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Inamasu Y, Ogawa M, Saito M, Harada M, Fukuda K. Helicobacter pylori results in lysis and death after exposure to water. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12921. [PMID: 36089840 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori has a high infection rate, and it is possible that more than half of the world's population is infected. The route of transmission of H. pylori has not been completely elucidated yet. The coccoid form of H. pylori is generally considered to be in a VBNC (viable but nonculturable) state, and this form in the environment is thought to play an important role in infection and transmission, but its stability and survivability are still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to promote its changing to coccoid form, the spiral form of H. pylori grown in a culture medium was exposed to sterile distilled water, and we investigated the bacterial cell number and the morphological changes by using fluorescence staining methods and electron microscopic observation. We also examined the dynamics of its growth ability by measuring the colony forming unit on an agar-plate medium. RESULTS After exposure to sterile distilled water, the H. pylori spiral form rapidly lost its growth ability at 37°C. One day after exposure, approximately 95% of the spiral form disappeared and the proportion of the coccoid form increased. The total number of bacteria also decreased to less than half and continued to decrease over time. Epi-microscopic and electron microscopic observations revealed that deformation of bacterial cells, collapse, and leaking out of cell contents were promoted in exposure to sterile distilled water. CONCLUSION Helicobacter pylori quickly begins to transform into the coccoid form after exposure to sterile distilled water, rapidly loses its growth ability, and then lyses and dies. Water-exposure is lethal for H. pylori and it is unlikely to survive in the VBNC state in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Inamasu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.,Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Midori Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ibrahim NA, Elmorshedy KE, Radwan DA, Buabeid MA. The impact of oral ciprofloxacin on the structure and functions of rat gastric mucosa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2187-2198. [PMID: 35531231 PMCID: PMC9073028 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CPX), is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin can cause severe side effects, ranging from tendon problems, nerve damage, to serious mood or behavior changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate how ciprofloxacin affects gastric cell lines in rats with a distinctive emphasis on physiological, histopathological, and bacteriological changes. Male albino rats (n = 21) were distributed into three groups; control, CPX, and CPX-withdrawal groups. The treated rats were given CPX tablets (12.5 mg/kg) dissolved in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.5% orally once daily via gavage for sixty consecutive days. Control rats received only the vehicle. The withdrawal group was treated for 60 days and the drug was withdrawn for another sixty days. After completion of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and gastric tissues were treated for light, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic examination. Image J software was used to measure immune-labeled gastric epithelial cells. Blood samples were also collected for H. Pylori immunoglobulins IgM, IgA, and IgG. Results showed that treated rats acquired significantly strongly positive tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and significant reduction of serum level of H. pylori IgM, IgA, and IgG in all the study groups. It could be concluded that prolonged oral CPX administration to albino rats changes the gastric mucosal architecture and bacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates.,Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research (CMBAHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kadreya E Elmorshedy
- Anatomy Department, Tanta College of Medicine, Egypt.,Almaakal University, Basra, Iraq
| | - Doaa A Radwan
- Anatomy Department, Tanta College of Medicine, Egypt
| | - Manal A Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates.,Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research (CMBAHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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3
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A peptide of a type I toxin-antitoxin system induces Helicobacter pylori morphological transformation from spiral shape to coccoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31398-31409. [PMID: 33229580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016195117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems are found in many bacterial chromosomes and plasmids with roles ranging from plasmid stabilization to biofilm formation and persistence. In these systems, the expression/activity of the toxin is counteracted by an antitoxin, which, in type I systems, is an antisense RNA. While the regulatory mechanisms of these systems are mostly well defined, the toxins' biological activity and expression conditions are less understood. Here, these questions were investigated for a type I toxin-antitoxin system (AapA1-IsoA1) expressed from the chromosome of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori We show that expression of the AapA1 toxin in H. pylori causes growth arrest associated with rapid morphological transformation from spiral-shaped bacteria to round coccoid cells. Coccoids are observed in patients and during in vitro growth as a response to different stress conditions. The AapA1 toxin, first molecular effector of coccoids to be identified, targets H. pylori inner membrane without disrupting it, as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. The peptidoglycan composition of coccoids is modified with respect to spiral bacteria. No major changes in membrane potential or adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) concentration result from AapA1 expression, suggesting coccoid viability. Single-cell live microscopy tracking the shape conversion suggests a possible association of this process with cell elongation/division interference. Oxidative stress induces coccoid formation and is associated with repression of the antitoxin promoter and enhanced processing of its transcript, leading to an imbalance in favor of AapA1 toxin expression. Our data support the hypothesis of viable coccoids with characteristics of dormant bacteria that might be important in H. pylori infections refractory to treatment.
