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Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Unique Presentation of Kawasaki Disease. Case Rep Rheumatol 2021; 2021:6640006. [PMID: 33728087 PMCID: PMC7936906 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is an acute multisystem vasculitis characterized by involvement of medium-sized vessels that mostly affects children under the age of 5 years. The presentation is typically preceded by five or more days of fever with additional clinical findings including rash, peripheral edema, mucositis, conjunctival changes, and unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. The most feared complication of Kawasaki disease is development of coronary artery aneurysms. Common laboratory abnormalities include normocytic anemia, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Immune-mediated cytopenias such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are rarely seen at presentation in Kawasaki disease. We describe a unique case of a child presenting with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, who sequentially developed immune thrombocytopenia concerning for Evans' syndrome and eventually diagnosed with Kawasaki Disease with coronary artery dilatation. Characteristic clinical findings including extremity edema, cracked lips, and rash developed later in the course. Our patient was treated with IVIG and steroids with significant clinical improvement and complete resolution of cytopenias and coronary aneurysms on long term follow up. Timely administration of IVIG prevents and minimizes the risk of long term cardiac consequences. Hence a high index of suspicion should be maintained for this relatively common pediatric illness, even in absence of more commonly seen laboratory findings.
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Miyata K, Miura M, Kaneko T, Morikawa Y, Sakakibara H, Matsushima T, Misawa M, Takahashi T, Nakazawa M, Tsuchihashi T, Yamashita Y, Obonai T, Chiga M, Hori N, Komiyama O, Yamagishi H. Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Abnormalities and Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin Plus Corticosteroid Therapy in Severe Kawasaki Disease: An Analysis of Post RAISE. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2021; 14:e007191. [PMID: 33541111 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) still occur in patients with Kawasaki disease receiving intensified treatment with corticosteroids. We aimed to determine the risk factors of CAA development and resistance to intensified treatment in Post RAISE (Prospective Observational Study on Stratified Treatment With Immunoglobulin Plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki Disease)-the largest prospective cohort of Kawasaki disease patients to date. METHODS In Post RAISE, 2648 consecutive patients with Kawasaki disease were enrolled. The present study analyzed 724 patients predicted to be intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) nonresponders (Kobayashi score ≥5) who received intensified treatment consisting of IVIG plus prednisolone. The association between the baseline characteristics and CAA at 1 month after disease onset was examined. The association between the baseline characteristics and treatment resistance was also investigated. RESULTS Maximum Z score at baseline ≥2.5 (odds ratio, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.5-7.8]), age at fever onset <1 year (odds ratio, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.6-7.4]), and nonresponsiveness to IVIG plus prednisolone treatment (odds ratio, 6.8 [95% CI, 3.3-14.0]) were independent predictors of CAA development. Nonresponsiveness to IVIG plus prednisolone was significantly associated with 8 baseline variables. Baseline total bilirubin (odds ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2-1.7]) was the only significant independent predictor other than the variables included in the Kobayashi score, enabling treatment resistance to be identified at diagnosis. The area under the ROC curve was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.69-0.79). At a cutoff point of 1.0, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting treatment resistance were 71% and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In Post RAISE, younger age at fever onset, a larger maximum Z score at baseline, and nonresponsiveness to IVIG plus prednisolone were risk factors significantly associated with CAA development. Nonresponders were able to be identified at diagnosis based on the total bilirubin value. To prevent CAA, more intensified or adjunctive therapies using other agents, such as pulsed methylprednisolone, ciclosporin, infliximab, and Anakinra, should be considered for patients with these risk factors. Registration: URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; Unique identifier: UMIN000007133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Miyata
- Department of Cardiology (K.M., M. Miura), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masaru Miura
- Department of Cardiology (K.M., M. Miura), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kaneko
- Clinical Research Support Center (T.K., Y.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan.,Teikyo Academic Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Yoshihiko Morikawa
- Clinical Research Support Center (T.K., Y.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakakibara
- Department of General Pediatrics (H.S., T.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsushima
- Department of General Pediatrics (H.S., T.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masahiro Misawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan (M. Misawa)
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi, Japan (T. Takahashi)
| | - Maki Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Saitama National Hospital, Saitama, Japan (M.N.)
| | - Takatoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (T. Tsuchihashi)
| | - Yukio Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.Y.)
| | - Toshimasa Obonai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (T.O.)
| | - Michiko Chiga
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital, Japan (M.C.)
| | - Naoaki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics, Ota Memorial Hospital, Gunma, Japan (N.H.)
| | - Osamu Komiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Japan (O.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Yamagishi
- Department of Cardiology (K.M., M. Miura), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
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Severe Hemolytic Anemia Following Intravenous Immunoglobulin in an Infant With Kawasaki Disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:e100-e102. [PMID: 27879540 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe hemolytic anemia (HA) is an uncommon adverse reaction of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) administration. Previous reports assume that antibodies contained in IVIg preparations are the cause of hemolysis. We report a 10-month-old infant with Kawasaki disease who was treated with high-dose IVIg and developed severe HA. The patient's Rh blood type was D+C+c+E-e+. He developed anti-C and anti-e antibodies following treatment with IVIg, and, after considering all possible causes of hemolysis, we concluded that this was a case of autoimmune HA induced by immunoglobulin treatment. The hyperinflammatory condition associated with Kawasaki disease may have contributed to the severity of anemia.
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Luban NL, Wong EC, Henrich Lobo R, Pary P, Duke S. Intravenous immunoglobulin-related hemolysis in patients treated for Kawasaki disease. Transfusion 2015; 55 Suppl 2:S90-4. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L.C. Luban
- Division of Laboratory Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC
- Department of Pediatrics; Washington DC
- Department of Pathology; the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Washington DC
| | - Edward C.C. Wong
- Division of Laboratory Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC
- Department of Pediatrics; Washington DC
- Department of Pathology; the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Washington DC
| | - Rodolfo Henrich Lobo
- Department of Pathology; the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Washington DC
| | - Philippe Pary
- Division of Laboratory Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC
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Späth PJ, Granata G, La Marra F, Kuijpers TW, Quinti I. On the dark side of therapies with immunoglobulin concentrates: the adverse events. Front Immunol 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25699039 PMCID: PMC4318428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy by human immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrates is a success story ongoing for decades with an ever increasing demand for this plasma product. The success of IgG concentrates on a clinical level is documented by the slowly increasing number of registered indication and the more rapid increase of the off-label uses, a topic dealt with in another contribution to this special issue of Frontiers in Immunology. A part of the success is the adverse event (AE) profile of IgG concentrates which is, even at life-long need for therapy, excellent. Transmission of pathogens in the last decade could be entirely controlled through the antecedent introduction by authorities of a regulatory network and installing quality standards by the plasma fractionation industry. The cornerstone of the regulatory network is current good manufacturing practice. Non-infectious AEs occur rarely and mainly are mild to moderate. However, in recent times, the increase in frequency of hemolytic and thrombotic AEs raised worrying questions on the possible background for these AEs. Below, we review elements of non-infectious AEs, and particularly focus on hemolysis and thrombosis. We discuss how the introduction of plasma fractionation by ion-exchange chromatography and polishing by immunoaffinity chromatographic steps might alter repertoire of specificities and influence AE profiles and efficacy of IgG concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Späth
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Guido Granata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola La Marra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Sakurai Y, Takatsuka H, Onaka M, Takada M, Nishino M. Persistent endothelial damage after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Kawasaki disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 165:111-8. [PMID: 25401215 DOI: 10.1159/000368402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Although endothelial cell damage associated with vasculitis might lead to the hypercoagulability that is involved in coronary artery disease, the changes in coagulation after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) have not been well investigated in KD. The aims of this study were to address the changes in coagulation before and after IVIG in KD, and to further elucidate the coagulation-inflammation axis, with special attention to endothelial damage. METHODS We retrospectively collected the laboratory data before and after IVIG in 26 pediatric KD patients treated at the Nara Prefecture Western Medical Center between May 2010 and April 2012. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer were assessed as coagulation markers. Fibrinogen, ferritin, serum amyloid A, procalcitonin and urine β2 microglobulin were assessed as inflammation markers. Thrombomodulin, antithrombin, factor VIII activity (FVIII:C), and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) were used to assess endothelial damage. RESULTS Prolonged PT and APTT before IVIG were significantly shortened after IVIG, and elevated levels of FDP and D-dimer were significantly decreased. Elevated levels of inflammation markers had decreased significantly after IVIG, but levels of FVIII:C and VWF:Ag remained high, even after IVIG. CONCLUSIONS Ameliorated inflammation by IVIG might improve the hypercoagulable state. Nevertheless, our results suggest that endothelial damage might be prolonged in IVIG-treated patients. Control of endothelial damage in KD is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Prefecture Western Medical Center, Nara, Japan
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Behniafard N, Aghamohammadi A, Abolhassani H, Pourjabbar S, Sabouni F, Rezaei N. Autoimmunity in X-linked agammaglobulinemia: Kawasaki disease and review of the literature. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:155-9. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Berard R, Whittemore B, Scuccimarri R. Hemolytic anemia following intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients treated for Kawasaki disease: a report of 4 cases. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2012; 10:10. [PMID: 22507284 PMCID: PMC3353234 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemolytic anemia is a rare but reported side effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. The risk of significant hemolysis appears greater in those patients who receive high dose IVIG. The etiology is multifactorial but may relate to the quantity of blood group antibodies administered via the IVIG product. FINDINGS We describe 4 patients with significant hemolytic anemia following treatment with IVIG for Kawasaki disease (KD). Direct antibody mediated attack as one of the mechanisms for hemolysis, in this population, is supported by the demonstration of specific blood group antibodies in addition to a positive direct antiglobulin test in our patients. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of this complication and hemoglobin should be closely monitored following high dose IVIG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Berard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Blair Whittemore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Rosie Scuccimarri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
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Gordon DJ, Sloan SR, de Jong JLO. A pediatric case series of acute hemolysis after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:771-2. [PMID: 19806664 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Attanasio P, Shumilina E, Hermle T, Kiedaisch V, Lang PA, Huber SM, Wieder T, Lang F. Stimulation of eryptosis by anti-A IgG antibodies. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:591-600. [PMID: 17762185 DOI: 10.1159/000107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-A IgG antibodies have previously been shown to stimulate Ca(2+) entry into red blood cells. Increased cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration is known to trigger eryptosis, i.e. suicidal erythrocyte death, characterized by exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. As macrophages are equipped with phosphatidylserine receptors, they bind, engulf and degrade phosphatidylserine exposing cells. The present experiments have been performed to explore whether anti-A IgGs trigger phosphatidylserine exposure of erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin-V binding as determined in FACS analysis. Exposure to anti-A IgGs (0.5 microg/ml) indeed significantly increased annexin-V binding in erythrocytes with blood group A, but not in erythrocytes with blood group 0. According to Fluo3 fluorescence, anti-A IgGs increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Whole cell patch clamp recordings revealed the activation of a Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel following treatment with anti-A-IgGs. Annexin-V binding following anti-A IgG exposure was blunted by Ca(2+) removal while anti-A IgG-stimulated cation channel activity was not dependent on extracellular Ca(2+). Osmotic shock (exposure of erythrocytes to 850 mOsm) increased annexin binding, an effect further enhanced by exposure to anti-A IgGs. In conclusion, anti-A IgGs activate erythrocyte cation channels leading to Ca(2+) entry and subsequent erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling. The effect most likely contributes to the elimination of erythrocytes following an immune reaction against the A antigen.
