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Merino de Paz N, García-González M, Gómez-Bernal F, Quevedo-Abeledo JC, de Vera-González A, López-Mejias R, Abreu-González P, Martín-González C, González-Gay MÁ, Ferraz-Amaro I. Relationship between Malondialdehyde Serum Levels and Disease Features in a Full Characterized Series of 284 Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1535. [PMID: 37627530 PMCID: PMC10451961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Oxidative stress has been observed to be increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Some studies have shown that MDA is upregulated in SLE compared to controls. However, the literature lacks reports regarding the relationship of MDA to disease manifestations. This is relevant since SLE is a multisystemic disease which may affect virtually any organ in the body. In this study, we set out to analyze how MDA serum levels are associated with disease expression in a large series of SLE patients who were fully characterized in clinical and laboratory terms. A total of 284 patients with SLE were recruited. Serum levels of MDA, and the activity (SLEDAI), severity (Katz) and damage index (SLICC-DI) scores, full lipid profile, and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis were assessed. In addition, a full characterization of the complement system was performed in SLE patients' samples. Multivariable linear regression analysis was executed to study the relationship between clinical and laboratory disease characteristics and MDA. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between disease duration and MDA. In contrast, the presence of anti-nucleosome antibodies was positively associated with MDA. Regarding the SLICC-DI areas, both the musculoskeletal domain and the cutaneous domain were significantly related to higher serum MDA values. Furthermore, after adjustment for confounding factors, lower levels of the classical complement pathway, which denotes activation, were associated with higher serum levels of MDA. In conclusion, cumulative musculoskeletal and skin damage in SLE patients is associated with superior serum levels of MDA. In addition, activation of the complement system is also related to higher circulating MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra Merino de Paz
- Division of Dermatology, Dermamedicin Clínicas, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - María García-González
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Fuensanta Gómez-Bernal
- Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (F.G.-B.); (A.d.V.-G.)
| | | | - Antonia de Vera-González
- Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (F.G.-B.); (A.d.V.-G.)
| | - Raquel López-Mejias
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Candelaria Martín-González
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. González-Gay
- Division of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Iván Ferraz-Amaro
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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2
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Connolly K, Batacan R, Jackson D, Vella R, Fenning A. Perindopril prevents development of obesity and hypertension in middle aged diet-induced obese rat models of metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 2023; 314:121291. [PMID: 36535403 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The therapeutic properties of anti-hypertensive medications that extend beyond blood pressure lowering have started to become important clinical targets in recent years. This study aimed to assess the cardioprotective effects of perindopril in attenuating complications associated with metabolic syndrome in diet induced obese rats. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats aged 16 weeks were fed either standard rat chow (SC) or given a high-fat-high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 20 weeks. Perindopril treatment (1 mg/kg/day) was administered to a subset of WKY rats commencing at week 8 of the 20 week HFHC feeding period. Body weights, food, water and energy intakes, blood pressure, heart rate and glucose tolerance were measured throughout the treatment period. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, lipid levels, cardiac collagen deposition, vascular function, aortic and cardiac electrical function were examined after the treatment. KEY FINDINGS WKY rats developed metabolic syndrome after 20 weeks of HFHC feeding, evidenced by the presence of abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and hypertension. Perindopril treatment prevented the development of obesity and hypertension in WKY-HFHC. Perindopril improved blood lipid profiles in HFHC rats with decreases in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Type I collagen levels were decreased in WKY-HFHC rats along with decreases in left ventricle mass. Perindopril treated rats also showed improved cardiac electrical function indicated by decreases in action potential at 90 % of repolarisation in WKY-HFHC rats. SIGNIFICANCE These results show that perindopril has a profound effect on preventing the development of metabolic syndrome in animals fed a HFHC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Connolly
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Romeo Batacan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia.
| | - Douglas Jackson
- Australian Catholic University, 40 Edward St, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vella
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Andrew Fenning
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
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3
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N-Acetylcysteine: more than preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in uremic patients-focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:1481-1492. [PMID: 36593372 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized as a pathophysiologic mechanism underlying the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). OS, which results from the disturbance of balance among pro-oxidants and antioxidants favoring the pro-oxidants, is present even in early CKD and increases progressively along with deterioration of kidney function to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). In ESKD, OS is further exacerbated mainly due to dialysis procedures per se and predisposes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, since OS plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis in uremic patients, several strategies aiming to ameliorate OS in these patients have been proposed. Among those, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol-containing antioxidant agent, has attracted special attention due to its pleiotropic functions and beneficial effect in various OS-related entities including paracetamol overdose and prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. In this review, we present the currently available literature on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of NAC in CKD, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
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Cheng F, Luk AO, Wu H, Tam CHT, Lim CKP, Fan B, Jiang G, Carroll L, Yang A, Lau ESH, Ng ACW, Lee HM, Chow E, Kong APS, Keech AC, Joglekar MV, So WY, Hardikar AA, Chan JCN, Jenkins AJ, Ma RCW. Relative leucocyte telomere length is associated with incident end-stage kidney disease and rapid decline of kidney function in type 2 diabetes: analysis from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register. Diabetologia 2022; 65:375-386. [PMID: 34807303 PMCID: PMC8741666 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Few large-scale prospective studies have investigated associations between relative leucocyte telomere length (rLTL) and kidney dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We examined relationships between rLTL and incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and the slope of eGFR decline in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We studied 4085 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes observed between 1995 and 2007 in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register with stored baseline DNA and available follow-up data. rLTL was measured using quantitative PCR. ESKD was diagnosed based on the ICD-9 code and eGFR. RESULTS In this cohort (mean ± SD age 54.3 ± 12.6 years) followed up for 14.1 ± 5.3 years, 564 individuals developed incident ESKD and had shorter rLTL at baseline (4.2 ± 1.2 vs 4.7 ± 1.2, p < 0.001) than the non-progressors (n = 3521). On Cox regression analysis, each ∆∆Ct decrease in rLTL was associated with an increased risk of incident ESKD (HR 1.21 [95% CI 1.13, 1.30], p < 0.001); the association remained significant after adjusting for baseline age, sex, HbA1c, lipids, renal function and other risk factors (HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.19], p = 0.007). Shorter rLTL at baseline was associated with rapid decline in eGFR (>4% per year) during follow-up (unadjusted OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.15, 1.30], p < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.01, 1.17], p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION rLTL is independently associated with incident ESKD and rapid eGFR loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Telomere length may be a useful biomarker for the progression of kidney function and ESKD in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Cheng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Andrea O Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hongjiang Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cadmon K P Lim
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Guozhi Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Luke Carroll