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Krzyżek P, Grande R. Transformation of Helicobacter pylori into Coccoid Forms as a Challenge for Research Determining Activity of Antimicrobial Substances. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030184. [PMID: 32143312 PMCID: PMC7157236 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variability is one of the phenotypic features related to adaptation of microorganisms to stressful environmental conditions and increased tolerance to antimicrobial substances. Helicobacter pylori, a gastric mucosal pathogen, is characterized by a high heterogeneity and an ability to transform from a spiral to a coccoid form. The presence of the coccoid form is associated with the capacity to avoid immune system detection and to promote therapeutic failures. For this reason, it seems that the investigation for new, alternative methods combating H. pylori should include research of coccoid forms of this pathogen. The current review aimed at collecting information about the activity of antibacterial substances against H. pylori in the context of the morphological variability of this bacterium. The collected data was discussed in terms of the type of substances used, applied research techniques, and interpretation of results. The review was extended by a polemic on the limitations in determining the viability of coccoid H. pylori forms. Finally, recommendations which can help in future research aiming to find new compounds with a potential to eradicate H. pylori have been formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossella Grande
- Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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5
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Reshetnyak VI, Reshetnyak TM. Significance of dormant forms of Helicobacter pylori in ulcerogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4867-4878. [PMID: 28785141 PMCID: PMC5526757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the global population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a Gram-negative bacterium that persists in the healthy human stomach. H. pylori can be a pathogen and causes development of peptic ulcer disease in a certain state of the macroorganism. It is well established that H. pylori infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Decontamination of the gastric mucosa with various antibiotics leads to H. pylori elimination and longer remission in this disease. However, the reasons for repeated detection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD after its successful eradication remain unclear. The reason for the redetection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD can be either reinfection or ineffective anti-Helicobacter therapy. The administration of antibacterial drugs can lead not only to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms, but also contribute to the conversion of H. pylori into the resting (dormant) state. The dormant forms of H. pylori have been shown to play a potential role in the development of relapses of PUD. The paper discusses morphological H. pylori forms, such as S-shaped, C-shaped, U-shaped, and coccoid ones. The authors proposes the classification of H. pylori according to its morphological forms and viability.
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Galectin-3 Plays an Important Role in Innate Immunity to Gastric Infection by Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1184-1193. [PMID: 26857579 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01299-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the role of galectin-3 (Gal3) in gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori We first demonstrated that Gal3 was selectively expressed by gastric surface epithelial cells and abundantly secreted into the surface mucus layer. We next inoculated H. pylori Sydney strain 1 into wild-type (WT) and Gal3-deficient mice using a stomach tube. At 2 weeks postinoculation, the bacterial cells were mostly trapped within the surface mucus layer in WT mice. In sharp contrast, they infiltrated deep into the gastric glands in Gal3-deficient mice. Bacterial loads in the gastric tissues were also much higher in Gal3-deficient mice than in WT mice. At 6 months postinoculation,H. pylori had successfully colonized within the gastric glands of both WT and Gal3-deficient mice, although the bacterial loads were still higher in the latter. Furthermore, large lymphoid clusters mostly consisting of B cells were frequently observed in the gastric submucosa of Gal3-deficient mice.In vitro, peritoneal macrophages from Gal3-deficient mice were inefficient in killing engulfed H. pylori Furthermore, recombinant Gal3 not only induced rapid aggregation of H. pylori but also exerted a potent bactericidal effect on H. pylori as revealed by propidium iodide uptake and a morphological shift from spiral to coccoid form. However, a minor fraction of bacterial cells, probably transient phase variants of Gal3-binding sugar moieties, escaped killing by Gal3. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Gal3 plays an important role in innate immunity to infection and colonization of H. pylori.
