binding suggest that these two neurotransmitter systems may be involved in the depressive and stress-sensitive phenotype of the WKY rat strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Di Giovanni G, Esposito E, Di Matteo V. In vivo microdialysis in Parkinson's research. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009:223-43. [PMID: 20411781 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal system, which in turn produces profound neurochemical changes within the basal ganglia, representing the neural substrate for parkinsonian motor symptoms. The pathogenesis of the disease is still not completely understood, but environmental and genetic factors are thought to play important roles. Research into the pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic intervention strategies that will slow or stop the progression of the disease in human has rapidly advanced by the use of neurotoxins that specifically target DA neurons. Over the years, a broad variety of experimental models of the disease has been developed and applied in diverse animal species. The two most common toxin models used employ 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/1-methyl-4-phenilpyridinium ion (MPTP/MPP+), either given systemically or locally applied into the nigrostriatal pathway, to resemble PD features in animals. Both neurotoxins selectively and rapidly destroy catecolaminergic neurons, although with different mechanisms. Since in vivo microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography is an established technique for studying physiological, pharmacological, and pathological changes of a wide range of low molecular weight substances in the brain extracellular fluid, here we review the most prominent animal and human data obtained by the use of this technique in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, G. Pagano, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
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Mabrouk OS, Volta M, Marti M, Morari M. Stimulation of delta opioid receptors located in substantia nigra reticulata but not globus pallidus or striatum restores motor activity in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats: new insights into the role of delta receptors in parkinsonism. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1647-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marti M, Trapella C, Morari M. The novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist Trap-101 alleviates experimental parkinsonism through inhibition of the nigro-thalamic pathway: positive interaction with L-DOPA. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1683-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Fantin M, Auberson YP, Morari M. Differential effect of NR2A and NR2B subunit selective NMDA receptor antagonists on striato-pallidal neurons: relationship to motor response in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of parkinsonism. J Neurochem 2008; 106:957-68. [PMID: 18435828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that NMDA receptors containing the NR2A or NR2B subunits differentially regulate striatal output pathways. We now investigate whether such a differential control is altered under parkinsonian conditions and whether subunit selective antagonists have different abilities to attenuate parkinsonian-like motor deficits. Three microdialysis probes were simultaneously implanted in the dopamine-depleted striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata of 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats. The NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 perfused in the striatum reduced pallidal GABA, but not glutamate, levels whereas the NR2B antagonist Ro 25-6981 was ineffective. Neither antagonist affected striatal or nigral amino acid levels. To investigate whether these neurochemical responses were predictive of different antiparkinsonian activities, antagonists were administered systemically and motor activity evaluated in different motor tasks. Neither antagonist attenuated akinesia/bradykinesia in the bar and drag test. However, NVP-AAM077 dually modulated rotarod performance (low doses being facilitatory and higher ones inhibitory) while Ro 25-6981 monotonically improved it. Microdialysis revealed that motor facilitating doses reduced pallidal GABA levels while motor inhibiting doses increased them. We conclude that, under parkinsonian conditions, the striato-pallidal pathway is driven by striatal NR2A subunits. Motor improvement induced by NVP-AAM077 and Ro 25-6981 is accomplished by blockade of striatal NR2A and extrastriatal NR2B subunits, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fantin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Mazza R, Fuxe K, Fournier J, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Neurotensin receptors as modulators of glutamatergic transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 58:365-73. [PMID: 18096238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies have provided evidence supporting the concept that the tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) acts in the central nervous system as a classical neurotransmitter and/or as an important modulator of neuronal signalling. The role of NT in the regulation of the striatal amino acidergic transmission, mainly by antagonising D2 receptor function, will be analysed. In addition, in different rat brain regions, including the basal ganglia, the contribution of NT receptors in modulating and reinforcing glutamate signalling will be shown including the involvement of interactions between NT and NMDA receptors. Since the enhancement of glutamate transmission and in particular the excessive activation of NMDA receptors, has been postulated to be an important factor in the induction of glutamate-mediated neuronal damage, the involvement of NT in the glutamate-induced neurodegenerative effects will be discussed. Moving from these observations and in order to further investigate this issue, results from preliminary behavioural, functional and biochemical experiments will be presented on the putative neuroprotective effect obtained by the blockade of NT receptor 1 (NTS1) via the systemic administration of the selective NTS1 antagonist SR48692 in an in vivo animal model of Parkinson's disease [unilateral nigral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway].