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Eric S H Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Alex C W Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Rogula S, Gąsecka A, Mazurek T, Navarese EP, Szarpak Ł, Filipiak KJ. Safety and Efficacy of DOACs in Patients with Advanced and End-Stage Renal Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031436. [PMID: 35162472 PMCID: PMC8835601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing due to the aging of the population and multiplication of risk factors, such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis and obesity. Impaired renal function increases both the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. There are two groups of orally administered drugs to prevent thromboembolic events in patients with CKD who require anticoagulation: vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Although VKAs remain the first-line treatment in patients with advanced CKD, treatment with VKAs is challenging due to difficulties in maintaining the appropriate anticoagulation level, tendency to accelerate vascular calcification and faster progression of CKD in patients treated with VKAs. On the other hand, the pleiotropic effect of DOACs, including vascular protection and anti-inflammatory properties along with comparable efficacy and safety of treatment with DOACs, compared to VKAs observed in preliminary reports encourages the use of DOACs in patients with CKD. This review summarizes the available data on the efficacy and safety of DOACs in patients with CKD and provides recommendations regarding the choice of the optimal drug and dosage depending on the CKD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Rogula
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Eliano Pio Navarese
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada;
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland;
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Yang CY, Li MC, Lan CW, Lee WJ, Lee CJ, Wu CH, Tang JM, Niu YY, Lin YP, Shiu YT, Cheung AK, Lee YHW, Lee OKS, Chien S, Tarng DC. The Anastomotic Angle of Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Is Associated With Flow Disturbance at the Venous Stenosis Location on Angiography. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:846. [PMID: 32793578 PMCID: PMC7390971 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The juxta-anastomotic stenosis of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a significant clinical problem in hemodialysis patients with no effective treatment. Previous studies of AV anastomotic angles on hemodynamics and vascular wall injury were based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using standardized AVF geometry, not the real-world patient images. The present study is the first CFD study to use angiographic images with patient-specific outcome information, i.e., the exact location of the AVF stenotic lesion. We conducted the CFD analysis utilizing patient-specific AVF geometric models to investigate hemodynamic parameters at different locations of an AVF, and the association between hemodynamic parameters and the anastomotic angle, particularly at the stenotic location. We analyzed 27 patients who used radio-cephalic AVF for hemodialysis and received an angiographic examination for juxta-anastomotic stenosis. The three-dimensional geometrical model of each patient's AVF was built using the angiographic images, in which the shape and the anastomotic angle of the AVF were depicted. CFD simulations of AVF hemodynamics were conducted to obtain blood flow parameters at different locations of an AVF. We found that at the location of the stenotic lesion, the AV angle was significantly correlated with access flow disturbance (r = 0.739; p < 0.001) and flow velocity (r = 0.563; p = 0.002). Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the AV angle determines the lesion's flow disturbance with a high area under the curve value of 0.878. The ROC analysis also identified a cut-off value of the AV angle as 46.5°, above or below which the access flow disturbance was significantly different. By applying CFD analysis to real-world patient images, the present study provides evidence that an anastomotic angle wider than 46.5° might lead to disturbed flow generation, demonstrating a reference angle to adopt during the anastomosis surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Li
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Lan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Jiun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsueh Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Min Tang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Yao Niu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Shiu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alfred K. Cheung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Yan-Hwa Wu Lee
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shu Chien
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Song YR, Kim JK, Lee HS, Kim SG, Choi EK. Serum levels of protein carbonyl, a marker of oxidative stress, are associated with overhydration, sarcopenia and mortality in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:281. [PMID: 32677905 PMCID: PMC7364609 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease is regarded as one of the important mechanisms in the atherosclerosis and muscle wasting. However, studies examining the clinical significance of oxidative stress by direct measurement of these markers and its association with volume status and sarcopenia are limited. Methods A follow-up cross-sectional study was performed in stable hemodialysis (HD) patients and serum protein carbonyl levels were measured as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Additionally, multi-frequency body composition analysis, handgrip strength (HGS) and nutritional assessments were performed at baseline. Results Eighty-eight patients undergoing HD were included and 30 (34.1%) patients died during a mean follow-up of 5.2 years. The mean patient age was 60.6 ± 13.5 years, and the mean HD duration was 50.8 ± 41.3 months. In total, 16 patients (18.2%) were overhydrated, 49 (55.7%) had low HGS and 36 (40.9%) had low muscle mass. Serum protein carbonyl levels were associated with serum levels of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin, hydration status and low HGS. Overhydration (odds ratio [OR] 7.01, 95% CI 1.77–27.79, p = 0.006), prealbumin (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83–0.99, p = 0.030), subjective global assessment (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.08–11.46, p = 0.037) and sarcopenia (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.02–11.32, p = 0.046) were significantly related to increased serum protein carbonyl levels. Multivariate analysis showed that the serum levels of protein carbonyl (Hazard ratio [HR] 2.37, 95% CI 1.02–5.55, p = 0.036), albumin (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06–0.46, p = 0.003), prealbumin (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.92, p = 0.001), overhydration (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.26–8.71, p = 0.015) and sarcopenia (HR 2.72, 95% CI 1.11–6.63, p = 0.028) were independent determinants of all-cause mortality. Conclusions Serum protein carbonyl was significantly associated with overhydration, nutritional status and sarcopenia, and could be a new predictor of mortality in patients undergoing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Rim Song
- Division of Nephrology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-070, Republic of Korea. .,Hallym University Kidney Research Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jwa-Kyung Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-070, Republic of Korea.,Hallym University Kidney Research Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-070, Republic of Korea.,Hallym University Kidney Research Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-070, Republic of Korea.,Hallym University Kidney Research Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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8
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The predictive role of serum calprotectin on mortality in hemodialysis patients with high phosphoremia. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:158. [PMID: 32366231 PMCID: PMC7197146 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory mediator calprotectin (CPT, myeloid-related protein 8/14) is known as an endogenous ligand contributing to pathophysiology in inflammatory diseases. Serum CPT reportedly became a potential biomarker in these conditions, though there is no report predicting the prognosis in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of serum CPT on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods We conducted a multicenter, observational cohort study of 388 Japanese subjects undergoing hemodialysis. Serum CPT were measured using an ELISA. The potential associations between serum CPT and clinical variables were cross-sectionally examined. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the association between serum CPT, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count and mortality. Median follow-up was 6.6 years. Results The median CPT level was 6108 ng/ml (median in healthy subjects, 2800) at baseline. Serum CPT positively correlated with WBC count (ρ = 0.54, P < 0.001) and hs-CRP values (ρ = 0.35, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, hs-CRP was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality after adjusting confounding factors (middle vs. low: hazard ratio [HR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–3.66; high vs. low: 2.47, 1.40–4.47). In the analysis by stratum of phosphate levels, elevated CPT levels were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in the highest tertile (18.1; 3.15–345.9) among the high-phosphate group, but not among the low-phosphate group. Conclusions Serum CPT would become a potential predictive marker on mortality in hemodialysis patients with high-phosphate levels.