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Alipour N, Gaeini N, Taner A, Yıldız F, Masseret S, Malfertheiner P. Retracted: Vacuoles ofAcanthamoeba castellaniiBehave as a Specialized Shelter (host) forHelicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/hel.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Alipour
- Department of Biotechnology; METU; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Giresun university; Giresun Turkey
| | - Nasrin Gaeini
- Department of Radiology; Trakya University; Edirne Turkey
| | - Abbas Taner
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Yuksek ihtisas university; Ankara Turkey
| | - Fatih Yıldız
- Department of Biotechnology; METU; Ankara Turkey
| | - Sadegh Masseret
- Digestive Disease Research Center of Tehran Medical Science university; Shariati hospital; Tehran IRAN
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Digestive Disease Department; Otto von Guarig Clinical University; Magdeburg Germany
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Siavoshi F, Saniee P. Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5263-5273. [PMID: 24833856 PMCID: PMC4017041 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are resistant to hostile gastric environments and antibiotic therapy, reflecting the possibility that they are protected by an ecological niche, such as inside the vacuoles of human epithelial and immune cells. Candida yeast may also provide such an alternative niche, as fluorescently labeled H. pylori were observed as fast-moving and viable bacterium-like bodies inside the vacuoles of gastric, oral, vaginal and foodborne Candida yeasts. In addition, H. pylori-specific genes and proteins were detected in samples extracted from these yeasts. The H. pylori present within these yeasts produce peroxiredoxin and thiol peroxidase, providing the ability to detoxify oxygen metabolites formed in immune cells. Furthermore, these bacteria produce urease and VacA, two virulence determinants of H. pylori that influence phago-lysosome fusion and bacterial survival in macrophages. Microscopic observations of H. pylori cells in new generations of yeasts along with amplification of H. pylori-specific genes from consecutive generations indicate that new yeasts can inherit the intracellular H. pylori as part of their vacuolar content. Accordingly, it is proposed that yeast vacuoles serve as a sophisticated niche that protects H. pylori against the environmental stresses and provides essential nutrients, including ergosterol, for its growth and multiplication. This intracellular establishment inside the yeast vacuole likely occurred long ago, leading to the adaptation of H. pylori to persist in phagocytic cells. The presence of these bacteria within yeasts, including foodborne yeasts, along with the vertical transmission of yeasts from mother to neonate, provide explanations for the persistence and propagation of H. pylori in the human population. This Topic Highlight reviews and discusses recent evidence regarding the evolutionary adaptation of H. pylori to thrive in host cell vacuoles.
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SALMANIAN ALIHATEF, SIAVOSHI FARIDEH, BEYRAMI ZAHRA, LATIFI-NAVID SAEID, TAVAKOLIAN ATEFEH, SADJADI ALIREZA. FOODBORNE YEASTS SERVE AS RESERVOIRS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Zheng Z, Andersson AF, Ye W, Nyrén O, Normark S, Engstrand L. A method for metagenomics of Helicobacter pylori from archived formalin-fixed gastric biopsies permitting longitudinal studies of carcinogenic risk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26442. [PMID: 22031833 PMCID: PMC3198776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota has come into focus in the search for component causes of chronic diseases, such as gastrointestinal cancers. Presumably long induction periods and altered local environments after disease onset call for the development of methods for characterization of microorganisms colonizing the host decades before disease onset. Sequencing of microbial genomes in old formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) gastrointestinal biopsies provides a means for such studies but is still challenging. Here we report a method based on laser capture micro-dissection and modified Roche 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing to obtain metagenomic profiles of Helicobacter pylori. We applied this method to two 15 year old FFPE biopsies from two patients. Frozen homogenized biopsies from the same gastroscopy sessions were also available for comparison after re-culture of H. pylori. For both patients, H. pylori DNA dissected from FFPE sections had ∼96.4% identity with culture DNA from the same patients, while only ∼92.5% identity with GenBank reference genomes, and with culture DNA from the other patient. About 82% and 60% of the predicted genes in the two genomes were captured by at least a single sequencing read. Along with sequences displaying high similarity to known H. pylori genes, novel and highly variant H. pylori sequences were identified in the FFPE sections by our physical enrichment approach, which would likely not have been detected by a sequence capture approach. The study demonstrates the feasibility of longitudinal metagenomic studies of H. pylori using decade-preserved FFPE biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Zheng
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders F. Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Nyrén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Parreira P, Magalhães A, Gonçalves IC, Gomes J, Vidal R, Reis CA, Leckband DE, Martins MCL. Effect of surface chemistry on bacterial adhesion, viability, and morphology. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:344-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Lin WH, Wu CR, Fang TJ, Guo JT, Huang SY, Lee MS, Yang HL. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of fermented milk with lactic acid bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1424-1431. [PMID: 21445876 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ten strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated for their anti-Helicobacter pylori effects. The bactericidal activity and organic acid content in spent culture supernatants (SCS) from fermented milk were measured. In addition, the exclusion effect of SCS against H. pylori infection of human gastric epithelial AGS cells was assayed. RESULTS Three LAB strains, LY1, LY5 and IF22, showed better anti-Helicobacter effects than the other strains. There were no significant differences in the bactericidal activity of LAB strains between original SCS, artificial SCS and SCS treated by heating or protease digestion. However, neutralised SCS lost this activity. These results suggest that the anti-H. pylori activity of SCS may be related to the concentration of organic acids and the pH value but not to protein components. In the AGS cell culture test, both fermented LY5-SCS and artificial LY5-SCS significantly reduced H. pylori infection and urease activity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, in vitro methods were used to screen potential probiotics with anti-H. pylori activity. This may provide an excellent and rapid system for studying probiotics in the functional food and dairy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
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Richards CL, Buchholz BJ, Ford TE, Broadaway SC, Pyle BH, Camper AK. Optimizing the growth of stressed Helicobacter pylori. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 84:174-82. [PMID: 21129415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and is responsible for causing gastric ulcers. H. pylori is known to become stressed and nonculturable after exposure to unfavorable conditions. In this study, we enhanced previously published resuscitation procedures, characterized conditions under which stressed H. pylori can be recovered, and formulated a selective and differential resuscitation medium. Results showed that a specialized broth supplemented with trace minerals and lysed human erythrocytes and serum is required for the recovery of nonculturable H. pylori. The type of stress was an important factor in the efficacy of resuscitation, with cells exposed to atmospheric oxygen more readily resuscitated than nutrient deprived cells. After resuscitation, culturable cells were recovered from previously nonculturable oxygen stressed cells (24 and 72 h of exposure) and nonculturable nutrient deprived cells (24 h of exposure). The length of time the cells were exposed to the stress was also an important factor in the recovery of stressed H. pylori. RNA levels were quantified and transcription of the cell division related gene, cdrA (HP0066), was assessed by qRT-PCR. The low levels of RNA detected in stressed cells, after resuscitation, support the idea that a small population of viable cells may be responsible for the colonies recovered on solid agar. The modification of the resuscitation broth into a selective and differential slant culture medium also allowed the recovery of stressed H. pylori. The methods presented here highlight the benefits and limitations of using human blood products for recovering nonculturable H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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14
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Lin WH, Lin CK, Sheu SJ, Hwang CF, Ye WT, Hwang WZ, Tsen HY. Antagonistic Activity of Spent Culture Supernatants of Lactic Acid Bacteria against Helicobacter Pylori Growth and Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial AGS Cells. J Food Sci 2009; 74:M225-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Sharma A, Nitharwal RG, Singh B, Dar A, Dasgupta S, Dhar SK. Helicobacter pylori single-stranded DNA binding protein--functional characterization and modulation of H. pylori DnaB helicase activity. FEBS J 2008; 276:519-31. [PMID: 19087193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, an important bacterial pathogen, causes gastric ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. The fundamentals of basic biology such as DNA replication are poorly understood in this pathogen. In the present study, we report the cloning and functional characterization of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein from H. pylori. The N-terminal DNA binding domain shows significant homology with E. coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB), whereas the C-terminal domain shows less homology. The overall DNA-binding activity and tetramerization properties, however, remain unaffected. In in vitro experiments with purified proteins, H. pylori (Hp) SSB bound specifically to ssDNA and modulated the enzymatic ATPase and helicase activity of HpDnaB helicase. HpSSB and HpDnaB proteins were co-localized in sharp, distinct foci in exponentially growing H. pylori cells, whereas both were spread over large areas in its dormant coccoid form, suggesting the absence of active replication forks in the latter. These results confirm the multiple roles of SSB during DNA replication and provide evidence for altered replicative metabolism in the spiral and coccoid forms that may be central to the bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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16
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Queralt N, Araujo R. Analysis of the survival of H. pylori within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 54:771-7. [PMID: 17401696 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significance of Helicobacter pylori infection for man, its transmission is not clearly known. The human stomach is considered the reservoir of this pathogen, and one of the accepted routes is fecal-oral, in which water acts as a vector. However, although H. pylori epidemiology associates its transmission with water, only molecular and not cultural analysis detects the bacteria in water. This study was carried out to understand these data through studying the survival of H. pylori in a laboratory water model using cultural, morphological, and molecular methods. A mineral water system spiked with H. pylori and stored at 7 +/- 1 degrees C in the dark was analyzed by different methods over a period of 3 weeks. The total number of cells observed by DAPI staining and their DNA content remained constant over this study period. In contrast, cells could no longer be cultured after 5 days. Cell viability, which was determined via the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit, decreased up to day 14, and at day 21 all cell membranes were damaged. In addition, a gradual conversion from spiral to coccal morphology occurred from day 3 onward. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique detected H. pylori DNA at day 21 and 3 months later. A study of the cell morphology of a young colony demonstrated the coexistence of bacilli and cocci. The results of this study show that H. pylori survives in water but loses its culturability and bacillar morphology rapidly, although it remains viable for longer periods and its DNA is still detectable much later. Thus, interpreting H. pylori's behavior in water differs according to the type of analysis. Consequently, we suggest that the presence of H. pylori infective cells is overestimated by PCR, whereas, in contrast, culture techniques underestimate it. Nevertheless, H. pylori should be considered a waterborne pathogen during its viable period, independently of its shape and culturability, as its presence in water may be risky for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Queralt