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Fantin M, Marti M, Auberson YP, Morari M. NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors differentially regulate striatal output pathways. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2200-11. [PMID: 17986236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple probe microdialysis was employed to investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors regulate the activity of striato-pallidal and striato-nigral projection neurons. Probes were implanted in the striatum, ipsilateral globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. Intrastriatal perfusion with the NR2A subunit selective antagonist (R)-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-(2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-5-yl)-methyl]-phosphonic acid (NVP-AAM077) reduced pallidal GABA and increased nigral glutamate (GLU) release whereas perfusion with the NR2B subunit selective antagonist (R-(R*,S*)-alpha-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-beta-methyl-4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperidinepropanol (Ro 25-6981) reduced nigral GABA and elevated striatal and pallidal GLU release. To confirm that changes in GABA levels were because of blockade of (GLUergic-driven) tonic activity of striatofugal neurons, tetrodotoxin was perfused in the striatum. Tetrodotoxin reduced both pallidal and nigral GABA release without changing GLU levels. To investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunits were also involved in phasic activation of striatofugal neurons, NVP-AAM077 and Ro 25-6981 were challenged against a NMDA concentration able to evoke GABA release in the three areas. Both antagonists prevented the NMDA-induced striatal GABA release. NVP-AAM077 also prevented the NMDA-induced surge in GABA release in the globus pallidus, whereas Ro 25-6981 attenuated it in the substantia nigra. We conclude that striatal NMDA receptors containing NR2A and NR2B subunits preferentially regulate the striato-pallidal and striato-nigral projection neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fantin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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34
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Ampe B, Massie A, D'Haens J, Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Sarre S. NMDA-mediated release of glutamate and GABA in the subthalamic nucleus is mediated by dopamine: an in vivo microdialysis study in rats. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1063-74. [PMID: 17727638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid.H2O (NMDA) on the dopamine, glutamate and GABA release in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) by using in vivo microdialysis in rats. NMDA (100 micromol/L) perfused through the microdialysis probe evoked an increase in extracellular dopamine in the STN of the intact rat of about 170%. This coincided with significant increases in both extracellular glutamate (350%) and GABA (250%). The effect of NMDA perfusion on neurotransmitter release at the level of the STN was completely abolished by co-perfusion of the selective NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 micromol/L), whereas subthalamic perfusion of MK-801 alone had no effect on extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations. Furthermore, NMDA induced increases in glutamate were abolished by both SCH23390 (8 micromol/L), a selective D1 antagonist, and remoxipride (4 micromol/L), a selective D2 antagonist. The NMDA induced increase in GABA was abolished by remoxipride but not by SCH23390. Perfusion of the STN with SCH23390 or remoxipride alone had no effect on extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations. The observed effects in intact animals depend on the nigral dopaminergic innervation, as dopamine denervation, by means of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the substantia nigra, clearly abolished the effects of NMDA on neurotransmitter release at the level of the STN. Our work points to a complex interaction between dopamine, glutamate and GABA with a crucial role for dopamine at the level of the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ampe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Neuropharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
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Marti M, Trapella C, Viaro R, Morari M. The nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist J-113397 and L-DOPA additively attenuate experimental parkinsonism through overinhibition of the nigrothalamic pathway. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1297-307. [PMID: 17287504 PMCID: PMC6673573 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4346-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a battery of behavioral tests, we showed that nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP receptor) antagonists attenuated parkinsonian-like symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats (Marti et al., 2005). We now present evidence that coadministration of the NOP receptor antagonist 1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one (J-113397) and L-DOPA to 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats produced an additive attenuation of parkinsonism. To investigate the neurobiological substrates underlying this interaction, in vivo microdialysis was used in combination with behavioral measurements (bar test). J-113397 and L-DOPA alone reduced the time on bars (i.e., attenuated akinesia) and elevated GABA release selectively in the lesioned substantia nigra reticulata. J-113397 also reduced nigral glutamate levels, whereas L-DOPA was ineffective. J-113397 and L-DOPA coadministration produced additive antiakinetic effect, which was associated with additive increase in nigral GABA release but no additional reductions in glutamate levels. To investigate whether the increase in nigral GABA release could translate to changes in nigrothalamic transmission, GABA release was monitored in the ventromedial thalamus (one of the main target areas of the nigrothalamic projections). J-113397 and L-DOPA decreased thalamic GABA release and attenuated akinesia, their combination resulting in a more profound effect. These actions were prevented by perfusing the voltage-dependent Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin or the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline in the substantia nigra reticulata. These data demonstrate that J-113397 and L-DOPA exert their antiparkinsonian action through overinhibition of nigrothalamic transmission and suggest that NOP receptor antagonists may be useful as an adjunct to L-DOPA therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, and