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Sutherland MR, Vojisavljevic D, Black MJ. A practical guide to the stereological assessment of glomerular number, size, and cellular composition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2679-2692. [PMID: 31960613 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of a range of measures in the kidneys, such as developmental stage, rate and success, injury, and disease processes, relies on obtaining information on the three-dimensional structure of the renal corpuscles, and in particular the glomerular capillary tufts. To do this in the most accurate, comprehensive, and unbiased manner depends on a knowledge of stereological methods. In this article, we provide a practical guide for researchers on how to quantitate a number of structures in the kidneys, including the estimation of total glomerular number, glomerular capillary length and filtration surface area, and the cellular composition of individual glomeruli. Guidance is also provided on how to apply these methods to kidneys at different sizes and levels of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Sutherland
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danica Vojisavljevic
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Jane Black
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Zheng K, Wang H, Hou B, You H, Yuan J, Luo K, Chen L, Li M, Xu Q, Zhu Y, Cui L, Nigwekar SU, Feng F, Li X. Malnutrition-inflammation is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel diseases and cognitive decline in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:366. [PMID: 29262796 PMCID: PMC5738894 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease patients have an increased prevalence of subclinical cerebrovascular diseases. Dialysis patients have severe vascular diseases burden. The cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD) are difficult to find by clinical assessment. The evaluation of CVSD needs MRI. Cognitive impairment is a consequence of CVSD which is diagnosed by cognitive testing. These limited the study of CVSD and cognitive function in dialysis patients. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are minority of dialysis population. We know even fewer about the CVSD in this special population. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 72 PD patients who received care at the Peking Union Medical College hospital peritoneal dialysis center. CSVD were assessed by brain MR images. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Chinese version of the MMSE and MoCA. Results In our PD patients, the brain MRI showed the prevalence different signs of CSVD were: lacunar infarcts 38.9%, microbleeds 36.1%, abnormal brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) 48.6%, and intracerebral hemorrhage 4.2%. 25% and 86.8%of our patients could be diagnosed as cognitive impairment, according to the MMSE and MoCA test, respectively. nPCR was lower in patients with a lacunar infarct or intracerebral hemorrhage, and relative to the MMSA/MoCA score; hsCRP was higher in patients with lacunar infarct or abnormal WMHs and negative relative to the MMSA/MoCA score. In logistic regression analyses, nPCR was an independent risk factor for lacunar infarcts and impaired cognitive function. The presence of lacunar infarct was an independent risk factor for cognitive function decline. Conclusion We demonstrated a high prevalence of CSVD and cognitive impairment in our PD patients. Lacunar infarct was the main kind of CVSD responsible for PD patients cognitive function decline. Our novel observation also revealed an association between malnutrition-inflammation and CSVD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-017-0777-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui You
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of basic medical sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of basic medical sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sagar Uday Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review of the Literature. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3081856. [PMID: 29138677 PMCID: PMC5613374 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3081856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at high risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. In addition to traditional risk factors, excessive oxidative stress (OS) and chronic inflammation emerge as novel and major contributors to accelerated atherosclerosis and elevated mortality. OS is defined as the imbalance between antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidant products, the latter overwhelming the former. OS appears in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), advances along with worsening of renal failure, and is further exacerbated by the HD process per se. HD patients manifest excessive OS status due to retention of a plethora of toxins, subsidized under uremia, nutrition lacking antioxidants and turn-over of antioxidants, loss of antioxidants during renal replacement therapy, and leukocyte activation that leads to accumulation of oxidative products. Duration of dialysis therapy, iron infusion, anemia, presence of central venous catheter, and bioincompatible dialyzers are several factors triggering the development of OS. Antioxidant supplementation may take an overall protective role, even at early stages of CKD, to halt the deterioration of kidney function and antagonize systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, clinical studies have not yielded unequivocal positive outcomes when antioxidants have been administered to hemodialysis patients, likely due to their heterogeneous clinical conditions and underlying risk profile.
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12
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Effects of preterm birth and ventilation on glomerular capillary growth in the neonatal lamb kidney. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1988-97. [PMID: 27428042 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preterm birth is linked to the development of hypertension later in life. This may relate to impaired glomerular capillary growth following preterm birth. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of preterm birth, and/or ventilation, on glomerular capillary growth in the neonatal lamb kidney. METHODS Four experimental groups were analysed: preterm lambs delivered at 130 days gestation (term = 147 days) and mechanically ventilated for 3 days (preterm ventilated: n = 9), 133 days gestational controls (gestational control: n = 5), term controls, unassisted breathing for 3 days (term control: n = 8), and term lambs ventilated for 3 days (term ventilated: n = 5). In perfusion-fixed kidneys, total nephron number, average total capillary length, and surface area per renal corpuscle were stereologically assessed, and total renal filtration surface area (TRFSA) was calculated. RESULTS In comparison with term controls, preterm lambs had significantly reduced glomerular capillary length, surface area, and TRFSA, indicative of a low renal functional capacity. Term-ventilated lambs exhibited significantly reduced glomerular capillary length and surface area compared with term controls, indicating that ventilation impairs glomerular capillary growth independently of preterm birth. CONCLUSION Impaired glomerular capillary growth and subsequent reduced TRFSA following preterm birth may mediate the increased predisposition to hypertension later in life.