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Cerqueira L, Dias S, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ. Coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3423-7. [PMID: 17400788 PMCID: PMC1907093 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00047-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After characterization of preferred conditions for Helicobacter pylori survival in the sessile state, it was observed that the bacterium transforms from spiral to coccoid under mild circumstances, whereas under extreme ones it is unable to undergo shape modification. This strongly supports the view that transformation into the coccoid form is an active, biologically led process, switched on by the bacterium as a protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Azevedo
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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18
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 and 1=1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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19
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 and 1>1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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20
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 or (1,2)=(select*from(select name_const(char(111,108,111,108,111,115,104,101,114),1),name_const(char(111,108,111,108,111,115,104,101,114),1))a) -- and 1=1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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21
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong. H. pylori infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Kusters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Bellack NR, Koehoorn MW, MacNab YC, Morshed MG. A conceptual model of water's role as a reservoir in Helicobacter pylori transmission: a review of the evidence. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:439-49. [PMID: 16512966 PMCID: PMC2870436 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection plays a role in the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, yet the route of transmission into susceptible hosts remains unknown. Studies employing microbiological techniques have demonstrated that H. pylori has the ability to survive when introduced into water and that H. pylori is present in water and other environmental samples all over the world. Epidemiological studies have shown that water source and exposures related to water supply, including factors related to sewage disposal and exposure to animals, are risk factors for infection. This review describes the microbiological and epidemiological evidence for, and proposes a model of, waterborne H. pylori transmission outlining important features in the transmission cycle. In the model, humans and animals shed the bacteria in their faeces and the mechanisms for entry into water, and for survival, ingestion and infection are dependent upon a range of environmental influences. Verification of the proposed model pathways has important implications for public-health prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Bellack
- Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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23
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Kawakubo M, Ito Y, Okimura Y, Kobayashi M, Sakura K, Kasama S, Fukuda MN, Fukuda M, Katsuyama T, Nakayama J. Natural antibiotic function of a human gastric mucin against Helicobacter pylori infection. Science 2004; 305:1003-6. [PMID: 15310903 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects the stomachs of nearly a half the human population, yet most infected individuals remain asymptomatic, which suggests that there is a host defense against this bacterium. Because H. pylori is rarely found in deeper portions of the gastric mucosa, where O-glycans are expressed that have terminal alpha1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine, we tested whether these O-glycans might affect H. pylori growth. Here, we report that these O-glycans have antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, inhibiting its biosynthesis of cholesteryl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a major cell wall component. Thus, the unique O-glycans in gastric mucin appeared to function as a natural antibiotic, protecting the host from H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Kawakubo
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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24
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Engstrand L. Helicobacter in water and waterborne routes of transmission. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:80S-4S. [PMID: 11422563 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Engstrand
- Bacteriology Unit, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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25