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, and
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, and
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Devoino LV, Al'perina EL, Gevorgyan MM, Cheido MA. Interaction between dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in modulation of the immune response. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 141:553-5. [PMID: 17181050 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between dopamine D1 and D2 receptors plays a role in immunomodulation. The results of thus interaction depends on the degree of receptor activation with selective agonists in different doses. Combined treatment with agonists of D1 and D2 receptors in high doses had a synergistic effect in the mechanisms of immunomodulation. Receptor agonists in low doses suppressed the immune response. Our results suggest that weak activation of one of these receptors is accompanied by inactivation of the other receptor type.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Dopamine Agents/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/immunology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/immunology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Devoino
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Neurochemical Modulation, Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk
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Mela F, Marti M, Dekundy A, Danysz W, Morari M, Cenci MA. Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2007; 101:483-97. [PMID: 17359492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) modulates dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission at central synapses. In this study, we addressed the role of mGluR5 in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, a movement disorder that is due to abnormal activation of both dopamine and glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia. A selective and potent mGluR5 antagonist, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl] pyridine, was tested for its ability to modulate molecular, behavioural and neurochemical correlates of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats treated with l-DOPA. The compound significantly attenuated the induction of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) by chronic l-DOPA treatment at doses that did not interfere with the rat physiological motor activities. These effects were paralleled by an attenuation of molecular changes that are strongly associated with the dyskinesiogenic action of l-DOPA (i.e. up-regulation of prodynorphin mRNA in striatal neurons). Using in vivo microdialysis, we found a temporal correlation between the expression of l-DOPA-induced AIMs and an increased GABA outflow within the substantia nigra pars reticulata. When co-administered with l-DOPA, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl] pyridine greatly attenuated both the increase in nigral GABA levels and the expression of AIMs. These data demonstrate that mGluR5 antagonism produces strong anti-dyskinetic effects in an animal model of Parkinson's disease through central inhibition of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Mela
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zmarowski A, Sarter M, Bruno JP. NMDA and dopamine interactions in the nucleus accumbens modulate cortical acetylcholine release. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1731-40. [PMID: 16197513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAC) plays a key role in directing appropriate motor output following the presentation of behaviorally relevant stimuli. As such, we postulate that accumbens efferents also participate in the modulation of neuronal circuits regulating attentional processes directed toward the identification and selection of these stimuli. In this study, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and D1 ligands were perfused into the shell region of the NAC of awake rats. Cortical cholinergic transmission, a mediator of attentional processes, was measured via microdialysis probes inserted into the prefrontal cortex (PFC). NMDA perfusions (150 or 250 microm) into NAC resulted in significant increases in acetylcholine (ACh) efflux in PFC (150-200% above baseline levels). Co-administration of the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (150 microm) markedly attenuated (by approx. 70%) ACh efflux following perfusions of 150 microm NMDA but not following 250 microm NMDA, suggesting that D1 receptor activity contributes to the ability of the lower but not the higher concentration of NMDA to increase cortical ACh release. Collectively, these data reveal a positive modulation of NMDA receptors by D1 receptors in NAC that is expressed trans-synaptically at the level of cortical transmission. This modulation may underlie the coordinated linking of attentional processes and motor output following exposure to salient and behaviorally relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zmarowski