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Mohapatra A, Valson AT, Gopal B, Singh S, Nair SC, Viswabandya A, Varughese S, Tamilarasi V, John GT. Hemostatic Abnormalities in Severe Renal Failure: Do They Bark or Bite? Indian J Nephrol 2017; 28:135-142. [PMID: 29861564 PMCID: PMC5952452 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_104_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal primary hemostasis is believed to be the most significant contributor to uremic bleeding. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and profile of primary and secondary hemostatic disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 4 and 5 and to determine their association if any, with degree of uremia. Stages 4 and 5 predialysis CKD patients attending nephrology outpatient clinic were prospectively recruited and the following bleeding parameters were measured in all patients: platelet count, bleeding time (BT), Factor VIII assay, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), vWF:ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo), ratio of vWF:ristocetin cofactor activity to vWF antigen (vWF:RCo/vWF:Ag), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Forty-five patients (80%, males) with a mean age of 39.4 years, 82% (n = 37) in Stage 5 CKD, were recruited for the study. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia was significantly higher among patients from West Bengal (15/26, 57.7%) compared to other study patients (2/19, 10.5%; P = 0.001); however, all had macrothrombocytes with normal BT, suggestive of the Harris syndrome. Factor VIII, vWF:Ag, vWF:RCo, vWF:RCo/vWF:Ag ratio, BT, PT, and aPTT were abnormal in 0 (0%), 0 (0%), 0 (0%), 4 (8.8%), 1 (2.2%), 7 (15.6%), and 5 (11.1%) patients, respectively. Except for thrombocytopenia, the prevalence of hemostatic abnormalities did not differ between CKD Stages 4 and 5. Hemostatic abnormalities are uncommon in Stages 4–5 CKD and except for thrombocytopenia, are not associated with degree of uremia. Constitutional macrothrombocytopenia is associated with normal BT even in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohapatra
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A T Valson
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Gopal
- Department of Nephrology, Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplant Service, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S Singh
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S C Nair
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Viswabandya
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Varughese
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Tamilarasi
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G T John
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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Beberashvili I, Erlich A, Azar A, Sinuani I, Feldman L, Gorelik O, Stav K, Efrati S. Longitudinal Study of Serum Uric Acid, Nutritional Status, and Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:1015-1023. [PMID: 27026520 PMCID: PMC4891753 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10400915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that longitudinal changes in uric acid (UA) may have independent associations with changes in nutritional parameters over time and consequently, long-term survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of a clinical database containing the medical records of patients on maintenance hemodialysis receiving dialysis between June of 1999 and December of 2012 in a single center; 200 patients (130 men and 70 women) with a median age of 69.0 (interquartile range, 59.3-77.0) years old were included in the study. Dietary intake, biochemical markers of nutrition, anthropometric measurements, and UA levels were recorded at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months followed by 15 additional months of clinical observations. The patients were followed until January 31, 2015 (median follow-up was 38.0 [interquartile range, 30.0-46.8] months). RESULTS In a linear mixed effects model adjusted for baseline demographics and clinical parameters, each 1.0-mg/dl longitudinal increase in UA was associated with a 13.4% slower rate of decline in geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) levels over 3 years of observation (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.11 to 0.39; P<0.001 for UA × time interaction). UA remained associated with the rate of change in GNRI, even after controlling for C-reactive protein. During the follow-up, 87 (43.5%) all-cause and 38 (19.0%) cardiovascular deaths were reported. For each 1.0-mg/dl increase in serum UA over time, the multivariate adjusted all-cause mortality hazard ratio using Cox models with the effect of time-varying risk was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95; P<0.01), which continued to be significant, even after including the baseline GNRI levels in this model: 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.98; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal changes in serum UA seem to track with changes in nutritional status over time, and these changes are associated with survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. An increase in serum UA levels over time is accompanied by improvement of nutritional status and lower mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oleg Gorelik
- Internal Department F, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
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15
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Geenen IL, Kolk FF, Molin DG, Wagenaar A, Compeer MG, Tordoir JH, Schurink GW, De Mey JG, Post MJ. Nitric Oxide Resistance Reduces Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation in Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146212. [PMID: 26727368 PMCID: PMC4699647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autologous arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the first choice for vascular access but have a high risk of non-maturation due to insufficient vessel adaptation, a process dependent on nitric oxide (NO)-signaling. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with oxidative stress that can disturb NO-signaling. Here, we evaluated the influence of CKD on AV fistula maturation and NO-signaling. Methods CKD was established in rats by a 5/6th nephrectomy and after 6 weeks, an AV fistula was created between the carotid artery and jugular vein, which was followed up at 3 weeks with ultrasound and flow assessments. Vessel wall histology was assessed afterwards and vasoreactivity of carotid arteries was studied in a wire myograph. The soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator BAY 60–2770 was administered daily to CKD animals for 3 weeks to enhance fistula maturation. Results CKD animals showed lower flow rates, smaller fistula diameters and increased oxidative stress levels in the vessel wall. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was comparable but vasorelaxation after sodium nitroprusside was diminished in CKD vessels, indicating NO resistance of the NO-receptor sGC. This was confirmed by stimulation with BAY 60–2770 resulting in increased vasorelaxation in CKD vessels. Oral administration of BAY 60–2770 to CKD animals induced larger fistula diameters, however; flow was not significantly different from vehicle-treated CKD animals. Conclusions CKD induces oxidative stress resulting in NO resistance that can hamper AV fistula maturation. sGC activators like BAY 60–2770 could offer therapeutic potential to increase AV fistula maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma L. Geenen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Felix F. Kolk
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G. Molin
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Allard Wagenaar
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs G. Compeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Tordoir
- Department of General Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert W. Schurink
- Department of General Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G. De Mey
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ahmeda AF, Alzoghaibi M. Factors regulating the renal circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 23:441-51. [PMID: 27298576 PMCID: PMC4890190 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of health morbidity and mortality which are linked to many life threatening diseases such as stroke heart problems and renal dysfunction. The integrity of renal microcirculation is crucial to maintaining the clearance and the excretory function in the normotensive and hypertensive conditions. Furthermore, any alteration in the renal function is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. The aim of this review is to provide a brief discussion of some factors that regulate renal haemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats, an animal model of hypertension, and how these factors are linked to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad F Ahmeda
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alzoghaibi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Granata S, Masola V, Zoratti E, Scupoli MT, Baruzzi A, Messa M, Sallustio F, Gesualdo L, Lupo A, Zaza G. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in dialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122272. [PMID: 25798846 PMCID: PMC4370586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess whether NLR pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that mediates the activation of caspase-1 (CASP-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β, could be involved in the chronic inflammatory state observed in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment (CKD-HD), we employed several biomolecular techniques including RT-PCR, western blot, FACS analysis, confocal microscopy and microarray. Interestingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 CKD-HD patients showed higher mRNA levels of NLRP3, CASP-1, ASC, IL-1β, IL-18 and P2X7receptor compared to 15 healthy subjects. Western blotting analysis confirmed the above results. In particular, active forms of CASP-1, IL1-β and IL-18 resulted significantly up-regulated in CKD-HD versus controls. Additionally, elevated mitochondrial ROS level, colocalization of NLRP3/ASC/mitochondria in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CKD-HD patients and down-regulation of CASP-1, IL1-β and IL-18 protein levels in immune-cells of CKD-HD patients stimulated with LPS/ATP in presence of mitoTEMPO, inhibitor of mitochondrial ROS production, suggested a possible role of this organelle in the aforementioned CKD-associated inflammasome activation. Then, microarray analysis confirmed, in an independent microarray study cohort, that NLRP3 and CASP-1, along with other inflammasome-related genes, were up-regulated in 17 CKD-HD patients and they were able to clearly discriminate these patients from 5 healthy subjects. All together these data showed, for the first time, that NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in uremic patients undergoing dialysis treatment and they suggested that this unphysiological condition could be possibly induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Masola
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Zoratti
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Medical Research (LURM), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scupoli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Medical Research (LURM), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Baruzzi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Messa
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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C reactive protein and long-term risk for chronic kidney disease: a historical prospective study. J Nephrol 2014; 28:321-7. [PMID: 24981713 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-014-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that primarily produced by hepatocytes yet may be locally expressed in renal tubular cells. We assessed the association of CRP and the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) development. METHODS Historical prospective cohort study was conducted on subjects attending a screening center in Israel since the year 2000. Subjects with an estimated GFR (eGFR) above 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) at baseline were included, and high sensitive (hs) CRP levels as well as eGFR were recorded for each visit. Follow up continued for at least 5 years for each subject until 2013. Risk for CKD at end of follow up was assessed in relation to mean hs-CRP levels of each subject. The confounding effects of other predictors of CKD were examined. A logistic regression model treating CRP as a continuous variable was further applied. RESULTS Out of 4,345 patients, 42 (1%) developed CKD in a mean follow up of 7.6 ± 2 years. Elevated levels of CRP were associated with greater risk for CKD (crude OR 4.17, 95% CI 1.46-11.89). The OR for the association of CRP with CKD when controlling for age and gender was 5.2 (95% CI 1.7-16.2). When controlling for established renal risk factors, elevated CRP levels remained significantly associated with greater risk for CKD (OR 5.42, 95% CI 1.76-16.68). When applying logistic regression models treating CRP as a continuous variable, for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) or eGFR between 60-90 ml\min\1.73 m(2), the predictive role of CRP for CKD was highly significant. CONCLUSION Elevated CRP level is an independent risk factor for CKD development. In patients with DM, HTN or baseline eGFR between 60-90 ml\min\1.73 m(2) its predictive role is enhanced.