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Gustafsson I, Engstrand L, Cars O. In vitro pharmacodynamic studies of activities of ketolides HMR 3647 (Telithromycin) and HMR 3004 against extracellular or intracellular Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:353-5. [PMID: 11120997 PMCID: PMC90292 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.1.353-355.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacodynamic properties of the ketolides HMR 3647 (telithromycin) and HMR 3004 were studied against Helicobacter pylori. Both ketolides showed a pronounced concentration-dependent killing, a significant postantibiotic effect, a long postantibiotic sub-MIC effect, and a reduction of intracellular H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Mana F, Franken PR, Ham HR, Urbain D. Cut-off point, timing and pitfalls of the 13C-urea breath test as measured by infrared spectrometry. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:30-5. [PMID: 11303972 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(01)80132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best timing and the best cut-off level of the 13C-urea breath test have not yet been well established. AIMS To evaluate the cut-off value and the influence of medication on the 13C-urea breath test as measured by infrared spectrometry. METHODS A series of 223 patients, sent for endoscopy performed 13C-urea breath test in fasting conditions with 75 mg of 13C-urea and 20 ml of citric acid. Breath samples were collected before and then 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after ingestion. As gold standard, histological examination of gastric biopsies was used. A questionnaire was completed concerning the intake of medication, likely to influence the test, in the 2 months preceding the test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value at 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes at different cut-off values (3, 3. 5, 4, 4. 5, 5.0 0/00 DOB] were calculated. RESULTS A total of 182 patients did not take medication. There was no significant difference between the different cut-off levels at different times. Compared with the group of 41 patients who did take medication, likely to influence the test, the differences were significant (Fisher exact test). CONCLUSION There was no significant difference between the different cut-off values. A 10-minute test with a cut-off level between 4 and 5% delta over baseline (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 95%) is, therefore, proposed. To avoid false negative results due to unknown intake of medication, every patient submitted to the 13C-urea breath test should fill out a questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mana
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Free University of Brussels, Jette, Belgium.
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27
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Stoffel MH, Friess AE, Burnens A, Schmassmann A, Neiger R. Distinction of gastric Helicobacter spp. in humans and domestic pets by scanning electron microscopy. Helicobacter 2000; 5:232-9. [PMID: 11179989 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2000.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of different Helicobacter spp. can colonize the stomach of humans and domestic pets. Difficulties encountered with primary isolation of these spiral microorganisms and their unusual inertia with respect to biochemical reactions still represent considerable obstacles to their characterization with classic tools. In addition, the high degree of similarity in the 16S rRNA sequence hampers differentiation of Helicobacter spp. using routine molecular biological assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from experimentally monoinfected mice, of naturally infected hosts, and of cultured strains were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In parallel, all samples were analyzed by molecular techniques to ascertain the Helicobacter spp. involved. RESULTS Using the mouse samples as a reference, microorganisms found in naturally infected hosts were identified by SEM as belonging to H. pylori, H. felis, or a group consisting of H. bizzozeronii and H. heilmannii. A further spiral microorganism with unique morphology was found in a dog that was positive for H. salomonis, but the organism could not be recovered from experimentally infected mice. In culture, most Helicobacter strains lost their ultrastructural characteristics. CONCLUSIONS When gastric Helicobacter spp. were collected from their natural habitat and examined by SEM, relevant differences could be detected between H. felis, H. bizzozeronii and H. heilmannii, and H. salomonis, respectively. SEM, therefore, seems to be a useful auxillary tool for the distinction of various gastric Helicobacter spp. as based on their ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Stoffel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Berne Veterinary School, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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28
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Willén R, Carlén B, Wang X, Papadogiannakis N, Odselius R, Wadström T. Morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from spiral to coccoid form. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest viability. Ups J Med Sci 2000; 105:31-40. [PMID: 10893051 DOI: 10.1517/03009734000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen associated with type B gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric atrophy, and stomach cancer. H. pylori exists in two morphological forms, spirals and coccoids. The latter has been described as viable but non-cultivable. The role of the coccoid form in the pathogenesis of gastric disease is disputed. Some authors consider the coccoid form to be a degenerative or dead form of H. pylori, while others consider it a resting but still metabolically active form. This study reports the conversion from spiral to coccoid form ultrastructurally. Dense material is accumulated in the periplasmic space, the spiral bacteria bend and the outer membrane is separated from the inner cell wall layer. Remodeling of inner structures takes place, ending in the coccoid form of the bacteria with preserved light polyphosphate areas. Reduction of surface takes place by production of surface membrane vesicles, which later are squeezed off. The finding of preserved subcellular structures and intact double membranes in combination with degenerative forms suggests that some of the coccoids are viable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates coccoid form of bacteria with slightly ruffled surfaces but no spiral forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willén
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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