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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David HN, Ansseau M, Abraini JH. Dopamine-glutamate reciprocal modulation of release and motor responses in the rat caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of "intact" animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:336-60. [PMID: 16278019 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional interactions between dopaminergic neurotransmission and glutamatergic neurotransmission are well known to play a crucial integrative role in the striatum, the major input structure of the basal ganglia now widely recognized to contribute to the control of motor activity and movements but also to the processing of cognitive and limbic functions. However, the nature of these interactions is still a matter of debate and controversy. This review (1) summarizes anatomical data on the distribution of dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptors in the striatum-accumbens complex, (2) focuses on the dopamine-glutamate interactions in the modulation of each other's release in the striatum-accumbens complex, and (3) examines the dopamine-glutamate interactions in the entire striatum involved in the control of locomotor activity. The effects of dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptor selective agonists and antagonists on dopamine and glutamate release as well on motor responses are analyzed in the entire striatum, by reviewing both in vitro and in vivo data. Regarding in vivo data, only findings from focal injections studies in the nucleus accumbens or the caudate-putamen of "intact" animals are reviewed. Altogether, the available data demonstrate that dopamine and glutamate do not uniformly interact to modulate each others' release and postsynaptic modulation of striatal output neurons. Depending on the receptor subtypes involved, interactions between dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission vary as a multiple and complex combination of tonic, phasic, facilitatory, and inhibitory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène N David
- Unité de Psychologie Médicale, CHU Sart-Tilman, B 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Laruelle M, Frankle WG, Narendran R, Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A. Mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: from dopamine D(2) receptor antagonism to glutamate NMDA facilitation. Clin Ther 2005; 27 Suppl A:S16-24. [PMID: 16198197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fundamental pathologic processes associated with schizophrenia remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE The goal of this article was to review imaging evidence suggesting that schizophrenia is associated with excessive stimulation of D(2) receptors, as well as imaging experiments supporting the hypothesis that this dysregulation might be secondary to N- methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Recent imaging data support the association of schizophrenia with a dopamine endophenotype involving excessive subcortical dopamine function. Animal and imaging data are consistent with the idea that this abnormality might be secondary to a synaptic disconnectivity involving the prefrontal cortex, which is well modeled by NMDA antagonist administration. In turn, this dopamine dysregulation might worsen synaptic connectivity and NMDA function. Thus, both glutamate/dopamine and dopamine/glutamate interactions may be relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology and treatment. A deficit in glutamate transmission may lead to the dopamine endophenotype associated with this illness, and dopamine alterations in turn might exacerbate glutamate transmission deficits. The view that NMDA alterations are primary and dopamine alterations are secondary is probably oversimplistic, as both sets of abnormalities reinforce each other. A consequence of this general model is that direct intervention to support NMDA function might be beneficial as an augmentation strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia. Thus, it is proposed that schizophrenia is associated with strongly interconnected abnormalities of glutamate and dopamine transmission: NMDA hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex and its connections might generate a pattern of dysregulation of dopamine systems that, in turn, further weakens NMDA-mediated connectivity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Laruelle
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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41
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Marti M, Mela F, Fantin M, Zucchini S, Brown JM, Witta J, Di Benedetto M, Buzas B, Reinscheid RK, Salvadori S, Guerrini R, Romualdi P, Candeletti S, Simonato M, Cox BM, Morari M. Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ transmission attenuates symptoms and neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2005; 25:9591-601. [PMID: 16237164 PMCID: PMC6725738 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2546-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid-like neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its receptor (NOP) are expressed in the substantia nigra (SN), a brain area containing dopamine neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Endogenous N/OFQ facilitates nigral glutamate release and inhibits nigrostriatal dopamine transmission and motor behavior. Here, we present evidence suggesting that endogenous N/OFQ may contribute to Parkinson's disease. Pharmacological blockade of the SN N/OFQ-NOP receptor system attenuated parkinsonian-like akinesia/hypokinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned or haloperidol-treated rats, whereas deletion of the NOP receptor gene conferred mice partial protection from haloperidol-induced motor depression. The antiparkinsonian action of NOP receptor antagonists was associated with reduction of glutamate release in the SN. In 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats, enhancement of N/OFQ expression and release was detected in the lesioned compared with the unlesioned SN, indicating that parkinsonism may be associated with overactivation of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system in the SN. Finally, deletion of the N/OFQ gene conferred mice partial protection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced loss of SN dopamine neurons. Based on these data, we propose that NOP receptor antagonists may represent a novel approach for combined (symptomatic and neuroprotective) therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Mazzuferi M, Binaschi A, Rodi D, Mantovani S, Simonato M. Induction of B1 bradykinin receptors in the kindled hippocampus increases extracellular glutamate