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Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Ellis C, Wu P, Shintani A, Dalal S, Kaplan M, Chonchol M, Hakim RM. Provision of antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis (PATH): a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:623-33. [PMID: 24371300 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased markers of oxidative stress and acute-phase inflammation are prevalent in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis therapy (MHD), and are associated with increased mortality and hospitalization rates and decreased erythropoietin responsiveness. No adequately powered studies have examined the efficacy of antioxidant therapies on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that oral antioxidant therapy over 6 months would decrease selected biomarkers of acute-phase inflammation and oxidative stress and improve erythropoietic response in prevalent MHD patients. In total, 353 patients were enrolled in a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial and randomly assigned to receive a combination of mixed tocopherols (666 IU/d) plus α-lipoic acid (ALA; 600 mg/d) or matching placebos for 6 months (NCT00237718); 238 patients completed the study. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IL-6 concentration were measured as biomarkers of systemic inflammation, and F2 isoprostanes and isofurans were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The groups did not significantly differ at baseline. At 3 and 6 months, the treatment had no significant effect on plasma hsCRP, IL-6, F2 isoprostane, or isofuran concentrations and did not improve the erythropoietic response. No major adverse events were related to the study drug, and both groups had similar mortality and hospitalization rates during the study. In conclusion, the administration of mixed tocopherols and ALA was generally safe and well tolerated, but did not influence biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress or the erythropoietic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Ryan D, Atik A, De Matteo R, Harding R, Black MJ. Chronic intrauterine exposure to endotoxin does not alter fetal nephron number or glomerular size. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:789-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Anzari Atik
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Richard Harding
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Mary J Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Masuda M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Levi M, Ting TC, Miyazaki M. PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling contributes to TNFα-induced vascular calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000238. [PMID: 24008080 PMCID: PMC3835225 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is a common feature in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD increases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a critical mediator of vascular calcification. However, the molecular mechanism by which TNFα promotes CKD-dependent vascular calcification remains obscure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether TNFα-induced vascular calcification in CKD is caused by the endoplasmic reticulum response involving protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of TNFα on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TNFα treatment drastically induced the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response in VSMCs. PERK, ATF4, and CHOP shRNA-mediated knockdowns drastically inhibited mineralization and osteogenesis of VSMCs induced by TNFα. CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomies activated the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response in the aortas of ApoE-/- mice with increased aortic TNFα expression and vascular calcification. Treatment of 5/6 nephrectomized ApoE-/- mice with the TNFα neutralizing antibody or chemical Chaperones reduced aortic PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling of the ER stress increased by CKD. This resulted in the inhibition of CKD-dependent vascular calcification. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TNFα induces the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response, leading to CKD-dependent vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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Lee T, Wadehra D. Genetic causation of neointimal hyperplasia in hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction. Semin Dial 2011; 25:65-73. [PMID: 21917012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2011.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The major cause of hemodialysis vascular access failure is venous stenosis resulting from neointimal hyperplasia. Genetic factors have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in the general population. Genetic factors may also play an important role in vascular access stenosis and development of neointimal hyperplasia by affecting pathways that lead to inflammation, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and vascular smooth muscle proliferation. This review will discuss the role of genetics in understanding neointimal hyperplasia development in hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction and other disease processes with similar neointimal hyperplasia development such as coronary artery disease and PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0585, USA.
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23
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Zhang K, Liu L, Cheng X, Dong J, Geng Q, Zuo L. Low levels of vitamin C in dialysis patients is associated with decreased prealbumin and increased C-reactive protein. BMC Nephrol 2011; 12:18. [PMID: 21548917 PMCID: PMC3112084 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-12-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical inflammation is a common phenomenon in patients on either continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). We hypothesized that vitamin C had anti-inflammation effect because of its electron offering ability. The current study was designed to test the relationship of plasma vitamin C level and some inflammatory markers. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 284 dialysis patients were recruited, including 117 MHD and 167 CAPD patients. The demographics were recorded. Plasma vitamin C was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. And we also measured body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight/height(2)), Kt/V, serum albumin, serum prealbumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, hemoglobin. The relationships between vitamin C and albumin, pre-albumin and hsCRP levels were tested by Spearman correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Patients were classified into three subgroups by vitamin C level according to previous recommendation 12 in MHD and CAPD patients respectively: group A: < 2 ug/ml (< 11.4 umol/l, deficiency), group B: 2-4 ug/ml (11.4-22.8 umol/l, insufficiency) and group C: > 4 ug/ml (> 22.8 umol/l, normal and above). RESULTS Patients showed a widely distribution of plasma vitamin C levels in the total 284 dialysis patients. Vitamin C deficiency (< 2 ug/ml) was present in 95(33.45%) and insufficiency (2-4 ug/ml) in 88(30.99%). 73(25.70%) patients had plasma vitamin C levels within normal range (4-14 ug/ml) and 28(9.86%) at higher than normal levels (> 14 ug/ml). The similar proportion of different vitamin C levels was found in both MHD and CAPD groups. Plasma vitamin C level was inversely associated with hsCRP concentration (Spearman r = -0.201, P = 0.001) and positively associated with prealbumin (Spearman r = 0.268, P < 0.001), albumin levels (Spearman r = 0.161, P = 0.007). In multiple linear regression analysis, plasma vitamin C level was inversely associated with log(10)hsCRP (P = 0.048) and positively with prealbumin levels (P = 0.002) adjusted for gender, age, diabetes, modality of dialysis and some other confounding effects. CONCLUSIONS The investigation indicates that vitamin C deficiency is common in both MHD patients and CAPD patients. Plasma vitamin C level is positively associated with serum prealbumin level and negatively associated with hsCRP level in both groups. Vitamin C deficiency may play an important role in the increased inflammatory status in dialysis patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether inflammatory status in dialysis patients can be improved by using vitamin C supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunying Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking, PR China
- Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Peking, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking, PR China
- Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Peking, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuyang Cheng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking, PR China
- Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Peking, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking, PR China
- Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Peking, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiuming Geng
- Central Lab, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing, 100034 PR China
| | - Li Zuo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking, PR China
- Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Peking, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Beijing, PR China
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Yeo ES, Hwang JY, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WY. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are positively associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:519-25. [PMID: 20499416 PMCID: PMC2880263 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic low-grade inflammation may induce chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the relation between inflammatory biomarkers and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes, which has not yet been reported in Asian populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in 543 patients recruited from diabetic clinics for an ongoing, prospective study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation using plasma creatinine). RESULTS The risk of chronic kidney disease increased in the highest quartiles of C-reactive protein (CRP) [multivariate odds ratio (OR) = 3.73; 95% CI = 1.19-1.70] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (multivariate OR = 4.45; 95% CI = 1.63-12.11) compared to the lowest quartiles after adjustments for age, sex, zinc intake, and other putative risk factors for chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CRP and tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be independent risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. A causal mechanism of this association should be evaluated in a followup study of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sil Yeo
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Hwang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Choi
- Huh's Diabetes Clinic & the 21C Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kap Bum Huh
- Huh's Diabetes Clinic & the 21C Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wha Young Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Mikirova NA, Jackson JA, Hunninghake R, Kenyon J, Chan KWH, Swindlehurst CA, Minev B, Patel AN, Murphy MP, Smith L, Alexandrescu DT, Ichim TE, Riordan NH. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells: a new approach to anti-aging medicine? J Transl Med 2009; 7:106. [PMID: 20003528 PMCID: PMC2804590 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with major causes of morbidity and mortality, as well as numerous age-related conditions. The possibility of preserving or even rejuvenating endothelial function offers a potent means of preventing/treating some of the most fearful aspects of aging such as loss of mental, cardiovascular, and sexual function. Endothelial precursor cells (EPC) provide a continual source of replenishment for damaged or senescent blood vessels. In this review we discuss the biological relevance of circulating EPC in a variety of pathologies in order to build the case that these cells act as an endogenous mechanism of regeneration. Factors controlling EPC mobilization, migration, and function, as well as therapeutic interventions based on mobilization of EPC will be reviewed. We conclude by discussing several clinically-relevant approaches to EPC mobilization and provide preliminary data on a food supplement, Stem-Kine, which enhanced EPC mobilization in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Mikirova
- Bio-Communications Research Institute, Wichita, Kansas, USA.
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Okamura DM, Himmelfarb J. Tipping the redox balance of oxidative stress in fibrogenic pathways in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24:2309-19. [PMID: 19421784 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease have a greatly increased cardiovascular risk that cannot be explained entirely by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. An increase in oxidative stress and inflammation have been proposed as nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in this patient population. Oxidative stress reflects the redox balance between oxidant generation and antioxidant mechanisms. The generation of reactive oxygen species is not simply a random process that oxidizes nearby macromolecules, but, in many instances, the oxidants target particular amino acid residues or lipid moieties. Oxidant mechanisms are now recognized to be intimately involved in cell signaling and to be vital components of the immune response. This is equally true for antioxidant mechanisms as well. In the progression of chronic kidney disease, the redox balance is not in equilibrium and is tipped toward oxidation, resulting in the dysregulation of cellular process and subsequent tissue injury. In this review we discuss the major oxidant and antioxidant pathways and the biomarkers to assess redox status. We also review the data linking the pathogenesis of oxidative stress, inflammation, and the progressive loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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27
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Lee PS, Sampath K, Karumanchi SA, Tamez H, Bhan I, Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Wolf M, Chang Y, Stossel TP, Thadhani R. Plasma gelsolin and circulating actin correlate with hemodialysis mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1140-8. [PMID: 19389844 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) binds actin and bioactive mediators to localize inflammation. Low pGSN correlates with adverse outcomes in acute injury, whereas administration of recombinant pGSN reduces mortality in experimental sepsis. We found that mean pGSN levels of 150 patients randomly selected from 10,044 starting chronic hemodialysis were 140 +/- 42 mg/L, 30 to 50% lower than levels reported for healthy individuals. In a larger sample, we performed a case-control analysis to evaluate the relationship of pGSN and circulating actin with mortality; pGSN levels were significantly lower in 114 patients who died within 1 yr of dialysis initiation than in 109 survivors (117 +/- 38 mg/L versus 147 +/- 42 mg/L, P < 0.001). pGSN levels had a graded, inverse relationship with 1-yr mortality, such that patients with pGSN < 130 mg/L experienced a > 3-fold risk for mortality compared with those with pGSN > or = 150 mg/L. The 69% of patients with detectable circulating actin had lower pGSN levels than those without (127 +/- 45 mg/L versus 141 +/- 36 mg/L, P = 0.026). Compared with patients who had elevated pGSN and no detectable actin, those with low pGSN levels and detectable actin had markedly increased mortality (odds ratio 9.8, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 33.5). Worsening renal function correlated with pGSN decline in 53 subjects with CKD not on dialysis. In summary, low pGSN and detectable circulating actin identify chronic hemodialysis patients at highest risk for 1-yr mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shun Lee
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Klein BEK. Serum cystatin C level, kidney disease markers, and incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 127:193-9. [PMID: 19204238 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of the serum cystatin C level and chronic kidney disease with the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 15 years. METHODS In this population-based cohort study of 4926 individuals aged 43 to 86 years at baseline, 3779 participated in 1 or more follow-up examinations. Age-related macular degeneration was determined by grading photographs of the macula. Individuals were defined as having mild or moderate to severe chronic kidney disease based on a value of more than 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) to 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or less and 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or less, respectively, according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. RESULTS While controlling for age and other risk factors, the level of serum cystatin C at baseline was associated with the incidence of early AMD (odds ratio per log standard deviation [95% confidence interval], 1.16 [1.01-1.35]) and exudative AMD (1.42 [1.03-1.96]) but not geographic atrophy (0.89 [0.56-1.41]) or progression of AMD (1.02 [0.88-1.18]). Mild chronic kidney disease was associated with the 15-year cumulative incidence of early AMD (odds ratio per log standard deviation, 1.36 [95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.86]) but not the incidence of other AMD end points. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between the level of serum cystatin C and chronic kidney disease with the incidence of AMD. The underlying biological processes remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 N Walnut St, Room 417 WARF, Madison, WI 53726-2336, USA.