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Stagi S, Simonini G, Ricci L, de Martino M, Falcini F. Coeliac disease in patients with Kawasaki disease. Is there a link? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:847-50. [PMID: 16418194 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis, mainly affecting infants and young children. Immunological abnormalities during the acute phase of KD have been described extensively. However, the occurrence of a second immunological disorder in a patient with a history of KD is rarely reported. We evaluated the presence of autoimmune thyroiditis and coeliac disease (CD) in patients with KD diagnosis. METHODS Ninety consecutive children (57 males and 33 females, median age 5.2 yr, age range 1.6-14.1 yr) with KD were evaluated. All patients were evaluated for thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine), anti-thyroglobulin (TgA) and anti-peroxidase (TPOA) antibodies, and antigliadin, anti-endomysium and antitransglutaminase antibodies. CD was confirmed by jejunal biopsy if the specific antibody profile was positive. One hundred and fifty Italian children, matched for age and sex and from the same geographic area, acted as controls. RESULTS A total of five patients (three boys, two girls; 5.5%; P<0.05) were found positive for coeliac antibodies. In all of these patients the diagnosis of CD was confirmed histologically. Regarding thyroid function and autoantibodies, no patient showed subclinical hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroiditis. No differences in the familial occurrence of autoimmune diseases between KD patients and controls were found (9.1 and 7.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed a higher prevalence of CD in children with KD, and this suggests that children with KD should be monitored carefully for CD. However, there was no increase in the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients with KD or the familial occurrence of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Rheumatology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, Shulman ST, Bolger AF, Ferrieri P, Baltimore RS, Wilson WR, Baddour LM, Levison ME, Pallasch TJ, Falace DA, Taubert KA. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 2005; 110:2747-71. [PMID: 15505111 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000145143.19711.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1209] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is an acute self-limited vasculitis of childhood that is characterized by fever, bilateral nonexudative conjunctivitis, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, changes in the extremities, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia develop in approximately 15% to 25% of untreated children and may lead to ischemic heart disease or sudden death. METHODS AND RESULTS A multidisciplinary committee of experts was convened to revise the American Heart Association recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease. The writing group proposes a new algorithm to aid clinicians in deciding which children with fever for > or =5 days and < or =4 classic criteria should undergo echocardiography, receive intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) treatment, or both for Kawasaki disease. The writing group reviews the available data regarding the initial treatment for children with acute Kawasaki disease, as well for those who have persistent or recrudescent fever despite initial therapy with IVIG, including IVIG retreatment and treatment with corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists, and abciximab. Long-term management of patients with Kawasaki disease is tailored to the degree of coronary involvement; recommendations regarding antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, physical activity, follow-up assessment, and the appropriate diagnostic procedures to evaluate cardiac disease are classified according to risk strata. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations for the initial evaluation, treatment in the acute phase, and long-term management of patients with Kawasaki disease are intended to assist physicians in understanding the range of acceptable approaches for caring for patients with Kawasaki disease. The ultimate decisions for case management must be made by physicians in light of the particular conditions presented by individual patients.
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Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, Shulman ST, Bolger AF, Ferrieri P, Baltimore RS, Wilson WR, Baddour LM, Levison ME, Pallasch TJ, Falace DA, Taubert KA. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics 2004; 114:1708-33. [PMID: 15574639 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is an acute self-limited vasculitis of childhood that is characterized by fever, bilateral nonexudative conjunctivitis, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, changes in the extremities, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia develop in approximately 15% to 25% of untreated children and may lead to ischemic heart disease or sudden death. METHODS AND RESULTS A multidisciplinary committee of experts was convened to revise the American Heart Association recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease. The writing group proposes a new algorithm to aid clinicians in deciding which children with fever for > or =5 days and < or =4 classic criteria should undergo echocardiography [correction], receive intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) treatment, or both for Kawasaki disease. The writing group reviews the available data regarding the initial treatment for children with acute Kawasaki disease, as well for those who have persistent or recrudescent fever despite initial therapy with IVIG, including IVIG retreatment and treatment with corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists, and abciximab. Long-term management of patients with Kawasaki disease is tailored to the degree of coronary involvement; recommendations regarding antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, physical activity, follow-up assessment, and the appropriate diagnostic procedures to evaluate cardiac disease are classified according to risk strata. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations for the initial evaluation, treatment in the acute phase, and long-term management of patients with Kawasaki disease are intended to assist physicians in understanding the range of acceptable approaches for caring for patients with Kawasaki disease. The ultimate decisions for case management must be made by physicians in light of the particular conditions presented by individual patients.
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Burke AP, Virmani R, Perry LW, Li L, King TM, Smialek J. Fatal Kawasaki disease with coronary arteritis and no coronary aneurysms. Pediatrics 1998; 101:108-12. [PMID: 9417162 DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A P Burke
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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