levels: a microdialysis study. Neuroscience 2005; 135:979-86. [PMID: 16125864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A link between temporal lobe epilepsy (the most common epileptic syndrome in adults) and neuropeptides has been established. Among neuropeptides, the possible involvement of bradykinin has recently received attention. An autoradiographic analysis has shown that B1 receptors, which are physiologically absent, are expressed at high levels in the rat brain after completion of kindling, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, the present work aimed at investigating the functional implications of this observation, by studying the effect of B1 receptor activation on extracellular glutamate levels in the kindled hippocampus. Microdialysis experiments have been performed in two groups of rats, control and kindled. Glutamate outflow has been measured under basal conditions and after chemical stimulation with high K+ (100 mM in the dialysis solution). Basal glutamate outflow in kindled animals was significantly higher than in controls. High K+-evoked glutamate outflow was also more pronounced in kindled animals, consistent with the latent hyperexcitability of the epileptic tissue. The B1 receptor agonist Lys-des-Arg9-BK induced an increase of basal and high K+-evoked glutamate outflow in kindled but not in control rats, and the selective B1 receptor antagonist R-715 prevented both these effects. Furthermore, R-715 significantly reduced high K+-evoked glutamate outflow when applied alone. These data suggest that the bradykinin system contributes to the modulation of epileptic neuronal excitability through B1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazzuferi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies. Eur Psychiatry 2005; 20:15-27. [PMID: 15642439 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence including recent imaging studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of the dopaminergic system, entailing hyperstimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors and understimulation of cortical DA D1 receptors. This DA endophenotype presumably emerges from the background of a more general synaptic dysconnectivity, involving alterations in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamatergic (GLU) functions. Equally important is the fact that this DA dysregulation might further impair NMDA transmission. The first generation antipsychotic (FGA) drugs are characterized by high affinity to and generally high occupancy of D2 receptors. The efficacy of FGAs is limited by a high incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs display reduced EPS liability and modest but clinically significant enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Compared to FGAs, the improved therapeutic action of SGAs probably derives from a more moderate D2 receptor blockade. We will review the effects of SGAs on other neurotransmitter systems and conclude by highlighting the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at directly increasing prefrontal DA, D1 receptor transmission or NMDA transmission to enhance the therapeutic effect of moderate D2 receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Unit 31, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Touchon JC, Holmer HK, Moore C, McKee BL, Frederickson J, Meshul CK. Apomorphine-induced alterations in striatal and substantia nigra pars reticulata glutamate following unilateral loss of striatal dopamine. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:131-40. [PMID: 15817272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have reported time-dependent changes in extracellular glutamate within the striatum at 1 and 3 months following a unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway using the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (Meshul, C.K., Emre, N., Nakamura, C.M., Allen, C., Donohue, M.K., Buckman, J.F., 1999. Time-dependent changes in striatal glutamate synapses following a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Neurosci. 88, 1-16.). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of such a lesion on glutamate within the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SN-PR) and the effect of subchronic administration of the dopamine D-1/D-2 agonist, apomorphine, on extracellular glutamate within both the striatum and the SN-PR using in vivo microdialysis. One month after the lesion, there is an increase in extracellular glutamate within the striatum and apomorphine treatment leads to a further increase. Within the SN-PR, a loss of striatal dopamine leads to a decrease in extracellular glutamate, while apomorphine treatment leads to a further decrease in nigral glutamate. Three months after a 6-OHDA lesion, there is a decrease in extracellular striatal glutamate, with apomorphine administration leading to essentially no further change in glutamate. The loss of striatal dopamine increased extracellular glutamate within the SN-PR while apomorphine administration resulted in a decrease in extracellular glutamate back to the value observed in the control group. The data suggests that the increase in striatal glutamate 1 month following a 6-OHDA lesion alone or following subchronic apomorphine is consistent with the hypothesis that a decrease in glutamate within the SN-PR leads to activation of the thalamo-cortico-striatal pathway. The decrease in striatal glutamate 3 months after a nigrostriatal lesion is also consistent with the observed increase in extracellular glutamate within the SN-PR, thus leading to a decrease in output of the thalamo-cortico-striatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Touchon