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Klein BEK, Knudtson MD, Brazy P, Lee KE, Klein R. Cystatin C, other markers of kidney disease, and incidence of age-related cataract. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2008; 126:1724-30. [PMID: 19064855 PMCID: PMC2725395 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the 15-year incidence of 3 specific types of age-related cataract as related to cystatin C and other measures of kidney function. METHODS Examinations of a population-based cohort (n = 4926) occurred at 5-year intervals for 15 years. Assessment of medical history, examination, and photographs of the lens after pupil dilation were performed at each examination. Protocols for photography and grading were used. Laboratory measures were from specimens collected at baseline. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, a 1-SD increase in the logarithm of cystatin C was associated with 15-year incidence of cortical (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.41) and posterior subcapsular (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.02-1.50) cataracts. One SD increase in the logarithm of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were associated with 15-year incidence of posterior subcapsular cataract (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.42 and OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.54, respectively). CONCLUSION Increased levels of cystatin C are associated with increased risk of specific types of age-related cataract. Whether the associations are due to the metabolic changes associated with decreased renal function, common genes, or both awaits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
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30
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Navar LG, Arendshorst WJ, Pallone TL, Inscho EW, Imig JD, Bell PD. The Renal Microcirculation. Compr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Navar LG, Arendshorst WJ, Pallone TL, Inscho EW, Imig JD, Bell PD. The Renal Microcirculation. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation stimulates nephrogenesis in rat offspring. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:55-61. [PMID: 17965890 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of vitamin D insufficiency in women of child-bearing age and their infants. This study examined the effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on nephron endowment in rat offspring (n=7 per group). Sprague-Dawley dams were fed either a vitamin D deplete diet or a vitamin replete (control) diet prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy and throughout lactation. At 4 weeks of age the offspring were weaned and maintained on their respective diets until they were killed at 7 weeks. In the fixed right kidney, kidney volume, renal corpuscle volume and nephron number were stereologically determined. There was no difference between groups in body weight, kidney weight or kidney volume. There was a significant 20% increase in nephron number in kidneys of vitamin D deplete offspring (vitamin D deficient, 29,000+/-1,858, control, 23,330+/-1,828; P=0.04). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in renal corpuscle size in the vitamin D deplete group compared with the controls (6.125+/-0.576 x 10(-4) mm(3) and 8.178+/-0.247 x 10(-4) mm(3), respectively; P=0.03). We concluded that maternal vitamin D deficiency in rats appears to stimulate nephrogenesis. Whether this confers a renal functional advantage or not is unknown.
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Makrakis J, Zimanyi MA, Black MJ. Retinoic acid enhances nephron endowment in rats exposed to maternal protein restriction. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1861-7. [PMID: 17849154 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A reduced nephron complement at birth renders the kidney susceptible to renal disease in adulthood. Retinoic acid (RA; the active metabolite of vitamin A) is linked to nephrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administration of retinoic acid in midgestation in rats on nephron endowment in offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction. Rats were fed either a normal-protein diet (NPD) or a low-protein diet (LPD) during pregnancy and lactation. Half of the dams in the LPD group were injected intraperitoneally with retinoic acid (20 mg/kg) during gestation at embryonic day 11.5. At 4 weeks of age, the offspring were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed, and nephron number estimated using unbiased stereological techniques. Body weight and kidney volume was significantly reduced in all LPD offspring. There was a significant 29% reduction in nephron number in the LPD group compared with the NPD offspring, whereas the number of nephrons in kidneys from the LPD + RA offspring was not significantly different compared with controls. In conclusion, administration of a single bolus dose of retinoic acid during midgestation restored nephron endowment to normal in offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Makrakis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Monash University, Post Office Box 13C, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Seccia TM, Belloni AS, Guidolin D, Sticchi D, Nussdorfer GG, Pessina AC, Rossi GP. The renal antifibrotic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition involve bradykinin B2 receptor activation in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1419-27. [PMID: 16794493 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000234124.94013.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The renoprotective action of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) is well established, but the role played by bradykinin (BK) remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether an enhanced BK effect on B2 receptor subtype mediated the antifibrotic effect of ACE-Is and whether neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibition, which can blunt BK degradation more effectively than ACE inhibition, provided further renoprotection in a rat model of angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent renal damage. METHODS Five-week-old Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGRen2) received, for 8 weeks, a placebo, ramipril (5 mg/kg body weight) or the dual ACE + NEP inhibitor MDL 100,240 (MDL) (40 mg/kg body weight). After 4 weeks, the B2 receptor antagonist icatibant (0.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered on top of active treatment for 4 weeks to 50% of the TGRen2 rats. Blood pressure was measured weekly by a tail-cuff method and, after sacrifice, kidney weight, glomerular volume, density of glomerular profiles were measured; tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, glomerular and perivascular fibrosis were quantified by histomorphometry. RESULTS The development of hypertension and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis was prevented by both ramipril and MDL (P = 0.0001 versus placebo); icatibant annulled the latter effect. Glomerular and perivascular fibrosis were unaffected by either ramipril or MDL alone; however, combined treatment with icatibant enhanced glomerular fibrosis (P = 0.0001 versus placebo). CONCLUSION Enhanced BK effect on B2 subtype receptors is essential for the prevention of tubulo-interstitial fibrosis with ACE or dual ACE + NEP inhibition in TGRen2 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Clinical Methodology, University of Bari, Italy
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Lin J, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Rifai N, Curhan GC. The association of serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers with renal function in men with type II diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 2006; 69:336-42. [PMID: 16408124 PMCID: PMC1630638 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia and inflammation may promote renal disease via mechanisms of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Sparse data, however, are available on the relation of lipids and inflammatory biomarkers and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type II DM. We performed a cross-sectional study of 732 men with type II DM enrolled in the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. Plasma creatinine was used to estimate GFR by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. In men with a GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apoprotein B, fibrinogen, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR-2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) were significantly higher when compared to the referent group (GFR> or =90 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). In multivariable logistic regression, those in the highest quartiles of the following biomarkers had increased odds of having a GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) when compared to those in the lowest quartiles: triglycerides (odds ratio (OR) 3.11; 95% CI, 1.52-6.36), fibrinogen (OR 5.40; 95% CI 2.14-13.65), sTNFR-2 (OR 8.34; 95% CI 3.50-19.88) and VCAM (OR 4.50; 95% CI 1.98-10.23). An inverse association was observed for HDL (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24-0.98). We found no association between C-reactive protein and GFR. The results were similar when creatinine clearance by Cockcroft-Gault was used to estimate kidney function. We conclude that several potentially modifiable lipid and inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in the setting of moderately decreased GFR in men with type II DM and may be the link between renal insufficiency and increased risk for cardiovascular events in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Because of the improved survival of premature neonates in recent years, it is important to investigate the effects of premature delivery on the kidney, in which nephrogenesis is still ongoing during the third trimester. Hence, an appropriate animal model that is similar to humans is essential. The aim of the current study is to determine the time course of nephrogenesis in the baboon, to establish whether it is a suitable model of human nephrogenesis. At the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (San Antonio, TX), fetal baboons were delivered prematurely by cesarean delivery and at term by natural delivery. Fixed kidneys from 125-, 140-, 175-, and 185-d gestation baboons were assessed morphologically for evidence of a nephrogenic zone. Nephron number, kidney volume, and glomerular and corpuscle volume were also estimated using unbiased stereology. Morphologic assessment confirmed the presence of metanephric mesenchyme and immature glomeruli in the nephrogenic zone of the kidneys from the prematurely delivered fetuses at 125 and 140 d gestation. At 175 d gestation and at term, the nephrons seemed to be mature. Both kidney weight (R2= 0.918, p = 0.0002) and kidney volume (R2= 0.837, p = 0.001) were very strongly correlated with nephron number. There was also a direct relationship between gestational age (R2= 0.589, p = 0.03) and birth weight (R2= 0.562, p = 0.03) with nephron number. In conclusion, in this study, nephrogenesis in the baboon is complete before term by 175 d gestation, which is similar to humans. Hence, the baboon is a suitable model for future studies to investigate human kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gubhaju
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Mitchell EKL, Louey S, Cock ML, Harding R, Black MJ. Nephron endowment and filtration surface area in the kidney after growth restriction of fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:769-73. [PMID: 14973179 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000120681.61201.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight is associated with adult-onset diseases including hypertension and renal disease; altered renal development after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may underlie such prenatal programming. Our aim was to investigate nephron endowment and renal filtration surface area in fetal sheep in which IUGR resulted from late gestational umbilico-placental embolization (UPE) or natural twinning. UPE was performed between 120 and 140 d of gestation (term approximately 147 d). At autopsy (140 d), body weights of UPE and twin fetuses were, respectively, 34% and 28% lower than controls. Kidneys were sampled using a smooth fractionator approach and glomerular number was estimated using a physical disector/fractionator technique. Glomerular capillary length and filtration surface area were estimated using unbiased stereological techniques. Although relative kidney weights (grams per kilogram body weight) were not different between groups, nephron endowment was 40% lower in twin fetuses compared with controls (34.3 +/- 10.6 x 10(4) and 55.9 +/- 19.8 x 10(4), respectively; p < 0.05); UPE did not alter nephron number (50.7 +/- 13.2 x 10(4)). There was no difference in the glomerular capillary length or surface area between the UPE and control fetuses. IUGR due to twinning leads to reduced nephron endowment whereas late gestational IUGR does not, suggesting that reduced nephron endowment is dependent on the timing of the growth restriction. Our findings demonstrate that reduced birth weight per se does not necessarily imply reduced nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K L Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Black MJ, Briscoe TA, Constantinou M, Kett MM, Bertram JF. Is there an association between level of adult blood pressure and nephron number or renal filtration surface area? Kidney Int 2004; 65:582-8. [PMID: 14717928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reductions in renal filtration surface area (FSA) have been linked to development of hypertension. This study investigated whether there are direct relationships, in the adult rat, between levels of blood pressure and nephron number or total renal FSA. METHODS F1 and F2 offspring were generated from a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)/Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat cross. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressure was measured twice weekly from 5 to 15 weeks of age and mean arterial blood pressure determined prior to sacrifice. At 15 weeks of age, the rats were perfusion-fixed and glomerular (and thereby nephron) number, glomerular size, total length, and surface area of glomerular capillaries and total renal FSA were determined using unbiased stereologic techniques. RESULTS In F1 offspring, blood pressure levels were midway between the SHR and WKY rats. Nephron number was significantly higher in the WKY rats compared to the SHR and F1 offspring. However, there was no difference in nephron number between the F1 rats and SHR and no difference in renal FSA between the three groups. In the F2 generation, where there is random segregation of the SHR and WKY genes, there was no significant correlation between either nephron number and adult blood pressure (r2= 0.16, P= 0.11) or total renal FSA and adult blood pressure (r2= 0.02, P= 0.58). There was a significant inverse correlation between nephron number and glomerular size (r2= 0.49, P= 0.0043). CONCLUSION There is not a direct corollary between nephron number or renal FSA and level of blood pressure in this rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Dunstan HJ, Briscoe TA, Bertram JF, Johnston CI, Black MJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in adult hypertensive rats: a stereological study of renal filtration surface area. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003; 30:72-6. [PMID: 12542457 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment leads to beneficial effects on kidney function. The aim of the present study was to determine whether ACE inhibition at high or low doses affects glomerular capillary surface area and length, glomerular number or total renal filtration surface area in rats with established hypertension and, if so, to determine whether these effects are mediated through bradykinin potentiation. 2. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with the ACE inhibitor perindopril at either 3 or 0.1 mg/kg per day (high and low doses, respectively) from 16 to 24 weeks of age. Some rats were concomitantly treated with the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist S16118 (10 nmol/kg per day). Blood pressure was measured twice weekly during the treatment period. At 24 weeks of age, rats were perfusion fixed at 140 mmHg, the kidneys removed, embedded in resin and examined stereologically to estimate glomerular number and volume, length and surface area of glomerular capillaries and total renal filtration surface area. 3. High- and low-perindopril treatment significantly reduced systolic blood pressure compared with control SHR. However, the rats treated with low-dose perindopril were still considered hypertensive. Neither low-dose nor high-dose perindopril treatment had any observable effect on glomerular number (23 876 +/- 1201 vs 26 240 +/- 1465 glomeruli/kidney, respectively) or volume (2.25 +/- 0.21 and 1.96 +/- 0.06 x 10-3 mm3, respectively) compared with controls (glomerular number 25866 +/- 1210 glomeruli/kidney; glomerular volume 2.24 +/- 0.21 x 10-3 mm3). As a result, there was no significant difference in total renal filtration surface area between any of the experimental groups (8161.6 +/- 550.9, 8699.7 +/- 427.6, 9081.9 +/- 453.6, 8830.2 +/- 521.2 and 8559.4 +/- 341.4 mm2 for SHR, SHR low-dose perindopril, SHR low-dose perindopril + B2 antagonist, SHR high-dose perindopril and SHR high-dose perindopril + B2 antagonist, respectively). Coadministration of the bradykinin antagonist had no observable effect on any of the parameters studied. 4. In conclusion, because neither high-dose nor low-dose perindopril had any effect on total renal filtration surface area, the observed beneficial effects of ACE inhibition on kidney function are not the result of enhancement in glomerular capillary surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Dunstan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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