- Research Services, Neurocytology Lab, VA Medical Center, 3710 S.W. Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Marti M, Manzalini M, Fantin M, Bianchi C, Della Corte L, Morari M. Striatal glutamate release evoked in vivo by NMDA is dependent upon ongoing neuronal activity in the substantia nigra, endogenous striatal substance P and dopamine. J Neurochem 2005; 93:195-205. [PMID: 15773919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present microdialysis study was to investigate whether the increase in striatal glutamate levels induced by intrastriatal perfusion with NMDA was dependent on the activation of extrastriatal loops and/or endogenous striatal substance P and dopamine. The NMDA-evoked striatal glutamate release was mediated by selective activation of the NMDA receptor-channel complex and action potential propagation, as it was prevented by local perfusion with dizocilpine and tetrodotoxin, respectively. Tetrodotoxin and bicuculline, perfused distally in the substantia nigra reticulata, prevented the NMDA-evoked striatal glutamate release, suggesting its dependence on ongoing neuronal activity and GABA(A) receptor activation, respectively, in the substantia nigra. The NMDA-evoked glutamate release was also dependent on striatal substance P and dopamine, as it was antagonized by intrastriatal perfusion with selective NK(1) (SR140333), D(1)-like (SCH23390) and D(2)-like (raclopride) receptor antagonists, as well as by striatal dopamine depletion. Furthermore, impairment of dopaminergic transmission unmasked a glutamatergic stimulation by submicromolar NMDA concentrations. We conclude that in vivo the NMDA-evoked striatal glutamate release is mediated by activation of striatofugal GABAergic neurons and requires activation of striatal NK(1) and dopamine receptors. Endogenous striatal dopamine inhibits or potentiates the NMDA action depending on the strength of the excitatory stimulus (i.e. the NMDA concentration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Lawford BR, Young RM, Swagell CD, Barnes M, Burton SC, Ward WK, Heslop KR, Shadforth S, van Daal A, Morris CP. The C/C genotype of the C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor is associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 73:31-7. [PMID: 15567074 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The T allele of the human dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene C957T polymorphism is associated with reduced mRNA translation and stability. This results in decreased dopamine induced DRD2 upregulation and decreased in vivo D2 dopamine binding. Conversely, the C allele of the C957T polymorphism is not associated with such changes in mRNA leading to increased DRD2 expression. PET and postmortem binding studies show that schizophrenia is often associated with increased DRD2 availability. We report that on the basis of comparing the frequencies of the C/C and T/T genotypes of 153 patients with schizophrenia and 148 controls that schizophrenia is associated with the C/C genotype. The C957T shows a population attributable risk for schizophrenia of 24% and an attributable risk in those with schizophrenia of 42%. Increased expression of D2 receptors associated with the C allele is likely to be important in the underlying pathophysiology of at least some forms of schizophrenia. Enhanced understanding of schizophrenia afforded by this finding may lead to advances in treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Lawford
- Division of Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Marti M, Mela F, Veronesi C, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Federici M, Mercuri NB, Rizzi A, Franchi G, Beani L, Bianchi C, Morari M. Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor signaling in rat substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulates nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission and motor behavior. J Neurosci 2004; 24:6659-66. [PMID: 15282268 PMCID: PMC6729727 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0987-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidisciplinary approach was followed to investigate whether the opioid-like peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) regulates the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and motor behavior. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells, which express N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptors, are located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and extend their dendrites in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, thereby modulating the basal ganglia output neurons. In vitro electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that N/OFQ hyperpolarized the dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta and inhibited their firing activity. In vivo dual-probe microdialysis showed that N/OFQ perfused in the substantia nigra pars reticulata reduced dopamine release in the ipsilateral striatum, whereas UFP-101 ([Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ(1-13)-NH2) (a selective NOP receptor peptide antagonist) stimulated it. N/OFQ microinjected in the substantia nigra pars reticulata impaired rat performance on a rotarod apparatus, whereas UFP-101 enhanced it. Electromyography revealed that N/OFQ and UFP-101 oppositely affected muscle tone, inducing relaxation and contraction of triceps, respectively. The selective NOP receptor nonpeptide antagonist J-113397 (1-[3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one), either injected intranigrally or given systemically, also elevated striatal dopamine release and facilitated motor activity, confirming that these effects were caused by blockade of endogenous N/OFQ signaling. The inhibitory role played by endogenous N/OFQ on motor activity was additionally strengthened by the finding that mice lacking the NOP receptor gene outperformed wild-type mice on the rotarod. We conclude that NOP receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, activated by endogenous N/OFQ, drive a physiologically inhibitory control on motor behavior, possibly via modulation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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David HN, Sissaoui K, Abraini JH. Modulation of the locomotor responses induced by D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptor agonists and D-amphetamine by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists in the core of the rat nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2004; 46:179-91. [PMID: 14680757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine and glutamate interactions in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) play a crucial role in both the development of a motor response suitable for the environment and in the mechanisms underlying the motor-activating properties of psychostimulant drugs such as amphetamine. We investigated the effects of the infusion in the NAcc of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists on the locomotor responses induced by the selective D(1)-like receptor agonist SKF 38393, the selective D(2)-like receptor agonist quinpirole, alone or in combination, and D-amphetamine. Infusion of either the NMDA receptor agonist NMDA, the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5, the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX, or the non-NMDA receptor agonist AMPA resulted in an increase in basal motor activity. Conversely, all of these ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptor ligands reduced the increase in locomotor activity induced by focal infusion of D-amphetamine. Interactions with dopamine receptor activation were not so clear: (i). infusion of NMDA and D-AP5 respectively enhanced and reduced the increase in locomotor activity induced by the infusion of the D(1)-like receptor agonist of SKF 38393, while AMPA or CNQX decreased it; (ii). infusion of NMDA, D-AP5, and CNQX reduced the increase in locomotor activity induced by co-injection of SKF 38393+quinpirole--a pharmacological condition thought to activate both D(1)-like and D(2)-like presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors, while infusion of AMPA potentiated it; (iii). infusion of either NMDA, D-AP5 or CNQX, but not of AMPA, potentiated the decrease in motor activity induced by the D(2)-like receptor agonist quinpirole, a compound believed to act only at presynaptic D(2)-like receptors when injected by itself. Our results show that NMDA receptors have an agonist action with D(1)-like receptors and an antagonist action with D(2)-like receptors, while non-NMDA receptors have the opposite action. This is discussed from a anatamo-functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène N David
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR CNRS 6551, IFR 47, Centre CYCERON, BP5229, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, cedex, France
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Miglio G, Varsaldi F, Francioli E, Battaglia A, Canonico PL, Lombardi G. Cabergoline protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells in an in vitro model of ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 489:157-65. [PMID: 15087238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine receptor agonists are protective in different models of neurodegeneration by both receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We used SH-SY5Y cells, differentiated into neuron-like type, to evaluate if cabergoline, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist endowed with anti-oxidant activity, protects the cells against ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation model). Cabergoline protected the cells from ischemia-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner (EC(50)=1.2 microM), as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and fluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide staining. This effect, observed even when the drug was added after oxygen-glucose deprivation, was not mediated by either dopamine D2 receptor activation or anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein over-expression (Western blotting analysis), but was linked to a reduction in cellular free radical loading (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining) and membrane lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reacting test). In conclusion, cabergoline protects in vitro neurons against ischemia-induced cell death, suggesting its possible use in the therapy of other neurodegenerative diseases in addition to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Miglio
- DISCAFF Department, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Laruelle M, Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A. Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1003:138-58. [PMID: 14684442 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1300.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental pathological process(es) associated with schizophrenia remain(s) uncertain, but multiple lines of evidence suggest that this condition is associated with (1) excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors, (2) deficient stimulation of prefrontal DA D1 receptors and, (3) alterations in prefrontal connectivity involving glutamate (GLU) transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. This chapter first briefly discusses the current knowledge status for these abnormalities, with emphasis on results derived from clinical molecular imaging studies. The evidence for hyperstimulation of striatal D2 receptors rests on strong pharmacological evidence and has recently received support from brain imaging studies. The hypothesis of deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) D1 receptor stimulation is almost entirely derived from preclinical studies. Preliminary imaging data compatible with this hypothesis have recently emerged. The NMDA hypofunction hypothesis originates mainly from indirect pharmacological data. The interactions between DA and GLU systems relevant to schizophrenia are then reviewed. Animal and imaging data supporting the general model that the putative DA imbalance in schizophrenia (striatal excess and cortical deficiency) might be secondary to NMDA hypofunction in the PFC and its connections are presented. Equally important are the potential consequences of this DA imbalance for NMDA function in the striatum and the cortex, which are subsequently discussed. In conclusion, it is proposed that schizophrenia is associated with strongly interconnected abnormalities of GLU and DA transmission: NMDA hypofunction in the PFC and its connections might generate a pattern of dysregulation of DA systems that, in turn, further weakens NMDA-mediated connectivity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Laruelle
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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